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computed tomography and gross anatomical studies on the head of one-humped camel (camelus dromedarius).the current study aimed to document by computed tomography (ct) the anatomical structures of the one-humped camel head relative to their adaptability to living environments. seven adult one-humped camels' heads were used in this study. the structures of the nasal cavity, paranasal sinuses, oral cavity, orbit, and cranium were investigated using computed tomographic scans, cross, and sagittal sections of the head cadavers, and skulls. the study showed the nasal conchae had special properties wher ...201424639077
caffeine supplementation during ivm improves frequencies of nuclear maturation and preimplantation development of dromedary camel oocytes following ivf.caffeine supplementation during oocyte ivm has been reported to improve preimplantation embryo development and the quality of in vitro-produced blastocysts in a range of species; but no studies have been done in camels. the present study investigated the effect of caffeine supplementation during dromedary camel oocyte ivm on nuclear maturation rates, ivf events, and subsequent preimplantation development. cumulus-oocyte complexes obtained at slaughter were matured in vitro in caffeine supplement ...201424630529
first description of milk flow traits in tunisian dairy dromedary camels under an intensive farming system.in order to evaluate milking ability in dromedary camels, 124 milk flow curves were registered during morning milking of 20 dairy maghrebi dromedary camels. animals were in lactations 1-8, were 6-19 years old and were 4-15 months of their current lactation. milk flow curves were recorded using an electronic milk flow meter (lactocorder®). milk flow curves were classified in three typical patterns: type 1 represents curves with one high and short peak of milk flow; type 2 represents curves with a ...201424622212
could dromedary camels develop stereotypy? the first description of stereotypical behaviour in housed male dromedary camels and how it is affected by different management systems.dromedary camel husbandry has recently been evolving towards a semi-intensive system, due to the changes in use of the animal and the settlement of nomadic populations. captivity could restrict its social activities, limiting the expression of various behavioural needs and causing the manifestation of stereotypy. the aims of this trial were, firstly, to identify and describe some stereotypical behaviours in captive male dromedary camels used for artificial insemination and, secondly, to study th ...201424586522
mers: emergence of a novel human coronavirus.a novel coronavirus (cov) that causes a severe lower respiratory tract infection in humans, emerged in the middle east region in 2012. this virus, named middle east respiratory syndrome (mers)-cov, is phylogenetically related to bat covs, but other animal species like dromedary camels may potentially act as intermediate hosts by spreading the virus to humans. although human to human transmission has been demonstrated, analysis of human mers clusters indicated that chains of transmission were not ...201424584035
middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus infection in dromedary camels in saudi arabia.the middle east respiratory syndrome (mers) is proposed to be a zoonotic disease; however, the reservoir and mechanism for transmission of the causative agent, the mers coronavirus, are unknown. dromedary camels have been implicated through reports that some victims have been exposed to camels, camels in areas where the disease has emerged have antibodies to the virus, and viral sequences have been recovered from camels in association with outbreaks of the disease among humans. nonetheless, whet ...201424570370
caudal epidural analgesia using lidocaine alone or in combination with ketamine in dromedary camels (<i>camelus dromedarius</i>).this study was performed to investigate the analgesic effect of lidocaine and a combination of lidocaine and ketamine following epidural administration in dromedary camels. ten 12-18-month-old camels were randomly divided into two equal groups. in group l, the animals received 2% lidocaine (0.22 mg/kg) and in group lk the animals received a mixture of 10% ketamine (1 mg/kg) and 2% lidocaine (0.22 mg/kg) administered into the first intercoccygeal (co1-co2) epidural space while standing. onset tim ...201428235299
fine structures of the oocyte in relation to serum, follicular fluid steroid hormones and igf-i in the ovulatory-sized follicles in one-humped camel (camelus dromedarius).the following study was carried out to determine the ultrastructural features of the oocyte of the ovulatory-sized follicles in relation to concentrations of steroids and igf-i in the follicular fluid (ff) and serum in the dromedary camel.201424551433
confocal fluorescence assessment of bioenergy/redox status of dromedary camel (camelus dromedarius) oocytes before and after in vitro maturation.reproductive biotechnologies in dromedary camel (camelus dromedarius) are less developed than in other livestock species. the in vitro maturation (ivm) technology is a fundamental step for in vitro embryo production (ivp), and its optimization could represent a way to increase the success rate of ivp. the aim of the present study was to investigate the bioenergy/oxidative status of dromedary camel oocytes before and after ivm by confocal microscopy 3d imaging.201424548378
[middle east respiratory syndrome (mers): bats or dromedary, which of them is responsible?].in 2012 a new viral emergent human disease appeared in the middle east. this entity was named mers for' middle east respiratory syndrome'. by january 9, 2014, the disease had already struck 178 persons of whom 75 died from respiratory failure and diarrhoea. as the new disease was very similar to the deadly sars (2002-2003) and since it was provoked by a betacoronavirus, chiroptera were first suspected to be at the origin of this infection. morever, recent studies performed in saudi arabia showed ...201424532303
a comprehensive whole-genome integrated cytogenetic map for the alpaca (lama pacos).genome analysis of the alpaca (lama pacos, lpa) has progressed slowly compared to other domestic species. here, we report the development of the first comprehensive whole-genome integrated cytogenetic map for the alpaca using fluorescence in situ hybridization (fish) and chori-246 bac library clones. the map is comprised of 230 linearly ordered markers distributed among all 36 alpaca autosomes and the sex chromosomes. for the first time, markers were assigned to lpa14, 21, 22, 28, and 36. additi ...201425662411
a report on the genital myiasis by wohlfahrtia magnifica in camel herds in southwest of iran.myiasis is a disease of vertebrate animals caused by different fly larvae. wohlfahrtia magnifica is responsible for serious losses in animal husbandry in eurasia. larvae of w. magnifica parasitize several warm-blooded vertebrates and are responsible for a severe traumatic myiasis of mucosal membranes or wounds. this myiasis has been reported in many european areas, but for the first time was reported from iran. larvae infestation was observed in five camels out of 35 (14.28%) around the perinea ...201425610587
