Publications

microwave fixation of rabies specimens for fluorescent antibody testing.	an adaptation of the conventional procedure for fixation of brain impressions prior to rabies testing was developed using a microwave oven to fix slides in less than 1 min. a total of 2394 routine specimens were examined to evaluate the efficacy of microwave fixation of brain impressions as an aid to shortening the turnaround time for reporting. slides were fixed for 55-60 s in a standard household microwave oven at 50%, power using phosphate buffered saline supplemented with 3% tween 20 as a fi ...	1997	9389407
serosurvey for selected viral diseases and demography of african wild dogs in tanzania.	african wild dogs (lycaon pictus) are endangered, with only 3,000-5,000 remaining in the wild. it is believed that wild dogs are unusually vulnerable to viral diseases, particularly rabies and canine distemper (cdv). however, canine distemper has been confirmed by laboratory diagnosis in only one free-living wild dog. the 43,000 km2 selous game reserve (sgr; tanzania) holds approximately 900 adult wild dogs. in a study area of 2,600 km2, the population maintained high density (> or = 1 dog/20.5 ...	1997	9391968
rabies virus in the decomposed brain of an ethiopian wolf detected by nested reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction.	approximately 75 individuals from a population of 111 ethiopian wolves (canis simensis) died or disappeared from the bale mountains national park (ethiopia) between 1988 and 1992 during two significant population declines. confirmation of rabies virus in two carcasses was based on the fluorescent antibody test (fat) and the mouse inoculation test (mit). in an ethiopian wolf brain previously designated rabies negative by both fat and mit, rabies virus was identified by nested reverse transcriptio ...	1997	9391984
effect of beta-propiolactone treatment on the complement activation mediated by equine antisera.	reduction of complement activation through an alteration of the fc fragment of immunoglobulins by beta-propiolactone treatment was carried out in equine antisera raised against rabies virus, bothrops venoms and diphtherial toxin. results were evaluated by means of an anaphylactic test performed on guinea-pigs, and compared to the ones obtained with the same sera purified by saline precipitation (ammonium sulfate), followed or not by enzymatic digestion with pepsin. protein purity levels for anti ...	1997	9394526
monoclonal antibody characterization of rabies virus strains isolated in the river plate basin.	in this study, 91 strains isolated in the river plate basin, south america, were examined from the epidemiological standpoint and with monoclonal antibodies (mabs) to the nucleocapsid of rabies virus. such strains reacted to mabs in accordance with nine different patterns (antigenic variants). rabies virus was isolated from 49 cattle, 21 dogs, 11 non-haematophagous bats, four vampire bats, two foxes, two horses, one buffalo, and one human. five of the variants had not been described previously. ...	1997	9394612
molecular epidemiology of rabies epizootics in texas.	texas is in the midst of two independent epizootics of rabies, involving coyotes (canis latrans) and domestic dogs (canis familiaris) in southern texas and grey foxes (urocyon cinereoargenteus) in west central texas. the domestic dog/coyote (ddc) and grey for (tf) rabies virus variants cannot be differentiated by antigenic typing with currently available monoclonal antibodies. these two variants also cannot be distinguished from a third variant, sonora dog (sd) rabies, that is not enzootic in te ...	1997	9406651
rabies surveillance in the united states during 1996.	in 1996, 49 states, the district of columbia, and puerto rico reported 7,124 cases of rabies in non-human animals and 4 cases in human beings to the centers for disease control and prevention. nearly 92% (6,550 cases) were wild animals, whereas 8% (574 cases) were domestic species. the total number of reported cases decreased 9.6% from that of 1995 (7,881 cases). although much of the decline was the result of fewer reported cases of rabies in raccoons, fewer cases were also reported among most g ...	1997	9412679
synthetic peptides from the heptad repeats of the glycoproteins of rabies, vesicular stomatitis and fish rhabdoviruses bind phosphatidylserine.	this work follows up on observations previously published concerning phosphatidylserine (ps) binding properties of synthetic peptides (p2) from the hydrophobic heptad repeats of the glycoprotein of viral haemorrhagic septicemia (vhs) rhabdovirus and the presence of similar repeats in the sequences of the glycoproteins of four separate rhabdoviruses. similar p2-like peptides are now synthesized according to the corresponding cdna sequences of infectious haematopoietic necrosis (ihn), rabies and v ...	1997	9413518
cell-mediated immunosuppression in mice by street rabies virus not restored by calcium ionophore or pma.	it is known that rabies virus can suppress the host immune system. in this study we demonstrate a depression of cell-mediated immunity in mice, peripherally infected with thai street rabies virus. the cell-mediated cytolysis of spleen cells from mice increased transiently on day 5 after infection and declined rapidly thereafter until death. the proliferation of spleen cells stimulated with a t-cell mitogen such as phytohemagglutinin or concanavalin a, was significantly suppressed during the cour ...	1997	9438544
[economical production of rabies vaccine on cell cultures].	by producing the rabies vaccine from cell culture, this vaccination has become safe, with minimal postvaccinal reactions. the first vaccine according to this technology was produced by pavle (paul) fenje, former chief of department of the pasteur institute in novi sad. many cell cultures have been introduced so far for the rabies virus multiplication: primary hamster kidney, fetal bovine kidney, chick embryo, continuous cell line monkey kidney (vero), human diploid cell (hdc), etc. some possibil ...	1997	9471524
[adelchi negri (1876-1912)].		1997	9471619
immunological studies of a 21 kda cellular component efficiently incorporated into rabies virion grown in a bhk-21 cell culture.	to investigate cellular components incorporated into the rabies virion, monoclonal antibodies (mabs) were screened based on their reactivity with additional virion components. two of the mabs we prepared recognized a virion-associated 21 kda polypeptide (referred to as vap21) from a bhk-21 cell. since the mabs precipitated the rabies virion and trypsin digestion eliminated the vap21 antigen from the virion but alkaline treatment (ph 11) did not, vap21 seems to be anchored into the viral envelope ...	1997	9492180
rapid detection of rabies and rabies-related viruses by rt-pcr and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.	a rapid detection method for the six established genotypes of rabies and rabies-related viral rna using rt-pcr-elisa is described. the detection of digoxigenin-labelled amplified products is performed by solution hybridization to two specific, biotin-labelled, capture probes, which are complementary to the inner region of the amplification products. the capture probe and amplified product hybrid are then immobilised on a streptavidin-coated microtitre plate, bound products are detected by an ant ...	1997	9504752
