Publications

nutritional properties and consumer evaluation of donkey bresaola and salami: comparison with conventional products.	nutritional properties and consumer evaluation were performed in bresaola and salami from donkey meat compared with respective conventional products. donkey bresaola and salami showed higher content of protein and lower content of fat than beef bresaola and pork salami. significant differences in the unsaturation level of fatty acids were found. particularly, donkey meat products showed lower saturated fatty acids, higher polyunsatured fatty acid content and better nutritional indices than conve ...	2015	25462378
udder characteristics and effects of pulsation rate on milking machine efficiency in donkeys.	very little is known about the udder characteristics, partitioning of milk in the mammary gland and efficiency of machine milking in donkeys. this study aimed to evaluate the characteristics of the udder and teats, milk yield in relation to pulsation rates (90, 120 and 150 cycles/min), milk partitioning in the mammary gland, composition of the spontaneously removed and residual milk fractions and milking efficiency. forty-one healthy martina franca jennies in the third month of lactation and rou ...	2015	25434360
sedation and mechanical antinociception after intravenous administration of detomidine in donkeys: a dosage-effect study.	there is limited, useful, scientific information on detomidine in donkeys. this study compared the effects of intravenous saline, detomidine (10, 13.5, 17 and 20 μg/kg) and acepromazine (50 μg/kg) in donkeys by computing areas under the curve for 0-30, 30-60 and 60-120 minutes (auc0-30, auc30-60 and auc60-120) for sedation scores, head heights and mechanical nociceptive thresholds (mnts). for sedation scores, all detomidine treatments, except 10 μg/kg, increased auc0-30 values compared with sali ...	2015	25430939
peptidome characterization and bioactivity analysis of donkey milk.	donkey milk is an interesting commercial product for its nutritional values, which make it the most suitable mammalian milk for human consumption, and for the bioactivity associated with it and derivative products. to further mine the characterization of donkey milk, an extensive peptidomic study was performed. two peptide purification strategies were compared to remove native proteins and lipids and enrich the peptide fraction. in one case the whole protein content was precipitated by organic s ...	2015	25668324
successful practice of electroacupuncture analgesia in equine surgery.	electroacupuncture analgesia was used for surgery in horses and donkeys. a kwd-808 electrical stimulator was used to incrementally induce a dense, dispersed wave output at frequencies from 20 to 55 hz, which was maintained at a frequency of 55 hz, and to change the amplitude of the wave to the best grading number for the suggested operation in each animal. induction of analgesia lasted for 20-30 minutes, and the effect of analgesia was maintained for 20-45 minutes depending on the type of surger ...	2015	25660442
pyrantel resistance in two herds of donkey in the uk.	resistance to currently available anthelmintics is a serious phenomenon which is prevalent globally. cyathostomins are one of the major parasites, and are of primary concern in donkeys. there have been reports of emerging resistance to pyrantel, but the status of pyrantel resistance in donkey populations in the uk is largely unknown. this report investigates pyrantel resistance in two geographically isolated donkey herds in the south west of england. the first herd had suspected pyrantel resista ...	2015	25576440
equids.	alongside domestic horses and donkeys, the horse family, also known as equids, comprises six extant wild species of asses and zebras (figure 1). equids are extremely well represented in the fossil record, comprising a 55 million-year evolutionary history, punctuated by many episodes of innovation, extinction and migration. limited to the single genus equus today, in the miocene (23.0–5.3 million years ago) the equid family flourished, comprising more than twenty genera. the group originated in n ...	2015	26485367
clinical abnormalities in working donkeys and their associations with behaviour.	working donkeys are at risk of developing multiple, acute and chronic health problems. the ability to recognise and assess pain in donkeys associated with these health problems is important for people responsible for their care and treatment, including owners and veterinary or animal health workers.	2015	26392903
using physical and emotional parameters to assess donkey welfare in botswana.	working donkeys in maun, botswana contribute to people's livelihoods substantially through the provision of transport, ploughing and income generating activities. however, working donkeys suffer from various welfare issues that were investigated in this study to provide preliminary insights on their health and well-being.	2015	26392888
clinical research abstracts of the british equine veterinary association congress 2015.	yellow fat disease or steatitis is characterised by a local or general inflammation of fat tissue and is occasionally found in horses. diagnosis is challenging because of the wide range of nonspecific clinical signs.	2015	26375299