evaluation of disulfide bond position to enhance the thermal stability of a highly stable single domain antibody.single domain antibodies are the small recombinant variable domains derived from camelid heavy-chain-only antibodies. they are renowned for their stability, in large part due to their ability to refold following thermal or chemical denaturation. in addition to refolding after heat denaturation, a3, a high affinity anti-staphylococcal enterotoxin b single domain antibody, possesses a melting temperature of ∼84°c, among the highest reported for a single domain antibody. in this work we utilized th ...201425526640
bayesian inference on the effect of density dependence and weather on a guanaco population from chile.understanding the mechanisms that drive population dynamics is fundamental for management of wild populations. the guanaco (lama guanicoe) is one of two wild camelid species in south america. we evaluated the effects of density dependence and weather variables on population regulation based on a time series of 36 years of population sampling of guanacos in tierra del fuego, chile. the population density varied between 2.7 and 30.7 guanaco/km2, with an apparent monotonic growth during the first 2 ...201425514510
the postpartum period in dromedary camels: uterine involution, ovarian activity, hormonal changes, and response to gnrh treatment.the aim of the present study was to investigate the time for complete uterine involution and resumption of ovarian activity in postpartum dromedary camels, relative to hormonal changes. a total of six females were examined by ultrasonography twice weekly starting 3d after parturition. gnrh was administered when the follicles reached ≥0.9cm diameter. blood samples were collected for hormonal analysis. results revealed that the mean intervals for complete involution of the previously gravid horn, ...201425465362
metagenomic analysis of viromes of dromedary camel fecal samples reveals large number and high diversity of circoviruses and picobirnaviruses.the recent discovery of middle east respiratory coronavirus and another novel dromedary camel coronavirus uae-hku23 in dromedaries has boosted interest in search of novel viruses in dromedaries. in this study, fecal samples of 203 dromedaries in dubai were pooled and deep sequenced. among the 7330 assembled viral contigs, 1970 were assigned to mammalian viruses. the largest groups of these contigs matched to picobirnaviridae, circoviridae, picornaviridae, parvoviridae, astroviridae and hepevirid ...201425461537
semen collection using phantom in dromedary camel.semen collection is relatively long, unsafe, and tedious procedure in dromedary camel. the innovation of safe, hygienic, and simple approach to collect semen could make great progress in development of ai program in this species. this study investigated two methods of semen collection using phantom and artificial vagina in dromedary camel. semen was collected using phantom (n = 4 bulls; 26 collections) and artificial vagina (n = 6 bulls; 11 collections) and diluted with inra96 at the ratio of 1: ...201425449548
cd26/dpp4 cell-surface expression in bat cells correlates with bat cell susceptibility to middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov) infection and evolution of persistent infection.middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov) is a recently isolated betacoronavirus identified as the etiologic agent of a frequently fatal disease in western asia, middle east respiratory syndrome. attempts to identify the natural reservoirs of mers-cov have focused in part on dromedaries. bats are also suspected to be reservoirs based on frequent detection of other betacoronaviruses in these mammals. for this study, ten distinct cell lines derived from bats of divergent species were ...201425409519
bartonella dromedarii sp. nov. isolated from domesticated camels (camelus dromedarius) in israel.bartonella spp. are fastidious, gram-negative bacilli that cause a wide spectrum of diseases in humans. most bartonella spp. have adapted to a specific host, generally a domestic or wild mammal. dromedary camels (camelus dromedarius) have become a focus of growing public-health interest because they have been identified as a reservoir host for the middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus. nevertheless, data on camel zoonoses are limited. we aimed to study the occurrence of bartonella bactere ...201425409267
middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus: epidemiology and disease control measures.the emergence of middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov) infection in 2012 resulted in an increased concern of the spread of the infection globally. mers-cov infection had previously caused multiple health-care-associated outbreaks and resulted in transmission of the virus within families. community onset mers-cov cases continue to occur. dromedary camels are currently the most likely animal to be linked to human mers-cov cases. serologic tests showed significant infection in adu ...201425395865
expression cloning of camelid nanobodies specific for xenopus embryonic antigens.developmental biology relies heavily on the use of conventional antibodies, but their production and maintenance involves significant effort. here we use an expression cloning approach to identify variable regions of llama single domain antibodies (known as nanobodies), which recognize specific embryonic antigens. a nanobody cdna library was prepared from lymphocytes of a llama immunized with xenopus embryo lysates. pools of bacterially expressed cdnas were sib-selected for the ability to produc ...201425285446
daily regulation of body temperature rhythm in the camel (camelus dromedarius) exposed to experimental desert conditions.in the present work, we have studied daily rhythmicity of body temperature (tb) in arabian camels challenged with daily heat, combined or not with dehydration. we confirm that arabian camels use heterothermy to reduce heat gain coupled with evaporative heat loss during the day. here, we also demonstrate that this mechanism is more complex than previously reported, because it is characterized by a daily alternation (probably of circadian origin) of two periods of poikilothermy and homeothermy. we ...201425263204
[middle-east respiratory syndrome].mers-cov is the sixth type of corona virus to cause disease in humans. this virus can cause severe respiratory infections, particularly in patients with underlying conditions. although dromedary camels appear to be the most important source in primary cases, nosocomial transmission has proved to be a major cause of secondary infections. in accordance with the case definitions formulated by the dutch national institute for public health and the environment (rivm), in those patients who present wi ...201425248740
