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treatment and prevention of respiratory syncytial virus infection.this review discusses the current knowledge on treatment and prevention of respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) infections in children. unfortunately, an effective therapy is not yet available. the efficacy of corticosteroids and bronchodilators has not yet been adequately documented and the use of ribavirin is only indicated in a highly selected group of high risk patients with t-cell immunodeficiency. the results of studies on the efficacy of vitamin a, interferon and antibiotics showed disappoin ...200010867843
structure and self-association of the rous sarcoma virus capsid protein.the capsid protein (ca) of retroviruses, such as rous sarcoma virus (rsv), consists of two independently folded domains. ca functions as part of a polyprotein during particle assembly and budding and, in addition, forms a shell encapsidating the genomic rna in the mature, infectious virus.200010873863
[sequence analysis of phosphoprotein genes of respiratory syncytial virus field strains isolated in china].to get information about phosphoprotein (p) genes of rsv field strains isolated in china.200011471029
allium sativum potentiates suicide gene therapy for murine transitional cell carcinoma.this study evaluated the synergistic effect of allium sativum (as) with suicide gene therapy for transitional cell carcinoma (tcc) of the bladder. subcutaneous tccs were established in syngeneic c3h/he mice with 1 x 10(5) mbt-2 cells. as liquid extract was injected at the site of tumor transplantation on day 1 for three weeks (experiment i) and into the established tumors weekly for five weeks (experiment ii) in combination with or without gene therapy using a replication-defective adenoviral ve ...200011341051
[use of palivizumab in the prevention of syncytial virus respiratory infection].monthly intramuscular palivizumab (synagis, medimmune, inc.) is effective in reducing the incidence of rsv-attributable hospitalization by 55% if compared with placebo and seems to be well tolerated.200011424809
palivizumab in prevention of bronchiolitis: new preparation. moderate efficacy in some infants.(1) rsv infection, the main cause of bronchiolitis, can necessitate hospitalisation, especially of infants at risk, i.e. those with a history of prematurity or bronchodysplasia. no drug prevention has been available. (2) palivizumab, a monoclonal antibody directed against respiratory syncytial virus (rsv), is now marketed for preventing respiratory tract infection by rsv in certain infants. (3) the evaluation dossier barely answers the questions raised by the use of this drug. (4) the results o ...200011475494
rsv infection and bronchiolitis: who qualifies for prevention?(1) approximately 80% of cases of bronchiolitis appear to be due to respiratory syncytial virus (rsv). (2) overall, about 1% of cases of bronchiolitis lead to hospitalisation. this rises to about 25% in children with a history of severe prematurity, bronchopulmonary dysplasia or congenital heart disease.200011475495
respiratory syncytial virus infection: an emerging or unappreciated infection?respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) is a ubiquitous cause of respiratory infection with a worldwide distribution and seasonal occurrence. natural immunity does not normally follow infection, and reinfection is the rule. reinfection may even occur within a single season. although its role in serious lower respiratory tract infection (lrti) in infants is well recognized, the importance of rsv in disease of older children, adults and, especially in the elderly, is poorly appreciated. in large surveil ...200016088741
surveillance for respiratory illness in long-term care settings: detection of illness using a prospective research technique.the overall frequency and severity of viral respiratory infections affecting residents of long-term care facilities (ltcfs) is not well described. this is due primarily to the cumbersome and expensive techniques required for adequate surveillance of respiratory illnesses and the associated costs and availability of a laboratory capable of the relevant and timely report of diagnostic tests. here we describe our technique for surveillance of respiratory illness in the ltcf. elements of it may serv ...200012818025
rsv infections: developments in the search for new drugs.respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) is the major cause of lower respiratory tract infection in infants and young children, and is also a significant threat to other populations including the immunosuppressed, the elderly and those with chronic chest or cardiac disease. to expand the scope of available antiviral drugs, presently limited to ribavirin, a variety of different structural formats have been explored in the past half-dozen years. interesting leads for future discovery and lead development ...200012937627
myocardial injury in children with respiratory syncytial virus infection.respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) infection is associated with a number of extrapulmonary manifestations, including a sepsis-like syndrome characterized by any combination of hypothermia, fever, apnea, hypovolemia, and myocardial dysfunction. we hypothesized that rsv can have a direct injurious effect on the myocardium of infants and children that can be detected by the presence of cardiac troponin i (ctni), a highly sensitive and specific marker of myocardial injury, in the blood of patients in ...200012813266
respiratory syncytial virus that lacks open reading frame 2 of the m2 gene (m2-2) has altered growth characteristics and is attenuated in rodents.the m2 gene of respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) encodes two putative proteins: m2-1 and m2-2; both are believed to be involved in the rna transcription or replication process. to understand the function of the m2-2 protein in virus replication, we deleted the majority of the m2-2 open reading frame from an infectious cdna clone derived from the human rsv a2 strain. transfection of hep-2 cells with the cdna clone containing the m2-2 deletion, together with plasmids that encoded the rsv n, p, and ...200010590093
mutations in the 5' trailer region of a respiratory syncytial virus minigenome which limit rna replication to one step.the 3' termini of the genomic and antigenomic rnas of human respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) are identical at 10 of the first 11 nucleotide positions and 21 of the first 26 positions. these conserved 3'-terminal sequences are thought to contain the genomic and antigenomic promoters. furthermore, the complement of each conserved sequence (i.e., the 5' end of the rna it encodes) might contain an encapsidation signal. using an rsv minigenome system, we individually mutated each of the last seven n ...200010590101
rna dimerization defect in a rous sarcoma virus matrix mutant.the retrovirus matrix (ma) sequence of the gag polyprotein has been shown to contain functions required for membrane targeting and binding during particle assembly and budding. additional functions for ma have been proposed based on the existence of ma mutants in rous sarcoma virus (rsv), murine leukemia virus, human immunodeficiency virus type 1, and human t-cell leukemia virus type 1 that lack infectivity even though they release particles of normal composition. here we describe an rsv ma muta ...200010590103