l-carnitine and pyruvate are prosurvival factors during the storage of stallion spermatozoa at room temperature.	the spermatozoa of many stallions do not tolerate being cooled, restricting the commercial viability of these animals and necessitating the development of a chemically defined room temperature (rt) storage medium. this study examined the impact of two major modulators of oxidative phosphorylation, pyruvate (pyr) and l-carnitine (l-c), on the storage of stallion spermatozoa at rt. optimal concentrations of pyr (10 mm) and l-c (50 mm) were first identified and these concentrations were then used t ...	2015	26316064
improving the lives of dairy donkeys.		2015	28319913
influence of season on daytime behavioral activities of donkeys in the northern guinea savanna zone of nigeria.	the present experiment was performed with the aim of investigating the effect of season on behavioral activities of donkeys during the rainy and harmattan seasons in the northern guinea zone of nigeria. sixteen apparently healthy donkeys were used as subjects and divided into four groups based on age. during each season, behavioral activities of each donkey were evaluated for three weeks using the focal animal sampling technique. the dry-bulb temperature (dbt), relative humidity (rh), and temper ...	2015	26858575
anbarnesa: the past tradition, the future medicine.	in the iranian traditional medicine, anbarnesa smoke derived from burning female donkey's dung has long been used for treatment of inflammatory ulcers and infections of the middle and external ear with no significant side effects. the aim of this study was to introduce anbarnesa and discuss its therapeutic effects.	2015	26756020
corrigendum: donkey genome and insight into the imprinting of fast karyotype evolution.		2015	26681131
monthly variations of rhinoestrus spp. (diptera: oestridae) larvae infesting donkeys in egypt: morphological and molecular identification of third stage larvae.	this study was carried out to investigate the prevalence and monthly intensity of rhinoestrus (r) spp. among donkeys slaughtered at giza zoo abattoir, egypt. a total of 144 donkeys were examined at postmortem through two visits per month from january 2010 to december 2010. all donkeys were infested with one or more larval stages during all months of the examination period (100%). the 1st and 2nd stage larvae (l1 and l2) were mostly observed in the turbinate bones and seldom in the nasal passages ...	2015	26644940
comparative characteristics of dna polymorphisms of κ-casein gene (csn3) in the horse and donkey.	the aims of this study were to assess the genetic variability in the exon 1 of the κ-casein gene in four italian horse populations (italian saddle horse, italian trotter, italian heavy draught horse, and murgese horse) and in a sample of martina franca donkey by estimating genotype, allele and haplotype frequencies, as well as several population genetic indices. genotyping of the selected polymorphisms was performed using the pcr-rflp technique with two restriction enzymes: psti and bseyi aimed ...	2015	26600516
depletion of intracellular thiols and increased production of 4-hydroxynonenal that occur during cryopreservation of stallion spermatozoa lead to caspase activation, loss of motility, and cell death.	oxidative stress has been linked to sperm death and the accelerated senescence of cryopreserved spermatozoa. however, the molecular mechanisms behind this phenomenon remain poorly understood. reactive oxygen species (ros) are considered relevant signaling molecules for sperm function, only becoming detrimental when ros homeostasis is lost. we hereby hypothesize that a major component of the alteration of ros homeostasis in cryopreserved spermatozoa is the exhaustion of intrinsic antioxidant defe ...	2015	26536905
characterization of the intravenous glucose tolerance test and the combined glucose-insulin test in donkeys.	glucose-insulin dynamic challenges such as the intravenous glucose tolerance test (ivgtt) and combined glucose-insulin test (cgit) have not been described in donkeys. the objectives of this study were (1) to characterize the ivgtt and cgit in healthy adult donkeys, and (2) to establish normal glucose-insulin proxies. sixteen donkeys were used and body morphometric variables obtained each. for the ivgtt, glucose (300 mg/kg) was given iv. for the cgit, glucose (150 mg/kg) followed by recombinant i ...	2015	26515163
status of the genetic diversity and population structure of the pêga donkey.	pedigree analysis was extended to the pêga donkey population in order to evaluate the status of genetic diversity and population structure. all parameters were computed for three reference populations of animals born between 2004 and 2014: all animals, animals with mouse gray coat color, and animals with roan coat color. although the average inbreeding coefficient observed was low (about 3 %), highly inbred animals are present in the current population. the effective population size based on the ...	2015	26255185
