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noncytotoxic inhibition of viral infection through eif4f-independent suppression of translation by 4egi-1.the eukaryotic initiation factor eif4f recruits ribosomes to capped mrnas while eif2 mediates start codon recognition to initiate protein synthesis. increasing interest in targeting translation to suppress tumor growth has led to the development of new classes of inhibitors, including 4egi-1, which disrupts eif4f complexes. however, the full effects of this inhibitor and its potential uses in the treatment of other disease states remain unclear. here, we show that overall rates of protein synthe ...201021068241
negative association of epstein-barr virus or herpes simplex virus-1 with tumefactive central nervous system inflammatory demyelinating disease.central nervous system (cns) demyelination has been suggested to be associated with infections caused by the epstein-barr virus (ebv) or herpes simplex virus (hsv)-1. cns inflammatory demyelinating disease (idd) rarely presents as a large lesion. we evaluated samples of serum and cerebrospinal fluid (csf) by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay to detect recent infection with these viruses and analyzed csf and brain specimens by polymerase chain reaction (pcr) or immunohistochemical studies for evi ...201021070119
the effect of herpes simplex virus-1 on nitric oxide synthase in the rat brain: the role of glucocorticoids.herpes simplex virus-1 (hsv-1) is a common cause of viral encephalitis manifested by activation of the adrenocortical axis, fever and behavioral changes. we investigated the early effects of hsv-1 on constitutive (c) and inducible (i) nitric oxide synthase (nos) activity in rat brain and in mixed glial cell culture. the effect of glucocorticoids (gcs) on nos responses to hsv-1 was also determined.201021071988
resistance of herpes simplex viruses to nucleoside analogues: mechanisms, prevalence, and management.herpes simplex viruses (hsv) type 1 and type 2 are responsible for recurrent orolabial and genital infections. the standard therapy for the management of hsv infections includes acyclovir (acv) and penciclovir (pcv) with their respective prodrugs valacyclovir and famciclovir. these compounds are phosphorylated by the viral thymidine kinase (tk) and then by cellular kinases. the triphosphate forms selectively inhibit the viral dna polymerase (dna pol) activity. drug-resistant hsv isolates are fre ...201021078929
changes to euchromatin on lat and icp4 following reactivation are more prevalent in an efficiently reactivating strain of hsv-1.epigenetic mechanisms, via post-translational histone modifications, have roles in the establishment and maintenance of latency of the hsv-1 genome in the sensory neurons. considering that many post-translational histone marks are reversible in nature, epigenetic mechanisms may also play a critical role in the process of induced hsv-1 reactivation.201021079815
inhibition of calmodulin-dependent kinase kinase blocks human cytomegalovirus-induced glycolytic activation and severely attenuates production of viral progeny.viruses depend on the host cell to provide the energy and biomolecular subunits necessary for production of viral progeny. we have previously reported that human cytomegalovirus (hcmv) infection induces dramatic changes to central carbon metabolism, including glycolysis, the tricarboxylic acid (tca) cycle, fatty acid biosynthesis, and nucleotide biosynthesis. here, we explore the mechanisms involved in hcmv-mediated glycolytic activation. we find that hcmv virion binding and tegument protein del ...201021084482
genital herpes evaluation by quantitative taqman pcr: correlating single detection and quantity of hsv-2 dna in cervicovaginal lavage fluids with cross-sectional and longitudinal clinical data.to evaluate the utility of a single quantitative pcr (qpcr) measurement of hsv (hsv-1&2) dna in cervicovaginal lavage (cvl) specimens collected from women with predominantly chronic hsv-2 infection in assessing genital hsv shedding and the clinical course of genital herpes (gh) within a cohort with semiannual schedule of follow up and collection of specimens.201021087488
projected cost-savings with herpes simplex virus screening in pregnancy: towards a new screening paradigm.herpes simplex virus (hsv) infections in newborns are an uncommon but potentially devastating consequence of genital hsv infection in women. current practice focuses on preventing perinatal transmission by women with prevalent hsv, but transmission risk is greatest when genital hsv is acquired for the first time late in pregnancy. the objective of this study was to assess the effectiveness and cost effectiveness of identifying pregnant women at risk of de novo hsv acquisition as a means of preve ...201021097810
grey matter changes associated with host genetic variation and exposure to herpes simplex virus 1 (hsv1) in first episode schizophrenia.we previously reported reduced prefrontal cortex (pfc) grey matter volume among first episode, antipsychotic-naïve schizophrenia subjects (sz) exposed to hsv1 but not among healthy subjects (hs) (prasad et al., 2007). independently, rs1051788, an exonic polymorphism of the mhc class i polypeptide-related sequence b (micb) gene was associated with hsv1 seropositivity, as well as sz risk. in this study, we examined whether pfc grey matter changes associated with hsv1 exposure varied against the ba ...201020138739
relocalization of upstream binding factor to viral replication compartments is ul24 independent and follows the onset of herpes simplex virus 1 dna synthesis.herpes simplex virus 1 (hsv-1) induces relocalization of several nucleolar proteins. we have found that, as for fibrillarin, the hsv-1-induced redistribution of two rna polymerase i components, upstream binding factor (ubf) and rpa194, was independent of the viral protein ul24, which affects nucleolin localization. nevertheless, the kinetics and sites of redistribution for fibrillarin and ubf differed. interestingly, ubf remained associated with rpa194 during infection. although ubf is redistrib ...201020147409
phosphoinositide 3 kinase signalling may affect multiple steps during herpes simplex virus type-1 entry.early interactions of herpes simplex virus type-1 (hsv-1) with cells lead to cytoskeletal changes facilitating filopodia formation and membrane fusion. here, we demonstrate that phosphoinositide 3 kinase (pi3k) signalling may affect multiple steps during hsv-1 entry. an inhibitor of pi3k (ly294002) blocked hsv-1 entry and the blockage was cell-type- and gd receptor-independent. entry inhibition was also observed with primary cultures of the human corneal fibroblasts and unrelated β- and γ-herpes ...201020810749
multifront assault on antigen presentation by japanese encephalitis virus subverts cd8+ t cell responses.japanese encephalitis virus (jev) is a frequent cause of acute and epidemic viral encephalitis. however, there is little information describing the mechanisms by which jev subverts immune responses that may predispose the host to secondary infections. in this study, we found that jev induced the subversion of cd8(+) t cell responses in a transient manner that was closely correlated with viral multiplication. subsequently, analysis using a tcr-transgenic system revealed that cd8(+) t cells purifi ...201020581148
