Publications

[antiviral therapy: from influenza to pfeiffer's disease].	antiviral drug therapy has rapidly evolved in recent years. a large number of specific inhibitors against newly detected viral targets has been developed. viral infections except hiv and viral hepatitis infections are clinically relevant mostly in severely immunocompromised patients. especially respiratory viral infections and herpes virus infections are associated with high morbidity and mortality in these patients. therapeutic and preventive strategies have been developed for a number of these ...	2006	17009040
[molecular biology investigation of respiratory viruses as a factor of infectious complications in hemoblastosis and myelodepression].	communicable respiratory viruses as a causative factor of infectious complication in hemoblastosis and myelodepression were investigated in 51 patients (aplastic anemia--3, multiple myeloma--10, different patterns of acute leukemia--16, chronic leukemia--8 and non-hodgkin's lymphoma--14). our clinical evidence obtained with the aid of polymerase chain reaction featured genomes of adenoviruses, influenza a and b viruses, respiratory-scintillating virus and coronaviruses. on the whole, respiratory ...	2006	17024815
prevalence of influenza b during the 2004-2005 season in japan.		2006	17029154
impact of a winter respiratory virus season on patients with copd and association with influenza vaccination.	we assessed the effects of an influenza season on patients with copd. data from 2,215 veterans in a multicenter, randomized, double-blind influenza vaccine efficacy study were analyzed for changes in spirometric and functional status, comparing patients with laboratory-documented influenza (ldi)-caused illness, non-ldi-caused respiratory illness, or no illness, and for association with influenza vaccination.	2006	17035445
[rapid diagnostic kits using immunochromatography for detection of influenza viruses].	the development of rapid diagnostic kits using immunochromatography has made it possible to definitively diagnose influenza a and b simply and quickly in outpatient services. i have studied these kits using nasopharyngeal aspirates from children as samples. with the most superior kit, the sensitivity to influenza a viruses was almost 100%, and that to influenza b viruses was 90%.	2006	17037357
[the molecular basis of resistance to anti-influenza drugs].	influenza a viruses resistant to adamantanes(amantadine and rimantadine) have drastically increased in the last few years. moreover, these adamantane-resistant viruses have acquired resistance without compromising viral pathogenicity and transmissibility. viruses resistant to the other anti-influenza drugs, neuraminidase (na) inhibitors, have also been shown to emerge at a rate higher than previously thought. in addition, several recent observations suggest that human-to-human transmission of va ...	2006	17037359
[acute myositis associated with influenza].	benign acute myositis associated with influenza is reported from all over the world. the characteristics of this disorder is calf pain and difficulty walking during a viral illness (3-8 days) and creatine kinase levels are mildly or moderately elevated. recovery occurred within 1 week. midchildhood (mean age: 6-8 years) is most commonly affected and boys are more commonly than girls and its ratio is 2.4 : 1 by shimizu in japan (1993). elderly patients are also reported. viral studies show that i ...	2006	17037368
[seasonal influenza activity in japan and epidemiological investigation for avian influenza].	we analyzed the seasonal influenza activity in 2004/05 and 2005/06 seasons. in 2004/05 season, the prevalence of influenza started lately. the arrival of a peak of influenzal prevalence was the ninth week, and was late in comparison with an average year. the prevalence scale was very large, and the estimation number of patients was 17,700,000. since the start of the 2004/05 season, influenza activity has mainly been associated with influenza b viruses. the start of prevalence of 2005/06 season w ...	2006	17038814
frequency and effects of bacterial infection in children with influenza under oseltamivir treatment.	new antiviral drugs can rapidly improve the symptoms of influenza, but some patients still have prolonged fever and complications. the cause of the prolonged symptoms despite antiviral therapy remains unclear. recent studies have shown a synergistic effect between influenza viruses and bacteria. this study investigated the frequency of bacterial infection in such patients and its effects on the clinical course to determine the need for antibiotics.	2006	16790978
[influenza surveillance from 1999 to 2005 in liaoning regions].	to investigate the prevalence and subtypes of influenza viruses in liaoning regions from november 1999 to march 2005.	2006	16792894
influenza in children.	excess mortality associated with annual influenza epidemics is highest among persons over 65 y of age, and therefore influenza is often regarded as an illness of the elderly population. ample evidence indicates, however, that the burden of influenza is also substantial in children, and that children have a central role in the spread of influenza in the community during epidemics. vaccination of children against influenza could bring about substantial health benefits not only to children themselv ...	2006	16801171
detection of influenza viruses resistant to neuraminidase inhibitors in global surveillance during the first 3 years of their use.	emergence of influenza viruses with reduced susceptibility to neuraminidase inhibitors (nais) develops at a low level following drug treatment, and person-to-person transmission of resistant virus has not been recognized to date. the neuraminidase inhibitor susceptibility network (nisn) was established to follow susceptibility of isolates and occurrence of nai resistance at a population level in various parts of the world. isolates from the who influenza collaborating centers were screened for s ...	2006	16801417