[current status of animal rabies in france].	the main host reservoir and vector of rabies in western europe is the red fox (vulpes vulpes). a vaccination strategy for this species has been developed and tested in switzerland since 1978. results indicate that the vaccine which is administered in spring and autumn for at least two consecutive years is more effective than destruction by shooting or gassing the animals. the same approach using bait containing increasingly effective and safe vaccines has been in use in france since 1986. by cre ...	1997	9513178
rabies infection and specific effect of vaccination in mice selected for high and low immunobiological parameters.	innate and acquired resistance to rabies infection was investigated in mice genetically selected for high (h) or low (l) antibody responsiveness from selections i, iii and iv and in mice selected for maximal (airmax) or minimal (airmin) acute inflammatory reaction. these mouse lines were infected intramuscularly with different virus dilutions and the ld50 was determined. the hiii and hiv mouse lines were more susceptible than the liii and liv lines and the hi line showed a discrete but higher re ...	1997	9532239
nucleoprotein gene analysis of fixed and street rabies virus variants using rt-pcr.	a simple and rapid single-step reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (rt-pcr) was used to investigate the nucleoprotein (n) gene of 11 rabies viruses. a conserved set of rt-pcr primers was designed to amplify the most variable region in the n gene. n gene regions were amplified from 6 fixed laboratory viruses, 4 street viruses from dogs in thailand, and a horse in zambia. sequences of the amplified products, together with the database of 91 additional sequences, were analyzed by using ...	1997	9672637
the influence of dna sequence on the immunostimulatory properties of plasmid dna vectors.	to determine the influence of dna sequence on immunostimulatory properties of vaccine vectors, we tested the induction of in vitro and in vivo immune responses by plasmids modified to contain extended runs of dg sequences. studies with oligonucleotides indicate that dg sequences can directly stimulate b cells as well as enhance the activity of immunostimulatory cpg motifs because of interaction with the macrophage scavenger receptor (msr); this receptor can bind a variety of polyanions including ...	1998	9681415
biological and immunogenic properties of rabies virus glycoprotein expressed by canine herpesvirus vector.	in order to evaluate whether canine herpesvirus (chv) could be used as a live vector for the expression of heterologous immunogenes, we constructed a recombinant canine herpesvirus (chv) expressing glycoprotein (g protein) of rabies virus (rv). the gene of g protein was inserted within the thymidine kinase gene of chv yp11mu strain under the control of the human cytomegalovirus immediate early promoter. the g protein expressed by the recombinant chv was processed and transported to the cell surf ...	1998	9682345
experimental rabies infection and oral vaccination in vampire bats (desmodus rotundus).	a rabies virus variant isolated from a vampire bat (desmodus rotundus) and characterized by genome sequencing was used for the standardization of an experimental infection in this species. the parenteral administration of 10(6) micld50 of this variant was capable of inducing death from rabies in 89% of animals. the mean duration of post-challenge survival was 12 days. none of the experimental rabid vampire bats showed aggressive behaviour. a vaccinia-rabies glycoprotein recombinant virus vaccine ...	1998	9682368
rabies in zimbabwe: reservoir dogs and the implications for disease control.	using detailed field study observations of the side-striped jackal (canis adustus) and a simple stochastic model of the transmission dynamics of the virus and host demography, we discuss the epidemiology of rabies virus infection in the jackal population of zimbabwe. of the two jackal species in zimbabwe, the other being the black-backed jackal (canis mesomelas), the bulk of notified rabies cases are in side-striped jackals. specifically, we show that the side-striped jackal population itself do ...	1998	9684293
characterisation of a novel lyssavirus isolated from pteropid bats in australia.	a novel lyssavirus isolated from pteropid bats in australia (australian bat lyssavirus, ablv) has been characterised using gene sequence analyses, electron microscopy and a panel of monoclonal antibodies. electron microscopic examination of pteropid bat and mouse brain material as well as virus isolated from tissue culture medium, showed the presence of bullet-shaped rhabdovirus particles and structures characteristic of lyssavirus. analysis using nucleocapsid (n) specific monoclonal antibodies, ...	1998	9696125
the neural cell adhesion molecule is a receptor for rabies virus.	previous reports strongly suggest that, in addition to the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor, rabies virus can use other, as-yet-unidentified receptors. we found that laboratory cell lines susceptible to rabies virus infection express the neural cell adhesion molecule (ncam) (cd56) on their surface, whereas resistant cells do not, supporting the idea that ncam could be a rabies virus receptor. we observed that (i) incubation with rabies virus decreases the surface expression of ncam; (ii) treatme ...	1998	9696812
[isolation of rabies virus from an insectivorous bat, nyctinomops macrotis, in southeast brazil].	the rabies virus was isolated from an insectivorous bat, nyctinomops macrotis, trapped in diadema, sp, brazil, in a public building near a water supply reservoir. fluorescent antibodies against rabies virus were detected in cerebral tissue and the viral isolation was made after the inoculation of cerebral tissue and salivary gland suspension in mice. there have been no recorded cases of animal rabies in diadema since 1982, and this is the first isolation of the rabies virus in an insectivorous b ...	1998	9699349
dna immunization protects nonhuman primates against rabies virus.	more than 40,000 people die annually from rabies worldwide. most of these fatalities occur in developing countries, where rabies is endemic, public health resources are inadequate and there is limited access to preventive treatment. because of the high cost of vaccines derived from cell culture, many countries still use vaccines produced in sheep, goat or suckling mouse brain. the stability and low cost for mass production of dna vaccines would make them ideal for use in developing countries. to ...	1998	9701249