a study of cytotoxicity of novel chlorokojic acid derivatives with their antimicrobial and antiviral activities.a series of 6-chloromethyl-3-hydroxy-2-substituted 4h-pyran-4-one derivatives were synthesized and tested for their antimicrobial and antiviral activities. mannich base derivatives were prepared through the reaction of substituted piperazine or piperidine derivatives on chlorokojic acid and formaline. the structures of the synthesized compounds were confirmed by ir, (1)h and (13)c nmr, esi-ms, and elemental analysis. according to the activity studies, compounds 2-7 (mic: 1-2 microg/ml) were foun ...201020591538
antibody-mediated targeted gene transfer to nmda nr1-containing neurons in rat neocortex by helper virus-free hsv-1 vector particles containing a chimeric hsv-1 glycoprotein c-staphylococcus a protein.because of the heterogeneous cellular composition of the brain, and especially the forebrain, cell type-specific expression will benefit many potential applications of direct gene transfer. the two prevalent approaches for achieving cell type-specific expression are using a cell type-specific promoter or targeting gene transfer to a specific cell type. targeted gene transfer with herpes simplex virus (hsv-1) vectors modifies glycoprotein c (gc) to replace the heparin binding domain, which binds ...201020599821
hemophagocytic syndrome caused by primary herpes simplex virus 1 infection: report of a first case.hemophagocytic syndrome represents a severe hyperinflammatory condition by activated macrophages. leading viral triggering agents are epstein-barr virus (ebv), cytomegalovirus (cmv), and adenovirus.201020602145
application of bioluminescence imaging to therapeutic intervention of herpes simplex virus type i - thymidine kinase/ganciclovir in glioma.lentiviral vector containing the hsv1-tk and firefly luciferase (fluc) gene was infected into c6 and c6-tl expressing hsv1-tk and fluc gene was generated. c6-tl showed higher [(125)i]ivdu uptake than c6. the survival rate of c6-tl decreased more rapidly with increasing gcv dose and was well correlated with fluc activity. the images of micropet clearly demonstrated higher uptake of [(18)f]fhbg into the c6-tl tumor. inhibition of tumor growth was observed in c6-tl tumor-bearing mice treated with g ...201020819721
herpes simplex virus glycoprotein d interferes with binding of herpesvirus entry mediator to its ligands through downregulation and direct competition.to initiate membrane fusion and virus entry, herpes simplex virus (hsv) gd binds to a cellular receptor such as herpesvirus entry mediator (hvem). hvem is a tumor necrosis factor (tnf) receptor family member with four natural ligands that either stimulate (light and ltα) or inhibit (btla and cd160) t cell function. we hypothesized that the interaction of gd with hvem affects the binding of natural ligands, thereby modulating the immune response during infection. here, we investigated the effect ...201020826693
moxibustion activates host defense against herpes simplex virus type i through augmentation of cytokine production.moxibustion is a technique used in traditional oriental medicine, the aim of which is to cure and/or prevent illness by activating a person's ability for self-healing. in this study, we assessed how moxibustion would affect the immune system and whether it would augment protective immunity. mice were treated with moxibustion at zusanli (st36) acupoints; we analyzed mortality and cytokine activity in sera after infection with herpes simplex virus type 1 (hsv-1), and cytokine gene expression in th ...201020840154
ethosomes for the delivery of anti-hsv-1 molecules: preparation, characterization and in vitro activity.this paper describes the production, characterization and in vitro activity of ethosomes containing two molecules with antiviral activity, such as acyclovir (acy) and n1-beta-d-ribofuranosyl-pyrazole [3,4d]pyridazin-7(6p-chlorine-phenyl)-one nucleoside (n1cp). ethosomes were prepared and morphologically characterized by cryo-tem. the encapsulation efficiency was 92.3 +/- 2.5% for acy and 94.2 +/- 2.8% for n1cp. the release of the drug from vesicles, determined by a franz cell method, indicated t ...201021105576
seeing the portal in herpes simplex virus type 1 b capsids.resolving the nonicosahedral components in large icosahedral viruses remains a technical challenge in structural virology. we have used the emerging technique of zernike phase-contrast electron cryomicroscopy to enhance the image contrast of ice-embedded herpes simplex virus type 1 capsids. image reconstruction enabled us to retrieve the structure of the unique portal vertex in the context of the icosahedral capsid and, for the first time, show the subunit organization of a portal in a virus inf ...201021106752
in vitro antiviral activity against herpes simplex virus in the abalone haliotis laevigata.as viruses are extremely abundant in oceans, marine organisms may have evolved novel metabolites to protect themselves from viral infection. this research examined a well-known commercial gastropod, abalone (haliotidae), which in australia have recently experienced disease due to a neurotropic infection, abalone viral ganglioneuritis, caused by an abalone herpesvirus (abhv). due to the lack of molluscan cell lines for culturing abhv, the antiviral activity of the abalone haliotis laevigata was a ...201021123549
herpes simplex virus is akt-ing in translational control.all viruses depend on the cellular protein synthesis machinery for the production of viral proteins. thus, viruses have evolved a variety of strategies to avoid innate host responses that inhibit protein synthesis. in this issue of genes & development, chuluunbaatar and colleagues (pp. 2627-2639) demonstrate that herpes simplex virus-1 counteracts this response through viral kinase us3, which mimics cellular kinase akt to phosphorylate and repress tuberous sclerosis complex 2 (tsc2), resulting i ...201021123644
comprehensive characterization of interaction complexes of herpes simplex virus type 1 icp22, ul3, ul4, and ul20.5.it has been reported that herpes simplex virus type 1 ul3, ul4, and ul20.5 proteins are localized to small, dense nuclear bodies together with icp22 in infected cells. in the present study, we comprehensively characterized these interactions by subcellular colocalization, coimmunoprecipitation, and bimolecular fluorescence complementation assays. for the first time, it was demonstrated that both ul3 and ul20.5 are targeted to small, dense nuclear bodies by a direct interaction with icp22, wherea ...201021147926
controlling herpes simplex virus-induced ocular inflammatory lesions with the lipid-derived mediator resolvin e1.stromal keratitis (sk) is a chronic immunopathological lesion of the eye caused by hsv-1 infection and a common cause of blindness in humans. the inflammatory lesions are primarily perpetuated by neutrophils with the active participation of cd4(+) t cells. therefore, targeting these immune cell types represents a potentially valuable form of therapy to reduce the severity of disease. resolvin e1 (rve1), an endogenous lipid mediator, was shown to promote resolution in several inflammatory disease ...201021187448