clinical influenza activity in europe is still low, with influenza b virus being dominant: an update from eiss.		2006	16804211
a randomized, double-blind study of the safety, transmissibility and phenotypic and genotypic stability of cold-adapted influenza virus vaccine.	live attenuated influenza vaccine (laiv; flumist) is a trivalent vaccine containing cold-adapted influenza vaccine viruses that infect and replicate in cells lining the nasopharynx to induce immunity. recovery of viruses (shedding) is measured by culture of nasal specimens. shedding of vaccine viruses is not equated with transmission because transmission requires more virus than is detected in many nasal swabs. previous studies with laiv did not detect transmission to close contacts. the primary ...	2006	16804427
influenza-related hospitalizations in children younger than three years of age.	to determine the rates of influenza-related hospitalization and to know the clinical manifestations and underlying diseases in children younger than 3 years who are hospitalized with influenza.	2006	16804428
statement on influenza vaccination for the 2006-2007 season. an advisory committee statement (acs).		2006	16805064
seasonal influenza activity for 2005-2006 season seems to be ending in most european countries.		2006	16809823
[influenza, an existing public health problem].	seasonal influenza is an acute and recurring respiratory disease known since ancient times, occuring, in particular, during winter months and having an elevated effect on public health worldwide. the disease has high morbidity rates for people of all ages and particularly high mortality rates for children, adults over 60 years old, patients with chronic illnesses and pregnant women. prevention control strategies include vaccination using inactivated, subunit or genetically modified virus vaccine ...	2006	16813133
[antigenic and genetic study of influenza virus b circulated in china in 2004-2005].	to analyze the genetic and antigenic characteristics of hemagglutinin (ha) gene of human influenza b virus isolated from the mainland of china since 2004-2005.	2006	16816852
adjuvant effect of bacillus firmus in intranasal immunization of guinea pigs with inactivated type b infuenza virus.	intranasal immunization of guinea pigs with inactivated type b influenza virus plus inactivated bacillus firmus as an adjuvant compared to the virus alone yields higher titers of serum hemagglutination-inhibiting antibodies and virus-neutralizing antibodies. this phenomenon could be useful in standard serology, especially in the preparation of immune sera against highly pathogenic strains for in vitro diagnosis.	2006	16821727
evaluation of the quidel quickvue test for detection of influenza a and b viruses in the pediatric emergency medicine setting by use of three specimen collection methods.	the quidel quickvue influenza test was compared to viral culture and reverse transcriptase pcr by the use of three different respiratory specimen types. of 122 pediatric subjects enrolled, 59 had influenza virus infections: 44 were infected with influenza a virus and 15 were infected with influenza b virus. the sensitivity of the quickvue test was 85% with nasopharyngeal swabs, 78% with nasal swabs, and 69% with nasopharyngeal washes. specificities were equivalent (97% to 98%) for all three coll ...	2006	16825402
[etiology of influenza according to the data of serological diagnostics in hospital patients in st. petersburg at the period of 1968 - 2000].	the specific features of the etiology of influenza in children and adults at the period of the simultaneous circulation of two subtypes of influenza virus a, according to the results in the hemagglutination-inhibition reaction in 261,490 influenza and ard patients hospitalized in st. petersburg in the course of 32 years, were analyzed. the results of serological diagnostics was shown to correspond to the data of the identification of influenza viruses in russia and all over the world. at the per ...	2006	16830588
the effect of giving influenza vaccination to general practitioners: a controlled trial [nct00221676].	no efficacy studies of influenza vaccination given to gps have yet been published. therefore, our purpose was to assess the effect of an inactivated influenza vaccine given to gps on the rate of clinical respiratory tract infections (rtis) and proven influenza cases (influenza positive nose and throat swabs and a 4-fold titre rise), while adjusting for important covariates.	2006	16831228
the safety and efficacy of dose-sparing intradermal administration of influenza vaccine in human immunodeficiency virus-positive patients.		2006	16832008
bordetella pertussis and mixed infections.	in pertussis-like respiratory infections, once pertussis has been laboratory confirmed, other potential causative pathogens will seldom be looked for. probably most mixed infections are found accidentally and since these mixed infections might cause a more severe disease we performed a retrospective study of their incidence.	2006	16835573
a comparison of the effectiveness of oseltamivir for the treatment of influenza a and influenza b: a japanese multicenter study of the 2003-2004 and 2004-2005 influenza seasons.	to compare the effectiveness of oseltamivir for treatment of influenza a and influenza b, we conducted a prospective, multicenter study of the 2003-2004 and 2004-2005 influenza seasons. the study included 3351 patients in whom influenza had been diagnosed by use of an antigen detection test kit.	2006	16838232
annual report of the national influenza surveillance scheme, 2005.	surveillance of influenza in australia is based on laboratory isolation of influenza viruses, sentinel general-practitioner reports of influenza-like illness, and absenteeism data from a major national employer. in 2005, 4,575 cases of laboratory-confirmed influenza-like illness were reported, which was 115 per cent higher than in 2004. the influenza season started in the first week of june, with peak activity in early august, a month earlier than in 2004. influenza a was the predominant type no ...	2006	16841500