[dromedary camels and middle east respiratory syndrome: mers coronavirus in the 'ship of the desert'].middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov) is a novel coronavirus, identified in patients with respiratory symptoms in the middle east. accumulating evidence points to dromedary camels as being reservoirs. mers-cov has been isolated from dromedaries, and dromedary mers-cov is nearly identical to human mers-cov. camel and human mers-cov genome sequences from the same geographic areas cluster together. both on the arabian peninsula and in africa high percentages of adult dromedaries a ...201425248734
novel camelid antibody fragments targeting recombinant nucleoprotein of araucaria hantavirus: a prototype for an early diagnosis of hantavirus pulmonary syndrome.in addition to conventional antibodies, camelids produce immunoglobulins g composed exclusively of heavy chains in which the antigen binding site is formed only by single domains called vhh. their particular characteristics make vhhs interesting tools for drug-delivery, passive immunotherapy and high-throughput diagnosis. hantaviruses are rodent-borne viruses of the bunyaviridae family. two clinical forms of the infection are known. hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (hfrs) is present in the ...201425243411
effect of changes in milking routine on milking related behaviour and milk removal in tunisian dairy dromedary camels.we studied the effects of changes in the milking routine (lack or presence of 30-s prestimulation, 0 or 1, 2 or 4-min delay between preparation and cluster attachment) and environmental perturbation (unusual loud sounds capable of frightening animals just after stall entry or during the course of milking) on milk removal and milking-related behaviour in dairy dromedary camels. a 30-s prestimulation decreased incidence of bimodal milk flow curves and increased occurrence of the best milk ejection ...201425234858
immunogenicity of an adenoviral-based middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus vaccine in balb/c mice.a new type of coronavirus has been identified as the causative agent underlying middle east respiratory syndrome (mers). the mers coronavirus (mers-cov) has spread in the middle east, but cases originating in the middle east have also occurred in the european union and the usa. eight hundred and thirty-seven cases of mers-cov infection have been confirmed to date, including 291 deaths. mers-cov has infected dromedary camel populations in the middle east at high rates, representing an immediate s ...201425192975
dromedary mers-cov replicates in human respiratory tissues. 201425174550
retraction: topography of retinal ganglion cells in the dromedary camel (camelus dromedarius).this article released online on july 30, 2014 as advance publication has been retracted by the editorial board of journal of veterinary medical science due to a violation of the journal's "information for authors".201425141781
influence of stimulation by electroejaculation on myocardial function, acid-base and electrolyte status, and hematobiochemical profiles in male dromedary camels.this study was carried out to evaluate the effect of electroejaculation (eej) on myocardial function, acid-base balance, and hematobiochemical profiles in male dromedary camels. twenty sexually mature, apparently healthy male camels were assigned to eej. parallel, eight naturally mated male camels were enrolled as a control group. three blood samples were collected from each camel: just before (t0), directly after (t1), and 24 hours after (t2) eej or natural mating. the serum concentrations of t ...201425139755
structural and mutational analysis of a monomeric and dimeric form of a single domain antibody with implications for protein misfolding.camelid single domain antibodies (sdab) are known for their thermal stability and reversible refolding. we have characterized an unusually stable sdab recognizing staphylococcal enterotoxin b with one of the highest reported melting temperatures (t(m) = 85°c). unexpectedly, ∼10-20% of the protein formed a dimer in solution. three other cases where <20% of the sdab dimerized have been reported; however, this is the first report of both the monomeric and dimeric x-ray crystal structures. concentra ...201425136772
genetic and demographic bottleneck analysis of indian camel breeds by microsatellite markers.the genetic and demographic bottleneck analysis of indian camel breeds was carried out utilizing 40 microsatellite markers. allelic polymorphism was observed at 20 loci in the indian dromedary breeds. a total of 66 alleles were scored. the average number of alleles, expected heterozygosity and polymorphic information content were, respectively, 3.25 ± 0.27, 0.56 ± 0.04 and 0.49 ± 0.04 in bikaneri; 3.25 ± 0.25, 0.53 ± 0.03 and 0.46 ± 0.03 in jaisalmeri; 3.0 ± 0.21, 0.53 ± 0.04 and 0.45 ± 0.03 in ...201425134805
anti-bactericidal properties of stingray dasyatis pastinaca groups v, iia, and ib phospholipases a2: a comparative study.group iia secreted phospholipase a2 (group iia spla2) is known to display potent gram-positive bactericidal activity in vitro and in vivo. we have analyzed the bactericidal activity of the full set of native stingray and dromedary groups v, iia, and ib spla2s on several gram-positive and gram-negative strains. the rank order potency among both marine and mammal spla2s against gram-positive bacteria is group iia > v > ib, whereas gram-negative bacteria exhibited a much higher resistance. there is ...201425119545
evaluation of the breeding soundness of male camels (camelus dromedarius) via clinical examination, semen analysis, ultrasonography and testicular biopsy: a summary of 80 clinical cases.male camel infertility is a heterogeneous disorder. a variety of factors may adversely affect sperm production and function and impair fertility. this study was designed to evaluate the sensitivity and specificity of ultrasonography and testicular biopsy in the evaluation of the breeding soundness of male dromedaries compared with results obtained by clinical examination and semen analysis. eighty-four male dromedary camels (5-15 years old) were used in this study during the rutting season (nove ...201425112541
impotentia generandi in male dromedary camels: clinical findings, semen characteristics, and testicular histopathology.the objective of this study was to describe the clinical findings, semen characteristics, and testicular histopathology in male dromedary camels affected with impotentia generandi (ig). according to the history, 82.6% (38/46) of the cases were classified as primary-ig (p-ig; never been able to impregnate a female), whereas 17.4% (8/46) were classified as secondary-ig (s-ig; acquired infertility). only one scrotal testis was observed in four cases, and no scrotal testis was observed in one case. ...201425107628
evaluation of medetomidine-ketamine and medetomidine-ketamine-butorphanol for the field anesthesia of free-ranging dromedary camels (camelus dromedarius) in australia.abstract we report the clinical course and physiologic and anesthetic data for a case series of 76 free-ranging dromedary camels (camelus dromedarius) chemically restrained, by remote injection from a helicopter, in the rangelands of western australia and south australia, 2008-11, to attach satellite-tracking collars. fifty-five camels were successfully anesthetized using medetomidine-ketamine (mk, n=27) and medetomidine-ketamine-butorphanol (mkb, n=28); the induction of anesthesia in 21 animals ...201425105812