liposome encapsulation of a soluble recombinant fragment of the respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) g protein enhances immune protection and reduces lung eosinophilia associated with virus challenge.respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) is a leading cause of bronchiolitis and pneumonia in young children and infants. previous animal studies have shown that immunizing intramuscularly or intraperitoneally with the rsv g protein has elicited protective as well as harmful immune responses upon rsv challenge. in an rsv immunization strategy designed to target the respiratory tract directly (the site of rsv replication), we immunized balb/c mice intranasally with a liposome-encapsulated, prokaryotical ...200010590333
the impact of winter epidemics of influenza and respiratory syncytial virus on paediatric admissions to an urban general hospital.to demonstrate the impact of influenza epidemics on pediatric hospital admissions, admissions that were attributable to influenza and respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) infection to the pediatric ward of an urban general hospital in japan were followed-up during a 4-month period from december to march 1991 through 1998. during the 1997-1998 influenza type a (h3n2) epidemic, a diagnosis of influenza type a (h3n2) was made in 26.3% of all patients admitted aged 15 years or lower. during the peak of ...200010568771
respiratory syncytial virus (rsv)-induced airway hyperresponsiveness in allergically sensitized mice is inhibited by live rsv and exacerbated by formalin-inactivated rsv.respiratory syncytial virus (rsv)-induced disease is associated with recurrent episodes of wheezing in children, and an effective vaccine currently is not available. the use of 2 immunizations (a formalin-inactivated, alum-precipitated rsv vaccine [fi-rsv] given intramuscularly and live rsv given intranasally [lvin]), with a control immunization, were compared in a well-characterized model of rsv challenge, with or without concomitant allergic sensitization with ovalbumin. fi-rsv caused a signif ...200010950758
oral immunization of mice with transgenic tomato fruit expressing respiratory syncytial virus-f protein induces a systemic immune response.respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) is one of the most important pathogens of infancy and early childhood. here a fruit-based edible subunit vaccine against rsv was developed by expressing the rsv fusion (f) protein gene in transgenic tomato plants. the f-gene was expressed in ripening tomato fruit under the control of the fruit-specific e8 promoter. oral immunization of mice with ripe transgenic tomato fruits led to the induction of both serum and mucosal rsv-f specific antibodies. the ratio of i ...200010951696
synergistic upregulation of interleukin-8 secretion from pulmonary epithelial cells by direct and monocyte-dependent effects of respiratory syncytial virus infection.respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) infection is the major cause of severe bronchiolitis in infants. pathology of this infection is partly due to excessive proinflammatory leukocyte influx mediated by chemokines. although direct infection of the respiratory epithelium by rsv may induce chemokine secretion, little is known about the role of cytokine networks. we investigated the effects of conditioned medium (cm) from rsv-infected monocytes (rsv-cm) on respiratory epithelial (a549) cell chemokine r ...200010954542
membrane targeting properties of a herpesvirus tegument protein-retrovirus gag chimera.the retroviral gag protein is capable of directing the production and release of virus-like particles in the absence of all other viral components. budding normally occurs after gag is transported to the plasma membrane by its membrane-targeting and -binding (m) domain. in the rous sarcoma virus (rsv) gag protein, the m domain is contained within the first 86 amino acids. when m is deleted, membrane association and budding fail to occur. budding is restored when m is replaced with foreign membra ...200010954570
direct exposure of mouse spermatogenic cells to high doses of adenovirus gene therapy vector does not result in germ cell transduction.the potential for adenovirus gene therapy vectors to gain access to male germ cells was rigorously tested in the mouse by injecting high titers of the vector directly into the testis and epididymis, or by exposing sperm to the vector immediately prior to or during in vitro fertilization. the adenovirus vector carried the bacterial lacz gene (adbeta-gal) driven by the rous sarcoma virus (rsv) promoter, and infection was assessed by testing for lacz expression, either with antibodies to lacz prote ...200010954904
differential cytokine mrna expression in dermatophagoides farinae allergen-sensitized and respiratory syncytial virus-infected mice.the interaction between mite allergen sensitization and respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) infection at the level of cytokine mrna expression was examined in a murine model in the present study. primary rsv infection enhances expression of inflammatory cytokines such as il-6, ifn-gamma, and eotaxin in the lung and upregulates the expression of th2-like cytokines il-10 and il-13 in the spleen in balb/c mice. mite antigen-sensitized and rsv-infected (asrsv) mice show enhanced (p < 0.05) total serum ...200010955955
immune-mediated disease pathogenesis in respiratory syncytial virus infection.respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) is an important cause of severe respiratory disease in persons at both extremes of age. wheezing is a cardinal sign of infection and the illness is associated with an increased incidence of childhood asthma. data from both humans and animal models have linked severe disease in infants and the syndrome of vaccine-enhanced illness with an aberrant composition of cd4+ t cells, suggestive of an exaggerated th2 response. studies in murine models have shown that prior ...200010960663
tautomers of styrylquinoline derivatives containing a methoxy substituent: computation of their population in aqueous solution and their interaction with rsv integrase catalytic core.8-hydroxy-2-[2-(3-hydroxy-4-methoxyphenyl)ethenyl]-7-quinoline carboxylic acid and 8-hydroxy-2-[2-(3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenyl)ethenyl]-7-quinoline carboxylic acid inhibit the processing and strand transfer reactions catalyzed by hiv-1 integrase with an ic50 of 2 microm. some of their spectral properties are briefly reported. their fluorescence is so weak that it is of no use in an experimental determination of the binding to the protein and we resorted to computer simulation. both styrylquinoline ...200010961674
nosocomial respiratory syncytial virus infections: the cost-effectiveness and cost-benefit of infection control.to determine the cost-effectiveness and cost-benefit of an infection control program to reduce nosocomial respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) transmission in a large pediatric hospital.200010969097
growth inhibition of prostate cancer by an adenovirus expressing a novel tumor suppressor gene, phyde.it has been estimated that there will be > 180,400 new cases of prostate cancer and 31,900 prostate cancer deaths in the united states this year. new therapeutic strategies against locally advanced prostate cancer are desperately needed. a novel gene (phyde) was identified by an improved cdna competition hybridization technique for dunning rat prostate cancer cell lines. a recombinant replication-deficient e1/e3-deleted adenovirus type 5 containing a phyde gene under the control of a truncated r ...200010969787
