Publications

kinetic and structural consequences of the leaving group in substrates of a class c beta-lactamase.	the class c beta-lactamase of enterobacter cloacae p99 is known to catalyze the hydrolysis of certain acyclic (thio)esters. previous experiments have employed thioglycolate, m-hydroxybenzoate, and phenylphosphate leaving groups. the relative effectiveness of these leaving groups has now been quantitatively assessed by employment of a series of compounds with common acyl groups, and found to rank in the order phenylphosphate >m-hydroxybenzoate >thioglycolate. structural models suggest that these ...	2004	15018927
the status of antimicrobial resistance in taiwan among gram-negative pathogens: the taiwan surveillance of antimicrobial resistance (tsar) program, 2000.	in a nationwide surveillance of antimicrobial resistance (taiwan surveillance of antimicrobial resistance, tsar), isolates were collected from 21 medical centers and regional hospitals throughout taiwan over a three-month period in 2000 (tsar ii). this report summarizes susceptibility data of 7 common gram-negative bacilli (escherichia coli, klebsiella pneumoniae, serratia marcescens, proteus mirabilis, enterobacter cloacae, pseudomonas aeruginosa, and acinetobacter baumannii) in the tsar ii col ...	2004	15023432
[bacterial colonization of chronic wounds. studies on outpatients in a university dermatology clinic with special consideration of orsa].	in this retrospective investigation, we documented the bacterial colonization of 79 patients with chronic wounds, who had been treated between january 2002 and may 2003 in an outpatient wound healing clinic of a university dermatology program. we isolated 106 facultative pathogenic bacterial strains of which 56 were staphylococcus aureus, 19 pseudomonas aeruginosa, 11 escherichia coli, 4 proteus mirabilis, 4 enterobacter cloacae, 2 serratia marcescens, 2 streptococcus group g und 8 further speci ...	2004	15029435
an in vitro study of the anti-microbial efficacy of a 1% silver sulphadiazine and 0.2% chlorhexidine digluconate cream, 1% silver sulphadiazine cream and a silver coated dressing.	burn sepsis is a leading cause of mortality and morbidity in patients with major burns. the use of topical anti-microbial agents has helped improve the survival in these patients. there are a number of anti-microbials available, one of which, silvazine (1% silver sulphadiazine (ssd) and 0.2% chlorhexidine digluconate), is used only in australasia. no study, in vitro or clinical, had compared silvazine with the new dressing acticoat. this study compared the anti-microbial activity of silvazine, a ...	2004	14693084
in vitro activities of the novel cephalosporin lb 11058 against multidrug-resistant staphylococci and streptococci.	lb 11058 is a novel parenteral cephalosporin with a c-3 pyrimidinyl-substituted vinyl sulfide group and a c-7 2-amino-5-chloro-1,3-thiazole group. this study evaluated the in vitro activity and spectrum of lb 11058 against 1,245 recent clinical isolates, including a subset of gram-positive strains with specific resistant phenotypes. lb 11058 was very active against streptococcus pneumoniae. the novel cephalosporin was 8- to 16-fold more potent than ceftriaxone, cefepime, or amoxicillin-clavulana ...	2004	14693518
volatile compounds produced in cheese by enterobacteriaceae strains of dairy origin.	the formation of volatile compounds in fresh cheese by 10 enterobacteriaceae strains of dairy origin (4 hafnia alvei, 2 serratia liquefaciens, 1 enterobacter cloacae, 1 enterobacter sakazakii, and 2 escherichia coli strains) was investigated. small cheeses were made from pasteurized cow's milk separately inoculated with 1-3 x 10(3) cfu/ml of each of the enterobacteriaceae strains, with glucono-8-lactone added to achieve a ph value of 5.2 in the curds. all strains reached counts close to 10(8) cf ...	2004	15035375
growth control of small-colony variants by genetic regulation of the hemin uptake system.	small-colony variants (scvs) are slow-growing variants of human bacterial pathogens. they are associated with chronic persistent infections, and their biochemical identification and antimicrobial treatment are impaired by altered metabolic properties. to contribute to the understanding of scv-mediated infections, we analyzed a clinical scv isolate derived from a chronic prosthetic hip infection. a sequence analysis of housekeeping genes identified an enterobacter hormaechei-like organism. the sc ...	2004	15039350
prevalence of antimicrobial resistance in bacteria isolated from central nervous system specimens as reported by u.s. hospital laboratories from 2000 to 2002.	bacterial infections of the central nervous system, especially acute infections such as bacterial meningitis require immediate, invariably empiric antibiotic therapy. the widespread emergence of resistance among bacterial species is a cause for concern. current antibacterial susceptibility data among central nervous system (cns) pathogens is important to define current prevalence of resistance.	2004	15043754
cfe-1, a novel plasmid-encoded ampc beta-lactamase with an ampr gene originating from citrobacter freundii.	a clinical isolate of escherichia coli from a patient in japan, isolate ku6400, was found to produce a plasmid-encoded beta-lactamase that conferred resistance to extended-spectrum cephalosporins and cephamycins. resistance arising from production of a beta-lactamase could be transferred by either conjugation or transformation with plasmid pku601 into e. coli ml4947. the substrate and inhibition profiles of this enzyme resembled those of the ampc beta-lactamase. the resistance gene of pku601, wh ...	2004	15047515
comparative activities of doripenem versus isolates, mutants, and transconjugants of enterobacteriaceae and acinetobacter spp. with characterized beta-lactamases.	doripenem (s-4661), a new parenteral carbapenem, was tested against over 250 clinical isolates, mutants, and transconjugants of enterobacteriaceae and acinetobacter spp., selected or derived for their beta-lactamase expression characteristics. imipenem, meropenem, and ertapenem were tested as comparators, along with cephalosporins and piperacillin-tazobactam, by using national committee for clinical laboratory standards agar dilution methodology. doripenem mics were from 0.03 to 0.25 microg/ml f ...	2004	15047535
new chromosomal ampc beta-lactamase in enterobacter cloacae.		2004	15047564
inactivation of ompx causes increased interactions of type 1 fimbriated escherichia coli with abiotic surfaces.	during the initial steps of biofilm formation, bacteria have to adapt to a major change in their environment. the adhesion-induced phenotypic changes in a type 1 fimbriated escherichia coli strain included reductions in the levels of several outer membrane proteins, one of which was identified as ompx. here, the phenotypes of mutant strains that differ at the ompx locus were studied with regard to adhesion, cell surface properties, and resistance to stress and antimicrobial compounds. the kineti ...	2004	14679242