identification of novel transmembrane gene sequence and its use for cell-surface targeting of beta subunit of human chorionic gonadotropin.	we identified a 685-nucleotide gene fragment that codes for the transmembrane and cytoplasmic domains of glycoprotein of the lep strain rabies virus and carried out experiments designed to express a novel fusion protein on the cell surface. the cdna encoding the membrane anchor sequence was fused in the correct reading frame to the 3' end of the cdna encoding the beta subunit of human chorionic gonadotropin (beta(h)cg), a secretory glycoprotein that is used as an antigen for a contraceptive vacc ...	1998	9703016
[evolution of fox rabies in belgium and the european union].	since 1989, after experimental trials, belgium like other concerned member states within the european union, organizes campaigns of fox vaccination against rabies. these vaccination campaigns are using a recombinant vaccinia-rabies virus as vaccine in belgium, grand-duchy of luxemburg and a large part of france. the results of epidemiological surveillance show a dramatic reduction of the incidence of rabies in the treated areas; this reduction is also observed in domestic animals and as a conseq ...	1998	9707790
morphometric analysis of mccoy cells inoculated with cerebrospinal fluid from patients with rabies.	to demonstrate the potential of mccoy cells for the isolation of rabies virus from the cerebrospinal (csf) fluid of a patient with a diagnosis of rabies, mccoy cells were inoculated with csf from a patient with a clinical diagnosis of rabies and investigated in terms of morphometric aspect using the java analysis system for the quantification of the increased size of infected cells compared to noninfected cells. the cells were also examined in terms of specific staining for the diagnosis of rabi ...	1998	9711342
human diploid cell culture rabies vaccine (hdcv) and purified chick embryo cell culture rabies vaccine (pcecv) both confer protective immunity against infection with the silver-haired bat rabies virus strain (shbrv).	the demonstration of extensive differences in the antigenic makeups of the silver-haired bat rabies virus (shbrv) and canine rabies virus (cosrv) strains raised concerns as to whether current licensed rabies vaccines are sufficiently protective against shbrv. nih mouse protection test results show that both the human diploid cell culture rabies vaccine (hdcv) and the purified chicken embryo cell rabies vaccine (pcecv) protected against lethal infection with shbrv as well as the canine rabies str ...	1998	9713943
clenbuterol as a marker in baits for oral vaccination of dogs against rabies.	clenbuterol was investigated as a potential marker of baits for the oral vaccination of dogs (canis familiaris) against rabies in turkey. orally administered clenbuterol is incorporated into the hair fibre during hair growth, and the uptake of clenbuterol into the hair of 18 dogs was therefore investigated in a controlled laboratory experiment. clenbuterol could be detected in the hair of the dogs 28 and 56 days after they had eaten a bait containing 0-5 mg clenbuterol. in a field study, 150 bai ...	1998	9717220
apoptosis induction in brain during the fixed strain of rabies virus infection correlates with onset and severity of illness.	viruses such as hiv, influenza, picornavirus and others are known stimulators of apoptosis. this individual cellular elimination is a preferential host defense in regenerative tissues. in contrast, if this death occurred in nonregenerating cells, such as neurons of the central nervous system, may result in disease. the target cell for rabies virus is the neuron. here we studied the outcome of the interaction between rabies virus (cvs-11) and mouse brain cells. replication of rabies virus in suck ...	1998	9718132
studies on rabies virus rna polymerase: 1. cdna cloning of the catalytic subunit (l protein) of avirulent hep-flury strain and its expression in animal cells.	to investigate the rna polymerase of rabies virus, we cloned a cdna of the catalytic subunit (called l protein because of its large molecular size) of the hep-flury strain, an avirulent strain obtained by high frequencies of serial embryonated hen egg passages. nucleotide sequencing showed that the cdna encodes a long polypeptide of 2,127 amino acids (mr. 242,938). a comparison of the deduced amino acid sequence with that of other strains (pv and sad b19) indicated that the sequence was highly c ...	1998	9719101
rabies prophylaxis following the feeding of a rabid pony.	a survey was performed to identify people who were exposed to a rabid pony and determine whether or not they received rabies postexposure prophylaxis (pep). sixty-one visitors who came in contact with the rabid pony were identified. these visitors heard about the rabid pony via the news media. forty-five visitors were exposed during the 2 weeks before the pony died. thirty-two of these 45 visitors received pep. thirty-one visitors had or may have had saliva contact to an open wound or mucosa and ...	1998	9729702
hydrophobic horse sense.		1998	9729703
a case of human rabies in russia (siberia).		1998	9735545
clonal analysis of a human antibody response. iii. nucleotide sequences of monoclonal igm, igg, and iga to rabies virus reveal restricted v kappa gene utilization, junctional v kappa j kappa and v lambda j lambda diversity, and somatic hypermutation.	in previous work, we generated four igm, five igg1, and one iga1 mabs to rabies virus using b cells from four subjects vaccinated with inactivated rabies virus, a thymus-dependent (td) mosaic ag, and sequenced the mab v(h)dj(h) genes. here, we have cloned the v kappa j kappa and v lambda j lambda genes to complete the primary structure of the ag-binding site of these mabs. while the anti-rabies virus mab selection of va genes (2e.2.2 twice, dpl11, and dpl23) reflected the representation of the v ...	1998	9743351
rabies virus entry into endosomes in imr-32 human neuroblastoma cells.	early events in rabies virus entry into cultured imr-32 human neuroblastoma cells were investigated. after adsorption of rabies virus to the cell surface in the cold and warming to 37 degrees c in the presence of tracers for early endosomes, rabies virus and tracers were localized by immunofluorescence microscopy. after 5 min, rabies virus colocalized with lucifer yellow, texas red-dextran, rhodamine-wheat germ agglutinin, and transferrin receptor in puncta in the cell body, neurites, and nerve ...	1998	9743568
high-titer human immunodeficiency virus type 1-based vector systems for gene delivery into nondividing cells.	previously we designed novel pseudotyped high-titer replication defective human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) vectors to deliver genes into nondividing cells (j. reiser, g. harmison, s. kluepfel-stahl, r. o. brady, s. karlsson, and m. schubert, proc. natl. acad. sci. usa 93:15266-15271, 1996). since then we have made several improvements with respect to the safety, flexibility, and efficiency of the vector system. a three-plasmid expression system is used to generate pseudotyped hiv-1 pa ...	1998	9765432