nosocomial respiratory syncytial virus infections in children's wards.during community outbreak, nosocomial infections caused by both groups (a and b) of respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) occur as the most common nosocomial infections at pediatric wards. rsv cross-infection is considered to have taken place when a child acquires an infection after being in the ward longer than 7 days, and its frequency at the ward could be calculated in several ways. that frequency ranges worldwide between 30% and 70% in neonatal units, and between 20% and 40% at pediatric wards. ...200010974574
time course of severe respiratory syncytial virus infection in mechanically ventilated infants.the time course of intensive care for severe respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) lower respiratory tract illness may be predicted by the severity of gas exchange during the first 48 h of mechanical ventilation. to test this hypothesis, two studies were undertaken in rsv-positive mechanically ventilated patients who did not have chronic lung disease, congenital heart disease or immunodeficiency. first, a retrospective criteria-generating review of 45 infants was carried out. in these infants, more ...200010976834
cytokeratin 17 is expressed in cells infected with respiratory syncytial virus via nf-kappab activation and is associated with the formation of cytopathic syncytia.we used differential display to detect enhanced expression of an mrna fragment encoding cytokeratin 17 (ck-17) in respiratory syncytial virus (rsv)-infected epithelial cells. expression increased 12-fold by 96 h after infection but remained unchanged in cells challenged with virus in the presence of neutralizing anti-rsv fusion protein antibody. immunoblots of rsv-infected cell lysates probed with an anti-keratin antibody demonstrated stable expression of total cytokeratins over time. when probe ...200010979895
pertussis toxin sensitization alters the pathogenesis of subsequent respiratory syncytial virus infection.evidence suggests that both host and viral factors influence disease severity after infection with respiratory syncytial virus (rsv). to characterize the effects of pertussis toxin (pt) sensitization on subsequent rsv infection, balb/c mice were treated with pt parenterally before rsv challenge. priming with purified and detoxified pt before rsv challenge increased postchallenge weight loss and mortality. pt priming changed the kinetics, location, and composition of the cellular infiltrate in th ...200010979896
conservation of the respiratory syncytial virus sh gene.respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) encodes a short (64 or 65 amino acids) hydrophobic (sh) protein whose function in viral replication and pathogenesis is not understood. we carried out molecular epidemiological studies of the sh gene during the 1998-1999 seasonal epidemic in new haven, connecticut. strains circulating during the epidemic were related to viruses identified worldwide. the sh gene transcriptional control signals were conserved in 70 (98.6%) of 71 isolates that we sequenced. the ded ...200010979923
wheezing following lower respiratory tract infections with respiratory syncytial virus and influenza a in infancy.we examined the incidence of subsequent wheezing in 292 children, hospitalized for influenza a or respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) lower respiratory tract infection, during two consecutive seasons (november-december, 1993 and march-april, 1995). questionnaires concerning episodes of wheezing and known risk factors for wheezy bronchitis were mailed to parents 1 year after hospitalization. sixty per cent of parents reported two or more episodes of wheezing following either influenza a or rsv. hos ...200010981530
inhaled corticosteroids during and after respiratory syncytial virus-bronchiolitis may decrease subsequent asthma.respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) bronchiolitis in infancy can lead to bronchial hyper-reactivity or recurrent obstructive bronchitis. the aim of the present study was to determine whether the type of treatment has an influence on respiratory status after rsv bronchiolitis. the study involved 117 infants (mean age 2.6 months), who needed hospital treatment because of rsv bronchiolitis. the patients were divided randomly into three groups. all received the same symptomatic treatment. group i chil ...200010981531
recombinant respiratory syncytial virus that does not express the ns1 or m2-2 protein is highly attenuated and immunogenic in chimpanzees.mutant recombinant respiratory syncytial viruses (rsv) which cannot express the ns1 and m2-2 proteins, designated ra2deltans1 and ra2deltam2-2, respectively, were evaluated as live-attenuated rsv vaccines. the ra2deltans1 virus contains a large deletion that should have the advantageous property of genetic stability during replication in vitro and in vivo. in vitro, ra2deltans1 replicated approximately 10-fold less well than wild-type recombinant rsv (ra2), while ra2deltam2-2 had delayed growth ...200010982380
respiratory syncytial virus in patients with congenital heart disease: a contemporary look at epidemiology and success of preoperative screening.awareness of respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) as a serious pathogen in the child with congenital heart disease is increasing. we studied the impact of rsv lower respiratory tract disease on patients in a large academic pediatric cardiology practice. we found that rsv disease necessitating hospitalization occurs in congenital heart disease patients well into the second year of life. although pulmonary hypertension remains a significant risk factor for morbidity in these patients, it does not app ...200010982701
in vivo adenovirus-mediated suicide gene therapy of orthotopic bladder cancer.these studies were undertaken to determine the feasibility, safety, and efficacy of suicide gene therapy using adenoviral-mediated herpes simplex virus thymidine kinase (adv/rsv-tk) and the prodrug ganciclovir (gcv) in an orthotopic murine bladder cancer model. we utilized a replication-defective adenoviral construct containing the beta-galactosidase gene as a control and the herpes simplex virus thymidine kinase gene as the therapeutic vector under the transcription control of the rous sarcoma ...200010985951
[treatment of respiratory syncytial virus infections in immunocompromised hematological patients].respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) accounts for considerable morbidity among infants and elderly, that are otherwise immunocompetent. immunocompromised haematological patients--in particular bone marrow transplant (bmt) recipients with leukopenia--are at high risk for severe, usually fatal, rsv-pneumonia. no randomized, placebo-controlled studies of aerosolized ribavirin for bmt patients with rsv-pneumonia have been conducted, or can be anticipated. we summarize existing case reports providing ci ...200010986889