insights into the interaction between influenza virus and pneumococcus.	bacterial infections following influenza are an important cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. based on the historical importance of pneumonia as a cause of death during pandemic influenza, the increasingly likely possibility that highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses will trigger the next worldwide pandemic underscores the need to understand the multiple mechanisms underlying the interaction between influenza virus and bacterial pathogens such as streptococcus pneumoniae. there is am ...	2006	16847087
hhs-cdc news: update: influenza activity--us and worldwide, 2005-2006 season, and composition of the 2006-2007 influenza vaccine.		2006	16849615
rapid identification of small interfering rna that can effectively inhibit the replication of multiple influenza b virus strains.	influenza b virus is a cause of substantial morbidity and mortality in humans and current vaccination strategies and antiviral drugs only provide limited protection. here, we report the evaluation of small interfering rna (sirna) for repression of viral replication in cultured cells as well as in chicken embryos. several sirnas targeting conserved regions of the virus (in chemically synthesized or plasmid-encoded forms) were found to effectively block the replication of the influenza b virus. th ...	2006	16856616
viral etiology of pneumonia in a cohort of newborns till 24 months of age in rural mirzapur, bangladesh.	limited information is available on the etiology of acute lower respiratory infection (alri) particularly pneumonia in the rural community of developing countries since most etiological studies are carried out in the hospital settings. this study examined the etiology of pneumonia among young children in a rural community of bangladesh. a cohort of 252 newborns was followed till 24 months of age during 1993-1996. community health workers (chws) identified cases of alri during household surveilla ...	2006	16857616
genomic analysis of influenza a viruses, including avian flu (h5n1) strains.	this study was designed to conduct genomic analysis in two steps, such as the overall relative synonymous codon usage (rscu) analysis of the five virus species in the orthomyxoviridae family, and more intensive pattern analysis of the four subtypes of influenza a virus (h1n1, h2n2, h3n2, and h5n1) which were isolated from human population. all the subtypes were categorized by their isolated regions, including asia, europe, and africa, and most of the synonymous codon usage patterns were analyzed ...	2006	16858618
influenza vaccination in patients with breast cancer: a case-series analysis.	our aim was to evaluate the serological response and safety of influenza vaccine in patients with breast cancer in mexico.	2006	16865064
prevention and control of influenza: recommendations of the advisory committee on immunization practices (acip).	this report updates the 2005 recommendations by the advisory committee on immunization practices (acip) regarding the use of influenza vaccine and antiviral agents (cdc. prevention and control of influenza: recommendations of the advisory committee on immunization practices [acip]. mmwr 2005;54[no. rr-8]:1--44). the 2006 recommendations include new and updated information. principal changes include 1) recommending vaccination of children aged 24-59 months and their household contacts and out-of- ...	2006	16874296
the association of newly identified respiratory viruses with lower respiratory tract infections in korean children, 2000-2005.	this study was performed to evaluate the associations of newly recognized viruses, namely, human metapneumovirus (hmpv), human coronavirus (hcov)-nl63, and human bocavirus (hbov) with lower respiratory tract infections (lrtis) in previously healthy children.	2006	16886150
increasing appearance of reassortant influenza b virus in taiwan from 2002 to 2005.	genetic and antigenic analyses of influenza b virus field strains isolated in taiwan from 1998 to 2005 were performed. to investigate the molecular evolution of influenza b viruses, sequence analysis of the hemagglutinin (ha1 subunit) and neuraminidase genes was performed. all influenza b viruses isolated between 1998 and 2000 belonged to the b/yamagata/16/88 lineage. the b/victoria/2/87 lineage, which was cocirculating with the yamagata lineage, was identified in taiwan in march 2001. concurren ...	2006	16891481
robust sequence selection method used to develop the fluchip diagnostic microarray for influenza virus.	dna microarrays have proven to be powerful tools for gene expression analyses and are becoming increasingly attractive for diagnostic applications, e.g., for virus identification and subtyping. the selection of appropriate sequences for use on a microarray poses a challenge, particularly for highly mutable organisms such as influenza viruses, human immunodeficiency viruses, and hepatitis c viruses. the goal of this work was to develop an efficient method for mining large databases in order to id ...	2006	16891503
experimental evaluation of the fluchip diagnostic microarray for influenza virus surveillance.	global surveillance of influenza is critical for improvements in disease management and is especially important for early detection, rapid intervention, and a possible reduction of the impact of an influenza pandemic. enhanced surveillance requires rapid, robust, and inexpensive analytical techniques capable of providing a detailed analysis of influenza virus strains. low-density oligonucleotide microarrays with highly multiplexed "signatures" for influenza viruses offer many of the desired char ...	2006	16891504