characteristics of nosocomial bacterial meningitis in children.	nosocomial meningitis is uncommon in children. we reviewed the medical records of all children who developed bacterial meningitis at least 72 hours after admission to mackay memorial hospital for the period july 1992 through june 2000. clinical manifestations, predisposing factors, pathogens, and outcomes were analyzed. twenty-two cases of nosocomial meningitis were identified, comprising 9.2% (22/239) of all pediatric cases of bacterial meningitis during the study period. the male-to-female rat ...	2004	15060685
nosocomial pediatric bacteremia: the role of intravenous set contamination in developing countries.	to assess the rate of bacterial contamination of intravenous administration sets at their rubber injection ports and matching infusates.	2004	15061415
role of yidc in folding of polytopic membrane proteins.	yidc of echerichia coli, a member of the conserved alb3/oxa1/yidc family, is postulated to be important for biogenesis of membrane proteins. here, we use as a model the lactose permease (lacy), a membrane transport protein with a known three-dimensional structure, to determine whether yidc plays a role in polytopic membrane protein insertion and/or folding. experiments in vivo and with an in vitro transcription/translation/insertion system demonstrate that yidc is not necessary for insertion per ...	2004	15067017
use of the bd phoenix automated microbiology system for direct identification and susceptibility testing of gram-negative rods from positive blood cultures in a three-phase trial.	the present study describes the use of the automated bactec 9240 blood culture system, the serum separator tube (sst), and the bd phoenix automated microbiology system in combination for the direct identification and antimicrobial susceptibility testing (ast) of gram-negative rods (gnrs) from positive blood cultures (bcs) without subculture. the study was conducted in three phases: (i) the recovery yield of escherichia coli atcc 25922 was determined with the sst between 0 and 8 h after spiked bc ...	2004	15070990
evaluation of the automated phoenix system for potential routine use in the clinical microbiology laboratory.	a comparative study was designed to evaluate the identification (id) and antimicrobial susceptibility testing (ast) performances of the bd phoenix automated microbiology system (becton dickinson diagnostic systems [bd], pont de claix, france). a total of 305 single clinical isolates were collected, and comparisons were made with routine manual methods in use in our microbiology laboratories. the percentages of correct ids were 93.3, 89.4, 91.8, and 85.7% for enterobacteria, nonfermenting gram-ne ...	2004	15071001
development of a multiplex pcr technique for detection and epidemiological typing of salmonella in human clinical samples.	we have developed a multiplex pcr assay for salmonella detection and epidemiological typing. six sets of primers were designed to detect the major salmonella serotypes and phage types in spain. an internal amplification control was designed in order to detect pcr inhibition. the different amplification profiles obtained allowed us to detect salmonella bacteria and to distinguish the clinically prevalent salmonella enterica serotypes enteritidis, typhimurium and subspecies i serotype 4,5,12:i:-. ...	2004	15071035
neonatal bacteremia in a neonatal intensive care unit: analysis of causative organisms and antimicrobial susceptibility.	infections cause significant mortality and morbidity in neonates, especially the premature ones. although there are various antibiotics can be used to combat neonatal infection, resistant strains have subsequently emerged. in an epidemiological survey, we analyzed bacterial isolates and their antibiotic susceptibilities for cases of bacteremia in a neonatal intensive care unit (nicu) of a teaching hospital.	2004	15077885
reduction in diversity of the colonic mucosa associated bacterial microflora in patients with active inflammatory bowel disease.	the intestinal bacterial microflora plays an important role in the aetiology of inflammatory bowel disease (ibd). as most of the colonic bacteria cannot be identified by culture techniques, genomic technology can be used for analysis of the composition of the microflora.	2004	15082587
molecular analysis of x-linked chronic granulomatous disease in five unrelated korean patients.	chronic granulomatous disease (cgd) is a fatal genetic disorder in which phagocytes fail to produce antimicrobial superoxide because of nadph oxidase deficiency. molecular defects in cybb gene causing x-linked cgd are responsible for about 70% of all cases. this study was done to confirm genetic defects of cybb gene in five korean patients who were highly suggestive of having cgd by clinical history. we performed initial screening for five unrelated korean patients using single strand conformati ...	2004	15082894
beta-lactam susceptibilities and prevalence of esbl-producing isolates among more than 5000 european enterobacteriaceae isolates.	in vitro susceptibility to 15 beta-lactam antibiotics was evaluated using enterobacteriaceae isolated during the sentry antimicrobial surveillance program. piperacillin/tazobactam was the most active penicillin against escherichia coli, proteus mirabilis, klebsiella oxytoca and klebsiella pneumoniae (94.9%, 98.3%, 87.4% and 82.9% of isolates susceptible). of the cephalosporins, cefepime was most effective against escherichia coli, proteus mirabilis and enterobacter cloacae (99.2%, 96.3% and 95.2 ...	2004	15555882
accumulation of hexavalent chromium by an exopolysaccharide producing marine enterobacter cloaceae.	an exopolysaccharide producing enterobacter cloaceae (ak-i-mb-71a) was tested for its cr (vi) tolerance. this isolate was not only resistant to this heavy metal but also showed enhanced growth and exopolysaccharide production in the presence of cr (vi) at 25, 50 and 100 ppm concentrations. xrf analysis of both the biomass as well as the exopolysaccharide revealed that a sum total of about 60-70% chromium was accumulated by this bacterium. this indicated that this organism could prove to be a pot ...	2004	15556183
antifungal and sprout regulatory bioactivities of phenylacetic acid, indole-3-acetic acid, and tyrosol isolated from the potato dry rot suppressive bacterium enterobacter cloacae s11:t:07.	enterobacter cloacae s11: t:07 (nrrl b-21050) is a promising biological control agent that has significantly reduced both fungal dry rot disease and sprouting in laboratory and pilot potato storages. the metabolites phenylacetic acid (paa), indole-3-acetic acid (iaa), and tyrosol (tsl) were isolated from s11:t:07 liquid cultures provided with three different growth media. the bioactivities of these metabolites were investigated via thin-layer chromatography bioautography of antifungal activity, ...	2004	15558349
in vitro and in vivo activities of novel 6-methylidene penems as beta-lactamase inhibitors.	novel penem molecules with heterocycle substitutions at the 6 position via a methylidene linkage were investigated for their activities and efficacy as beta-lactamase inhibitors. the concentrations of these molecules that resulted in 50% inhibition of enzyme activity were 0.4 to 3.1 nm for the tem-1 enzyme, 7.8 to 72 nm for imi-1, 1.5 to 4.8 nm for ampc, and 14 to 260 nm for a ccra metalloenzyme. all the inhibitors were more stable than imipenem against hydrolysis by hog and human dehydropeptida ...	2004	15561830