reversal of heterochromatic silencing of quiescent herpes simplex virus type 1 by icp0.persisting latent herpes simplex virus genomes are to some degree found in a heterochromatic state, and this contributes to reduced gene expression resulting in quiescence. we used a relatively long-term quiescent infection model in human fibroblasts, followed by provision of icp0 in trans, to determine the effects of icp0 on the viral chromatin state as gene expression is reactivated. expression of icp0, even at low levels, results in a reduction of higher-order chromatin structure and heteroch ...201021191021
expression of the hsv-1 capsid protein vp19c in escherichia coli: a single amino acid change overcomes an expression block of the full-length polypeptide.the herpesvirus triplex is a key structural feature of the capsids of these viruses. it is composed of a hetero-trimer of one molecule of vp19c and two molecules of vp23. it acts to stabilize capsid shells by connecting the capsomeric subunits together. although it has been possible to over-express in escherichia coli and purify one component of the triplex, vp23; this has not been the case with vp19c. because an n-terminal polypeptide of vp19c could be expressed and purified using a gst affinit ...201021193049
[antiviral properties of the derivatives of netropsin and distamycin against herpes simplex viruses type 1 and variolovaccine].the antiherpesvirus activity of newly synthesized dna-binding compounds for cultured vero e6 cells was examined. the compounds were found to have selective antiherpesviral activity. their antiviral activity was shown against the virus strains isolated from clinical specimens. the test compounds were ascertained to have also a high activity against herpes simplex virus type 1 (hsv-1/l2 tc-) that was very resistant to acyclovir. the authors' data demonstrated an obvious dose-dependent antiviral ef ...201021381336
[polymorphism of il1α and il1β genes and bacterial invasion in patients with chronic generalized periodontitis].researchers studied polymorphism of il-1α and il-1β genes among patients of different ages with severe chronic generalized periodontitis and people with healthy periodontium. the study demonstrated a correlation between high frequency of genetic polymorphism in il-1α -899 and il-1β +3953 loci and development of severe periodontitis among patients less than 35 years of age, as well as markers of p. intermedia, t. denticola, hsv1 and ebv in periodontal pocket.201021311438
systemic immunological tolerance to ocular antigens is mediated by trail-expressing cd8+ t cells.systemic immunological tolerance to ag encountered in the eye restricts the formation of potentially damaging immune responses that would otherwise be initiated at other anatomical locations. we previously demonstrated that tolerance to ag administered via the anterior chamber (ac) of the eye required fas ligand-mediated apoptotic death of inflammatory cells that enter the eye in response to the antigenic challenge. moreover, the systemic tolerance induced after ac injection of ag was mediated b ...201021169546
a single mutation responsible for temperature-sensitive entry and assembly defects in the vp1-2 protein of herpes simplex virus.evidence for an essential role of the herpes simplex virus type 1 (hsv-1) tegument protein vp1-2 originated from the analysis of the temperature-sensitive (ts) mutant tsb7. at the nonpermissive temperature (npt), tsb7 capsids accumulate at the nuclear pore, with defective genome release and substantially reduced virus gene expression. we compared the ul36 gene of tsb7 with that of the parental strain hfem or strain 17 and identified four amino acid substitutions, 1061d → g, 1453y → h, 2273y → h, ...201021177812
pcr detection of multiple human herpesvirus dna in saliva from hiv-infected individuals in teresina, state of piauí, brazil.human herpesviruses are frequently associated with orofacial diseases in humans (hsv-1, ebv, cmv and hhv-8), some can also cause systemic disease (cmv and hhv-8). the transmission of these viruses occurs by contact with infected secretions, especially saliva. human immunodeficiency virus infection is associated with an increased risk of hhvs and related diseases.201021181010
[effect of hsv-1 infection on ngf and its receptor expression in human glioma cells].nerve growth factor (ngf) is mainly secreted by the neuroglia cells, which can exert biological effect through its receptors on the specific target cell surface. ngf is closely related to neurocyte growth, differentiation and apoptosis. as a neurotropic virus, hsv-1 an easily lead to neurocyte, neuroglia cells death or apoptosis. in this study, the u251 human glioma cells were chosen as target cells to study the change of ngf and its receptors in the apoptosis process of hsv-1 infection. our res ...201021344753
genital herpes simplex virus type 1 in women: detection in cervicovaginal specimens from gynecological practices in the united states.herpes simplex virus types 1 and 2 (hsv-1 and -2) are significant human pathogens causing clinically indistinguishable facial and genital lesions. recently, the number of reported genital herpes cases caused by type 1 virus has increased. identifying the hsv type is of clinical importance to determine proper treatment, as there is no licensed vaccine or cure. we assessed, by pcr, the frequency of hsv-1 and hsv-2 present in more than 60,000 clinical cervicovaginal specimens derived from samples o ...201019923487
a role for heparan sulfate in viral surfing.heparan sulfate (hs) moieties on cell surfaces are known to provide attachment sites for many viruses including herpes simplex virus type-1 (hsv-1). here, we demonstrate that cells respond to hsv-1 infection by enhancing filopodia formation. filopodia express hs and are subsequently utilized for the transport of hsv-1 virions to cell bodies in a surfing-like phenomenon, which is facilitated by the underlying actin cytoskeleton and is regulated by transient activation of a small rho gtpase, cdc42 ...201019909728
enhanced antitumor effects by combination gene therapy using mdr1 gene shrna and hsv1-tk in a xenograft mouse model.the use of a novel therapeutic vector containing hsv1-thymidine kinase (hsv1-tk) and a short hairpin rna for the mdr1 gene (shmdr) was proposed previously. we investigated the antitumor effects in an in vivo mouse model of colon cancer and assessed treatment response by serial non-invasive imaging. shmdr-tk expressing (mtkg) tumors for the dual therapy group mice with ganciclovir and doxorubicin showed a decrease in size, while tumors in the single therapy group mice showed a moderate increase ( ...201019896764
herpes simplex virus type 1 (hsv-1)-induced apoptosis in human dendritic cells as a result of downregulation of cellular flice-inhibitory protein and reduced expression of hsv-1 antiapoptotic latency-associated transcript sequences.herpes simplex virus type 1 (hsv-1) is one of the most frequent and successful human pathogens. it targets immature dendritic cells (idcs) to interfere with the antiviral immune response. the mechanisms underlying apoptosis of hsv-1-infected idcs are not fully understood. previously, we have shown that hsv-1-induced apoptosis of idcs is associated with downregulation of the cellular flice-inhibitory protein (c-flip), a potent inhibitor of caspase-8-mediated apoptosis. in this study, we prove tha ...201019906927