nosocomial respiratory syncytial virus infections: the "cold war" has not ended.respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) is a major nosocomial hazard on pediatric wards during its annual outbreaks. it produces significant morbidity in young children and is most severe in those with underlying conditions, especially cardiopulmonary and immunosuppressive diseases. in older patients, rsv may exacerbate an underlying condition or pulmonary and cardiac manifestations. on transplant units, of rsv may be occult and is associated with high mortality rates. the manifestations of nosocomial ...200010987726
in vitro growth profiles of respiratory syncytial virus in the presence of influenza virus.to elucidate epidemiological interference between respiratory syncytial (rsv) and influenza viruses, the influence of influenza a (hln1) virus on the growth of rsv was examined. although rsv grew in mdck cells, coinfection with influenza a virus led to a reduction of progeny rsv. the degree of growth interference depended on the time of infection with influenza a virus post infection (p.i.) with rsv. in fact, infection with influenza a virus 12 hrs p.i. with rsv did not influence growth of the l ...200010989700
dna encoding the attachment (g) or fusion (f) protein of respiratory syncytial virus induces protection in the absence of pulmonary inflammation.significant protection against respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) infection was induced in mice vaccinated intramuscularly (i.m.) with dna encoding the f or g protein of rsv. the amounts of igg1 of igg2a antibodies in mice immunized with dna-g alone were similar. however, the antibody response in mice co-immunized with dna-g and dna encoding il-4 (dna-il-4) was strongly biased towards igg1. in contrast, the antibody response in mice co-immunized with dna-g and dna-il-2, -il-12 or-ifn-gamma was bi ...200010993942
sendai virus internal fusion peptide: structural and functional characterization and a plausible mode of viral entry inhibition.viral glycoproteins catalyze the fusion between viral and cellular membranes. the fusion protein (f(1)) of sendai virus has two fusion peptides. one is located at its n-terminus and the other, highly homologous to the hiv-1 and rsv fusion peptides, in the interior of the f(1) protein. a synthetic peptide corresponding to the internal fusogenic domain, namely, sv-201, was found to inhibit virus-cell fusion without interfering with the binding of the virus to the target cells, thus highlighting th ...200010995225
heptad-repeat regions of respiratory syncytial virus f1 protein form a six-membered coiled-coil complex.the respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) fusogenic glycoprotein f(1) was characterized using biochemical and biophysical techniques. two heptad-repeat (hr) regions within f(1) were shown to interact. proteinase-k digestion experiments highlight the hr1 region (located proximal to the fusion peptide sequence) of the f(1) protein to which an hr2-derived (located proximal to the membrane-spanning domain) peptide binds, thus protecting both the protein and peptide from digestion. solution-phase analysi ...200010995236
abnormal middle ear pressures during experimental influenza a virus infection--role of eustachian tube function.experimental infection of adults with influenza a virus, rhinovirus or rsv causes abnormal me pressure in some, but not all subjects. the hypothesis tested in this study is that the response variability is caused by constitutional differences in the functioning of the eustachian tube.200010996490
the effect of passive smoking on the development of respiratory syncytial virus bronchiolitis.in spite of the increasing evidence that passive smoking increases the incidence of respiratory infections and bronchial hyper-responsiveness, the information about whether exposure to sudden heavy smoke enhances the development of acute respiratory infections in children remains inadequate. in this study, to quantitate the level of exposure to environmental tobacco smoke, in 28 children (age ranging 2-18 months) with respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) bronchiolitis and in 30 children (age rangin ...200010997834
chemokines in nasal secretions of normal adults experimentally infected with respiratory syncytial virus.the goal of this study was to determine time courses of upregulation of several chemokines in nasal secretions after inoculation of human subjects with a low dose of live respiratory syncytial virus (rsv). healthy, nonsmoking young adults were admitted to an inpatient clinical research unit. after baseline studies, subjects were nasally inoculated with approximately 10(3) plaque-forming units of rsv (strain a2), followed by daily nasal lavages. nasal lavage fluid (nlf) was assayed for chemokines ...200010998316
respiratory syncytial virus infection in high risk infants and the potential impact of prophylaxis in a united kingdom cohort.bronchiolitis caused by respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) is an important cause of morbidity in ex-premature infants. in a randomised placebo controlled trial monoclonal antibody prophylaxis showed a 55% reduction in relative risk of hospital admission for these high risk infants, against a background incidence of 10.6 admissions per 100 high risk infants.200010999865
rous sarcoma virus dr posttranscriptional elements use a novel rna export pathway.rous sarcoma virus (rsv), a simple retrovirus, needs to export unspliced viral rna from the nucleus to the cytoplasm, circumventing the host cell restriction on cytoplasmic expression of intron-containing rna. the cytoplasmic accumulation of full-length viral rna is promoted by two cis-acting direct repeat (dr) elements that flank the src gene; at least one copy of the dr sequence is necessary for viral replication. we show here that the dr mediates export of a reporter construct from the nucleu ...200011000220
role of interferon gamma in the pathogenesis of primary respiratory syncytial virus infection in balb/c mice.immunologic mechanisms are thought to contribute to the pathogenesis of respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) bronchiolitis in humans. rsv-infected balb/c mice exhibit tachypnea and signs of outflow obstruction, similar to symptoms in humans. interferon gamma (ifngamma) has been found to be the predominant cytokine produced in humans and mice with rsv infection. we therefore undertook this study to evaluate the role of ifngamma in the development of respiratory illness in rsv-infected mice. balb/c m ...200011002257
type 1-like immune response is found in children with respiratory syncytial virus infection regardless of clinical severity.the immunological response of infants younger than six months to infection with respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) was studied in relation to clinical severity. il-6 and il-8 were found more frequently and at higher levels in the plasma samples of more severely ill patients and no significant differences were found in the levels of cytokines differentiating between type 1 and type 2 responses. cellular infiltrates in nasopharyngeal washings consisted mainly of polymorphonuclear granulocytes and m ...200011002258
[recommendations for the prevention of respiratory syncytial virus infections. standards committee of the spanish society of neonatology. board of directors of the spanish society of neonatology].premature babies < = 35 weeks gestation, with or without chronic lung disease (cld), should be considered high risk population for rsv infection and rehospitalization. rsv monoclonal antibodies (palivizumab) have been found useful in decreasing rates of rsv hospitalization in this patients. guidelines for their administration include: 1. recommend their use in premature born between 29-32 weeks gestation without cld and less than 6 months at entry of rsv station. 2. strongly recommend their use ...200011006170