molecular characterization of a beta-lactamase gene, blagim-1, encoding a new subclass of metallo-beta-lactamase.	as part of the sentry antimicrobial surveillance program in 2002, five multidrug-resistant pseudomonas aeruginosa clinical isolates were detected with metallo-beta-lactamase (mbetal) activity. the isolates were recovered from different patients in a medical center located in dusseldorf, germany. the resistant determinant was isolated amplifying the region between the integrase and the aaca4 gene cassette. sequencing revealed a novel mbetal gene, designated bla(gim-1). additional analysis showed ...	2004	15561840
outbreak of klebsiella pneumoniae producing a new carbapenem-hydrolyzing class a beta-lactamase, kpc-3, in a new york medical center.	from april 2000 to april 2001, 24 patients in intensive care units at tisch hospital, new york, n.y., were infected or colonized by carbapenem-resistant klebsiella pneumoniae. pulsed-field gel electrophoresis identified a predominant outbreak strain, but other resistant strains were also recovered. three representatives of the outbreak strain from separate patients were studied in detail. all were resistant or had reduced susceptibility to imipenem, meropenem, ceftazidime, piperacillin-tazobacta ...	2004	15561858
drug-resistance mechanisms and prevalence of enterobacter cloacae resistant to multi-antibiotics.		2004	15569495
construction of stabilized proteins by combinatorial consensus mutagenesis.	we constructed stabilized variants of beta-lactamase (bla) from enterobacter cloacae by combinatorial recruitment of consensus mutations. by aligning the sequences of 38 bla homologs, we identified 29 positions where the e.cloacae gene differs from the consensus sequence of lactamases and constructed combinatorial libraries using mixtures of mutagenic oligonucleotides encompassing all 29 positions. screening of 90 random isolates from these libraries identified 15 variants with significantly inc ...	2004	15574484
diagnostic real-time pcr for detection of salmonella in food.	a robust 5' nuclease (taqman) real-time pcr was developed and validated in-house for the specific detection of salmonella in food. the assay used specifically designed primers and a probe target within the ttrrsbca locus, which is located near the salmonella pathogenicity island 2 at centisome 30.5. it is required for tetrathionate respiration in salmonella. the assay correctly identified all 110 salmonella strains and 87 non-salmonella strains tested. an internal amplification control, which is ...	2004	15574899
phenotypic and molecular detection of ctx-m-beta-lactamases produced by escherichia coli and klebsiella spp.	organisms producing ctx-m-beta-lactamases are emerging around the world as a source of resistance to oxyiminocephalosporins such as cefotaxime (ctx). however, the laboratory detection of these strains is not well defined. in this study, a molecular detection assay for the identification of ctx-m-beta-lactamase genes was developed and used to investigate the prevalence of these enzymes among clinical isolates of escherichia coli and klebsiella species in the calgary health region during 2000 to 2 ...	2004	15583304
histidine decarboxylase in enterobacteriaceae revisited.	with a modification of taylor's decarboxylation broth, histidine decarboxylase was detected in enterobacter aerogenes, morganella morganii, raoultella ornithinolytica, and some strains of citrobacter youngae and raoultella planticola. this method provides a useful confirmatory test for identification of e. aerogenes strains.	2004	15583342
isolation of gram-negative bacteria from cockroaches trapped from urban environment.	three different areas--hospital, food-handling establishments and human dwellings, were surveyed for pathogenic gram-negative bacteria carried on the cuticles of cockroaches. fifty species of bacteria were identified from all cockroaches. escherichia coli, klebsiella pneumoniae, citrobacter freundii and enterobacter cloacae were the most frequently found. pathogenic and potentially pathogenic bacteria represented 58% of all bacteria identified. the numbers of pathogenic and potentially pathogeni ...	2004	15689087
analysis of etiology and drug resistance of biliary infections.	the bile was collected from fro patients with biliary infections, with the bacterium isolated to study the sensitivity of each kind of the bacterium to several antibiotics in common use. except g- bacterium, we also found some kinds of g+ bacterium in infection bile. g- bacterium were not sensitive to clindamycin, g+ bacterium were sensitive to ciprofloxacin. escherichia coli, xanthomonas maltophilia, enterobacter cloacae, pseudomonas aeruginosa were sensitive to ampicillin. g+ bacterium were no ...	2004	15791850
efficient cancer therapy with a nanobody-based conjugate.	nanobodies are the smallest fragments of naturally occurring single-domain antibodies that have evolved to be fully functional in the absence of a light chain. nanobodies are strictly monomeric, very stable, and highly soluble entities. we identified a nanobody with subnanomolar affinity for the human tumor-associated carcinoembryonic antigen. this nanobody was conjugated to enterobacter cloacae beta-lactamase, and its site-selective anticancer prodrug activation capacity was evaluated. the conj ...	2004	15087403
[drug-resistance analysis of gram-negative bacilli producing extended-spectrum beta-lactamases in lower respiratory tract infection].	to analyze occurrence of gram-negative bacteria producing extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (esbl) in patients with lower respiratory tract infection and assess their drug sensitivity to provide evidence for clinical management of lower respiratory tract infection with drug-resistant esbl-producing bacteria.	2004	15090319
[investigation of pathogenic bacteria for pulmonary infections and their drug resistance in neurological intensive care unit].	to investigate the pathogenic bacterial spectrum responsible for pulmonary infections and their drug resistance in patients admitted to neurological care unit.	2004	15604082
[orbital cellulitis in children: a retrospective study of 33].	orbital cellulitis is rare. however the high risk of severe ocular and neurological complications make early diagnosis and adequate therapy essential. the purpose of this retrospective study is to describe 33 cases observed in the pediatric infectious disease department of the casablanca children's hospital in morocco from 1994 to 2000. orbital cellulitis was preseptal in 24 patients and retroseptal in 9. infection occurred in relation with sinusitis in 10 cases, polydermitis in 8, wound infecti ...	2004	15615387
[urinary tract infections in children--etiologic agents and susceptibility to antibiotics].	urinary tract infections (utis) are common clinical problem in pediatric hospitals. the aim of this study was to compare the incidence of utis during two different time periods (from february 1999 to march 2000, and from april 2000 to september 2001) in pediatric patients treated in ambulatory or hospitalized in new children hospital. the frequency of occurrence of esbl--producing gram-negative rods increased during second period study. the isolated esbl--producing strains were resistant also to ...	2004	15765758