herpes simplex virus-1 infection causes the secretion of a type i interferon-antagonizing protein and inhibits signaling at or before jak-1 activation.host cells respond to viral infection by the production of type i interferons (ifns), which induce the expression of antiviral genes. herpes simplex virus i (hsv-1) encodes many mechanisms that inhibit the type i ifn response, including the icp27-dependent inhibition of type i ifn signaling. here we show inhibition of stat-1 nuclear accumulation in cells that express icp27. icp27 expression also induces the secretion of a small, heat-stable type i ifn antagonizing protein that inhibits stat-1 nu ...201019879619
co-ordinated regulation of plasmacytoid dendritic cell surface receptors upon stimulation with herpes simplex virus type 1.human plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pdc) are crucial for innate and adaptive immune responses against viral infections, mainly through production of type i interferons. evidence is accumulating that pdc surface receptors play an important role in this process. to investigate the pdc phenotype in more detail, a chip-based expression analysis of surface receptors was combined with respective flow cytometry data obtained from fresh pdc, pdc exposed to interleukin-3 (il-3) and/or herpes simplex viru ...201019824924
17-beta estradiol promotion of herpes simplex virus type 1 reactivation is estrogen receptor dependent.correlations between estrogen and herpes simplex virus (hsv) reactivation from latency have been suggested by numerous clinical reports, but causal associations are not well delineated. in a murine hsv-1 corneal infection model, we establish 17-beta estradiol (17-betae) treatment of latently infected ovariectomized mice induces viral reactivation, as demonstrated by increased viral load and increased immediate-early viral gene expression in the latently infected trigeminal ganglia (tg). interest ...201019846508
effects of phosphorylation of herpes simplex virus 1 envelope glycoprotein b by us3 kinase in vivo and in vitro.we recently reported that the herpes simplex virus 1 (hsv-1) us3 protein kinase phosphorylates threonine at position 887 (thr-887) in the cytoplasmic tail of envelope glycoprotein b (gb) (a. kato, j. arii, i. shiratori, h. akashi, h. arase, and y. kawaguchi, j. virol. 83:250-261, 2009; t. wisner, c. c. wright, a. kato, y. kawaguchi, f. mou, j. d. baines, r. j. roller and d. c. johnson, j. virol. 83:3115-3126, 2009). in the studies reported here, we examined the effect(s) of this phosphorylation ...201019846518
extending the transposable payload limit of sleeping beauty (sb) using the herpes simplex virus (hsv)/sb amplicon-vector platform.the ability of a viral vector to safely deliver and stably integrate large transgene units (transgenons), which not only include one or several therapeutic genes, but also requisite native transcriptional regulatory elements, would be of significant benefit for diseases presently refractory to available technologies. the herpes simplex virus type-1 (hsv-1) amplicon vector has the largest known payload capacity of approximately 130 kb, but its episomal maintenance within the transduced cell nucle ...201019865178
association of human t lymphotropic virus 1 amplification of periodontitis severity with altered cytokine expression in response to a standard periodontopathogen infection.periodontal diseases (pds) are infectious diseases in which periodontopathogens trigger chronic inflammatory and immune responses that lead to tissue destruction. recently, viruses have been implicated in the pathogenesis of pds. individuals infected with human t lymphotropic virus 1 (htlv-1) present with abnormal oral health and a marked increased prevalence of periodontal disease.201020038241
in vitro antiviral activity of neem (azardirachta indica l.) bark extract against herpes simplex virus type-1 infection.herpes simplex virus type 1 (hsv-1) causes significant health problems from periodical skin and corneal lesions to encephalitis. we report here that an aqueous extract preparation from the barks of neem plant azardirachta indica acts as a potent entry inhibitor against hsv-1 infection into natural target cells. the neem bark extract (nbe) significantly blocked hsv-1 entry into cells at concentrations ranging from 50 to 100 microg/ml. the blocking activity of nbe was observed when the extract was ...201020041417
a viral e3 ligase targets rnf8 and rnf168 to control histone ubiquitination and dna damage responses.the icp0 protein of herpes simplex virus type 1 is an e3 ubiquitin ligase and transactivator required for the efficient switch between latent and lytic infection. as dna damaging treatments are known to reactivate latent virus, we wished to explore whether icp0 modulates the cellular response to dna damage. we report that icp0 prevents accumulation of repair factors at cellular damage sites, acting between recruitment of the mediator proteins mdc1 and 53bp1. we identify rnf8 and rnf168, cellular ...201020075863
fusion-deficient insertion mutants of herpes simplex virus type 1 glycoprotein b adopt the trimeric postfusion conformation.glycoprotein b (gb) enables the fusion of viral and cell membranes during entry of herpesviruses. however, gb alone is insufficient for membrane fusion; the gh/gl heterodimer is also required. the crystal structure of the herpes simplex virus type 1 (hsv-1) gb ectodomain, gb730, has demonstrated similarities between gb and other viral fusion proteins, leading to the hypothesis that gb is a fusogen, presumably directly involved in bringing the membranes together by refolding from its initial or p ...201019939928
herpes simplex virus vp16, but not icp0, is required to reduce histone occupancy and enhance histone acetylation on viral genomes in u2os osteosarcoma cells.the herpes simplex virus (hsv) genome rapidly becomes associated with histones after injection into the host cell nucleus. the viral proteins icp0 and vp16 are required for efficient viral gene expression and have been implicated in reducing the levels of underacetylated histones on the viral genome, raising the possibility that high levels of underacetylated histones inhibit viral gene expression. the u2os osteosarcoma cell line is permissive for replication of icp0 and vp16 mutants and appears ...201019939931
the herpes simplex virus-1 encoded glycoprotein b diverts hla-dr into the exosome pathway.neutralizing abs play an important role for immunity against hsv-1 infection. this branch of the immune response is initiated by mhc class ii ag presentation and activation of t cell help. in this study, we show that the hsv-1 encoded glycoprotein b (gb) manipulates the class ii processing pathway by perturbing endosomal sorting and trafficking of hla-dr (dr) molecules. expression of gb in the human melanoma cell line mel juso results in formation of enlarged dr(+) intracellular vesicles. costai ...201019949097
bovine herpesvirus-1 us3 protein kinase: critical residues and involvement in the phosphorylation of vp22.the us3 gene product of bovine herpesvirus-1 (bohv-1) is a protein kinase that is expressed early during infection and capable of autophosphorylation. by examining differentially labelled us3 moieties by co-immunoprecipitation, we demonstrated that the protein kinase interacts with itself in vitro, which supports autophosphorylation by us3. based on its homology to other serine/threonine protein kinases, we defined two highly conserved lysines in us3, at position 195 within the atp-binding pocke ...201020016039