development of the larval migration inhibition test for comparative analysis of ivermectin sensitivity in cyathostomin populations.	cyathostomins are the most prevalent parasitic pathogens of equids worldwide. these nematodes have been controlled using broad-spectrum anthelmintics; however, cyathostomin resistance to each anthelmintic class has been reported and populations insensitive to more than one class are relatively commonplace. the faecal egg count reduction test (fecrt) is considered the most suitable method for screening anthelmintic sensitivity in horses, but is subject to variation and is relatively time-consumin ...	2015	26120037
ethnoveterinary of sahrawi pastoralists of western sahara: camel diseases and remedies.	pastoral populations around the world hold complex and detailed ethnoveterinary knowledge, essential for the survival of their herds and securing their livelihood. in recent decades, several studies have given attention to local veterinary remedies and practices and their validation, and to the local conceptualization of livestock diseases. despite this, relatively little has been reported on indigenous knowledge of camel diseases (e.g., aetiological factors, epidemiological patterns, symptoms, ...	2015	26087846
procaine induces cytokinesis in horse oocytes via a ph-dependent mechanism.	coincubating equine gametes in the presence of procaine has been reported to facilitate in vitro fertilization, with cleavage rates exceeding 60%. we report that while procaine does trigger sperm hyperactivation, it independently induces cleavage of equine oocytes. first, we found that procaine (1-5 mm) did not facilitate stallion sperm penetration of equine oocytes but instead induced sperm-independent oocyte cytokinesis in the absence of the second polar body extrusion. indeed, 56 ± 4% of oocy ...	2015	26085521
an investigation of the equine infectious disease threat represented by the presence of donkeys at mixed equestrian events in ireland.	the number of abandoned or otherwise neglected donkeys has significantly increased in ireland in the recent past. the real or perceived capacity of the donkey to act as a reservoir of equine infectious disease, and thus pose an increased risk of disease transmission to horses and ponies, may be a factor in this increased abandonment and neglect. the authors here report on a field study exploring the infectious disease transmission threat the donkey poses to the general equine industry in ireland ...	2015	26075056
minor and potentially toxic trace elements in milk and blood serum of dairy donkeys.	the aim of this trial was to study the concentration of ti, v, as, rb, sr, mo, cd, cs, and pb in donkey milk and blood serum. one hundred twelve individual milk and blood serum samples were collected from 16 lactating donkeys (martina-franca-derived population; 6 to 12 yr old; 3 to 7 parities; average live weight 205.4kg; 32 to 58 d after foaling at the beginning of the trial) during a 3-mo-long experiment. the samples were analyzed for the aforementioned elements by inductively coupled plasma-m ...	2015	26074242
factors affecting pregnancy length and phases of parturition in martina franca jennies.	the knowledge of normal pregnancy length, duration of parturition stages, and neonatal early adaptation is mandatory for a rationale management of birth, especially in monotocous species with long gestations. this study reports data obtained from a large number of martina franca jennies with normal healthy pregnancies and spontaneous eutocic delivery of a mature, healthy, and viable donkey foal. pregnancy lasts, on average, 371 days, and only the fetal gender significantly determines pregnancy l ...	2015	26007611
screening for anthelmintic resistance in equid strongyles (nematoda) in romania.	resistance to anthelmintic medication of equid strongyles is a worldwide phenomenon and for this reason systematic investigations of resistant parasite populations are necessary. the purpose of the present study was to investigate the presence and distribution of equid strongyles resistant to the anthelmintics used in romania, as well as the pre-treatment and post-treatment prevalence of species of strongylid nematodes. the faecal egg count reduction test was performed between 2010 and 2013 on a ...	2015	25960567
energy-related parameters and their association with age, gender, and morphometric measurements in healthy donkeys.	donkeys are commonly afflicted by endocrine and metabolic disturbances but few studies have investigated endocrine variables involved in energy regulation and their association with morphometric indices, age or gender in this species. hemostatic and clinical differences have been demonstrated between horses and donkeys, so to consider both species as metabolically and endocrinologically similar could lead to misdiagnosis. in this study, plasma concentrations of glucose, triglycerides and endocri ...	2015	25920762
effect of single-layer centrifugation or washing on frozen-thawed donkey semen quality: do they have the same effect regardless of the quality of the sample?	the aims of this study were to determine the sperm quality of frozen-thawed donkey sperm samples after single-layer centrifugation (slc) using androcoll-e in comparison to sperm washing or no centrifugation and to determine if the effect on the sperm quality after slc or sperm washing depends on the quality of the sample. frozen-thawed sperm samples from andalusian donkeys were divided into three aliquots, and they were processed using three different techniques after thawing: uncentrifuged dilu ...	2015	25917884