evaluation of a live, cold-passaged, temperature-sensitive, respiratory syncytial virus vaccine candidate in infancy.a live-attenuated, intranasal respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) candidate vaccine, cpts-248/404, was tested in phase 1 trials in 114 children, including 37 1-2-month-old infants-a target age for rsv vaccines. the cpts-248/404 vaccine was infectious at 104 and 105 plaque-forming units in rsv-naive children and was broadly immunogenic in children >6 months old. serum and nasal antibody responses in 1-2 month olds were restricted to iga, had a dominant response to rsv g protein, and had no increase ...200011010838
efficient generation of respiratory syncytial virus (rsv)-neutralizing human moabs via human peripheral blood lymphocyte (hu-pbl)-scid mice and scfv phage display libraries.rsv is one of the major causes of pneumonia and bronchiolitis in infants and young children and is associated with high mortality. rsv neutralizing human antibody (hu-ab) is known to mediate resistance to viral infection as well as to be an effective treatment for severe lower respiratory tract rsv infection. we have previously demonstrated that human primary and secondary immune responses can be established in severe combined immunodeficient mice engrafted with human peripheral blood lymphocyte ...200011012623
family history of atopy and clinical course of rsv infection in ambulatory and hospitalized infants.respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) infection can be severe in pediatric patients. risk factors for severe disease include age less than 6 months, prematurity, preexisting heart or lung disease or malformations, gastroesophageal reflux, and immunodeficiency. the aim of the present study was to investigate the influence of family history of allergy on the clinical course of rsv infection in ambulatory and hospitalized infants. in a retrospective study, 172 patients younger than 12 months of age (99 ...200011015130
respiratory syncytial virus infection in patients with phagocyte defects.patients with phagocyte defects frequently develop bacterial or fungal pneumonias, but they are not considered to be at increased risk for viral infections. we describe 3 patients with known phagocyte immunodeficiencies who developed lower respiratory tract infections (lrti) caused by respiratory syncytial virus (rsv). all 3 patients had dense pneumonias as indicated by computed tomography scan of the lungs and rsv was recovered. we conclude that rsv can present as a dense pneumonia in patients ...200011015530
donor lymphocyte infusion for treatment of life-threatening respiratory syncytial virus infection following bone marrow transplantation.we describe two patients who developed respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) pneumonia after bmt. one died of rsv pneumonia after three courses of steroid pulse therapy. surprisingly, rsv antigen was identified in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (balf) obtained post mortem. steroid pulse therapy might have suppressed anti-rsv immunity, leading to persistent rsv infection for more than 1 month. the other patient received donor lymphocyte infusions (dli) for relapsed plasma cell leukemia, while havin ...200011019850
[nosocomial infections due to rotavirus and respiratory syncytial virus in pediatric wards: a 2-year study].rotavirus and respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) infections represent up to 30% of the totality of nosocomial infections in paediatric wards. we studied the importance of these infections in the paediatric wards of the university hospital center of poitiers, france, from october 1996 to september 1998. we defined as nosocomial an infection acquired after 3 days of hospitalization for rotavirus and after 7 days for rsv. the 274 cases of children presenting rotavirus gastroenteritis or rsv infectio ...200011022103
epidemiology of acute viral respiratory tract infections in korean children.viruses are the most common causes of respiratory tract infection in children. we investigated the aetiologies and the epidemiological features of acute viral respiratory tract infections in korean children.200011023760
hla class i-restricted cytotoxic t-cell epitopes of the respiratory syncytial virus fusion protein.virus-specific cytotoxic t lymphocytes (ctl) play a major role in the clearance of respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) infection. we have generated cytotoxic t-cell clones (tcc) from two infants who had just recovered from severe rsv infection. these tcc were functionally characterized and used to identify hla class i (b57 and c12)-restricted ctl epitopes of rsv.200011024156
rev-binding aptamer and cmv promoter act as decoys to inhibit hiv replication.we examined whether the antiviral effect of an hiv-1 rev-binding aptamer [rbe(apt)] could be enhanced by a ribozyme directed against the hiv-1 env gene, and whether the antiviral activity was affected by different promoters. the efficacy of the aptamer and ribozyme dnas was tested in hela cells co-transfected with the hiv-1 proviral clones, hxbdeltabgl or pnl4-3, using transferrin-lipoplexes. the rbe(apt) and anti-env ribozyme genes were inserted into the ptzu6+27 plasmid, or constructed under t ...200011024283
exogenous surfactant supplementation in infants with respiratory syncytial virus bronchiolitis.infants with respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) bronchiolitis are deficient in surfactant, both in quantity and ability to reduce surface tension. new evidence suggests surfactant has a role in maintaining the patency of conducting airways, which has implications for rsv bronchiolitis. a randomized, controlled pilot study was undertaken to assess the effects of exogenous surfactant supplementation to rsv-positive infants on pulmonary mechanics, indices of gas exchange, and the phospholipid compos ...200011029326
characterization of a novel quiescence responsive element downregulated by v-src in the promoter of the neuroretina specific qr1 gene.the neuroretina is a functional unit of the central nervous system which arises through successive steps of division, growth arrest and differentiation of neuroectodermal precursors. postmitotic quail neuroretina (qnr) cells are conditionally induced to divide upon infection with temperature sensitive mutants of rous sarcoma virus (rsv), since qnr cell division can be arrested by either inactivating p60v-src at the nonpermissive temperature (41 degrees c) or by serum deprivation at 37 degrees c. ...200011032024
suppression of metastasis by thymidine phosphorylase inhibitor.we developed a novel inhibitor of thymidine phosphorylase (tp), 5-chloro-6-[1-(2-iminopyrrolidinyl) methyl] uracil hydrochloride (tpi), that is about 1000-fold more active than 6-amino-5-chlorouracil, one of the most potent tp inhibitors. tpi inhibited the high chemotactic motility and basement membrane invasion of kb/tp cells, a tp-positive clone transfected with rous sarcoma virus (rsv)/tp, to the levels seen in kb/cv cells, a control clone transfected with rsv. in nude mice, oral administrati ...200011034068