construction of a ganciclovir-sensitive lentiviral vector to assess the influence of angiopoietin-3 and soluble tie2 on glioma growth.malignant brain tumors grow by coopting the existing vasculature, a process involving the release of angiopoietin-2 (angpt2) from endothelial cells and its binding to the tie2 receptor. the first goal of this study was to examine the therapeutic potential of two proteins that could interfere with angpt2, namely angpt3 and the soluble extracellular domain of tie2 (stie2). the second goal was to develop a lentiviral vector capable of delivering such proteins while offering the possibility to ident ...201020020177
detection of varicella-zoster virus dna in 414 human trigeminal ganglia from cadavers by the polymerase chain reaction: a comparison of the detection rate of varicella-zoster virus and herpes simplex virus type 1.investigation of varicella-zoster virus (vzv) is important epidemiologically, and determination of its prevalence rate in human trigeminal ganglia is important to provide surveillance data. to date, studies on vzv detection in trigeminal ganglia have used specimens obtained from a relatively limited number of cadavers. this study attempted to detect vzv dna as well as herpes simplex virus type 1 (hsv-1) dna by the polymerase chain reaction (pcr) from 414 samples of trigeminal ganglia obtained fr ...201020029810
etiology and clinico-epidemiological profile of acute viral encephalitis in children of western uttar pradesh, india.to study the etiology of viral encephalitis (ve) in the children of western uttar pradesh, india and to assess the clinico-epidemiological profile of these children in relation to ve.201020106698
depletion of corest does not improve the replication of icp0 null mutant herpes simplex virus type 1.it has been proposed that the cellular corepressor protein corest is involved in repressing herpes simplex virus type 1 (hsv-1) infection in the absence of the viral regulatory protein icp0. this proposal predicts that depletion of corest should improve the plaque-forming efficiency and replication of icp0 null mutant virus. to test this hypothesis, human heparg cells that were highly depleted of corest were isolated using rna interference technology. depletion of corest had no effect on the rep ...201020106915
comparison of the biological and biochemical activities of several members of the alphaherpesvirus icp0 family of proteins.immediate-early protein icp0 of herpes simplex virus type 1 (hsv-1) is an e3 ubiquitin ligase of the ring finger class that is required for efficient lytic infection and reactivation from latency. other alphaherpesviruses also express icp0-related ring finger proteins, but these have limited homology outside the core ring domain. existing evidence indicates that icp0 family members have similar properties, but there has been no systematic comparison of the biochemical activities and biological f ...201020106921
herpes simplex virus type 1 and bell's palsy-a current assessment of the controversy.bell's palsy causes about two thirds of cases of acute peripheral facial weakness. although the majority of cases completely recover spontaneously, about 30% of cases do not and are at risk from persisting severe facial paralysis and pain. it has been suggested that herpes simplex virus type 1 (hsv-1) may be the etiological agent that causes bell's palsy. although corticosteroid therapy is now universally recognized as improving the outcome of bell's palsy, the question as to whether or not a co ...201020113184
construction and properties of a herpes simplex virus 2 dl5-29 vaccine candidate strain encoding an hsv-1 virion host shutoff protein.the replication-defective herpes simplex virus 2 (hsv-2) dl5-29 mutant virus strain with deletions in the u(l)5 and u(l)29 genes has been shown to protect mice and guinea pigs against challenge with wild-type (wt) hsv-2 and to protect against ocular disease caused by hsv-1 infection. the dl5-29 strain is currently being prepared for clinical trials as a herpes vaccine candidate. as a possible approach to improve the efficacy of dl5-29 as a genital herpes vaccine, we replaced the u(l)41 gene enco ...201020117270
exacerbation of corneal scarring in hsv-1 gk-immunized mice correlates with elevation of cd8+cd25+ t cells in corneas of ocularly infected mice.we have shown previously that exacerbation of corneal scarring (cs) in hsv-1 glycoprotein k (gk) immunized mice was associated with cd8+ t cells. in this study, we investigated the type and the nature of the immune responses that are involved in the exacerbation of cs in gk-immunized animals. balb/c mice were vaccinated with baculovirus expressed gk, gd, or mock-immunized. twenty-one days after the third immunization, mice were ocularly infected with 2 x 10(5) pfu/eye of virulent hsv-1 strain mc ...201020079918
myelin-associated glycoprotein mediates membrane fusion and entry of neurotropic herpesviruses.varicella-zoster virus (vzv) and herpes simplex virus (hsv) are prevalent neurotropic herpesviruses that cause various nervous system diseases. similar to other enveloped viruses, membrane fusion is an essential process for viral entry. therefore, identification of host molecules that mediate membrane fusion is important to understand the mechanism of viral infection. here, we demonstrate that myelin-associated glycoprotein (mag), mainly distributed in neural tissues, associates with vzv glycopr ...201020080767
glycoprotein d actively induces rapid internalization of two nectin-1 isoforms during herpes simplex virus entry.entry of herpes simplex virus (hsv) occurs either by fusion at the plasma membrane or by endocytosis and fusion with an endosome. binding of glycoprotein d (gd) to a receptor such as nectin-1 is essential in both cases. we show that virion gd triggered the rapid down-regulation of nectin-1 with kinetics similar to those of virus entry. in contrast, nectin-1 was not constitutively recycled from the surface of uninfected cells. both the nectin-1alpha and beta isoforms were internalized in response ...201020089288
phloroglucinol glycosides from the fresh fruits of eucalyptus maideni.five new phloroglucinol glycosides, eucalmainosides a-e (1-5), were isolated from the fresh fruits of eucalyptus maideni, along with 15 flavonoids (6-20), seven (+)-oleuropeic acid derivatives (15, 16, and 22-26), three hydrolyzable tannins (32-34), and six simple phenolic compounds (21, 27-31). their structures were determined on the basis of spectroscopic analyses, including hsqc, hmbc, and acidic hydrolysis. the in vitro anti-herpes simplex virus 1 (hsv-1) assay indicated that the flavonols, ...201020092288
targeting human glioma cells using hsv-1 amplicon peptide display vector.targeting cell infection using herpes simplex virus type 1 (hsv-1) vectors is a complicated issue as the process involves multiple interactions of viral envelope glycoproteins and cellular host surface proteins. in this study, we have inserted a human glioma-specific peptide sequence (denoted as mg11) into a peptide display hsv-1 amplicon vector replacing the heparan sulfate-binding domain of glycoprotein c (gc). the modified mg11:gc envelope recombinant vectors were subsequently packaged into v ...201019812609