histological and morphometric studies on the dromedary camel epididymis in relation to reproductive activity.the reproductive efficiency of male dromedary camels under natural conditions is regarded to be low due to a relatively short breeding season and a long prepubertal period. this study was carried out to investigate the histological and morphometric changes in the sudanese dromedary camel epididymis in relation to the breeding (rutting) and non-breeding (non-rutting) seasons at monthly intervals up to one year. specimens were collected from different regions of the epididymis of 48 mature and hea ...201425104474
immunohistochemical localization of androgen and progesterone receptors in the uterus of the camel (camelus dromedarius).ten adult, cyclic female camels (camelus dromedarius) were used to describe the distribution of androgen (ar) and progesterone (pr) receptors in the uterus using immunohistochemistry. both ar and pr were distributed throughout the different compartments of the uterus with nuclear staining for ar and pr seen in the cells of epithelia (luminal and glandular), stroma and myometrial smooth muscles. ar immunostaining was not uniform in distribution and intensity; the surface epithelium and the glandu ...201425081941
withdrawn:topography of retinal ganglion cells in the dromedary camel (camelus dromedarius).ahead of print article has been retracted by the publisher.201425077665
isolation of mers coronavirus from a dromedary camel, qatar, 2014.we obtained the full genome of middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov) from a camel in qatar. this virus is highly similar to the human england/qatar 1 virus isolated in 2012. the mers-cov from the camel efficiently replicated in human cells, providing further evidence for the zoonotic potential of mers-cov from camels.201425075761
antibodies against mers coronavirus in dromedary camels, kenya, 1992-2013.dromedary camels are a putative source for human infections with middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus. we showed that camels sampled in different regions in kenya during 1992-2013 have antibodies against this virus. high densities of camel populations correlated with increased seropositivity and might be a factor in predicting long-term virus maintenance.201425075637
mutational approaches to improve the biophysical properties of human single-domain antibodies.monoclonal antibodies are a remarkably successful class of therapeutics used to treat a wide range of indications. there has been growing interest in smaller antibody fragments such as fabs, scfvs and domain antibodies in recent years. in particular, the development of human vh and vl single-domain antibody therapeutics, as stand-alone affinity reagents or as "warheads" for larger molecules, are favored over other sources of antibodies due to their perceived lack of immunogenicity in humans. how ...201425065345
geographic distribution of mers coronavirus among dromedary camels, africa.we found serologic evidence for the circulation of middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus among dromedary camels in nigeria, tunisia, and ethiopia. circulation of the virus among dromedaries across broad areas of africa may indicate that this disease is currently underdiagnosed in humans outside the arabian peninsula.201425062254
launch of a voluntary camelid tb scheme. 201425059965
detection of the middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus genome in an air sample originating from a camel barn owned by an infected patient.middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov) is a novel betacoronavirus that has been circulating in the arabian peninsula since 2012 and causing severe respiratory infections in humans. while bats were suggested to be involved in human mers-cov infections, a direct link between bats and mers-cov is uncertain. on the other hand, serological and virological data suggest dromedary camels as the potential animal reservoirs of mers-cov. recently, we isolated mers-cov from a camel and its ...201425053787
preliminary study of plants used in ethnoveterinary medicine in tunisia and in italy.a survey relative to the use of plants for the cure of animals in tunisia was conducted in order to make a comparison with the same species (or similar ones) in central and southern italy.201425371582
the prevalence of linguatula serrata nymphs in mesenteric and mediastinal lymph nodes in one-humped camels (camelus dromedarius) slaughtered in rafsanjan slaughterhouse, iran.linguatula serrata is a well-known zoonotic parasite belonging to the order of pentastomida which infects both human and animals. human can be infected by both the nymph stage, causing a disease condition called nasopharyngeal linguatulosis or halzoun syndrome and the egg, a condition called visceral linguatulosis. the aim of this study was to evaluate the prevalence of nymphal stages of l. serrata in mesenteric and mediastinal lymph nodes of one-humped camels slaughtered in rafsanjan slaughterh ...201425320486
camelid heat stress: 15 cases (2003-2011).this case series describes novel findings associated with heat stress in 15 cases in south american camelids that had no pre-existing illnesses and which had clinical signs of illness after exposure to a warm environment. novel findings include decreased packed cell volume and albumin concentration and mild spinal axonal degeneration. heat stress should be considered in weak camelids with a history of hyperthermia.201425320390
radiolabeled nanobodies as theranostic tools in targeted radionuclide therapy of cancer.the integration of diagnostic testing for the presence of a molecular target is of interest to predict successful targeted radionuclide therapy (trnt). this so-called 'theranostic' approach aims to improve personalized treatment based on the molecular characteristics of cancer cells. moreover, it offers new insights in predicting adverse effects and provides appropriate tools to monitor therapy responses. recent findings using nanobodies emphasize their potential as theranostic tools in cancer t ...201425035968
camelid reporter gene imaging: a generic method for in vivo cell tracking.to combine the sensitivity of bioluminescent imaging (bli) with the 3d and quantitative properties of pinhole single-photon emission computed tomography (spect)/micro-computed tomography (ct) (phspect/micro-ct), we generated stable cell lines that express a yellow-fluorescent protein (yfp) and gaussia luciferase (gluc) fusion protein (yfp/gluc). for in vivo phspect detection of this yfp/gluc protein, a nanobody, targeted against yellow and green fluorescent proteins (anti-yfp-nb), was site speci ...201425024930
effects of nutrient levels and average culture ph on the glycosylation pattern of camelid-humanized monoclonal antibody.the impact of operating conditions on the glycosylation pattern of humanized camelid monoclonal antibody, eg2-hfc produced by chinese hamster ovary (cho) cells has been evaluated by a combination of experiments and modeling. cells were cultivated under different levels of glucose and glutamine concentrations with the goal of investigating the effect of nutrient depletion levels and ammonia build up on the cell growth and the glycoprofiles of the monoclonal antibody (mab). the effect of average p ...201425014402