outcome of respiratory syncytial virus infection and a cost-benefit analysis of prophylaxis.to determine outcome and length of stay (los) for infants younger than 2 years of age admitted to hospital for respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) infection and to perform a cost-benefit analysis of prophylaxis with rsv gamma-globulin (respigam; csl laboratories, melbourne, victoria, australia) and monoclonal antibody (synagis; abbott australasia, kurnell, nsw, australia) in the australian context.200011036794
efficacy and safety studies of a recombinant chimeric respiratory syncytial virus fg glycoprotein vaccine in cotton rats.several formulations of a recombinant chimeric respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) vaccine consisting of the extramembrane domains of the f and g glycoproteins (fg) were tested in cotton rats to evaluate efficacy and safety. the fg vaccine was highly immunogenic, providing nearly complete resistance to pulmonary infection at doses as low as 25 ng in spite of inducing relatively low levels of serum neutralizing antibody at low vaccine doses. upon rsv challenge animals primed with fg vaccine showed ...200011044072
glycosaminoglycan sulfation requirements for respiratory syncytial virus infection.glycosaminoglycans (gags) on the surface of cultured cells are important in the first step of efficient respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) infection. we evaluated the importance of sulfation, the major biosynthetic modification of gags, using an improved recombinant green fluorescent protein-expressing rsv (rgrsv) to assay infection. pretreatment of hep-2 cells with 50 mm sodium chlorate, a selective inhibitor of sulfation, for 48 h prior to inoculation reduced the efficiency of rgrsv infection t ...200011044095
enteric adenovirus infection in children in taipei.enteric adenoviruses (eads), including type 40 (ad40) and 41 (ad41), can cause acute and severe diarrhea in young children. to delineate the epidemiological features of pediatric eads infection in taiwan, we conducted a retrospective study of all cases of eads gastroenteritis in children treated at national taiwan university hospital for the period from july 1993 to december 1997. stool samples were tested for the presence of ad40 or ad41 by enzyme immunoassay (eia). a total of 64 cases of eads ...200011045381
high mortality rate associated with bovine respiratory syncytial virus (brsv) infection in belgian white blue calves previously vaccinated with an inactivated brsv vaccine.in a group of 60 belgian white blue calves less than 8 months old still housed in barns, a bovine respiratory syncytial virus (brsv) outbreak was revealed on the basis of a direct diagnosis (immunofluorescence and virus isolation) performed on the lungs of dead animals, and the kinetics of brsv neutralizing antibodies. clinical signs, macroscopical and microscopical pulmonary lesions were also compatible with a brsv infection. this outbreak is peculiar because the 35 oldest calves (204 +/- 29 da ...200011048435
human respiratory syncytial virus vaccine antigen produced in plants.human respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) is the primary cause of respiratory infection in infants worldwide. currently there is no available vaccine, although studies in animal models have demonstrated protective immunity induced by an epitope of the rsv g-protein representing amino acids 174-187. two peptides containing amino acids 174-187 of the g-protein of the human rsv a2 strain (nf1-rsv/172-187 and nf2-rsv/170-191) were separately engineered as translational fusions with the alfalfa mosaic ...200011053254
prevention of respiratory syncytial virus infection with palivizumab.respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) infects virtually all children by the age of 2 yrs. premature infants with chronic lung disease (cld) are at risk of greater morbidity due to rsv infection. however, these infants represent a small proportion of all infants admitted to hospital with rsv infection, and hospitalization rates for this group appear to have decreased over the past decade. prophylaxis against rsv infection has recently become available in the form of palivizumab, a humanized monoclona ...200011057088
recent progress in antiviral chemotherapy for respiratory syncytial virus infections.the recent progress in antiviral chemotherapy against respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) infections was reviewed. rsv infections among high risk individuals, such as premature babies, infants with congenital disease of cardiopulmonary system or immune system and the aged, hospitalised patients with immunosuppressed status are threatened, with high mortality rates and thus need anti-viral chemotherapy. clinical efficacy of ribavirin and humanized monoclonal antibody (mab) against rsv infections as ...200011060673
surfactant protein-a enhances uptake of respiratory syncytial virus by monocytes and u937 macrophages.surfactant protein (sp)-a is a known opsonin for a variety of pulmonary pathogens. sp-a enhances ingestion of these pathogens by interaction with an sp-a receptor (sp-ar) found on phagocytic cells such as peripheral blood monocytes (pbmc) and alveolar macrophages. respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) is the most important respiratory pathogen in children. recent studies have indicated that sp-a levels may be decreased in rsv bronchiolitis and pneumonia. in this study we examined the role of sp-a in ...200011062136
respiratory syncytial virus stimulation of vascular endothelial cell growth factor/vascular permeability factor.we hypothesized that respiratory syncytial virus (rsv)-induced pathologies could be mediated, in part, by vascular active cytokines elaborated during virus infection. to address this hypothesis, we determined whether rsv stimulated vascular endothelial cell growth factor (vegf)/vascular permeability factor (vpf) elaboration in vitro. supernatants from unstimulated a549 cells and normal human bronchial epithelial cells contained modest levels of vegf. in contrast, supernatants from rsv-infected c ...200011062145
in vitro inactivation of chlamydia trachomatis and of a panel of dna (hsv-2, cmv, adenovirus, bk virus) and rna (rsv, enterovirus) viruses by the spermicide benzalkonium chloride.kinetics of inactivation by the detergent spermicide benzalkonium chloride (bzk) of chlamydia trachomatis and of a panel of dna viruses [herpes simplex virus hominis type 2 (hsv-2), cytomegalovirus (cmv), adenovirus (adv) and bk virus (bkv)] and rna [respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) and enterovirus (env)] were established in accordance with a standardized in vitro protocol. after a 5 min incubation, inactivation of >95% of hsv-2 and cmv was obtained at a concentration of 0.0025% (w/v) (25 ig/l) ...200011062186
pattern recognition receptors tlr4 and cd14 mediate response to respiratory syncytial virus.the innate immune system contributes to the earliest phase of the host defense against foreign organisms and has both soluble and cellular pattern recognition receptors for microbial products. two important members of this receptor group, cd14 and the toll-like receptor (tlr) pattern recognition receptors, are essential for the innate immune response to components of gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria, mycobacteria, spirochetes and yeast. we now find that these receptors function in an ant ...200011062499