cytotoxic and antiviral activities of aporphine alkaloids of magnolia grandiflora l.bioassay guided fractionation of the methanol extract of magnolia grandiflora l. (magnoliaceae) leaves led to the isolation and characterisation of four aporphine alkaloids, magnoflorine, lanuginosine, liriodenine and anonaine. the cytotoxicities of the pure compounds magnoflorine and lanuginosine were determined in a cell viability assay with the tumour cell lines hela (cervix tumour cell line), hepg2 (hepatocellular carcinoma cell line) and u251 (brain tumour cell line). magnoflorine was more ...201019764006
the effects of the diterpenes isolated from the brazilian brown algae dictyota pfaffii and dictyota menstrualis against the herpes simplex type-1 replicative cycle.we describe in this paper that the diterpenes 8,10,18-trihydroxy-2,6-dolabelladiene ( 1) and (6 r)-6-hydroxydichotoma-4,14-diene-1,17-dial ( 2), isolated from the marine algae dictyota pfaffii and d. menstrualis, respectively, inhibited hsv-1 infection in vero cells. we initially observed that compounds 1 and 2 inhibited hsv-1 replication in a dose-dependent manner, resulting in ec (50) values of 5.10 and 5.90 microm, respectively, for a multiplicity of infection (moi) of 5. moreover, the concen ...201019764012
divergence and genotyping of human alpha-herpesviruses: an overview.herpesviruses are large dna viruses that are highly disseminated among animals. of the eight herpesviruses identified in humans, three are classified into the alpha-herpesvirus subfamily: herpes simplex virus types 1 (hsv-1) and 2 (hsv-2), which are typically associated with mucocutaneous lesions, and varicella-zoster virus (vzv), which is the cause of chicken pox and herpes zoster. all three viruses establish lifelong infections and may also induce more severe symptoms, such as neurological man ...201019772930
viral seeding of a percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy tract from oral herpes. 201019716435
chromatin assembly on herpes simplex virus genomes during lytic infection.the human herpes simplex viruses hsv-1 and hsv-2 infect a significant portion of the human population. both viruses can undergo lytic infection in epithelial cells and establish lifelong latency in neuronal cells. the large hsv-1 dna genomes have long been considered to be devoid of histones both inside the virion particle and inside the cell during lytic infection, but to be packaged in repressive chromatin during latency. however, recent reports indicate that many histone and non-histone chrom ...201019682614
herpesviruses--a zoonotic threat?herpesviruses are highly host specific and share a long synchronous evolution with their hosts. only in rare cases, species barriers fall and allow animal to human or human to animal transmission. among the zoonotic herpesviruses, cercopithecine herpesvirus 1 is the most significant and can be transmitted from macaques to human. conversely, human herpesvirus 1 is capable of causing severe disease in primates. besides those two examples, there are several herpesviruses with a certainly limited or ...201019616388
antiviral activity and mode of action of propolis extracts and selected compounds.aqueous and ethanol extracts of propolis were analysed phytochemically and examined for their antiviral activity in vitro. different polyphenols, flavonoids and phenylcarboxylic acids were identified as major constituents. the antiviral effect of propolis extracts and selected constituents, e.g. caffeic acid (1), p-coumaric acid (2), benzoic acid (3), galangin (4), pinocembrin (5) and chrysin (6) against herpes simplex virus type 1 (hsv-1) was analysed in cell culture. the 50% inhibitory concent ...201019472427
soluble cytoplasmic expression, rapid purification, and characterization of cyanovirin-n as a his-sumo fusion.cyanovirin-n (cvn) is a promising antiviral candidate that has an extremely low sequence homology with any other known proteins. the efficient and soluble expression of biologically functional recombinant cvn (rcvn) is still an obstacle due to insufficient yield, aggregation, and abnormal modification. here, we describe an improved approach to preparing native rcvn from escherichia coli more efficiently. a fusion gene consisting of cvn and sumo (small ubiquitin-related modifier) and a hexahistid ...201019547966
uncoupling uncoating of herpes simplex virus genomes from their nuclear import and gene expression.incoming capsids of herpes simplex virus type 1 (hsv-1) enter the cytosol by fusion of the viral envelopes with host cell membranes and use microtubules and microtubule motors for transport to the nucleus. upon docking to the nuclear pores, capsids release their genomes into the nucleoplasm. progeny genomes are replicated in the nucleoplasm and subsequently packaged into newly assembled capsids. the minor capsid protein pul25 of alphaherpesviruses is required for capsid stabilization after genom ...201121345968
serological evidence of exposure to herpes simplex virus type 1 is associated with cognitive deficits in the catie schizophrenia sample.cognitive impairment is a core feature of schizophrenia. previous studies have indicated that exposure to neurotropic infectious agents such as herpes simplex virus type 1 may contribute to cognitive deficits and neuroanatomical abnormalities in individuals with schizophrenia. we examined the association between exposure to neurotropic infectious agents and cognitive function in 1308 participants in the clinical antipsychotic trials of intervention effectiveness (catie) trial. this sample includ ...201121353483
deal watch: amgen buys oncolytic virus company. 201121358726
il-2 suppression of il-12p70 by a recombinant hsv-1 expressing il-2 induces t-cell auto-reactivity and cns demyelination.to evaluate the role of cellular infiltrates in cns demyelination in immunocompetent mice, we have used a model of multiple sclerosis (ms) in which different strains of mice are infected with a recombinant hsv-1 expressing il-2. histologic examination of the mice infected with hsv-il-2 demonstrates that natural killer cells, dendritic cells, b cells, and cd25 (il-2ra) do not play any role in the hsv-il-2-induced demyelination. t cell depletion, t cell knockout and t cell adoptive transfer experi ...201121364747
prurigo pigmentosa: a clinicopathological study and analysis of associated factors.prurigo pigmentosa (pp), a rare inflammatory disease of the skin, is mostly reported in the ethnic japanese population. its pathogenesis remains unclear. the chronic and recurrent nature of pp implies a possible role of viral infection in the pathogenesis. the anti-inflammatory mechanism of doxycycline, which is well documented as a good treatment for pp, is related to the suppression of interleukin expression.201121182500
clinical characteristics of patients with epstein barr virus in cerebrospinal fluid.the role of epstein-barr (ebv) virus in central nervous system (cns) infections is not fully resolved. it is clearly associated with lymphoproliferative disease of immunosuppressed persons, and may cause encephalitis.201122018204