reply to "concerns about misinterpretation of recent scientific data implicating dromedary camels in epidemiology of middle east respiratory syndrome (mers)". 201425006235
concerns about misinterpretation of recent scientific data implicating dromedary camels in epidemiology of middle east respiratory syndrome (mers). 201425006231
development and utilization of camelid vhh antibodies from alpaca for 2,2',4,4'-tetrabrominated diphenyl ether detection.an antibody-based analytical method for the detection of a chemical flame retardant using antibody fragments isolated from an alpaca has been developed. one specific chemical flame retardant congener, 2,2',4,4'-tetrabrominated diphenyl ether (bde-47), is often the major poly-bde (pbde) congener present in human and environmental samples and that which is the most frequently detected. an alpaca was immunized with a surrogate of bde-47 covalently attached to a carrier protein. the resulting mrna c ...201425005746
mers coronavirus in dromedary camel herd, saudi arabia.a prospective study of a dromedary camel herd during the 2013-14 calving season showed middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus infection of calves and adults. virus was isolated from the nose and feces but more frequently from the nose. preexisting neutralizing antibody did not appear to protect against infection.201424964193
plasma steroid hormone concentrations and blood flow of the ovarian structures of the female dromedary (camelus dromedarius) during growth, dominance, spontaneous ovulation, luteinization and regression of the follicular wave.the objectives of this study were to investigate the ovarian follicular waves and their corresponding hormonal changes in she-camels and to elucidate blood perfusion of the ovarian structures. three reproductively sound, non-pregnant female camels were examined daily using b-mode and color doppler to detect changes in their ovarian structures and blood vasculature for 22 follicular waves. blood area (ba) and percentage (ba%) were determined for the ovarian structures. three phases of follicular ...201424957969
middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov) rna and neutralising antibodies in milk collected according to local customs from dromedary camels, qatar, april 2014.antibodies to middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov) were detected in serum and milk collected according to local customs from 33 camels in qatar, april 2014. at one location, evidence for active virus shedding in nasal secretions and/or faeces was observed for 7/12 camels; viral rna was detected in milk of five of these seven camels. the presence of mers-cov rna in milk of camels actively shedding the virus warrants measures to prevent putative food-borne transmission of mers-c ...201424957745
seroepidemiology of middle east respiratory syndrome (mers) coronavirus in saudi arabia (1993) and australia (2014) and characterisation of assay specificity.the pseudoparticle virus neutralisation test (ppnt) and a conventional microneutralisation (mn) assay are specific for detecting antibodies to middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov) when used in seroepidemiological studies in animals. genetically diverse mers-cov appear antigenically similar in mn tests. we confirm that mers-cov was circulating in dromedaries in saudi arabia in 1993. preliminary data suggest that feral australian dromedaries may be free of mers-cov but larger co ...201424957744
[middle-east coronavirus: new menace; questions about dromedary]. 201424941691
multiphoton imaging of tumor biomarkers with conjugates of single-domain antibodies and quantum dots.an ideal multiphoton fluorescent nanoprobe should combine a nanocrystal with the largest possible two-photon absorption cross section (tpacs) and the smallest highly specific recognition molecules bound in an oriented manner. cdse/zns quantum dots (qds) conjugated to 13-kda single-domain antibodies (sdabs) derived from camelid igg or streptavidin have been used as efficient two-photon excitation (tpe) probes for carcinoembryonic antigen (cea) imaging on normal human appendix and colon carcinoma ...201424941465
adenoviral targeting using genetically incorporated camelid single variable domains.the unique ability of human adenovirus serotype 5 (ad5) to accomplish efficient transduction has allowed the use of ad5-based vectors for a range of gene therapy applications. several strategies have been developed to alter tropism of ad vectors to achieve a cell-specific gene delivery by using fiber modifications via genetic incorporation of targeting motifs. in this study, we have explored the utility of novel anti-human carcinoembryonic antigen (hcea) single variable domains derived from heav ...201424933423
differential neutralizing activities of a single domain camelid antibody (vhh) specific for ricin toxin's binding subunit (rtb).ricin, a member of the a-b family of ribosome-inactivating proteins, is classified as a select toxin by the centers for disease control and prevention because of its potential use as a biothreat agent. in an effort to engineer therapeutics for ricin, we recently produced a collection of alpaca-derived, heavy-chain only antibody vh domains (vhh or "nanobody") specific for ricin's enzymatic (rta) and binding (rtb) subunits. we reported that one particular rtb-specific vhh, rtb-b7, when covalently ...201424918772
molecular analysis of heavy chain-only antibodies of camelus bactrianus.in this work, igg content and structures of antigen-binding domains and hinge regions of different igg subtypes of camelus bactrianus were analyzed in detail for the first time. our data demonstrate that c. bactrianus contains a very large amount of heavy chain-only antibodies that can be used as a source of vhh domain-containing molecules. despite some minor sequence differences identified in this study, c. bactrianus vhh domains possess principally the same unique features as those of c. drome ...201425716733
camelid genomes reveal evolution and adaptation to desert environments.bactrian camel (camelus bactrianus), dromedary (camelus dromedarius) and alpaca (vicugna pacos) are economically important livestock. although the bactrian camel and dromedary are large, typically arid-desert-adapted mammals, alpacas are adapted to plateaus. here we present high-quality genome sequences of these three species. our analysis reveals the demographic history of these species since the tortonian stage of the miocene and uncovers a striking correlation between large fluctuations in po ...201425333821
the β-casein in camels: molecular characterization of the csn2 gene, promoter analysis and genetic variability.the β-casein is the most abundant protein in camel milk and its encoding gene (csn2) is considered in other species a 'major' gene for the presence of alleles associated to different level of expression. in the present paper, we report for the first time the characterization of the nucleotide sequence of the whole β-casein-encoding gene (csn2) plus 2,141 bp at the 5'-flanking region in camelus dromedarius. the promoter region and the complete cdna are also provided for the first time in camelus ...201424973699