a missense mutation in the agouti signaling protein gene (asip) is associated with the no light points coat phenotype in donkeys.	seven donkey breeds are recognized by the french studbook and are characterized by a black, bay or grey coat colour including light cream-to-white points (lp). occasionally, normand bay donkeys give birth to dark foals that lack lp and display the no light points (nlp) pattern. this pattern is more frequent and officially recognized in american miniature donkeys. the lp (or pangare) phenotype resembles that of the light bellied agouti pattern in mouse, while the nlp pattern resembles that of the ...	2015	25887951
a comparison of the carcass and meat quality of martina franca donkey foals aged 8 or 12 months.	the effects of slaughter age (8 vs 12 months) were investigated on meat and carcass quality obtained from martina franca donkey foals. sixteen male foals were used, eight were slaughtered at 8 months of age with a mean (±s.e.) final body weight of 101±18kg and the remaining 8 foals slaughtered at 12 months of age with a mean final body weight of 122±13kg. carcass weight and dressing percentage were higher (p<0.05) in older foals. shear force value was lower (p<0.05) in donkeys slaughtered at 8 m ...	2015	25863189
effects of age and season on haematological parameters of donkeys during the rainy and cold-dry seasons.	the aim of the study was to investigate the effects of age and season on haematological parameters of donkeys at rest during the rainy and cold-dry seasons. thirty healthy donkeys divided into three groups based on their age served as the subjects. during each season, blood sample was collected from each donkey thrice, 2 weeks apart, for haematological analysis, and the dry-bulb temperature (dbt), relative humidity (rh) and temperature-humidity index (thi) were obtained thrice each day during th ...	2015	25860334
two variants in the kit gene as candidate causative mutations for a dominant white and a white spotting phenotype in the donkey.	white spotting phenotypes have been intensively studied in horses, and although similar phenotypes occur in the donkey, little is known about the molecular genetics underlying these patterns in donkeys. white spotting in donkeys can range from only a few white areas to almost complete depigmentation and is characterised by a loss of pigmentation usually progressing from a white spot in the hip area. completely white-born donkeys are rare, and the phenotype is characterised by the complete absenc ...	2015	25818843
presence and distribution of leptin and its receptor in the minor salivary glands of the donkey.	leptin is a hormone widely diffused in the mammalian body in which it plays functions that go far beyond control of appetite and energy metabolism. the finding that it is present in the major salivary glands of various animal species is of interest for the functional implications that it may imply. since there are no data on the presence of leptin and its receptor in the minor salivary glands, the aim of this study was to demonstrate their presence and distribution in such glands of donkeys. thi ...	2015	25800979
hemato-biochemical responses to packing in donkeys administered ascorbic acid during the harmattan season.	experiments were performed to investigate the effect of ascorbic acid (aa) in reducing hemato-biochemical changes in pack donkeys during the cold-dry (harmattan) season. six experimental donkeys administered orally aa (200 mg/kg) and six control donkeys not administered ascorbic acid were subjected to packing. blood samples were collected from all donkeys for hematological and biochemical analyses. in the control donkeys, packed cell volume (pcv), erythrocyte count and hemoglobin concentration ( ...	2015	23154452
why does infant stepping disappear and can it be stimulated by optic flow?	two independent experiments (n = 22 and n = 22) showed that 2-month-old infants displayed significantly more stepping movements when supported upright in the air than when supported with their feet contacting a surface. air- and surface-stepping kinematics were quite similar (experiment 2). in addition, when data were collapsed across both experiments, more air steps and more donkey kicks were seen when infants were exposed to optic flows that specified backward compared to forward translation. ...	2015	25295407
gammaherpesvirus infections in equids: a review.	although the first equine gammaherpesvirus was identified over 50 years ago, the isolation and characterization of other members of this virus group has been relatively recent. even so, numerous clinical syndromes have been identified in equid species in association with these viruses. equid gammaherpesviruses are a genetically heterogeneous viral subfamily, the function of which in host immune modulation and disease pathogenesis has not yet been elucidated. while they share similarities with ga ...	2015	30155436