adenovirus-mediated suicide gene therapy for bladder cancer: comparison of the cytomegalovirus- and rous sarcoma virus-promoter.to compare efficacy and toxicity of the human cytomegalovirus-immediate-early (cmv) promoter and the rous-sarcoma-virus (rsv) promoter to express thymidine kinase (tk) for adenovirus-mediated suicide gene therapy of experimental bladder cancer in vivo and in vitro.200011062688
influenza virus lung infection protects from respiratory syncytial virus-induced immunopathology.the effect of infection history is ignored in most animal models of infectious disease. the attachment protein of respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) induces t helper cell type 2-driven pulmonary eosinophilia in mice similar to that seen in the failed infant vaccinations in the 1960s. we show that previous influenza virus infection of mice: (a) protects against weight loss, illness, and lung eosinophilia; (b) attenuates recruitment of inflammatory cells; and (c) reduces cytokine secretion caused b ...200011067880
respiratory syncytial virus can tolerate an intergenic sequence of at least 160 nucleotides with little effect on transcription or replication in vitro and in vivo.the intergenic sequences (igs) between the first nine genes of human respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) vary in length from 1 to 56 nucleotides and lack apparent conserved sequence motifs. to investigate their influence on sequential transcription and viral growth, recombinant rsv strain a2, from which the sh gene had been deleted to facilitate manipulation, was further modified to contain an m-g igs of 16, 30, 44, 58, 65, 72, 86, 100, 120, 140, or 160 nucleotides. all of the viruses were viable. ...200011069997
repositioning basic residues in the m domain of the rous sarcoma virus gag protein.the first 86 residues of the rous sarcoma virus (rsv) gag protein form a membrane-binding (m) domain that directs gag to the plasma membrane during budding. unlike other retroviral gag proteins, rsv gag is not myristylated; however, the rsv m domain does contain 11 basic residues that could potentially interact with acidic phospholipids in the plasma membrane. to investigate this possibility, we analyzed mutants in which basic residues in the m domain were replaced with asparagines or glutamines ...200011070020
characterization of promoter function and cell-type-specific expression from viral vectors in the nervous system.viral vectors have become important tools to effectively transfer genes into terminally differentiated cells, including neurons. however, the rational for selection of the promoter for use in viral vectors remains poorly understood. comparison of promoters has been complicated by the use of different viral backgrounds, transgenes, and target tissues. adenoviral vectors were constructed in the same vector background to directly compare three viral promoters, the human cytomegalovirus (cmv) immedi ...200011070024
[respiratory syncytial virus infections in hospitalized children in akershus].the study describes hospitalisations for rsv infections among children < 15 years.200011070983
[respiratory syncytial virus infections and preventive options].respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) is the most prominent pathogen found in respiratory tract infections in children and the most important cause of bronchiolitis in the first two years of life. in the netherlands approximately 2000 children are admitted each winter season. a serious course is mostly seen in children younger than 3 months, (ex-)prematures, children with bronchopulmonary dysplasia or congenital cardiac anomalies, children with cystic fibrosis younger then 2 years and children with ...200010665299
[low incidence of nosocomial respiratory syncytial virus infections among children younger than 12 months in the department of pediatrics, sophia children's hospital at rotterdam].to investigate the occurrence of nosocomial respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) infections and to compare their clinical features with those of community-acquired rsv infections.200010665300
synthesis and characterization of respiratory syncytial virus protein g related peptides containing two disulfide bridges.respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) is the most important cause of bronchiolitis and viral pneumonia in infants and young children. approximately 100000 children are hospitalized in the usa each year as a result of rsv infections. during the research and development of subunit human respiratory syncytial virus vaccines (hrsv), we have produced numerous synthetic peptides and recombinant proteins containing the four cysteines of the highly conserved central region of the g attachment protein. for s ...200010667858
respiratory syncytial virus immune globulin treatment of lower respiratory tract infection in pediatric patients undergoing bone marrow transplantation - a compassionate use experience.respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) pneumonia in bmt recipients carries a mortality rate of approximately 50-70% despite ribavirin (virazole) treatment. in both immunocompetent and immunocompromised animal models, rsv neutralizing antibodies rapidly reduce pulmonary virus load after a single dose. rsv-igiv (respigam) is an igg immune globulin with high concentrations of rsv neutralizing antibody (>19 200 mu/ml). from june 1991 to february 1996, a compassionate-use protocol using rsv-igiv for treat ...200010673674
respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) immune globulin and palivizumab for prevention of rsv infection.the efficacy, safety, administration, and advantages and disadvantages of respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) immune globulin and palivizumab for preventing rsv infection are discussed. prevention of rsv infection has attracted considerable attention because of its dinical and economic impact. studies have shown respiratory syncytial virus immune globulin intravenous (rsv-igiv) and palivizumab to be effective in decreasing the number of hospitalizations and hospital days attributable to rsv. the n ...200010674778
rapid detection of respiratory viruses by centrifugation enhanced cultures from children with acute lower respiratory tract infections.acute respiratory tract infection (ari) is the major cause of morbidity and mortality in young children in developing countries. information on viral aetiology in ari in india is very limited.200010680739
purification of respiratory syncytial virus f and g proteins.respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) is the most important cause of severe lower respiratory tract infections of infants in industrial nations. in addition, the participation of rsv in the genesis of asthma is under discussion. the rsv glycoproteins f and g have key positions in the viral pathogenesis. at present no satisfactory protein purification protocols are available for these proteins. the methods published for the g protein using preparative sds-page or immunoaffinity chromatography yield o ...200010681046