antigen detection in vivo after immunization with different presentation forms of rabies virus antigen, ii. cellular, but not humoral, systemic immune responses against rabies virus immune-stimulating complexes are macrophage dependent.	in this paper we describe the effect of depletion of splenic macrophages on the uptake, and immune response against, different formulations of rabies virus antigen. splenic macrophages were removed by intravenous injection with clodronate liposomes. beta-propiolacton inactivated rabies virus (rv-bpl) and immune-stimulating complexes (iscom) containing these antigens were given to macrophage-depleted and control mice. in the absence of phagocytic cells in the spleen, antigen is still trapped in t ...	1998	9767431
immunogenicity of bhk-rabies vaccine in human volunteers.	the production of rabies vaccine on baby hamster kidney (bhk-21) cells for human use is discussed. long term experience in application of this vaccine in animals, without any noticeable complications and findings of inactivation of contaminated dna from the cell substrate by beta-propiolactone have justified its recommendation for human use. preliminary results of applying this simple, adjuvant vaccine in volunteers, confirmed its good tolerability and immunogenicity.	1998	9769650
[rabies in dogs and efficacy of active immunoprophylaxis in yugoslavia].	in this study we analyzed 36 cases of dog rabies diagnosed at the pasteur institute in novi sad during the last 10 years as well as the quality of postvaccination immunity. most dogs had the paralytic form, more common in sylvatic rabies than furious clinical picture. 11% of dogs were aggressive, whereas 44% had injured humans, including their owners. postvaccination immunity was examined in a group of dogs vaccinated with three domestic and one vaccine imported from abroad. vaccination was succ ...	1998	9769655
neuropathological and aetiological studies of sporadic non-suppurative meningoencephalomyelitis of cattle.	sporadically occurring non-suppurative encephalitis appears to be a frequent condition of swiss cattle. fifty-one such cases diagnosed over a period of 10 years were examined retrospectively to investigate whether they constituted one or more distinct diseases, and to search for aetiological agents. three cases were characterised by periventricular granulomatous encephalitis, and most probably represented a different disease, but the remaining 48 cases had disseminated non-suppurative encephalit ...	1998	9773471
non-rabies lyssavirus human encephalitis from fruit bats: australian bat lyssavirus (pteropid lyssavirus) infection.	a 39-year-old woman died of encephalitis a few weeks after being scratched by fruit bats. autopsy disclosed meningoencephalomyelitis, and revealed neuronal intracytoplasmic inclusions which had similarities to negri bodies of rabies. laboratory investigations detected a lyssavirus type previously identified only in fruit bats. this appears to be the first human case of encephalitis due to this lyssavirus type.	1998	9775399
evaluation of the safety, immunogenicity, and pharmacokinetic profile of a new, highly purified, heat-treated equine rabies immunoglobulin, administered either alone or in association with a purified, vero-cell rabies vaccine.	a clinical evaluation of a new, purified, heat-treated equine rabies immunoglobulin (pht-erig), f(ab')2 preparation, was carried out in thailand and in the philippines-two countries where rabies is endemic. an initial prospective, randomised, controlled trial (study 1), compared the safety and pharmacokinetics (serum concentrations of rabies antibodies) after administration either of pht-erig or of a commercially-available, equine rabies immune globulin (erig pmc). a second trial (study 2) simul ...	1998	9777717
construction of canine herpesvirus vector expressing foreign genes using a lacz-tk gene cassette as a double selectional marker.	an improved method for constructing canine herpesvirus (chv) recombinants expressing foreign genes by using the lacz-tk gene cassette as a double selectional marker was developed. a recombinant chv carrying the lacz-tk gene at a targeted gene locus was constructed and used as a parental virus for generating new recombinants. the parental virus formed blue plaques and was sensitive to tk-specific drugs, while newly generated recombinants, in which the lacz-tk gene was replaced with the desired fo ...	1998	9778785
rabies virus replication induces bax-related, caspase dependent apoptosis in mouse neuroblastoma cells.	rabies virus has been shown to induce apoptosis in infected cells, but the intracellular pathway of cell killing is unknown. in this report, we show that rabies virus infected mouse neuroblastoma cells underwent chromatin condensation and dna fragmentation within 48 h post-infection. an increased level of the apoptotic enhancer, bax, was detected within 24 h after infection. in contrast to bax, the production of the apoptotic antagonist, bcl-2, remained unchanged. shortly after detection of bax, ...	1998	9783470
[comparative immunogenicity of 2 antirabies vaccines in a 2-1-1 post-exposure vaccination schedule].	few trials have compared the purified duck embryo vaccine (pdev) and the human diploid cell vaccine (hdcv) in a post-exposure immunization schedule of 4 shots (2 on day 0 and 1 each on day 7 and 21, or 2-1-1 schedule). a retrospective analysis compared 10 patients with pedv and 20 with hdcv, who had received the 2-1-1 schedule as well as 20 ui mg/kg of immune globulins on day 0. the median neutralizing antibody titers on day 21 (after 3 doses) and the median of maximum titers until day 90 were h ...	1998	9785997
failure of protection induced by a brazilian vaccine against brazilian wild rabies viruses.	this report shows that the smb vaccine currently used in brazil for human immunisation provides different degrees of protection in mice, depending on the rabies virus strain used as challenge. using the nih and habel potency tests to evaluate the protective activity of rabies vaccine, we observed that vaccinated mice showed a higher resistance to a challenge with a fixed rabies virus (cvs-challenge virus strain). the vaccine potency using the habel or nih tests was respectively > 6.4 (log 10) an ...	1998	9787658
epidemiology and elimination of rabies in western europe.	in recent years, most of the research on the control of sylvatic rabies has concentrated on developing methods of oral vaccination of wild rabies vectors. in order to improve both the safety and the stability of the vaccine used, a recombinant vaccinia virus, which expresses the immunizing glycoprotein of rabies virus (vrg), has been developed and extensively tested in the laboratory as well as in the field. between 1989 and 1995, several million vrg vaccine doses have been dispersed in western ...	1998	9805476
mechanisms of symptom in bartoszyński's virus model.	this paper is concerned with bartoszyński's process for rabies viruses introduced by bartoszyński [r. bartoszyński, a model for risk rabies, isi invited paper no. 9, isi 1-9, ix warsaw, 1975, pp. 545-552; math. biosci. 24 (1975) 355; w. klonecki (ed.) proceedings of the iasps symposium to honour jerzy neyman, warsaw, 1976, pp. 19-28]. our main interests are in developing mechanisms of a symptom--how the probability of the occurrence of the symptom is related to the process. four mechanisms are s ...	1998	9810161