enzymatic redox reactions of the explosive 4,6-dinitrobenzofuroxan (dnbf): implications for its toxic action.	with an aim to understand the toxicity mechanisms of the explosive 4,6-dinitro- benzofuroxan (dnbf), we studied its single-electron reduction by nadph:cytochrome p450 reductase and ferredoxin:nadp(+) reductase, and two- electron reduction by dt-diaphorase and enterobacter cloacae nitroreductase. the enzymatic reactivities of dnbf and another explosive 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (tnt) were similar, except for the much lower reactivity of dnbf towards nitroreductase. dnbf was less cytotoxic in flk cell ...	2004	15625581
[characteristics of selected virulence factors of enterobacter cloacae strains isolated from clinical specimens].	we demonstrated that enterobacter cloacae possesses a selective haemolytic activity on sheep erythrocytes. all the screened strains showed a haemolytic activity on sheep erythrocytes when cultures were preincubated with beta-mercaptoethanol. the investigation circulation of the genes encoding extended spectrum beta-lactamases (esbl) shows that beta-lactamase producers can be ascribed to specific patterns of plasmids. we also demonstrated that genetic material from e. coli can be transferred and ...	2004	15959991
accelerating bacterial identification by infrared spectroscopy by employing microarray deposition of microorganisms.	a microarray method for the deposition of bacteria onto an agar slide was developed to accelerate the formation of microcolonies. representative microarrays each consisting of 40 micro-spots of five replicates of eight foodborne bacteria (yersinia enterocolitica, staphylococcus aureus, salmonella typhimurium, listeria monocytogenes, enterobacter cloacae, citrobacter freundii, klebsiella pneumoniae, and escherichia coli) were printed on a brain heart infusion (bhi) agar slide using a contact micr ...	2004	15992277
growing group of extended-spectrum beta-lactamases: the ctx-m enzymes.		2004	14693512
improving m cell mediated transport across mucosal barriers: do certain bacteria hold the keys?	specialized microfold (m) cells of the follicle-associated epithelium (fae) of the mucosal-associated lymphoid tissue (malt) in gut and the respiratory system play an important role in the genesis of both mucosal and systemic immune responses by delivering antigenic substrate to the underlying lymphoid tissue where immune responses start. although it has been shown that dendritic cells (dc) also have the ability to sample antigens directly from the gut lumen, m cells certainly remain the most im ...	2004	15312131
in vitro activities of moxifloxacin against 900 aerobic and anaerobic surgical isolates from patients with intra-abdominal and diabetic foot infections.	the in vitro activities of moxifloxacin, ciprofloxacin, levofloxacin, gatifloxacin, imipenem, piperacillin-tazobactam, clindamycin, and metronidazole against 900 surgical isolates were determined using nccls testing methods. moxifloxacin exhibited good to excellent antimicrobial activity against most aerobic (90.8%) and anaerobic (97.1%) microorganisms, suggesting that it may be effective for the treatment of polymicrobial surgical infections.	2004	14982797
nurses' working conditions: implications for infectious disease.	staffing patterns and nurses' working conditions are risk factors for healthcare-associated infections as well as occupational injuries and infections. staffing shortages, especially of nurses, have been identified as one of the major factors expected to constrain hospitals' ability to deal with future outbreaks of emerging infections. these problems are compounded by a global nursing shortage. understanding and improving nurses' working conditions can potentially decrease the incidence of many ...	2004	15550212
use of in vivo-generated biofilms from hemodialysis catheters to test the efficacy of a novel antimicrobial catheter lock for biofilm eradication in vitro.	this biofilm study was conducted to assess the in vitro activity of tetrasodium edta on catheters that had been routinely removed from hemodialysis patients at leeds teaching hospitals trust due to maturation of fistula. catheters were screened by culture of through-catheter flush, and isolates were identified by standard methodologies; 20 isolates were found to be biofilm positive. initial biofilm cell count levels averaged above 10(5) cfu/1-cm catheter section. bacteria identified in the biofi ...	2004	15243062
staged surgery for chronic primary aortoduodenal fistula in a septic patient.	aortoenteric fistula is one of the most challenging problems that confront the vascular surgeons. controversy remains over the optimal treatment because of the continued publication of series with high mortality, amputation, and aortic disruption rates. a positive preoperative blood culture is the best predictor of mortality with increased amputation rates due to infection of the extra-anatomic bypass. therefore, in selected cases with sepsis, a prudent management protocol is required. we report ...	2004	15082909
targeting of tak1 by the nf-kappa b protein relish regulates the jnk-mediated immune response in drosophila.	the molecular circuitry underlying innate immunity is constructed of multiple, evolutionarily conserved signaling modules with distinct regulatory targets. the map kinases and the ikk-nf-kappa b molecules play important roles in the initiation of immune effector responses. we have found that the drosophila nf-kappa b protein relish plays a crucial role in limiting the duration of jnk activation and output in response to gram-negative infections. relish activation is linked to proteasomal degrada ...	2004	15037551
indole alkaloid marine natural products: an established source of cancer drug leads with considerable promise for the control of parasitic, neurological and other diseases.	the marine environment produces natural products from a variety of structural classes exhibiting activity against numerous disease targets. historically marine natural products have largely been explored as anticancer agents. the indole alkaloids are a class of marine natural products that show unique promise in the development of new drug leads. this report reviews the literature on indole alkaloids of marine origin and also highlights our own research. specific biological activities of indole ...	2005	16236327
circulating immune parameters predicting the progression from hospital-acquired pneumonia to septic shock in surgical patients.	hospital-acquired pneumonia after surgery is one of the major causes of septic shock. the excessive inflammatory response appears to be responsible for the increased susceptibility to infections and subsequent sepsis. the primary aim of this study was to investigate immune parameters at the onset of pneumonia, before the development of subsequent septic shock. the secondary aim was to investigate the usefulness of these immune parameters in predicting progression from hospital-acquired pneumonia ...	2005	16280065