rhabdomyolysis and acute renal failure associated with influenza virus type b infection.	a patient with rhabdomyolysis-induced acute renal failure due to influenza b virus infection is presented. influenza b infection caused rhabdomyolysis with efflux of myoglobin from myocytes, causing acute renal failure. in conclusion, influenza virus type b can cause severe rhabdomyolysis leading to acute renal failure.	2006	16909056
early detection of a/california/7/2004-like a(h3n2) strains in norway during the 2004-2005 season, and emergence of a novel h3n2 genetic sub-variant toward the end.	influenza activity in norway during the 2004-2005 season was unusually slow in its development despite the early occurrence of an influenza a(h3n2) drift variant. analysis of initial import and domestic cases in august-november gave early warning of a novel influenza a(h3n2) antigenic variant that had drifted further than the southern hemisphere a/wellington/1/2004-like strains, and this novel variant, subsequently represented by the a/california/7/2004 vaccine strain, came to predominate in the ...	2006	16920231
etiology of influenza viruses isolated in russia from 1998 up to present time.	influenza epidemic events in russia from 1998 up to 2005 were associated with the circulation of influenza a (h3n2), a (h1n1) and b viruses. the antigenic analysis revealed that the evolution of a (h3n2) viruses proceeded as following: a/sydney/05/97-->a/panama/2007/99-->a/fujian/411/02-->a/wellington/01/04; a (h1n1) viruses: a/bayern/07/95-->a/bejing/262/95-->a/new caledonia/20/99; b viruses evolved as two distinct lineages: victoria- and yamagata-like viruses. our results have shown that the e ...	2006	16920234
[genetic stability of cold-adapted influenza viruses].	the stability of cold adaptation, temperature-sensitivity, and marker mutations that are typical of attenuated influenza a and b viruses--master donor strains and their based reassortant vaccine strains was studied. after 5 sequential passages in chick embryos (ce) at resolving temperatures of 32 and 37 degrees c, the master donor strains and vaccine viruses retained their adaptability and temperature sensitive phenotype. passage at the temperatures maximally permissible for viral reproduction ( ...	2006	16929592
influenza vaccine immunogenicity in 6- to 23-month-old children: are identical antigens necessary for priming?	immunoprophylaxis with influenza vaccine is the primary method for reducing the effect of influenza on children, and inactivated influenza vaccine has been shown to be safe and effective in children. the advisory committee on immunization practices recommends that children 6 to 23 months of age who are receiving trivalent inactivated influenza vaccine for the first time be given 2 doses; however, delivering 2 doses of trivalent inactivated influenza vaccine > or = 4 weeks apart each fall can be ...	2006	16950948
immunization with trivalent inactivated influenza vaccine in partially immunized toddlers.	children > or = 6 months of age who have previously received 1 dose of trivalent inactivated influenza vaccine are recommended to be given an additional single trivalent inactivated influenza vaccine dose the following fall. limited data exist documenting the immunogenicity of 2 doses of influenza vaccine given in separate years to young children, and it is not known if the antigen content of each of the 2 doses of vaccine must be identical or similar to optimally immunize children in this age g ...	2006	16950949
surveillance for influenza admissions among children hospitalized in canadian immunization monitoring program active centers, 2003-2004.	influenza is a common childhood infection that may result in hospitalization. our objectives were to (1) determine characteristics of children hospitalized for influenza and disease manifestations and (2) obtain baseline data before implementation of new recommendations for routine immunization of young children and their caretakers against influenza.	2006	16950953
14-3-3 protein detection in the cerebrospinal fluid of patients with influenza-associated encephalopathy.	influenza-associated encephalopathy is characterized by high fever, convulsions, and loss of consciousness associated with influenza infection in children, but its pathophysiology remains to be clarified. we examined 14-3-3 proteins, which are acidic brain proteins, in cerebrospinal fluid by immunoblotting in four patients with influenza-associated encephalopathy, four patients with influenza without encephalopathy, and four patients with another encephalopathy. interestingly, we detected 14-3-3 ...	2006	16970844
childhood respiratory infections and hospital admissions for copd.	chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (copd) exacerbations are associated with viral infections. we wished to determine if respiratory viral infection of children in the community was associated with hospital admissions of patients with exacerbations of copd.	2006	16046259
bereavement and marriage are associated with antibody response to influenza vaccination in the elderly.	stressful life events exposure including bereavement, an event commonly experienced by elderly people, social support, marital status, and satisfaction were examined in relation to antibody response to the annual trivalent influenza vaccination in an elderly community sample (n=184). antibody response was assessed at baseline, and at 1 and 12 months following vaccination. taking into account baseline antibody titer, overall life events exposure and social support were not associated with respons ...	2006	16198083