efficacy of an oral vaccinia-rabies glycoprotein recombinant vaccine in controlling epidemic raccoon rabies in new jersey.	a field trial to evaluate the efficacy of an oral vaccinia-rabies glycoprotein recombinant virus vaccine in controlling epidemic raccoon (procyon lotor) rabies was conducted by distributing 180,816 doses (10(8.2)tcid50/ml) of vaccine in wax ampules within fish-meal polymer baits at a rate of 64 doses/km2/treatment throughout a 552 km2 area, forming an 18 km wide band across the northern cape may peninsula of new jersey (usa). vaccination treatments were conducted in the spring and fall between m ...	1998	9813845
location of neutralizing epitopes on the g protein of bovine ephemeral fever rhabdovirus.	the surface glycoprotein g is the major neutralizing and protective antigen of bovine ephemeral fever rhabdovirus (befv). twelve neutralizing mabs against befv strain bb7721 were used to select 33 neutralization escape mutants. the mutants had been classified previously into three major antigenic sites (g1-g3) based on their cross-neutralization patterns. the nucleotide sequence of the entire extracellular domain of the g protein gene was determined for all mutants. each contained a single nucle ...	1998	9820132
polymerase chain reaction protocols for rabies virus discrimination.	the development of rt pcr methodology has facilitated greatly the genetic characterisation of many rabies viruses (rvs), distinct strains of which persist in certain host species reservoirs within geographically defined regions. the relative temporally conserved nature of certain regions of the rv genome, particularly the n gene, permits development of rapid molecular methods for rv typing. two main strategies have been applied to viral discrimination: (1) restriction fragment length polymorphis ...	1998	9820569
prevention of the spread of rabies to wildlife by oral vaccination of raccoons in massachusetts.	to evaluate the use of bait containing rabies vaccine to create a barrier of rabies-vaccinated raccoons in massachusetts and to determine the effectiveness of various bait distribution strategies in halting the spread of rabies.	1998	9828930
current recommendations for the prophylaxis and treatment of rabies.	once onset of clinical rabies develops in an individual, death is inevitable. thus, it is imperative that, for persons exposed or potentially exposed to rabies virus, prophylaxis must be instituted as soon as possible following the exposure. local wound management is an essential part of postexposure rabies prophylaxis. exposed persons should receive a recommended series of a tissue culture or cell culture origin vaccine. the number of doses and route of vaccination differ in various regions of ...	1998	9829154
intravitam diagnosis of human rabies by pcr using saliva and cerebrospinal fluid.	an optimized reverse transcription (rt)-pcr protocol for the intravitam detection of rabies virus genomic rna was tested with clinical samples obtained from 28 patients suspected of having rabies, 9 of whom were confirmed to have had rabies by postmortem examination. rt-pcr using saliva combined with an immunofluorescence assay performed with skin biopsy samples allowed detection of rabies in the nine patients.	1998	9542950
infection characteristics of rabies virus variants with deletion or insertion in the pseudogene sequence.	we investigated the infection characteristics of recombinant rabies virus variants modified in the pseudogene sequence. infection of neuronal cell lines by the sad w9 and sad v* variants (respectively with deletion or insertion in this sequence) showed no significant differences as compared to the parental strain, the attenuated strain sad b19, in infection characteristics such as number of infected cells or viral yield. the inoculation of mice by these variants resulted in similar infection pat ...	1998	9531019
apoptotic cell death in experimental rabies in suckling mice.	a fatal encephalomyelitis developed after intracerebral inoculation of 6-day-old icr mice with the challenge virus standard (cvs) strain of fixed rabies virus. the brains of cvs-infected mice showed widespread morphologic changes of apoptosis, which were particularly prominent in pyramidal neurons of the hippocampus and in the cerebral cortex. evidence of oligonucleosomal dna fragmentation was sought in situ using the tunel method. tunel staining was observed in many neurons, and rabies virus an ...	1998	9498051
effect of passive immunization or maternally transferred immunity on the antibody response to a genetic vaccine to rabies virus.	a plasmid vector, termed psg5rab.gp, expressing the glycoprotein of rabies virus was tested in young adult or neonatal mice in the presence of maternally transferred immunity or passively administered antibodies to rabies virus for induction of an antibody response. mice born to rabies virus-immune dams developed an impaired antibody response to genetic immunization at 6 weeks of age, as had been previously observed upon vaccination with an inactivated viral vaccine. similarly, mice passively im ...	1998	9499029
mapping the interacting domains between the rabies virus polymerase and phosphoprotein.	the rna polymerase of rabies virus consists of two subunits, the large (l) protein and the phosphoprotein (p), with 2,127 and 297 amino acids, respectively. when these proteins were coexpressed via the vaccinia virus-t7 rna polymerase recombinant in mammalian cells, they formed a complex as detected by coimmunoprecipitation. analysis of p and l deletion mutants was performed to identify the regions of both proteins involved in complex formation. the interaction of p with l was not disrupted by l ...	1998	9499045
the specificity of rabies virus rna encapsidation by nucleoprotein.	rabies virus nucleoprotein (n) encapsidates negative-strand genomic rna in vivo, and this rna-n complex, together with the nominal viral phosphoprotein (p) and rna polymerase (l), forms the active cytoplasmic ribonucleoprotein (rnp) complex in virus-infected cells and the rnp core in virus particles. the rnp complex is capable of initiating viral rna transcription and replication in vivo and in vitro. to obtain insight into the events leading to the formation of the rna-n complex, we have invest ...	1998	9501055
rabies virus quasispecies: implications for pathogenesis.	passage of the mouse-adapted rabies virus strain cvs-24 (where cvs is challenge virus standard) in bhk cells results in the rapid selection of a dominant variant designated cvs-b2c that differs genotypically and phenotypically from the dominant variant cvs-n2c present in mouse-brain- or neuroblastoma-cell-passaged cvs-24. the glycoprotein of cvs-b2c has 10 amino acid substitutions compared with that of cvs-n2c. because cvs-b2c can be reproducibly selected in bhk cells, it is likely to be a conse ...	1998	9501231
corneal impression test for the diagnosis of acute rabies encephalitis.	this study aimed to alert ophthalmologists as to their role in the diagnosis of rabies.	1998	9479282