seroprevalence and epidemiology of toxoplasma gondii in farm animals in different regions of egypt.	toxoplasmosis is a cosmopolitan protozoan disease that has been recorded in a wide range of vertebrate hosts, including humans. in response to the paucity of available data, this study was undertaken to comprehensively establish the seroprevalence of toxoplasma gondii among various farm animals in different localities of egypt. the latex agglutination test and tggra7-based enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay were used to screen the investigated animals for anti-t. gondii igg antibodies. when only ...	2016	31014492
'donkeys' and dinner duty.		2016	2235603
expression of pgp 9.5 by enteric neurons in horses and donkeys with and without intestinal disease.	intestinal motility disorders are an important problem in horses and donkeys and this study was carried out in order to evaluate the enteric neurons in animals with and without intestinal disease. surplus intestinal tissue samples were collected from 28 horses undergoing exploratory laparotomy for colic. in addition, surplus intestinal samples from 17 control horses were collected immediately following humane destruction for clinical conditions not relating to the intestinal tract. similar sampl ...	2016	24444819
retrospective analysis of post-mortem findings in 1,444 aged donkeys.	the aim of this study was to describe and report the prevalence of conditions found at necropsy examination of uk donkeys. records from 1,444 donkeys over a 7-year period were included in the analysis. sixty-one categories of post-mortem finding were identified from 9,744 observations. the four most prevalent conditions noted were dental disorder (78.7%), vascular disease other than aneurysm (60.9%), arthritis (55.4%) and foot disorder (44.8%). gastric ulceration was found in 42% of the donkeys ...	2016	20880543
essential oils in the management of the donkey louse, bovicola ocellatus.	chewing lice are widespread and clinically compromising parasites of livestock and equids. their management is complicated by growing levels of resistance to commonly applied insecticides. hence, the development of novel approaches to their control is of major clinical interest.	2016	25756296
artificial suckling in martina franca donkey foals: effect on in vivo performances and carcass composition.	in recent years, there has been an increasing interest on donkey milk production, on its characteristics, and also on breeding techniques. donkey milk is characterized by high economic value, although the productive level of jennies is poor. during the milking process, foals are usually separated from their dams, allowing the milk collection in the mammary gland of jennies before milking session. this takes 8 h per day of fastening period for lactating donkey foals. during this period, it could ...	2016	26510946
repair of lung herniation with titanium prosthetic ribs and prolene mesh.	we present a rare case of intercostal lung herniation due to blunt trauma. a 40-year-old man was admitted to our hospital with lung herniation due to falling off a donkey. computed tomography demonstrated a fracture of the 8th left rib, a comminuted fracture of the 9th rib, and lung herniation into the 8th intercostal space. the herniation was repaired using a titanium prosthetic rib, a rib plate, and prolene mesh via a thoracotomy.	2016	26612961
organ of corti explants direct tonotopically graded morphology of spiral ganglion neurons in vitro.	the spiral ganglion is a compelling model system to examine how morphological form contributes to sensory function. while the ganglion is composed mainly of a single class of type i neurons that make simple one-to-one connections with inner hair cell sensory receptors, it has an elaborate overall morphological design. specific features, such as soma size and axon outgrowth, are graded along the spiral contour of the cochlea. to begin to understand the interplay between different regulators of ne ...	2016	26663318
effects of breed, age, season, and multiple ovulations on cyclic, pgf2α-induced, and postpartum estrus characteristics in spanish jennies.	this retrospective, population-based, cross-sectional study analyzed data for a total of 104 jennies reared in southern spain over the period 1995 to 2014. intervals to ovulation and incidence of multiple ovulation and pregnancy were charted for spontaneous, pgf2α-induced, and postpartum estrous cycles. in spontaneous estrous cycles, the interovulatory interval varied as a function of breed (p < 0.03) and month of ovulation (p < 0.01), and duration of estrus signs was longer in older jennies (0. ...	2016	26747577
donkey milk consumption exerts anti-inflammatory properties by normalizing antimicrobial peptides levels in paneth's cells in a model of ileitis in mice.	in this study, we showed the beneficial effects of donkey milk (dm) on inflammatory damages, endogenous antimicrobial peptides levels and fecal microbiota profile in a mice model of crohn's disease. nowadays, new strategies of microbiome manipulations are on the light involving specific diets to induce and/or to maintain clinical remission. interest of dm is explained by its high levels of antimicrobial peptides which confer it anti-inflammatory properties.	2016	27581119