acute stress exposure prior to influenza vaccination enhances antibody response in women.	animal studies have shown that an acute stressor in close temporal proximity to immune challenge can enhance the response to delayed-type hypersensitivity and antibody response to vaccination. the current study examined the effects of acute exercise or mental stress prior to influenza vaccination on the subsequent antibody response to each of the three viral strains. sixty young healthy adults (31 men, 29 women) were randomly allocated to one of three task conditions: dynamic exercise, mental st ...	2006	16102936
surveillance of respiratory virus infections in adult hospital admissions using rapid methods.	both influenza and respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) cause epidemics of respiratory illness of variable severity during the winter season. influenza in particular has been blamed for hospital winter bed pressures, although it is thought that rsv may also play a role. human metapneumovirus (hmpv) is a new respiratory virus reported to be important in children; only a limited number of studies are available for adult populations. we aimed to determine initially the burden of virologically confirme ...	2006	16388686
the m2 proton channels of influenza a and b viruses.		2006	16407184
experience with the rapid directigen test for influenza.	to determine the sensitivity and positive predictive value of the becton-dickson directigen ab performed on-site in a nursing home compared to viral culture.	2006	16413433
genetic and phenotypic stability of cold-adapted influenza viruses in a trivalent vaccine administered to children in a day care setting.	the genetic and phenotypic stability of viruses isolated from young children following intranasal administration of the trivalent live-attenuated influenza virus vaccine (laiv, marketed in the united states as flumist) was evaluated by determination of genomic sequence and assessment of the cold-adapted (ca), temperature-sensitive (ts) and attenuated (att) phenotypes. the complete genomic sequence was determined for 56 independent isolates obtained from children following vaccination (21 type a/ ...	2006	16413592
the effects of different sample labelling methods on signal intensities of a 60-mer diagnostic microarray.	the effects of four different labelling methods on signal intensities of a 60-mer diagnostic microarray were studied. eighty of virus-specific oligonucleotide probes for human influenza virus were prepared in an array of 15x16 spots. rna samples from cultured human influenza virus strains were labelled with four different methods, including direct cdna labelling (dl), universal primer labelling (upl), direct cdna labelling with restriction display (dl-rd), and cy-dutp incorporated cdna labelling ...	2006	16413938
influenza virus strains in nairobi, kenya.		2006	16309952
new viral vaccines.	vaccination is the most effective medical intervention against diseases caused by human viral pathogens. viral vaccines prevent or modify the severity of illness in the individual and interrupt or reduce the transmission of the pathogens to other susceptible people. through these mechanisms, vaccines against smallpox, polio, measles and hepatitis b have had an enormous impact on world health over the last 50 years. advances in basic virology and understanding of human immunity promise more progr ...	2006	16364754
genetic mapping of the cold-adapted phenotype of b/ann arbor/1/66, the master donor virus for live attenuated influenza vaccines (flumist).	cold adapted (ca) b/ann arbor/1/66 is the master donor virus for the influenza b (mdv-b) vaccine component of the live attenuated influenza vaccine (flumist). the six internal genes contributed by mdv-b confer the characteristic cold-adapted (ca), temperature-sensitive (ts) and attenuated (att) phenotypes to the vaccine strains. previously, it has been determined that the pa and np segments of mdv-b control the ts phenotype while the att phenotype requires the m segment in addition to pa and np. ...	2006	16289204
tnf-alpha and ifn-alpha enhance influenza-a-virus-induced chemokine gene expression in human a549 lung epithelial cells.	lung epithelial cells are the primary cellular targets for respiratory virus pathogens such as influenza and parainfluenza viruses. here, we have analyzed influenza a, influenza b and sendai virus-induced chemokine response in human a549 lung epithelial cells. influenza virus infection resulted in low ccl2/mcp-1, ccl5/rantes, cxcl8/il-8 and cxcl10/ip-10 production at late times of infection. however, when cells were pretreated with tnf-alpha or ifn-alpha, influenza-a-virus-induced chemokine prod ...	2006	16253303
vaccination against influenza in rheumatoid arthritis: the effect of disease modifying drugs, including tnf alpha blockers.	to assess the efficacy and safety of vaccination against influenza virus in patients with rheumatoid arthritis, with special emphasis on the effect of disease modifying antirheumatic drugs (dmards), including tumour necrosis factor alpha (tnfalpha) blockers.	2006	16014674
impact of influenza treatment with oseltamivir on health, sleep and daily activities of otherwise healthy adults and adolescents.	to determine the effect of oseltamivir (75mg twice daily) on time to return to baseline health, sleep and activity in patients with laboratory-confirmed influenza infection.	2006	17163267
role of the laboratory in diagnosis of influenza during seasonal epidemics and potential pandemics.	laboratory diagnosis of influenza is critical to its treatment and surveillance. with the emergence of novel and highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses, the role of the laboratory has been further extended to include isolation and subtyping of the virus to monitor its appearance and facilitate appropriate vaccine development. recent progress in enhancing testing for influenza promises to both improve the management of patients with influenza and decrease associated health care costs. the pres ...	2006	17163396