immunization against rabies with plant-derived antigen.	we previously demonstrated that recombinant plant virus particles containing a chimeric peptide representing two rabies virus epitopes stimulate virus neutralizing antibody synthesis in immunized mice. we show here that mice immunized intraperitoneally or orally (by gastric intubation or by feeding on virus-infected spinach leaves) with engineered plant virus particles containing rabies antigen mount a local and systemic immune response. after the third dose of antigen, given intraperitoneally, ...	1998	9482911
partial protection by vaccination with recombinant feline immunodeficiency virus surface glycoproteins.	in an effort to induce a strong immune response that might protect against feline immunodeficiency virus (fiv) challenge infection, three groups of five specified pathogen-free (spf) cats each were immunized subcutaneously with different fiv antigen preparations. immunizations were done at weeks 0, 2, and 4 with 100 microg of recombinant su from an fiv zurich 2 (fiv z2) strain expressed by e. coli (group 1) or the baculovirus expression system (groups 2 and 3) adsorbed on aluminum hydroxyde and ...	1998	9491919
neuronal cell surface molecules mediate specific binding to rabies virus glycoprotein expressed by a recombinant baculovirus on the surfaces of lepidopteran cells.	the existence of specific rabies virus (rv) glycoprotein (g) binding sites on the surfaces of neuroblastoma cells is demonstrated. spodoptera frugiperda (sf21) cells expressing g of the rv strain cvs (gcvs-sf21 cells) bind specifically to neuroblastoma cells of different species but not to any other cell type (fibroblast, myoblast, epithelial, or glioma). attachment to mouse neuroblastoma ng108-15 cells is abolished by previous treatment of gcvs-sf2 cells with anti-g antibody. substitutions for ...	1998	9445003
human rabies--texas and new jersey, 1997.	on october 19 and october 23, 1997, a man in texas and a man in new jersey, respectively, died from rabies. this report summarizes the clinical features of these cases and the epidemiologic investigations by the texas department of health and the new jersey state department of health and senior services, which indicated that a bat-associated variant of the rabies virus was responsible for infection in both cases.	1998	9450721
the role of site-specific n-glycosylation in secretion of soluble forms of rabies virus glycoprotein.	rabies virus glycoprotein is important in the biology and pathogenesis of neurotropic rabies virus infection. this transmembrane glycoprotein is the only viral protein on the surface of virus particles, is the viral attachment protein that facilitates virus uptake by the infected cell, and is the target of the host humoral immune response to infection. the extracellular domain of this glycoprotein has n-glycosylation sequons at asn37, asn247, and asn319. appropriate glycosylation of these sequon ...	1998	9451021
from the centers for disease control and prevention. human rabies--texas and new jersey, 1997.		1998	9466619
an avirulent mutant of rabies virus is unable to infect motoneurons in vivo and in vitro.	an antigenic double mutant of rabies virus (challenge virus standard [cvs] strain) was selected by successive use of two neutralizing antiglycoprotein monoclonal antibodies, both specific for antigenic site iii. this mutant differed from the original virus strain by two amino acid substitutions in the ectodomain of the glycoprotein. the lysine in position 330 and the arginine in position 333 were replaced by asparagine and methionine, respectively. this double mutant was not pathogenic for adult ...	1998	9420224
collaboration of antibody and inflammation in clearance of rabies virus from the central nervous system.	to investigate the involvement of various cellular and humoral aspects of immunity in the clearance of rabies virus from the central nervous system, (cns), we studied the development of clinical signs and virus clearance from the cns in knockout mice lacking either b and t cells, cd8+ cytotoxic t cells, b cells, alpha/beta interferon (ifn-alpha/beta) receptors, ifn-gamma receptors, or complement components c3 and c4. following intranasal infection with the attenuated rabies virus cvs-f3, normal ...	1998	9557653
field evaluation of two bait delivery systems for the oral immunization of dogs against rabies in tunisia.	two bait delivery systems for the oral immunization of dogs against rabies were tested in small scale field trials in a semi-rural area in tunisia: bait delivery to owned dogs during door to door visits of households (door to door baiting) and distribution of baits on transect lines (transect line baiting). a prototype bait (dbl2) configured for industrial production and containing either sulfadimethoxine (sdm) as a systemic marker or rhodamine b as a topical marker was used. the overall proport ...	1998	9562683
antigenic and functional analyses of glycoprotein of rabies virus using monoclonal antibodies.	thirty-five monoclonal antibodies (mabs) against glycoprotein (g protein) of the rc-hl strain of the rabies virus have been established. using these mabs, two antigenic sites (i and ii) were delineated on the g protein of the rc-hl strain in a competitive binding assay. of these, 34 mabs recognized the epitopes on site ii. site ii was further categorized into 10 subsites according to their patterns in a competitive binding assay. each site ii-specific mab showed 5 to 23 nonreciprocal competition ...	1998	9570284
first north american field release of a vaccinia-rabies glycoprotein recombinant virus.	following nearly 10 yr of extensive laboratory evaluation, a vaccinia-rabies glycoprotein (v-rg) vaccine was the first recombinant virus to undergo limited north american field release on 20 august 1990. the free-ranging raccoon population on parramore island (virginia, usa) was exposed to a high density (10 baits/ha) of vaccine-laden baits distributed on a 300 ha vaccination area. an annual total of 887 raccoons were live-trapped for sedation, physical examination and blood collection for rabie ...	1998	9577769
the amino acid following an asn-x-ser/thr sequon is an important determinant of n-linked core glycosylation efficiency.	many eukaryotic proteins are modified by asn-linked (n-linked) glycosylation. the number and position of oligosaccharides added to a protein by the enzyme oligosaccharyltransferase can influence its expression and function. n-linked glycosylation usually occurs at asn residues in asn-x-ser/thr sequons where x not equal pro. however, many asn-x-ser/thr sequons are not glycosylated or are glycosylated inefficiently. inefficient glycosylation at one or more asn-x-ser/thr sequons in a protein result ...	1998	9578569