genetic diversity and population structure of mongolian domestic bactrian camels (camelus bactrianus).the tradition of animal husbandry in the context of a nomadic lifestyle has been of great significance in the mongolian society. both bactrian camels and horses have been invaluable for the survival and development of human activities in the harsh arid environment of the mongolian steppe. as camels offer unique and sustainable opportunities for livestock production in marginal agro-ecological zones, we investigated the current genetic diversity of three local mongolian camel breeds and compared ...201424749721
analysis of heavy and light chain sequences of conventional camelid antibodies from camelus dromedarius and camelus bactrianus species.camel antibodies have been widely investigated, but work has focused upon the unique heavy chain antibodies found across camelid species. these are homodimers, devoid of light chains and the first constant heavy chain domain. camelid species also display conventional hetero-tetrameric antibodies with identical pairs of heavy and light chains; in camelus dromedarius these constitute 25% of circulating antibodies. few investigations have been made on this subset of antibodies and complete conventi ...201424444705
animal models of middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus infection.the emergence of the middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov) in 2012 marked the second time that a new, highly pathogenic coronavirus has emerged in the human population in the 21st century. in this review, we discuss the current state of knowledge of animal models of mers-cov infection. commonly used laboratory animal species such as syrian hamsters, mice and ferrets are not susceptible to mers-cov, due to differences in the mers-cov receptor dipeptidyl peptidase 4 (dpp4). the i ...201526192750
genomic data from extinct north american camelops revise camel evolutionary history.recent advances in paleogenomic technologies have enabled an increasingly detailed understanding of the evolutionary relationships of now-extinct mammalian taxa. however, a number of enigmatic quaternary species have never been characterized with molecular data, often because available fossils are rare or are found in environments that are not optimal for dna preservation. here, we analyze paleogenomic data extracted from bones attributed to the late pleistocene western camel, camelops cf. heste ...201526037535
middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov): animal to human interaction.the middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov) is a novel enzootic betacoronavirus that was first described in september 2012. the clinical spectrum of mers-cov infection in humans ranges from an asymptomatic or mild respiratory illness to severe pneumonia and multi-organ failure; overall mortality is around 35.7%. bats harbour several betacoronaviruses that are closely related to mers-cov but more research is needed to establish the relationship between bats and mers-cov. the serop ...201526924345
[new world camelid days 2014]. 201526753315
lymph node hemangioma in one-humped camel.hemangioma is a benign tumor of blood and lymphatic vessels. it is common in skin, mucosa and soft tissues, and its occurrence in lymph nodes is extremely rare. a 10 year-old she-camel was slaughtered at nyala slaughterhouse, south darfur state, sudan. grossly, the carcass was emaciated. the left ventral superficial cervical lymph node was enlarged, hard on palpation and protruded outside the body. its cut surface was dark red in color and measured (18 cm) in diameter. histopathologically, the s ...201526753134
hydatidosis of camel (camelus dromedarius) at jijiga municipal abattoir, eastern ethiopia: prevalence, associated risk factors and financial implication.a cross-sectional study was conducted from november 2010 to may 2011 to estimate the prevalence of camel hydatidosis, associated risk factors and financial loss in jijiga municipal abattoir, somali regional state, eastern ethiopia. accordingly, of the total 400 inspected camel, 92 (23 %) camels and 109 organs were positive for hydatid cyst with the highest proportion recorded in lung (56 %) followed by liver (33.9 %), spleen (7.3 %) and kidneys (2.8 %). the prevalence of hydatidosis significantl ...201526688643
middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov) in dromedary camels in nigeria, 2015.evidence of current and past middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov) infection in dromedary camels slaughtered at an abattoir in kano, nigeria in january 2015, was sought by reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction (rt-qpcr) and serology. mers-cov rna was detected in 14 (11%) of 132 nasal swabs and antibody in 126 (96%) of 131 serum samples. phylogenetic analyses demonstrate that the viruses in nigeria are genetically distinct from those reported in the arabia ...201526676406
a phylogenetically distinct middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus detected in a dromedary calf from a closed dairy herd in dubai with rising seroprevalence with age.middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov) was detected by monoclonal antibody-based nucleocapsid protein-capture enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa), rna detection, and viral culture from the nasal sample of a 1-month-old dromedary calf in dubai with sudden death. whole genome phylogeny showed that this mers-cov strain did not cluster with the other mers-cov strains from dubai that we reported recently. instead, it formed a unique branch more closely related to other mers-cov ...201526632876
mers coronavirus: diagnostics, epidemiology and transmission.the first known cases of middle east respiratory syndrome (mers), associated with infection by a novel coronavirus (cov), occurred in 2012 in jordan but were reported retrospectively. the case first to be publicly reported was from jeddah, in the kingdom of saudi arabia (ksa). since then, mers-cov sequences have been found in a bat and in many dromedary camels (dc). mers-cov is enzootic in dc across the arabian peninsula and in parts of africa, causing mild upper respiratory tract illness in its ...201526695637
asymptomatic mers-cov infection in humans possibly linked to infected dromedaries imported from oman to united arab emirates, may 2015.in may 2015 in united arab emirates, asymptomatic middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus infection was identified through active case finding in 2 men with exposure to infected dromedaries. epidemiologic and virologic findings suggested zoonotic transmission. genetic sequences for viruses from the men and camels were similar to those for viruses recently detected in other countries.201526584223