laboratory diagnosis of human seasonal and pandemic influenza virus infection.	laboratory diagnosis is important to distinguish influenza from other respiratory virus infections. it will be especially important in detecting the first cases of pandemic influenza. good quality respiratory tract sampling is needed to maximise diagnostic yield in influenza infection. in the appropriate clinical setting, pandemic strain-specific nucleic acid testing is the initial test of choice for suspected pandemic influenza. it is more sensitive than virus isolation, and more sensitive and ...	2006	17115952
circulation and antigenic drift in human influenza b viruses in se asia and oceania since 2000.	during annual influenza epidemics, influenza b viruses frequently co-circulate with influenza a viruses and in some years, such as 2005, large outbreaks have occurred while in other years, the virus virtually disappears. since 1987 there have been two lineages of influenza b viruses co-circulating in various countries and causing disease in humans. the proportions of these two lineages vary from year to year and country to country. for example, in 2005, the b/victoria/2/87 lineage was predominan ...	2006	17120489
human metapneumovirus infection among children in taiwan: a comparison of clinical manifestations with other virus-associated respiratory tract infections.	this study compared the clinical, laboratory and radiological features of infections caused by human metapneumovirus (hmpv) with other respiratory viruses. nasopharyngeal aspirates and throat swabs were obtained from children during a 9-week period. hmpv was the virus isolated most frequently, followed by adenovirus, influenza virus a, respiratory syncytial virus and influenza virus b. hmpv-infected children were younger, and were more likely to be female, to present with feeding difficulties, a ...	2006	17121629
ph modulating activity of ion channels of influenza a, b, and c viruses.	the bm2 and nb proteins of influenza b virus (the b virus) and the cm2 protein of influenza c virus (the c virus) are structural homologs of the m2 protein of influenza a virus (the a virus). it was shown recently that cm2 in vitro forms a voltage-activated ion channel permeable to chloride ion (hongo et al., arch. virol. 149, 35-50, 2004). to demonstrate a possible ph modulating activity of bm2, nb and cm2, the latters were co-expressed with a ph-sensitive hemagglutinin (ha) of the a virus. bm2 ...	2006	17131938
impact of rapid viral testing for influenza a and b viruses on management of febrile infants without signs of focal infection.	the objective of this study was to assess the effect of rapid testing for influenza virus on management of febrile young infants.	2006	17133161
detection of human influenza virus in the stool of children.		2006	17133173
prevention of antigenically drifted influenza by inactivated and live attenuated vaccines.	the efficacy of influenza vaccines may decline during years when the circulating viruses have antigenically drifted from those included in the vaccine.	2006	17167134
optimization of baculovirus transduction on freestyle293 cells for the generation of influenza b/lee/40.	recombinant baculovirus expression vectors derived from the autographa californica nuclear polyhedrosis virus can serve as efficient gene-transfer vehicles for transient expression of recombinant proteins in a wide range of mammalian cell types and are able to produce multisubunit particles such as viruses or virus like particles. in this study, we constructed eight recombinant baculoviruses each containing one of the influenza b/lee/40 virus genes in a bidirectional expression cassette for simu ...	2006	17172661
anti-influenza virus activities of 4-[(1,2-dihydro-2-oxo-3h-indol-3-ylidene)amino]-n-(4,6-dimethyl-2-pyrimidin-2-yl)benzenesulphonamide and its derivatives.	4-[(1,2-dihydro-2-oxo-3h-indol-3-ylidene)amino]-n-(4,6-dimethyl-2-pyrimidinyl)-benzenesulphonamide (spiii-5h) and related compounds were tested for antiviral activity against influenza a (h1n1, h3n2, and h5n1) and b viruses in madin darby canine kidney (mdck) cell culture. among the compounds tested, spiii-5h and four derivatives (5-chloro [spill-5cl], 5-bromo [spiii-5br], 5-methyl [spiii-5me] and n-acetyl [spiii-na]) showed similar antiviral potencies, with only the 5-fluoro (spiii-5f) derivati ...	2006	17176631
comparing normal primary endocervical adenoepithelial cells to uninfected and influenza b virus infected human cervical adenocarcinoma hela cells.	human adenocarcinoma hela cells surviving infection with low (10(-9) units), medium (10(-6) units), and high (10(-2) units) influenza b titers were compared to their uninfected precursors and to normal endocervical adenoepithelial and metaplastic cells using papanikolaou-staining method and immunocytochemistry. normal primary endocervical and infected hela cells surviving infection shared similar morphologic, phenotypic, and divisional patterns that differed drastically from those of uninfected ...	2006	17177842
update: influenza activity--united states, october 1-december 9, 2006.	during october 1-december 9, 2006, influenza activity remained low in the united states overall but increased in southeastern states. this report summarizes u.s. influenza activity since october 1, the beginning of the 2006-07 influenza season, and updates the previous summary.	2006	17183229
[the properties of the epidemic influenza viruses a and b strains circulating in russia in the 2004-2005 epidemic season].	the epidemic upsurge of influenza morbidity in russia in 2004-2005 was caused by the active circulation of influenza a(h3n2) and b viruses. a hundred and sixty-six epidemic strains were studied. all the strains were isolated in the mck cell culture. influenza a(h3n2) viruses (n=77) were antigenic variants of the reference a/fujian/411/ 2002 and a/california/7/2004 strains. three influenza a(h1n1) viral strains that were antigenic variants of a/new caledonia/20/99 strains were isolated in sporadi ...	2006	17214079
[peramivir. a new and potent neuraminidase inhibitor for the treatment of influenza].		2006	17235399