directed evolution strategies for improved enzymatic performance.	the engineering of enzymes with altered activity, specificity and stability, using directed evolution techniques that mimic evolution on a laboratory timescale, is now well established. however, the general acceptance of these methods as a route to new biocatalysts for organic synthesis requires further improvement of the methods for both ease-of-use and also for obtaining more significant changes in enzyme properties than is currently possible. recent advances in library design, and methods of ...	2005	16212665
electrochemical molecular analysis without nucleic acid amplification.	electrochemical biosensors have revolutionized glucose monitoring but have not yet fulfilled their promise of a low cost, direct detection replacement for genetic amplification tests such as pcr [k. kerman, m. kobayashi, e. tamiya, recent trends in electrochemical dna biosensor technology, meas. sci. technol. 15 (2004) r1-r11; a. chaubey, b.d. malhotra, mediated biosensors. biosens. bioelectron. 17 (6-7) (2002) 441-456]. it has been anticipated that the integration of nanoscale chemical structur ...	2005	16213156
antimicrobial stewardship programs in health care systems.	antimicrobial stewardship programs in hospitals seek to optimize antimicrobial prescribing in order to improve individual patient care as well as reduce hospital costs and slow the spread of antimicrobial resistance. with antimicrobial resistance on the rise worldwide and few new agents in development, antimicrobial stewardship programs are more important than ever in ensuring the continued efficacy of available antimicrobials. the design of antimicrobial management programs should be based on t ...	2005	16223951
inhibition of class d beta-lactamases by acyl phosphates and phosphonates.	the susceptibility of typical class d beta-lactamases to inhibition by acyl phosph(on)ates has been determined. to a large degree, these class d enzymes behaved very similarly to the class a tem beta-lactamase towards these reagents. dibenzoyl phosphate stood out in both cases as a lead compound towards a new class of effective inhibitors.	2005	16189136
central venous catheter-related infection in a prospective and observational study of 2,595 catheters.	central venous catheterization is commonly used in critically ill patients and may cause different complications, including infection. although there are many studies about cvc-related infection, very few have analyzed it in detail. the objective of this study was to analyze the incidence of catheter-related local infection (crli) and catheter-related bloodstream infection (crbsi) with central venous catheters (cvcs) according to different access sites.	2005	16280064
can povidone-iodine solution be used safely in a spinal surgery?	intra-operative incidental contamination of surgical wounds is not rare. povidone-iodine solution can be used to disinfect surgical wounds. although povidone-iodine is a good broad-spectrum disinfecting agent, it has occasionally been reported to have a negative effect on wound healing and bone union. therefore, its safety in a spinal surgery is unclear. a prospective, single-blinded, randomized study was accordingly conducted to evaluate the safety of povidone-iodine solution in spinal surgerie ...	2005	16133077
can povidone-iodine solution be used safely in a spinal surgery?	intra-operative incidental contamination of surgical wounds is not rare. povidone-iodine solution can be used to disinfect surgical wounds. although povidone-iodine is a good broad-spectrum disinfecting agent, it has occasionally been reported to have a negative effect on wound healing and bone union. therefore, its safety in a spinal surgery is unclear. a prospective, single-blinded, randomized study was accordingly conducted to evaluate the safety of povidone-iodine solution in spinal surgerie ...	2005	16133077
structure, function, and inhibition along the reaction coordinate of ctx-m beta-lactamases.	ctx-m enzymes are an emerging group of extended spectrum beta-lactamases (esbls) that hydrolyze not only the penicillins but also the first-, second-, and third-generation cephalosporins. although they have become the most frequently observed esbls in certain areas, there are few effective inhibitors and relatively little is known about their detailed mechanism. here we describe the x-ray crystal structures of ctx-m enzymes in complex with different transition-state analogues and beta-lactam inh ...	2005	15826180
intracutaneous versus transcutaneous suture techniques: comparison of sternal wound infection rates in open-heart surgery patients.	in open-heart surgery, sternal wound infection after median sternotomy is a critical complication. the intracutaneous suture is conventionally used in closing sternal incisions. in this prospective, randomized, controlled clinical trial, intracutaneous and transcutaneous suture techniques for closing the sternum were compared with respect to postoperative sternal wound infections and cosmetic results. in this study, we included 100 patients who had undergone open-heart surgery. skin wounds were ...	2005	16392205
sequence optimization and designability of enzyme active sites.	we recently found that many residues in enzyme active sites can be computationally predicted by the optimization of scoring functions based on substrate binding affinity, subject to constraints on the geometry of catalytic residues and protein stability. here, we explore the generality of this surprising observation. first, the impact of hydrogen-bonding networks necessary for catalysis on the accuracy of sequence optimization is assessed; incorporation of these networks, where relevant, into th ...	2005	16103370
immune responses that adapt the intestinal mucosa to commensal intestinal bacteria.	animals contain an enormous load of non-pathogenic bacteria in the lower intestine, which exploit an environment with a stable temperature and abundant carbon sources. our load of bacteria outnumbers our own cells. in order to survive with such a high number of organisms in very close proximity to host tissues the intestinal mucosa and its immune system is highly adapted. mucosal immune responses are induced by small numbers of live commensal organisms penetrating the peyer's patches and persist ...	2005	15885120
survey of enterobacteriaceae producing extended-spectrum beta-lactamases in a slovak hospital: dominance of shv-2a and characterization of tem-132.	eighty-five extended-spectrum beta-lactamase-producing enterobacteriaceae from a slovak hospital have been studied. shv-2a was predominant, but other variants have been detected, namely, shv-5, shv-12, tem-12, tem-15, and tem-132, which differed from tem-1 by amino acid substitutions r164h, e240k, and i173v and had kinetic properties similar to those of tem-28.	2005	15980402
prevalence of decreased susceptibility to carbapenems among serratia marcescens, enterobacter cloacae, and citrobacter freundii and investigation of carbapenemases.	between march and july 2002, total of 612 clinical isolates of serratia marcescens, enterobacter cloacae, and citrobacter freundii (201 s. marcescens, 228 e. cloacae, and 183 c. freundii) were collected from 13 clinical laboratories in a nationwide distribution. imipenem and meropenem minimum inhibitory concentrations (mics) were determined using the agar dilution method according to the national committee for clinical laboratory standards guidelines. for the isolates with a decreased susceptibi ...	2005	15994052