Effect of ultrasound on herpes simplex virus infection in cell culture.Ultrasound has been shown to increase the efficiency of gene expression from retroviruses, adenoviruses and adeno-associated viruses. The effect of ultrasound to stimulate cell membrane permeabilization on infection with an oncolytic herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) was examined.201121939524
real-time pcr detection of human herpesvirus 1-5 in patients lacking clinical signs of a viral cns infection.infections of the central nervous system (cns) with herpes- or enterovirus can be self-limiting and benign, but occasionally result in severe and fatal disease. the polymerase chain reaction (pcr) has revolutionized the diagnostics of viral pathogens, and by multiple displacement amplification (mda) prior to real-time pcr the sensitivity might be further enhanced. the aim of this study was to investigate if herpes- or enterovirus can be detected in cerebrospinal fluid (csf) from patients without ...201121849074
genetic factors influence serological measures of common infections.antibodies against infectious pathogens provide information on past or present exposure to infectious agents. while host genetic factors are known to affect the immune response, the influence of genetic factors on antibody levels to common infectious agents is largely unknown. here we test whether antibody levels for 13 common infections are significantly heritable.201121996708
ocular herpes simplex virus: how are latency, reactivation, recurrent disease and therapy interrelated?most humans are infected with herpes simplex virus (hsv) type 1 in early childhood and remain latently infected throughout life. while most individuals have mild or no symptoms, some will develop destructive hsv keratitis. ocular infection with hsv-1 and its associated sequelae account for the majority of corneal blindness in industrialized nations. neuronal latency in the peripheral ganglia is established when transcription of the viral genome is repressed (silenced) except for the latency-asso ...201121861620
functional genomics reveals an essential and specific role for stat1 in protection of the central nervous system following herpes simplex virus corneal infection.innate immune deficiencies result in a spectrum of severe clinical outcomes following infection. in particular, there is a strong association between loss of the signal transducer and activator of transcription (stat) pathway, breach of the blood-brain barrier (bbb), and virus-induced neuropathology. the gene signatures that characterize resistance, disease, and mortality in the virus-infected nervous system have not been defined. herpes simplex virus type 1 (hsv-1) is commonly associated with e ...201121994441
synthesis of conformationally north-locked pyrimidine nucleosides built on an oxabicyclo[3.1.0]hexane scaffold.beginning with a known 3-oxabicyclo[3.1.0]hexane scaffold (i), the relocation of the fused cyclopropane ring bond and the shifting of the oxygen atom to an alternative location engendered a new 2-oxabicyclo[3.1.0]hexane template (ii) that mimics more closely the tetrahydrofuran ring of conventional nucleosides. the synthesis of this new class of locked nucleosides involved a novel approach that required the isocyanate ii (b = nco) with a hydroxyl-protected scaffold as a pivotal intermediate that ...201122026578
An important role for syndecan-1 in herpes simplex virus type-1 induced cell-to-cell fusion and virus spread.Herpes simplex virus type-1 (HSV-1) is a common human pathogen that relies heavily on cell-to-cell spread for establishing a lifelong latent infection. Molecular aspects of HSV-1 entry into host cells have been well studied; however, the molecular details of the spread of the virus from cell-to-cell remain poorly understood. In the past, the role of heparan sulfate proteoglycans (HSPG) during HSV-1 infection has focused solely on the role of HS chains as an attachment receptor for the virus, whi ...201121957484
Herpetic blepharitis and inhaled budesonide. 201122136691
Activation of Autophagy by a-herpesviruses in myeloid cells is mediated by cytoplasmic viral DNA through a mechanism dependent on stimulator of IFN genes.Autophagy has been established as a player in host defense against viruses. The mechanisms by which the host induces autophagy during infection are diverse. In the case of HSV type 1 (HSV-1), dsRNA-dependent protein kinase is essential for induction of autophagy in fibroblasts through phosphorylation of eukaryotic initiation factor 2a (eIF2a). HSV-1 counteracts autophagy via ICP34.5, which dephosphorylates eIF2a and inhibits Beclin 1. Investigation of autophagy during HSV-1 infection has largely ...201121998456
c21orf91 genotypes correlate with herpes simplex labialis (cold sore) frequency: description of a cold sore susceptibility gene.herpes simplex virus type 1 (hsv-1) infects >70% of the united states population. we identified a 3-megabase region on human chromosome 21 containing 6 candidate genes associated with herpes simplex labialis (hsl, "cold sores").201122039568
serum antibodies to toxoplasma gondii and herpesvidae family viruses in individuals with schizophrenia and bipolar disorder: a case-control study.recent etiological studies for schizophrenia and bipolar disorder have focused on the protozoan toxoplasma gondii and herpesvirdae family viruses.201121991754
full length antigen priming enhances the ctl epitope-based dna vaccine efficacy.although cd8+ cytotoxic t lymphocyte (ctl) epitope-based dna vaccination is valuable experience on vaccine research but many attempts are still continued to achieve acceptable protective response. to study the role of full length antigen in ctl epitope immunization, we evaluated cellular immunity of diverse patterns of complete herpes simplex virus type 1 (hsv-1) glycoprotein b (gb) and the immunodominant ctl epitope (498-505) dna injection in c57bl/6 mice. optimal immune response was observed i ...201121324438
development of a glycoprotein d-expressing dominant-negative and replication-defective herpes simplex virus 2 (hsv-2) recombinant viral vaccine against hsv-2 infection in mice.using the t-rex (invitrogen, california) gene switch technology and a dominant-negative mutant polypeptide of herpes simplex virus 1 (hsv-1)-origin binding protein ul9, we previously constructed a glycoprotein d-expressing replication-defective and dominant-negative hsv-1 recombinant viral vaccine, cj9-gd, for protection against hsv infection and disease. it was demonstrated that cj9-gd is avirulent following intracerebral inoculation in mice, cannot establish detectable latent infection followi ...201121389121
phenotypic suppression of a herpes simplex virus 1 icp27 mutation by enhanced transcription of the mutant gene.icp27 is an essential herpes simplex virus 1 (hsv-1) regulatory protein that enhances viral gene expression. although it is predominantly nuclear, it shuttles to the cytoplasm during infection using an n-terminal nuclear export signal (nes). we previously engineered an nes-negative icp27 mutant, dleu, that replicates poorly in cultured cells. in this study, we isolated dleur, a growth-competent revertant of dleu. we show that dleur possesses one or more extragenic mutations that enhance icp27 tr ...201121411532