simulfluor respiratory screen for rapid detection of multiple respiratory viruses in clinical specimens by immunofluorescence staining.a new rapid direct immunofluorescence assay (dfa) respiratory screen reagent for detection of seven common respiratory viruses (respiratory syncytial virus [rsv], influenza a and b viruses, parainfluenza virus types 1 to 3, and adenovirus) was compared with standard single or dual dfa reagents and culture. in total, 1,531 respiratory samples were adequate for testing with both simulfluor respiratory screen (rs) reagent (chemicon international, temecula, calif.) and single or dual dfa reagents. t ...200010655371
impact of respiratory virus infections on persons with chronic underlying conditions.while hospitalization rates have declined overall, hospitalizations for acute lower respiratory tract infections have increased steadily since 1980. development of new approaches for prevention of acute respiratory tract conditions requires studies of the etiologies of infections and quantification of the risk of hospitalization for vulnerable patients.200010659876
control of an outbreak of respiratory syncytial virus infection in immunocompromised adults.respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) is increasingly recognized as an important pathogen in immunocompromised adults, particularly those receiving bone marrow transplants, and, given the ease with which it spreads, represents a significant nosocomial problem. we describe an outbreak of rsv infection involving eight patients on a haematology/oncology ward which was controlled by early screening of patients and staff. positive patients were cohort nursed on a separate ward and basic infection control ...200010633054
enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay to assess respiratory syncytial virus concentration and correlate results with inflammatory mediators in tracheal secretions.we developed an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) for the quantitation of respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) in respiratory secretions in intubated patients infected with rsv.200010643842
bronchiolitis-associated hospitalizations among american indian and alaska native children.respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) is the leading cause of lower respiratory tract illness among infants and young children. respiratory system diseases account for a large proportion of hospitalizations in american indian and alaska native (ai/an) children; however, aggregate estimates of rsv-associated hospitalizations among ai/an children have not been made.200010643844
respiratory syncytial virus infection and g and/or sh protein expression contribute to substance p, which mediates inflammation and enhanced pulmonary disease in balb/c mice.a distinct clinical presentation of respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) infection of humans is bronchiolitis, which has clinical features similar to those of asthma. substance p (sp), a tachykinin neuropeptide, has been associated with neurogenic inflammation and asthma; therefore, we chose to examine sp-induced inflammation with rsv infection. in this study, we examined the production of pulmonary sp associated with rsv infection of balb/c mice and the effect of anti-sp f(ab)(2) antibodies on the ...200010644330
respiratory syncytial virus and premature infants born at 32 weeks' gestation or earlier: hospitalization and economic implications of prophylaxis.to assess the risk of hospitalization associated with respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) and to estimate the economic impact of rsv prophylaxis with either rsv immune globulin (rsv-ig) or rsv monoclonal antibody (palivizumab) on a cohort of preterm infants born at 32 weeks' gestation or earlier.200010632251
a rhoa-derived peptide inhibits syncytium formation induced by respiratory syncytial virus and parainfluenza virus type 3.the fusion glycoproteins of human respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) and human parainfluenza virus type-3 (piv-3) mediate virus entry and syncytium formation. interaction between the fusion protein of rsv and rhoa, a small gtpase, facilitates virus-induced syncytium formation. we show here a rhoa-derived peptide inhibits rsv and syncytium formation induced by rsv and piv-3, both in vitro by inhibition of cell-to-cell fusion and in vivo by reduction of peak titer by 2 log10 in rsv-infected mice. t ...200010613821
dynamic distribution of an antigen involved in the differentiation of avian myoblasts: ii. possible association of beta1 integrin with myofibril organization.previous studies have shown that a monoclonal antibody, h-145, inhibits myotube formation of quail myoblasts transformed with a temperature-sensitive mutant of rous sarcoma virus (qm-rsv cells) [hyodo and kim, 1994: exp. cell res. 212:120-131]. the antigen recognized by h-145 (h-145 antigen), which is a glycoprotein with a molecular mass of about 116 kda, is related to a step immediately before myoblast fusion. to determine the functional significance of h-145 antigen, we examined its dynamic st ...200010618164
primary respiratory syncytial virus infection: pathology, immune response, and evaluation of vaccine challenge strains in a new mouse model.respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) is the primary cause of lower respiratory tract illness in young children. vaccine development has been hampered by the experience of the formalin-inactivated vaccine tested in the 1960's. currently, several vaccine candidates are under development and immune response to these candidate vaccines must be evaluated closely. we introduce a novel low-dose murine model of rsv infection and a new pathologic scoring system for the resultant pulmonary disease. we have a ...200010618539
the cost-effectiveness of a hypothetical respiratory syncytial virus vaccine in the elderly.to determine if specific levels of vaccine cost and effectiveness exist that would support eventual respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) vaccine use in the elderly, a cost-effectiveness study was conducted comparing yearly administration of a hypothetical rsv vaccine among the 65-year-old us cohort to medical management of disease. using base case assumptions - including a vaccine effectiveness against rsv-related hospitalization and death of 80% and a vaccine cost of us$33 - vaccine would result i ...200010618546
profilin is required for optimal actin-dependent transcription of respiratory syncytial virus genome rna.transcription of human respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) genome rna exhibited an obligatory need for the host cytoskeletal protein actin. optimal transcription, however, required the participation of another cellular protein that was characterized as profilin by a number of criteria. the amino acid sequence of the protein, purified on the basis of its transcription-optimizing activity in vitro, exactly matched that of profilin. rsv transcription was inhibited 60 to 80% by antiprofilin antibody o ...200010623728
respiratory syncytial virus genetic and antigenic diversity.respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) is a major cause of viral lower respiratory tract infections among infants and young children in both developing and developed countries. there are two major antigenic groups of rsv, a and b, and additional antigenic variability occurs within the groups. the most extensive antigenic and genetic diversity is found in the attachment glycoprotein, g. during individual epidemic periods, viruses of both antigenic groups may cocirculate or viruses of one group may pre ...200010627488
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