[antimicrobial activity of fosfomycin under various conditions against standard strains, beta-lactam resistant strains, and multidrug efflux system mutants].	the purpose of this study was to evaluate the possible benefit of fosfomycin (fom) as prophylactic antibiotic in terms of antimicrobial activity and the potential of inducibility of beta-lactamase, compared with cefazolin, cefotiam, cefmetazole, and piperacillin that are commonly used as perioperative agents. the in vitro activity of fom against aerobic gram-negative bacteria using mueller-hinton agar or nutrient agar supplemented with glucose-6-phosphate (g6p) as tested medium increased within ...	2005	15997654
[bacteria isolated from surgical infections and its susceptibilities to antimicrobial agents--special references to bacteria isolated between april 2003 and march 2004].	tendency of isolated bacteria from infections in general surgery during the period from april 2003 to march 2004 were investigated in a multicenter study in japan, and the following results were obtained. in this series, 455 strains including 14 strains of candida spp. were isolated from 191(75.2%) of 254 patients with surgical infections. two hundred and thirty-nine strains were isolated from primary infections, and 216 strains were isolated from postoperative infections. from primary infection ...	2005	15997655
ampc disk test for detection of plasmid-mediated ampc beta-lactamases in enterobacteriaceae lacking chromosomal ampc beta-lactamases.	although plasmid-mediated ampc beta-lactamases were first reported in the late 1980s, many infectious disease personnel remain unaware of their clinical importance. these enzymes are typically produced by isolates of escherichia coli, klebsiella spp., proteus mirabilis, and salmonella spp. and are associated with multiple antibiotic resistance that leaves few therapeutic options. plasmid-mediated ampc beta-lactamases have been associated with false in vitro susceptibility to cephalosporins. many ...	2005	16000421
detection of pseudomonas aeruginosa producing metallo-beta-lactamases in a large centralized laboratory.	metallo-beta-lactamases (mbls) have been increasingly recognized from clinical isolates worldwide, but the laboratory detection of these strains is not well defined. we report a study that developed an edta disk screen test and a molecular diagnostic assay for the detection of mbl-producing pseudomonas aeruginosa. using nccls disk methodology, inhibition zone diameters were determined in tests with imipenem (ipm) and meropenem (mem) disks alone and in combination with 930 microg of edta. this te ...	2005	16000424
frequent carriage of panton-valentine leucocidin genes by staphylococcus aureus isolates from surgically drained abscesses.	between 1 february and 15 april 2002, 95 patients were admitted to gaston bourret territorial hospital (new caledonia, france) for drainage of community-acquired soft tissue abscesses. staphylococcus aureus was detected in 68 cases (72%). two-thirds of the patients with s. aureus infection had furuncles, which were located on the limbs in 82% of cases. the median interval between symptom onset and hospital admission was 5.7 days. three-quarters of the patients were melanesians living in tribes. ...	2005	16000436
comparative recovery of microorganisms from bact/alert plastic and glass fa and fn blood culture bottles.	biomerieux, inc., has recently introduced plastic bottles to replace glass bottles for use in the bact/alert blood culture system. we compared the performance of the plastic to the glass bottles in a large clinical evaluation. two blood cultures were collected from each patient, one using glass fa (aerobic) and fn (anaerobic) bottles and one using plastic fa and fn bottles. of the 4,040 sets of four bottles collected, 3,110 contained the recommended 8 to 12 ml of blood, yielding 524 microorganis ...	2005	16000442
development and evaluation of chlamylege, a new commercial test allowing simultaneous detection and identification of legionella, chlamydophila pneumoniae, and mycoplasma pneumoniae in clinical respiratory specimens by multiplex pcr.	this study describes the development and evaluation of a new commercial test, chlamylege (argene inc.), which allows the simultaneous detection in respiratory samples of chlamydophila pneumoniae, mycoplasma pneumoniae, and most legionella species, as well as pcr inhibitors, by using a multiplex pcr and microplate hybridization. the sensitivities of chlamylege were 1 x 10(-3) ifu, 5 x 10(-2) color-changing units, and 1 cfu per reaction tube for c. pneumoniae, m. pneumoniae, and legionella pneumop ...	2005	16000443
extended-spectrum-beta-lactamase-producing enterobacteriaceae in yaounde, cameroon.	organisms producing extended-spectrum beta-lactamases (esbls) have been reported in many countries, but there is no information on the prevalence of esbl-producing members of the family enterobacteriaceae in cameroon. a total of 259 enterobacteriaceae strains were isolated between 1995 and 1998 from patients at the yaounde central hospital in cameroon. enterobacterial isolates resistant to extended-spectrum cephalosporin and monobactam were screened for esbl production by the double-disk (dd) sy ...	2005	16000447
enterobacter hormaechei subsp. oharae subsp. nov., e. hormaechei subsp. hormaechei comb. nov., and e. hormaechei subsp. steigerwaltii subsp. nov., three new subspecies of clinical importance.	six species and six additional genovars are combined within the so-called enterobacter cloacae complex, with one of them being the species enterobacter hormaechei. in a recent population genetic study, two genetic clusters were found in close phylogenetic proximity to the genetic cluster of e. hormaechei. in order to prove the hypothesis that these three genetic clusters belong to the same species, we performed cross-hybridization experiments in microplates with dnas of representatives of each g ...	2005	16000451
countrywide spread of community- and hospital-acquired extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ctx-m-15)-producing enterobacteriaceae in lebanon.	a prospective study was carried out to assess the extent of carriage of extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (esbl)-producing enterobacteriaceae at both hospital and community levels in lebanon. a total of 1,442 fecal samples were collected from hospital-based patients and 58 from health care workers of six lebanese tertiary care general hospitals located in different areas of lebanon between january and march 2003. a total of 382 fecal samples were also collected from healthy subjects between april ...	2005	16000453
quantitative detection of clostridium perfringens in the broiler fowl gastrointestinal tract by real-time pcr.	strains of clostridium perfringens are a frequent cause of food-borne disease and gas gangrene and are also associated with necrotic enteritis in chickens. to detect and quantify the levels of c. perfringens in the chicken gastrointestinal tract, a quantitative real-time pcr assay utilizing a fluorogenic, hydrolysis-type probe was developed and utilized to assay material retrieved from the broiler chicken cecum and ileum. primers and probe were selected following an alignment of 16s rdna sequenc ...	2005	16000804