challenges for the laboratory before and during an influenza pandemic.	laboratory tests that reliably confirm infection with a novel influenza strain are a major component of pandemic planning. combined nose and throat swabs are the most practical respiratory tract sample to safely obtain from patients. as nucleic acid tests are sensitive, specific and rapid, they will be the diagnostic test of choice during a pandemic. virus isolation (in laboratories with physical containment level 3 facilities) is required for characterisation of the pandemic strain and vaccine ...	2006	17293896
risk factors for poor immune response to influenza vaccination in elderly people.	influenza vaccination of elderly people is efficacious and cost effective for the prevention of influenza and its complications. some studies have pointed out low immunogenicity in this group. health status has been poorly investigated as a risk factor that may influence the immune response to influenza vaccine. we established an immunization response study of a highly-matched elderly population in a nursing home. one-hundred-twenty subjects of ashkenazian origin had their vaccine-induced antibo ...	2006	17293910
man and woman flu.		2006	17328455
safety, efficacy, and effectiveness of cold-adapted influenza vaccine-trivalent against community-acquired, culture-confirmed influenza in young children attending day care.	the goal was to evaluate the safety, tolerability, and efficacy of an investigational, refrigerator-stable formulation of live attenuated influenza vaccine (cold-adapted influenza vaccine-trivalent) against culture-confirmed influenza, acute otitis media, and effectiveness outcomes in young children in day care over 2 consecutive influenza seasons.	2006	17142512
[immunoglobin subclasses and determination of specific antibodies. what role in the study of children with recurrent pneumonias?].	recurrent pyogenic infections, including pneumonia, are known to occur in children with a defective immune system. until recently, diagnosis was made by measuring major immunoglobulin isotypes and igg subclasses. recent reports show that in some cases all these measurements are normal, but that there is a defect in the production of specific protein or polysaccharide antibodies.	2006	11234492
[recent serological studies on the antigenic structure of influenza b strains].		2006	13028068
influenza viruses: basic biology and potential drug targets.	influenza a and influenza b viruses are continuing causes of morbidity and mortality on an annual basis. influenza a viruses have historically caused periodic pandemics in the human population, sometimes with devastating consequences, such as in 1918. fears of a new pandemic have increased in recent years because of continuing outbreaks of highly pathogenic h5n1 avian influenza viruses in birds with occasional, but often lethal infection of humans. despite their importance as human pathogens, th ...	2007	18220960
the influenza virus ns1 protein: inhibitor of innate and adaptive immunity.	the influenza virus ns1 protein has been shown to be a multifunctional immune modulator and a virulence factor for this virus. among its multiple functions are the inhibition of the type i interferon (ifn) system in infected cells, the binding and sequestration of dsrna, the interference with the host mrna processing, the facilitation of preferential viral mrna translation, and the inhibition of dendritic cell (dc) activation. the combination of all these functions makes the ns1 protein a very p ...	2007	18220965
influenza a and b infection in children in urban slum, bangladesh.		2007	18257997
[influenza vaccination present and future].	in healthy adults younger than 65 years the effectiveness of influenza vaccination is up to 90% for laboratory confirmed influenza, but is far less in elderly individuals over 65 years and those with comorbidities. however the vaccination in elderly people is effective in preventing complications of influenza infection: pneumonia, hospital admission and death from influenza or pneumonia. this effect is larger for elderly individuals living in nursing homes than in those living in the community. ...	2007	18581910
household and community transmission of the asian influenza a (h2n2) and influenza b viruses in 1957 and 1961.	this study analyzed the distribution of the number of cases in households of various sizes, reconsidering previous survey data from the asian influenza a (h2n2) pandemic in 1957 and the influenza b epidemic in 1961. the final size distributions for the number of household cases were extracted from four different data sources (n = 547, 671, 92 and 263 households), and a probability model was applied to estimate the community probability of infection (cpi) and household secondary attack rate (sar) ...	2007	18613549
development of latex turbidimetric immunoassay for rapid and sensitive detection of influenza virus.	for the rapid and sensitive detection of influenza a and b viruses, a latex turbidimetric immunoassay (ltia) was developed using latex reagents prepared by the sensitization of anti-influenza a or b monoclonal antibodies on latex particles. we measured the immunoreactivity of these latex reagents to influenza a and b viral antigens. the sensitivity and specificity of ltia and reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (rt-pcr) for the detection of these viruses in clinical specimens (96 nas ...	2007	18154440
[surveillance program set for influenza a virus (h1n1) in children in taiyuan, china, 2005-2006].	to study the epidemic situation and dominant strain of influenza in children with acute respiratory infection (ari) during flu season from oct. 2005 to mar. 2006 in taiyuan.	2007	18080559