immune responses to human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) type 1 induced by canarypox expressing hiv-1mn gp120, hiv-1sf2 recombinant gp120, or both vaccines in seronegative adults. niaid aids vaccine evaluation group.	a safety and immunogenicity trial was conducted in vaccinia-immune and vaccinia-naive human immunodeficiency virus (hiv)-uninfected adults who were randomized to receive 10(6) or 10(7) tcid50 of canarypox (alvac) vector expressing hiv-1mn gp160 or 10(5.5) tcid50 of alvac-rabies virus glycoprotein control at 0 and 1 or 2 months and alvac-gp160 or 50 microg of hiv-1sf2 recombinant (r) gp120 in microfluidized emulsion at 9 and 12 months; others received rgp120 at 0, 1, 6, and 12 months. all vaccine ...	1998	9593008
antibody persistence following preexposure regimens of cell-culture rabies vaccines: 10-year follow-up and proposal for a new booster policy.	subjects (n = 312) received either the human diploid cell rabies vaccine (hdcv) or the purified vero cell rabies vaccine (pvrv) according to either two-injection (days 0 and 28) or three-injection (days 0, 7, and 28) primary regimens. they received a booster injection at 1 year. rabies antibody levels were measured after the primary series and the booster and then each year for the next 10 years. the results confirm the superior long-term immunogenicity of the three-injection over the two-inject ...	1998	9593014
identification of a region of the rabies virus n protein involved in direct binding to the viral rna.	in rabies virus, the ribonucleoprotein complex (rnp), the rna genome (-) and the antigenome (+) are specifically coated by the viral nucleoprotein (n protein), forming the template for transcription and replication bythe viral rna polymerase. this specific encapsidation starts at the 5' ends of the rnas. to investigate domains of the n protein that govern binding specificity, we tested in vitro the ability of both full-length and truncated forms of the n protein to interact with a synthetic rna ...	1998	9603315
gene gun particle-mediated vaccination with plasmid dna confers protective immunity against rabies virus infection.	accell gene gun particle-mediated immunization with dna encoding the glycoprotein gene of the challenge virus standard strain of rabies virus was evaluated for its ability to elicit protective levels of serum anti-rabies virus neutralizing antibody. strong primary and booster neutralizing antibody responses were detected in mice following immunization with 2 micrograms of dna coated on 2.6-micron gold beads. protective levels of antibody persisted for over 300 days. mice challenged intraplantarl ...	1998	9607018
the 21-kda polypeptide (vap21) in the rabies virion is a cd99-related host cell protein.	in our monoclonal antibody (mab) stocks prepared against the bhk-21 cell antigens, two (#11875 and 28276) recognized a 21-kda polypeptide (referred to as vap21) which is efficiently incorporated into the rabies virion. by using these mabs, we isolated the cdna clones that encoded a polypeptide of 144 amino acids from our bhk-21 cell cdna library. based on the following evidence, the cdna was assumed to encode a full-length sequence of vap21 antigen: i) expression of the cdna in animal cells resu ...	1998	9623916
human anticardiolipin monoclonal autoantibodies cause placental necrosis and fetal loss in balb/c mice.	to analyze the structure, specificity, and in vivo pathogenetic potential of 2 human anticardiolipin (acl) monoclonal antibodies (mab).	1998	9627012
epidemiology of human rabies in the united states, 1980 to 1996.	to summarize the epidemiologic, diagnostic, and clinical features of the 32 laboratory-confirmed cases of human rabies diagnosed in the united states from 1980 to 1996.	1998	9634432
immunohistochemical characterization of inflammatory cells in brains of dogs with granulomatous meningoencephalitis.	the inflammatory cells of eleven dogs with canine granulomatous meningoencephalitis were characterized immunohistochemically. macrophages were identified by antibodies directed against lysozyme and the dh82 antigen (expressed by cells of a malignant histiocytosis). t cells were demonstrated by cd3, cd43, and cd45r antigen, and b cells by immunoglobulin g and immunoglobulin m expression. furthermore, staining for the major histocompatibility complex (mhc) class ii antigen was evaluated. diseased ...	1998	9545134
evaluation of the safety and immunogenicity of a new, heat-treated human rabies immune globulin using a sham, post-exposure prophylaxis of rabies.	a double-blind, controlled, randomized trial was conducted to evaluate the safety and immunogenicity of a new human rabies immune globulin (htrig). this product, manufactured by pasteur merieux connaught, pmc, has undergone a heat-treatment step (10 h at 60 degrees c) and removal of mercurothiolate. the corresponding unheated product available from the same manufacturer (human rabies immune globulin, hrig, imogam rabies[spr2]) was used for comparison. these two rabies immune globulins (rigs) wer ...	1998	9637744
effect of a booster-dose of rabies vaccine on the duration of virus neutralizing antibody titers in bovines.	humoral immune response using inactivated rabies vaccine was studied in 35 nelore cross-bred bovines of western region of são paulo state. ninety days after vaccination, 13 (92.8%) animals presented titers > or = 0.5 iu/ml, through mouse neutralization test. after 180 days, 9 (64.3%) sera showed titers > or = 0.5 iu/ml, after 270 days, only one (7.1%) showed a titer of 0.51 iu/ml, and after 360 days, all animals showed titers < 0.5 iu/ml. group of animals receiving booster dose 30 days after vac ...	1998	9662964
development of a fluorescent antibody virus neutralisation test (favn test) for the quantitation of rabies-neutralising antibody.	a microtest named the favn test (fluorescent antibody virus neutralisation test), which is an adaptation of the original rapid fluorescent focus inhibition test (rffit) has been developed and evaluated. one hundred percent specificity was estimated using 414 sera from dogs sampled in rabies-free areas or from non-vaccinated animals. the accuracy as determined by the agreement between observed and expected values using sera of known titres was satisfactory. serum samples from unvaccinated and vac ...	1998	9671155
[anti-rabies antibody levels observed in subjects who were bitten by supposed rabid animals abroad and received post-exposure immunization].	from december of 1990 to december of 1997, 119 subjects visited to our hospital to receive post-exposure therapy using purified chick embryo cell rabies vaccine manufactured by the chem-sero-theraptic institute (katestuken), because they had been bitten by supposed rabid animals abroad. the forty of the subjects (male: 25, female: 15) wished to have their anti-rabies antibody levels examined. the number of samples taken after 5 or 6 shots rabies vaccine were 30 and 15, respectively. the antibody ...	1998	9847522
low-affinity nerve-growth factor receptor (p75ntr) can serve as a receptor for rabies virus.	a random-primed cdna expression library constructed from the mrna of neuroblastoma cells (ng108) was used to clone a specific rabies virus (rv) receptor. a soluble form of the rv glycoprotein (gs) was utilized as a ligand to detect positive cells. we identified the murine low-affinity nerve-growth factor receptor, p75ntr. bsr cells stably expressing p75ntr were able to bind gs and g-expressing lepidopteran cells. the ability of the rv glycoprotein to bind p75ntr was dependent on the presence of ...	1998	9857182