rapid method for enumeration of viable legionella pneumophila and other legionella spp. in water.	a sensitive and specific method has been developed to enumerate viable l. pneumophila and other legionella spp. in water by epifluorescence microscopy in a short period of time (a few hours). this method allows the quantification of l. pneumophila or other legionella spp. as well as the discrimination between viable and nonviable legionella. it simultaneously combines the specific detection of legionella cells using antibodies and a bacterial viability marker (chemchrome v6), the enumeration bei ...	2005	16000824
case of emphysematous pyelonephritis in a renal allograft.	emphysematous pyelonephritis is a rare, but serious complication after renal transplantation. this is a case report of a 49-yr-old female who had a renal transplant for diabetic nephropathy. she presented to er with about 1 wk history of right lower abdominal pain and fever 15 months after the transplant. she had gross hematuria and mental status changes just prior to presentation. a computed tomography (ct) scan of the abdomen showed extensive retroperitoneal and extraperitoneal air dissecting ...	2005	16008605
selectivity and specificity of a chromogenic medium for detecting vibrio parahaemolyticust.	the thiosulfate-citrate-bile salts-sucrose agar (tcbs) used in the most-probable-number method for detecting vibrio parahaemolyticus cannot differentiate growth of v. parahaemolyticus from vibrio vulnificus or vibrio mimicus. this study examined the selectivity and specificity of bio-chrome vibrio medium (bcvm), a chromogenic medium that detects v. parahaemolyticus on the basis of the formation of distinct purple colonies on the medium. a panel consisting of 221 strains of bacteria, including 17 ...	2005	16013386
[enterobacter cloacae spondylodiscitis through misuse of high-dose intravenous buprenorphine].	we report a case of enterobacter cloacae spondylodiscitis related to risk practices in intravenous drug addicts (ivda).	2005	16026126
acquisition of resistant bowel flora during a double-blind randomized clinical trial of ertapenem versus piperacillin-tazobactam therapy for intraabdominal infections.	bowel colonization with resistant bacteria can develop in patients receiving broad-spectrum antimicrobial therapy. we compared the impact of two antimicrobial regimens often used to treat intraabdominal infections on susceptibility patterns of bowel flora at the end of therapy. in a double-blind clinical trial, adults with complicated intraabdominal infection requiring surgery were randomized to receive piperacillin-tazobactam (3.375 g every 6 h) or ertapenem (1 g once a day) for 4 to 14 days. r ...	2005	16048928
in vitro and in vivo antibacterial activities of cs-023 (ro4908463), a novel parenteral carbapenem.	cs-023 (ro4908463, formerly r-115685) is a novel 1beta-methylcarbapenem with 5-substituted pyrrolidin-3-ylthio groups, including an amidine moiety at the c-2 position. its antibacterial activity was tested against 1,214 clinical isolates of 32 species and was compared with those of imipenem, meropenem, ceftazidime, ceftriaxone, ampicillin, amikacin, and levofloxacin. cs-023 exhibited a broad spectrum of activity against gram-positive and -negative aerobes and anaerobes, including methicillin-res ...	2005	16048932
origin of plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance determinant qnra.	plasmid-mediated resistance to quinolones is increasingly reported in studies of enterobacteriaceae. using a pcr-based strategy, a series of gram-negative species were screened for qnra-like genes. shewanella algae, an environmental species from marine and fresh water, was identified as its reservoir. this is a one of the very few examples of progenitor identification of an acquired antibiotic resistance gene.	2005	16048974
in vivo transfer of plasmid-encoded acc-1 ampc from klebsiella pneumoniae to escherichia coli in an infant and selection of impermeability to imipenem in k. pneumoniae.	we describe in vivo selection of a klebsiella pneumoniae strain with diminished imipenem susceptibility attributable to plasmid-encoded acc-1 beta-lactamase production and loss of a 36-kda major outer membrane protein, together with transfer of this plasmid from k. pneumoniae to escherichia coli in a tunisian infant.	2005	16048985
use of the roche lightcycler strep b assay for detection of group b streptococcus from vaginal and rectal swabs.	the results for a real-time pcr assay, using the lightcycler strep b analyte-specific reagents (roche diagnostics corporation, indianapolis, ind.), were compared to a direct plate method combined with a broth enrichment culture method for detection of group b streptococcus colonization in pregnant women. two separate evaluations were conducted using two different automated nucleic extraction instruments, the magna pure lc instrument (roche diagnostics corporation) and the lower-capacity magna pu ...	2005	16081949
enteric fever-like illness caused by infection with citrobacter amalonaticus.	'enteric fever' is a potentially fatal, severe systemic disease, which is encountered worldwide. traditionally, enteric fever refers to a bacteremic illness caused by members of certain salmonella serotypes, notably: salmonella typhi, a gram-negative bacterium, and to a lesser extent, salmonella paratyphi a, b and c. in addition, other non-salmonella organisms may produce a syndrome clinically indistinguishable from "enteric fever". brucella sp., campylobacter sp., edwardsiella tarda, enterobact ...	2005	16083226
allophanate hydrolase, not urease, functions in bacterial cyanuric acid metabolism.	growth substrates containing an s-triazine ring are typically metabolized by bacteria to liberate 3 mol of ammonia via the intermediate cyanuric acid. over a 25-year period, a number of original research papers and reviews have stated that cyanuric acid is metabolized in two steps to the 2-nitrogen intermediate urea. in the present study, allophanate, not urea, was shown to be the 2-nitrogen intermediate in cyanuric acid metabolism in all the bacteria examined. six different experimental results ...	2005	16085834
development of pcr assays targeting genes in o-antigen gene clusters for detection and identification of escherichia coli o45 and o55 serogroups.	the escherichia coli o45 o-antigen gene cluster of strain o45:h2 96-3285 was sequenced, and conventional (singleplex), multiplex, and real-time pcr assays were designed to amplify regions in the wzx (o-antigen flippase) and wzy (o-antigen polymerase) genes. in addition, pcr assays targeting the e. coli o55 wzx and wzy genes were designed based on previously published sequences. pcr assays targeting e. coli o45 showed 100% specificity for this serogroup, whereas by pcr assays specific for e. coli ...	2005	16085897