[acute laryngitis and epiglottitis in children].	the anatomical characteristic of the pediatric larynx allows physicians to better understand the incidence of symptomatic and severe presentations of acute laryngitis, which are frequent pediatric emergencies. subglottis laryngitis and epiglottitis must be distinguished from each other. these two diseases are absolutely different: the first one is essentially viral and usually moderate, even though acute respiratory distress can occur. the other (epiglottitis) is bacterial, essentially caused by ...	2007	18092723
outbreaks of influenza and influenza-like illness in schools in england and wales, 2005/06.	in england and wales, clinical reports from primary care showed that influenza activity for the season 2005/06 only rose above the base line for four weeks during february 2006. however, outbreaks of influenza-like illness and/or gastrointestinal infection in schools began to be reported to the health protection agency, centre for infections in early january 2006. to quantify the type, size and the spread of these outbreaks a reporting form was distributed to local health protection units in eng ...	2007	17991395
epidemiological and virological assessment of influenza activity in europe during the winter 2005-2006.	influenza activity in europe during the winter 2005-2006 started late january - early february 2006 and first occurred in the netherlands, france, greece and england. subsequently, countries were affected in a random pattern across europe and the period of influenza activity lasted till the end of april. in contrast to the winter seasons in the period 2001-2005, no west-east pattern was detected. in 12 out of 23 countries, the consultation rates for influenza-like illness or acute respiratory in ...	2007	17991413
[surveillance on human metapneumovirus in infants and children with acute respiratory infections in beijing, from 2004 to 2006].	to understand the prevalence of human metapneumovirus (hmpv) infection in infants and young children in beijing, china.	2007	18069558
update: influenza activity--united states, september 30-december 1, 2007.	during september 30-december 1, 2007, influenza activity remained low in the united states. this report summarizes u.s. influenza activity since september 30, the start of the 2007-08 influenza season.	2007	18075487
pilot scheme for monitoring sickness absence in schools during the 2006/07 winter in england: can these data be used as a proxy for influenza activity?	during influenza epidemics, school-aged children are amongst the first affected patients. they frequently then spread the virus within their families. recognising influenza activity in schools may therefore be an important indicator of early activity in the wider community. during 2005/06, influenza b was associated with high levels of morbidity in school-children and over 600 schools outbreaks were reported to the health protection agency by local health protection units. while it is not possib ...	2007	18076857
respiratory virus surveillance and outbreak investigation.	sensitive, rapid detection of respiratory viruses is needed for surveillance and for investigation of epidemiologically linked cases. the utility of rapid antigen-based methods for detection of common respiratory viruses and to confirm the cause of outbreaks is well established. however, nucleic acid amplification tests (nats) offer some benefits above antigen or culture-based procedures, with the main advantages being sensitivity and range of pathogens detectable. it is important to understand ...	2007	18162251
[influenza virus].	every year, especially during the cold season, many people catch an acute respiratory disease, namely flu. it is easy to catch this disease; therefore, it spreads very rapidly and often becomes an epidemic or a global pandemic. airway inflammation and other body ailments, which form in a very short period, torment the patient several weeks. after that, the symptoms of the disease usually disappear as quickly as they emerged. the great epidemics of flu have rather unique characteristics; therefor ...	2007	18182834
influenza: the virus and prophylaxis with inactivated influenza vaccine in "at risk" groups, including copd patients.	influenza is a major respiratory pathogen, which exerts a huge human and economic toll on society. influenza is a vaccine preventable disease, however, the vaccine strains must be annually updated due to the continuous antigenic changes in the virus. inactivated influenza vaccines have been used for over 50 years and have an excellent safety record. annual vaccination is therefore recommended for all individuals with serious medical conditions, like copd, and protects the vaccinee against influe ...	2007	18229561
[antigenic and genetic study of influenza virus circulated in china in 2006].	to analyse seasonal influenza epidemic situation in 2006, and to analyse the genetic and antigenic characteristics of viral hemagglutinin (ha) gene.	2007	18322584
increased antibodies against unfolded viral antigens in the elderly after influenza vaccination.	our studies aimed to measure the quality of antibody response to influenza vaccines in the elderly. the frequency of significant rise in hemagglutination inhibition (hai) titer in the elderly is low and although annual vaccination reduces morbidity and mortality, better correlates of vaccine efficacy in the elderly are needed.	2007	18458742
multiple genotypes of influenza b viruses cocirculated in taiwan in 2004 and 2005.	an influenza b outbreak occurred in taiwan in 2004 and 2005, during which both victoria (vic) and yamagata (ya) lineages cocirculated. this study examined 36 influenza b viral genomes isolated during the outbreak to reveal their reassortment patterns. according to the isolate groupings in phylogenetic analysis, we were able to categorize those 36 isolates as being of either the victoria or yamagata lineage for all eight influenza b virus genomic segments, except for the ns gene, in which clades ...	2007	17329451
recommended composition of influenza virus vaccines for use in the 2007-2008 influenza season.		2007	17333570