method for sorting and pairwise selection of nanobodies for the development of highly sensitive sandwich immunoassays.single domain heavychain binders (nanobodies) obtained from camelid antibody libraries hold a great promise for immunoassay development. however, there is no simple method to select the most valuable nanobodies from the crowd of positive clones obtained after the initial screening. in this paper, we describe a novel nanobody-based platform that allows comparison of the reactivity of hundreds of clones with the labeled antigen, and identifies the best nanobody pairs for two-site immunoassay devel ...201526544909
presence of antibodies but no evidence for circulation of mers-cov in dromedaries on the canary islands, 2015.in 2012, a new betacoronavirus, middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov), was identified in humans. several studies confirmed dromedary camels to be a potential reservoir and a source for human infection. camels located on the canary islands were included in those studies and ca 10% of them were positive for mers-cov-specific antibodies. however, these findings could not be correctly interpreted because epidemiological information was not provided. thus, further investigations wer ...201526536463
testicular cytological profiles of apparently healthy male dromedary camels during rutting and non-rutting periods.the aim of this study was to evaluate testicular cytological profiles of apparently healthy dromedary bulls during rutting and non-rutting periods. pairs of testes from 26 (18 non-rutting and 8 rutting seasons) dromedary bulls 6-12 years old that were slaughtered at akaki, addis ababa abattoir were sampled. a 21 gauge needle attached to 20ml syringe was used to collect testicular fine needle aspiration (tfna) samples and five aspiration smears were prepared from each testis. a total of 312 slide ...201526526117
nanobody-based electrochemical immunoassay for ultrasensitive determination of apolipoprotein-a1 using silver nanoparticles loaded nanohydroxyapatite as label.nanobodies (nbs), derived from camelid heavy-chain antibodies, have distinct advantages over conventional antibodies in immunoassay. in this work, nbs (nb11 and nb19) that can bind to different epitopes on apolipoprotein-a1 (apo-a1) were screened out from an immunized bactrian camel for the first time. nb11 was used as capture antibody and fixed on gold nanoparticles (au nps) modified screen-printed carbon electrode (spce). the silver nanoparticles loaded nanohydroxyapatite (ag-nhap) was used as ...201526522241
serological evidence of mers-cov antibodies in dromedary camels (camelus dromedaries) in laikipia county, kenya.middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov) is a recently identified virus causing severe viral respiratory illness in people. little is known about the reservoir in the horn of africa. in kenya, where no human mers cases have been reported, our survey of 335 dromedary camels, representing nine herds in laikipia county, showed a high seroprevalence (46.9%) to mers-cov antibodies. between herd differences were present (14.3%- 82.9%), but was not related to management type or herd isol ...201526473733
middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov): what lessons can we learn?the middle east respiratory coronavirus (mers-cov) was first isolated from a patient who died with severe pneumonia in june 2012. as of 19 june 2015, a total of 1,338 mers-cov infections have been notified to the world health organization (who). clinical illness associated with mers-cov ranges from mild upper respiratory symptoms to rapidly progressive pneumonia and multi-organ failure. a significant proportion of patients present with non-respiratory symptoms such as headache, myalgia, vomiting ...201526452615
rumen microbial community composition varies with diet and host, but a core microbiome is found across a wide geographical range.ruminant livestock are important sources of human food and global greenhouse gas emissions. feed degradation and methane formation by ruminants rely on metabolic interactions between rumen microbes and affect ruminant productivity. rumen and camelid foregut microbial community composition was determined in 742 samples from 32 animal species and 35 countries, to estimate if this was influenced by diet, host species, or geography. similar bacteria and archaea dominated in nearly all samples, while ...201526449758
isolation of camelid single-domain antibodies against native proteins using recombinant multivalent peptide ligands.generation of antibodies against desired epitopes on folded proteins may be hampered by various characteristics of the target protein, including antigenic and immunogenic dominance of irrelevant epitopes and/or steric occlusion of the desired epitope. in such cases, peptides encompassing linear epitopes of the native protein represent attractive alternative reagents for immunization and screening. peptide antigens are typically prepared by fusing or conjugating the peptide of interest to a carri ...201526424272
a review of sarcocystosis in camels and redescription of sarcocystis cameli and sarcocystis ippeni sarcocysts from the one-humped camel (camelus dromedarius).there is considerable confusion concerning sarcocystis species in camels. five species: sarcocystis cameli, sarcocystis ippeni, sarcocystis camelicanis, sarcocystis camelocanis and sarcocystis miescheri were named with inadequate descriptions and no type specimens. here, we review literature on sarcocystosis in camels worldwide and redescribe structure of s. cameli and s. ippeni sarcocysts by light- and transmission electron microscopy (lm and tem). eight sarcocysts from the oesophagi of two cam ...201526416197
effects of a gnrh administration on testosterone profile, libido and semen parameters of dromedary camel bulls.gnrh treatment has been suggested to increase testosterone levels temporarily and to stimulate libido in stallions, but its use has not fully ascertained in dromedary camels. the aim of this work was to study the effects of administering 100 μg of gnrh on testosterone profile, libido and semen parameters in dromedary camels. the same bulls were used as self-controls and experimental group. blood samples were collected every 20 min (t0-t12) for 4h, and semen collections were performed over a 2-ho ...201526412546
characterization of ovulatory capacity development in the dominant follicle of dromedary camels (camelus dromedarius).the acquisition of ovulatory capacity in the growing dominant follicle (df) of dromedary camels was examined in the current study. ovulation occurred in response to hcg (1500 iu) in 27.3%, 58.3% or 100% of camels with follicles of 9, 10 or 11 mm diameter, respectively. a high dose of hcg (4500 iu) resulted in ovulation of 77.8% and 100% of camels with follicles of 9 and 10mm, respectively. in naturally mated animals, ovulation occurred in 36.4% and 92.8% of camels with 10 and 11 mm follicles, re ...201526370463