viral excretion in domestic ferrets (mustela putorius furo) inoculated with a raccoon rabies isolate.	to determine susceptibility, incubation and morbidity periods, clinical signs of infection, serologic response, and excretion of virus in domestic ferrets inoculated with rabies virus of raccoon origin.	1998	9858418
rabies surveillance in the united states during 1997.	in 1997, 49 states, the district of columbia, and puerto rico reported 8,509 cases of rabies in nonhuman animals and 4 cases in human beings to the centers for disease control and prevention. nearly 93% (7,899) were wild animals, whereas 7% (610) were domestic species. the total number of reported cases increased 19.4% from that of 1996 (7,128 cases). increases were apparent in each of the major species groups, with the exception of cattle. the relative contributions of these groups to the total ...	1998	9861958
site-directed mutagenesis of large plasmids.	a protocol combining recombination pcr and long-distance pcr is demonstrated to be highly accurate and rapid for site-directed mutagenesis of large (> 10 kb) plasmids. application of this protocol to the generation of mutant rabies virus glycoproteins expressed by the baculovirus/insect cell system illustrates the usefulness of this approach in facilitating structure-function relationships in this important eukaryotic expression system.	1998	9863055
suppressant effect of human or equine rabies immunoglobulins on the immunogenicity of post-exposure rabies vaccination under the 2-1-1 regimen: a field trial in indonesia. mas054 clinical investigator group.	who's reference protocol for post-exposure rabies vaccination advises five intramuscular injections on days 0, 3, 7, 14, and 30; in addition, rabies immunoglobulins (rig) must be given to serious cases of exposure (grade iii severity). some studies indicate that these immunoglobulins suppress the immunogenicity of rabies vaccine when administered according to an alternative protocol of four injections (2-1-1) on days 0, 7, and 21, which was therefore not recommended for grade iii exposures. to t ...	1998	9868840
short duration of neutralizing antibody titers after pre-exposure rabies vaccination with suckling mouse brain vaccine.	the human anti-rabies pre-exposure treatment currently used in brazil, employing a 1-ml dose of suckling mouse brain vaccine (smbv) administered on days 0, 2, 4 and 28, was compared to an alternative treatment with two 1 ml-doses on day 0, and one 1 ml-dose injected on days 7 and 21. the latter induced higher virus-neutralizing antibody (vna) titers on day 21. both brazilian rabies vaccines produced with pv or cvs rabies virus strains were tested. two additional volunteer vaccine groups, receivi ...	1998	9876298
characterization of rabies virus nucleocapsids and recombinant nucleocapsid-like structures.	rabies virus nucleoprotein (n) was produced in insect cells using the baculovirus expression system described by préhaud et al. (virology 178, 486-497, 1990). the protein was either purified on a cscl gradient, resulting in a mixture of nucleocapsid-like structures and beaded rings, as observed by electron microscopy, or on a glycerol gradient that resulted in a preparation of the rings only. the rings and nucleocapsid-like structures had the same morphological characteristics as viral nucleocap ...	1998	9880004
obtention of rabies antigen through bhk21 cells adhered to microcarriers.	four rabies antigen batches were produced from virus suspensions resulting from bhk21 cells adhered to microcarriers (cytodex 1), inoculated and cultured in a bioreactor. in parallel the methodology of production of rabies virus through cultures of bhk21 cells in monolayers in bottles was used. the results obtained showed that infecting titles were 10(6.69) dl50/ml and 10(7.28) dl50/ml for suspensions cultured in bottles and in the bioreactor, respectively. the viral suspension volumes collected ...	1998	10030073
a nucleotide-specific polymerase chain reaction assay to differentiate rabies virus biotypes in south africa.	antigenic and nucleotide sequence analyses have shown that two distinct biotypes of rabies virus are circulating in south africa. one of these typically infects members of the family canidae, while the other comprises a heterogeneous group of apparently indigenous viruses, infecting members of the viverridae family. in recent times, it has become evident that a considerable amount of cross-infection may occur and the manifestation of viverrid rabies in non-viverrid animals in particular appears ...	1998	10192843
[a study on efficacy of rabies vaccine prepared by primary hamster kidney cells in guangxi].	to study the efficacy of post-exposure use of concentrated rabies vaccine prepared by primary hamster kidney cells during the past 16 years (1980-1995) in the guangxi zhuang autonomous region and the role of ambulant care for the victims injured by dog-bite.	1998	10322757
immunogenicity and safety in adults of a new chromatographically purified vero-cell rabies vaccine (cprv): a randomized, double-blind trial with purified vero-cell rabies vaccine (pvrv).	recent improvements in chromatographic purification procedures have made it possible to develop a new chromatographically purified rabies vaccine (cprv) by further purifying the current rabies vaccine prepared from vero-cell culture (verorab; pasteur mérieux connaught). the immunogenicity and safety of primary immunization, followed by a booster at one year, with cprv was compared to that of the purified vero cell vaccine (pvrv) in a randomized, double-blind study carried out at four veterinary ...	1998	10403033
a comparison of two serological methods for detecting the immune response after rabies vaccination in dogs and cats being exported to rabies-free areas.	levels of rabies virus neutralizing antibody in sera from dogs and cats were titrated to endpoint by the rapid fluorescent focus inhibition test (rffit) and retested by the rffit and the fluorescent antibody virus neutralization test (favn). the two tests were compared for their ability to detect the 0.5 international units/ml (i.u.) of antibody required by the world health organization and the office international des epizooties as the minimum response for proof of rabies immunization. no diffe ...	1998	10403038
rabies virus entry into cultured rat hippocampal neurons.	rabies virus entry into cultured hippocampal neurons was investigated by immunofluorescence and electron microscopy. hippocampal neurons were susceptible to rabies virus infection and became filled with viral antigen 1 day after infection. infection was inhibited by the lysosomotropic agents chloroquine and ammonium chloride. to study entry, neurons were adsorbed with rabies virus at 4 degrees c and warmed to 37 degrees c for short periods of time prior to fixation and localization of viral anti ...	1998	10405023
rabies transmission by oral and other non-bite routes.		1998	10489748