fluorescein-labeled beta-lactamase mutant for high-throughput screening of bacterial beta-lactamases against beta-lactam antibiotics.	the increasing emergence of new bacterial beta-lactamases that can efficiently hydrolyze beta-lactam antibiotics to clinically inactive carboxylic acids has created an intractable problem in the treatment of bacterial infections, and it is highly desirable to develop a useful tool that can rapidly screen bacteria for beta-lactamases against a variety of antibiotic candidates in a high-throughput manner. this paper describes the use of a fluorescein-labeled beta-lactamase mutant (e166cf) as a con ...	2005	16097768
multidrug-resistant acinetobacter extremity infections in soldiers.	war wound infection and osteomyelitis caused by multidrug-resistant (mdr) acinetobacter species have been prevalent during the 2003-2005 military operations in iraq. twenty-three soldiers wounded in iraq and subsequently admitted to our facility from march 2003 to may 2004 had wound cultures positive for acinetobacter calcoaceticus-baumannii complex. eighteen had osteomyelitis, 2 burn infection, and 3 deep wound infection. primary therapy for these infections was directed antimicrobial agents fo ...	2005	16102310
isolation of mannose-binding c-type lectin from heliothis virescens pupae.	a mannose-binding c-type lectin (mbl) was isolated by affinity chromatography from heliothis virescens immune pupal hemolymph. the immune pupal hemolymph was obtained after bacterial injection of live enterobacter cloacae bacteria. mbl in mammals acts as an opsonin for phagocytosis and activates the lectin complement pathway of the innate immune response, which leads to killing of gram-negative bacteria and enveloped viruses. the affinity-purified and reduced pupal mbl showed a single band of 36 ...	2005	16111657
evaluation of bact/alert plastic culture bottles for use in testing pooled whole blood-derived leukoreduced platelet-rich plasma platelets with a single contaminated unit.	in certain countries, whole blood-derived platelet (plt)-rich plasma plts can only be pooled within 4 hours of transfusion. one prerequisite for prestorage pooling is the ability to detect low levels of bacteria from a single unit (approx. 10 colony-forming units [cfus]/ml) once pooled (10/6 approx. 2 cfus/ml). this study evaluated the bact/alert (biomérieux) for detection of bacteria in 1 unit of a 6-unit pool.	2005	16131385
antibacterial activity of zuccagnia punctata cav. ethanolic extracts.	the present study was conducted to investigate antibacterial activity of zuccagnia punctata ethanolic extract against 47 strains of antibiotic-resistant gram-negative bacteria and to identify bioactive compounds. inhibition of bacterial growth was investigated using agar diffusion, agar macrodilution, broth microdilution and bioautographic methods. zuccagnia punctata extract was active against all assayed bacteria (escherichia coli, klebsiella pneumoniae, proteus mirabilis, enterobacter cloacae, ...	2005	16137849
in vitro activities of 11 fluoroquinolones against 816 non-typhoidal strains of salmonella enterica isolated from finnish patients with special reference to reduced ciprofloxacin susceptibility.	the number of salmonella strains with reduced susceptibility to fluoroquinolones has increased during recent years in many countries, threatening the value of this antimicrobial group in the treatment of severe salmonella infections.	2005	16143044
development of a multiplex pcr and shv melting-curve mutation detection system for detection of some shv and ctx-m beta-lactamases of escherichia coli, klebsiella pneumoniae, and enterobacter cloacae in taiwan.	infection by extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (esbl)-producing enterobacteriaceae has been increasing in taiwan. accurate identification of the esbl genes is necessary for surveillance and for epidemiological studies of the mode of transmission in the hospital setting. we describe herein the development of a novel system, which consists of a multiplex pcr to identify bla(shv), bla(ctx-m-3)-like, and bla(ctx-m-14)-like genes and a modified shv melting-curve mutation detection method to rapidly di ...	2005	16145096
widespread transfer of resistance genes between bacterial species in an intensive care unit: implications for hospital epidemiology.	a transferable plasmid encoding shv-12 extended-spectrum beta-lactamase, tem-116, and aminoglycoside resistance was responsible for two sequential clonal outbreaks of enterobacter cloacae and acinetobacter baumannii bacteria. a similar plasmid was present among isolates of four different bacterial species. recognition of plasmid transfer is crucial for control of outbreaks of multidrug-resistant nosocomial pathogens.	2005	16145160
molecular analysis of colonized bacteria in a human newborn infant gut.	the complex ecosystem of intestinal microflora is estimated to harbor approximately 400 different microbial species, mostly bacteria. however, studies on bacterial colonization have mostly been based on culturing methods, which only detect a small fraction of the whole microbiotic ecosystem of the gut. to clarify the initial acquisition and subsequent colonization of bacteria in an infant within the few days after birth, phylogenetic analysis was performed using 16s rdna sequences from the dna i ...	2005	16145549
[study on treatment strategy for ventriculitis associated with ventriculoperitoneal shunt for hydrocephalus].	to study the treatment strategy for ventriculitis associated with ventriculo peritoneal shunt for hydrocephalus.	2005	16146606
isolation of a hop-sensitive variant of lactobacillus lindneri and identification of genetic markers for beer spoilage ability of lactic acid bacteria.	we have isolated a hop-sensitive variant of the beer spoilage bacterium lactobacillus lindneri dsm 20692. the variant lost a plasmid carrying two contiguous open reading frames (orf s) designated horb(l) and horc(l) that encode a putative regulator and multidrug transporter presumably belonging to the resistance-nodulation-cell division superfamily. the loss of hop resistance ability occurred with the loss of resistance to other drugs, including ethidium bromide, novobiocin, and cetyltrimethylam ...	2005	16151091
longitudinal study of microbial diversity and seasonality in the mexico city metropolitan area water supply system.	in the mexico city metropolitan area (mcma), 70% of the water for 18 million inhabitants is derived from the basin of mexico regional aquifer. to provide an overview of the quality of the groundwater, a longitudinal study was conducted, in which 30 sites were randomly selected from 1,575 registered extraction wells. samples were taken before and after chlorine disinfection during both the rainy and dry seasons (2000-2001). microbiological parameters (total coliforms, fecal coliforms, streptococc ...	2005	16151096
a toxaphene-degrading bacterium related to enterobacter cloacae, strain d1 isolated from aged contaminated soil in nicaragua.	enterobacter sp. strain d1 is a facultative anaerobic, gram-negative heterotrophic bacterium isolated from toxaphene-contaminated soil. this organism was identified and characterized through phylogenetic and taxonomic studies. based on 16s rdna analysis, the strain d1 was clustered closely with the species enterobacter cloacae subsp. dissolvens (lmg 2683) and e. cloacae (atcc 13047t). strain d1 resembled these e. cloacae strains with respect to various biochemical and nutritional characteristics ...	2005	16156121