the efficacy of controlled internal drug release (cidr) in synchronizing the follicular wave in dromedary camels (camelus dromedarius) during the breeding season.the present study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of controlled internal drug release (cidr) to synchronize the follicular wave in dromedary camels (camelus dromedarius) during the breeding season through ovarian monitoring, evaluating sexual receptivity, and measuring progesterone (p4) and estradiol (e2) levels during and after cidr treatment. sixteen camels received a new cidr containing 1.9 g of p4 for 14 days. ultrasound ovarian monitoring was performed on the day of insertion and every 3 day ...201526329663
a novel astrovirus from dromedaries in the middle east.the recent emergence of middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus from the middle east and its discovery from dromedary camels has boosted interest in the search for novel viruses in dromedaries. the existence of astroviruses (astvs) in dromedaries was previously unknown. we describe the discovery of a novel dromedary camel astv (dcastv) from dromedaries in dubai. among 215 dromedaries, dcastv was detected in faecal samples of four [three (1.5 %) adult dromedaries and one (8.3 %) dromedary ca ...201526296576
[advances in the researches of genomic characterization and molecular detection of middel east respiratory syndrome coronavirus].middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov) was recently identified as a novel human coronavirus known to infect human with high mortality. it belongs to c clade of the betacoronavirus shown the similar genomic structure as other human coronaviruses.to date, some different subtypes of the viral genome were identified but its origin was unclear. some evidences indicated it maybe came from the bats or dromedary. and series of molecular detection methods have been established and applie ...201526081714
mers-cov in upper respiratory tract and lungs of dromedary camels, saudi arabia, 2013-2014.to assess the temporal dynamics of middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov) infection in dromedary camels, specimens were collected at 1-2 month intervals from 2 independent groups of animals during april 2013-may 2014 in al-ahsa province, saudi arabia, and tested for mers-cov rna by reverse transcription pcr. of 96 live camels, 28 (29.2%) nasal swab samples were positive; of 91 camel carcasses, 56 (61.5%) lung tissue samples were positive. positive samples were more commonly foun ...201526079346
biochemical and hormonal analysis of follicular fluid and serum of female dromedary camels (camelus dromedarius) with different sized ovarian follicles.the current study aimed to compare some biochemical and hormonal constituents in follicular fluids and serum of female dromedary camels with different sized ovarian follicles. therefore, follicular fluids from follicles sized 1.1-1.5cm (n=10), 1.6-2.1cm (n=10) and 2.2-2.5cm (n=10) and sera were harvested from 20 female camels. the concentrations of ascorbic acid, glucose, cholesterol and activities of acid phosphatase (acp) and alkaline phosphatase (alp) were not changed significantly neither in ...201526077770
pet imaging of macrophage mannose receptor-expressing macrophages in tumor stroma using 18f-radiolabeled camelid single-domain antibody fragments.tumor-associated macrophages constitute a major component of the stroma of solid tumors, encompassing distinct subpopulations with different characteristics and functions. we aimed to identify m2-oriented tumor-supporting macrophages within the tumor microenvironment as indicators of cancer progression and prognosis, using pet imaging. this can be realized by designing (18)f-labeled camelid single-domain antibody fragments (sdabs) specifically targeting the macrophage mannose receptor (mmr), whi ...201526069306
middle east respiratory syndrome.middle east respiratory syndrome (mers) is a highly lethal respiratory disease caused by a novel single-stranded, positive-sense rna betacoronavirus (mers-cov). dromedary camels, hosts for mers-cov, are implicated in direct or indirect transmission to human beings, although the exact mode of transmission is unknown. the virus was first isolated from a patient who died from a severe respiratory illness in june, 2012, in jeddah, saudi arabia. as of may 31, 2015, 1180 laboratory-confirmed cases (48 ...201526049252
isolation and molecular characterization of partial fsh and lh receptor genes in arabian camels (camelus dromedarius).very little is known about lhr and fshr genes of domestic dromedary camels. the main objective of this study was to determine and analyze partial genomic regions of fshr and lhr genes in dromedary camels for the first time. to this end, a total of50 dna samples belonging to dromedary camels raised in iran were sent for sequencing (25 samples of each gene). we compared the nucleotide sequences of camelus dromedarius with corresponding sequences of previously published fshr and lhr genes in bactri ...201527844002
camelid ig v genes reveal significant human homology not seen in therapeutic target genes, providing for a powerful therapeutic antibody platform.camelid immunoglobulin variable (igv) regions were found homologous to their human counterparts; however, the germline v repertoires of camelid heavy and light chains are still incomplete and their therapeutic potential is only beginning to be appreciated. we therefore leveraged the publicly available htg and wgs databases of lama pacos and camelus ferus to retrieve the germline repertoire of v genes using human igv genes as reference. in addition, we amplified igkv and iglv genes to uncover the ...201526018625
effect of oxytocin and pgf2α on chlortetracycline absorption from the uterus of early postpartum camels (camelus dromedarius).fifteen parturient camels given chlortetracycline (ctc) as intrauterine pessaries (3 g/head) were divided into the control group (n = 5), which remained untreated, oxytocin-treated group (50 iu, intramuscular; n = 5), and cloprostenol-treated group (estrumate, 500 μg, intramuscular; n = 5). serum samples were collected at 0, 1, 2, 4, 8, 24, 48, and 72 hours after treatment and ctc was determined. the ctc appeared in blood within 1 hour. the maximum concentration of ctc was detected in blood afte ...201526004206
middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus "mers-cov": current knowledge gaps.the middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov) that causes a severe lower respiratory tract infection in humans is now considered a pandemic threat to the gulf region. since its discovery in 2012, mers-cov has reached 23 countries affecting about 1100 people, including a dozen children, and claiming over 400 lives. compared to sars (severe acute respiratory syndrome), mers-cov appears to kill more people (40% versus 10%), more quickly, and is especially more severe in those with pre ...201526002405
acute middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus infection in livestock dromedaries, dubai, 2014.camels carry middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus, but little is known about infection age or prevalence. we studied >800 dromedaries of all ages and 15 mother-calf pairs. this syndrome constitutes an acute, epidemic, and time-limited infection in camels <4 years of age, particularly calves. delayed social separation of calves might reduce human infection risk.201525989145
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