host cell targets of tegument protein vp22 of herpes simplex virus 1.in the present study, seven novel host cell factors associated with vp22 were identified from the human leukocyte cdna library using a yeast two-hybrid high-throughput screening system. to confirm some of the interactions, vp22 and its homologues and two candidate targets were tagged with enhanced cyan or yellow fluorescent protein. while ring finger protein 10 (rnf10), wd repeat-containing protein 42a (wdr42a) or vp22 alone showed distinct subcellular localization patterns, rnf10 and wdr42a wer ...201121424732
dna genome of spontaneously occurring deletion mutants of herpes simplex virus type 1 lacking one copy of the inverted repeat sequences of the l component.three non-engineered, spontaneously occurring herpes simplex virus type 1 (hsv-1) mutants (gn52, gn82, and gn91) that have a deletion of approximately 10 kbp (including a part of the ul55 gene, the entire ul56 gene, and one copy of the inverted repeat sequences of the l component (r(l))) and retain the a sequence were isolated. the yields of the mutants at 24 h post-adsorption in cultured cells were comparable to that of an hsv-1 isolate (gn28) without the deletion. although the three mutants lo ...201121448739
virucidal activity of the dendrimer microbicide spl7013 against hiv-1.topical microbicides for use by women to prevent the transmission of human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) and other sexually transmitted infections are urgently required. dendrimers are highly branched nanoparticles being developed as microbicides. spl7013 is a dendrimer with broad-spectrum activity against hiv type i (hiv-1) and -2 (hiv-2), herpes simplex viruses type-1 (hsv-1) and -2 (hsv-2) and human papillomavirus. spl7013 [3% (w/w)] has been formulated in a mucoadhesive carbopol gel (vivagel® ...201121459115
single tube multiplex real-time pcr for the rapid detection of herpesvirus infections of the central nervous system.human herpesvirus infection of immunocompromised hosts may lead to central nervous system (cns) infection and diseases. in this study, a single tube multiplex real-time pcr was developed for the detection of five herpesviruses (hsv-1, hsv-2, vzv, ebv and cmv) in clinical cerebrospinal fluid (csf) specimens. two primer pairs specific for the herpesvirus polymerase gene and five hybridization probe pairs for the specific identification of the herpesvirus types were used in a lightcycler multiplex ...201121466846
a pre-immediate-early role for tegument icp0 in the proteasome-dependent entry of herpes simplex virus.herpes simplex virus (hsv) entry requires host cell 26s proteasomal degradation activity at a postpenetration step. when expressed in the infected cell, the hsv immediate-early protein icp0 has e3 ubiquitin ligase activity and interacts with the proteasome. the cell is first exposed to icp0 during viral entry, since icp0 is a component of the inner tegument layer of the virion. the function of tegument icp0 is unknown. deletion of icp0 or mutations in the n-terminal ring finger domain of icp0 re ...201121471243
generation of neutralising aptamers against hsv-2: potential components of multivalent microbicides.the prophylactic use of topical antiviral agents has recently been validated by the reduction in hiv-1 infection incidence seen using tonofovir-containing microbicides. in order to develop a wide-spectrum microbicide to prevent infection with a wide range of sexually transmitted viruses, we have previously reported the development of hiv-neutralizing aptamers, and here report the isolation and characterization of aptamers that neutralize herpes simplex virus type 2 (hsv-2). these aptamers bind t ...201121471320
herpes gladiatorum with ocular involvement in a mixed martial arts fighter.we report a case of herpes gladiatorum (hg) in a professional mixed martial arts (mma) fighter. the eruption appeared following a sparring session with a new partner and progressed to involve the left eye. fever and facial rash prompted the patient to go to the hospital where he was treated with antiviral therapy. the considerable increase in popularity of mma may lead to a greater prevalence of hg as well as other cutaneous infections contracted through skin-to-skin contact.201121488573
in vivo imaging of intraprostatic-specific gene transcription by pet.better intraprostatic cancer imaging techniques are needed to guide clinicians in prostate cancer treatment decisions. because many genes are specifically overexpressed in cancer cells, one strategy to improve prostate cancer detection is to image intraprostatic cancer-specific transcriptional activity. because of the obstacles of weak cancer- or tissue-specific promoter activity and bladder clearance of many pet tracers, intraprostatic pet of gene transcriptional activity has not been previousl ...201121498525
identification of herpesvirus types 1-8 in oral cavity of children/adolescents with chronic renal failure.j oral pathol med (2011) the aim of this investigation was to identify the prevalence of herpesvirus types 1-8 in the oral cavity of subjects with chronic renal failure (crf) and healthy subjects and compare the two groups, and also correlate the presence of the virus with some characteristics of crf disease (the type of treatment, drugs administered for crf and the presence of oral manifestations). the sample was made up of 60 subjects (aged 4-20) divided into the renal group (rg) and healthy g ...201121501230
nuclear delivery mechanism of herpes simplex virus type 1 genome.herpes simplex virus type 1 (hsv-1) is a widespread human pathogen infecting more than 80% of the population worldwide. its replication involves an essential, poorly understood multistep process, referred to as uncoating. uncoating steps are as follows: (1) the incoming capsid pinpoints the nuclear pore complex (npc). (2) it opens up at the npc and releases the highly pressurized viral genome. (3) the viral genome translocates through the npc. in the present review, we highlight recent advances ...201121504018
hsv-1 stimulation-related protein hsrg1 inhibits viral gene transcriptional elongation by interacting with cyclin t2.the protein encoded by hsrg1 (hsv-1 stimulation-related gene 1) is a virally induced protein expressed in hsv-1-infected cells. we have already reported that hsrg1 is capable of interacting with transcriptional regulator proteins. to further analyze the effects of hsrg1 on the regulation of viral gene transcription, we expressed the hsrg1 protein in transfected cells and found that it postpones the proliferation of hsv-1. cat (chloramphenicol acetyltransferase) assays also revealed that hsrg1 re ...201121509660
conservation of multifunctional ribosomal protein metallopanstimulin-1 (rps27) through complex evolution demonstrates its key role in growth regulation in archaea, eukaryotic cells, dna repair, translation and viral replication.when the functions of a protein serve a useful survival and unique purpose, the selective pressures of evolutionary laws of nature conserve the dna sequences encoding such proteins. in many instances, the conservation of these sequences has occurred since the inception of life on earth to the present in phylogenetically related species. the unique function(s) of metallopanstimulin (mps-1/rps27) ribosomal protein (rp) and a limited number of other rps, in growth regulation, and viral infection is ...201121518817
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