equine cyathostominae can develop to infective third-stage larvae on straw bedding.	domesticated grazing animals including horses and donkeys are frequently housed using deep litter bedding systems, where it is commonly presumed that there is no risk of infection from the nematodes that are associated with grazing at pasture. we use two different approaches to test whether equids could become infected with cyathostomines from the ingestion of deep litter straw bedding.	2016	27581072
plasma disposition, milk excretion and parasitological efficacy of mebendazole in donkeys naturally infected by cyathostominae.	mebendazole (mbz) has been licensed for use in horses and donkeys, however there are no data available in the literature regarding its pharmacokinetic disposition and efficacy in donkeys. this study was designed to determine the plasma disposition, milk excretion and anthelmintic efficacy of mbz in donkeys naturally infected by cyathostominae. the animals were allocated to three groups, each of six donkeys. one group was untreated control (c-group) and the others were treated using a paste formu ...	2016	26827868
hematological and biochemical findings in pregnant, postfoaling, and lactating jennies.	the aims of this study were to (1) verify if significant changes occur in hematological and biochemical parameters in jennies during the last 2 months of pregnancy and the first 2 months of lactation, and (2) determine any differences with mares. hematological and biochemical parameters were evaluated in jennies every 15 days during late pregnancy, parturition, and early lactation. the kolmogorov-smirnov test, analysis of variance for repeated measurements and tukey's multiple comparison test as ...	2016	26792379
welfare conditions of donkeys in europe: initial outcomes from on-farm assessment.	this paper is a baseline study to present the initial outcomes of data collected in a sample of eu donkey farms using the awin welfare assessment protocol for donkeys, comprehensive of 22 valid, reliable and feasible animal-based indicators. a total of 20 donkey facilities (n = 12 in italy and n = 8 in united kingdom) were visited and 278 donkeys of different breed, aged 2-45 years, were assessed. three assessors underwent a common training period to learn how to perform and score all the indica ...	2016	26761034
ki-67 membranous staining: biologically relevant or an artifact of multiplexed immunofluorescent staining.	in the process of developing a multiplex of 8 common breast cancer biomarkers (her2/neu, estrogen receptor, progesterone receptor, ki-67, aldehyde dehydrogenase-1, nak-atpase, cytokeratin 8/18, and myosin smooth muscle) on a single formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded slide using a sequential staining, imaging, and dye bleaching technology developed by general electric company, membranous ki-67 staining was observed and colocalized with her2/neu staining. using immunohistochemistry as gold standards ...	2016	26258752
porcine urinary bladder extracellular matrix grafts (acell vet® corneal discs) for keratomalacia in 17 equids (2012-2013).	to describe the clinical course, outcomes, and complications associated with use of commercially available porcine urinary bladder extracellular matrix (ecm) grafts (acell vet(®) corneal discs) in equid patients with keratomalacia, and to evaluate the efficacy of ecm grafts as a viable alternative to other biomaterials for corneal grafting in equid patients.	2016	25429917
identifying behavioural differences in working donkeys in response to analgesic administration.	to identify pain-related behaviour in working donkeys in order to assist their owners and veterinarians to recognise and manage pain.	2016	25256702
molecular characterization, modeling, in silico analysis of equine pituitary gonadotropin alpha subunit and docking interaction studies with ganirelix.	equine pituitary gonadotropins (elh, efsh, ecg) are heterodimeric glycoprotein hormones with alpha (α) and beta (β) subunits. it is responsible for maintenance of pregnancy in mares during early gestation and fairly valuable for inducing superovulation in animals other than equines. the alpha subunit is common, while beta subunit is species-specific in all glycoprotein hormones. in the present investigation, molecular cloning and in silico characterization including homology modeling and molecul ...	2016	28721542
a rare case of gastric myiasis in a lion caused by gasterophilus intestinalis (diptera: gasterophilidae)-case report.	myiasis is the infection caused by a variety of dipterous (fly) larvae in vertebrate's tissue (man and domestic or wild animals). species of gasterophilus are obligate parasite of horses, donkeys, zebras, elephants and rhinoceroses. there are records worldwide, but mostly, in tropical and subtropical regions. this case report describes a type of gastric myiasis caused by g. intestinalis in an old lion in a zoo in sistan, southeast iran. myiasis in lions is rarely reported and this is the first r ...	2016	27308300
melatonin receptors mt1 and mt2 are expressed in spermatozoa from several seasonal and nonseasonal breeder species.	melatonin is a ubiquitous and multipurpose molecule, and one of its roles is to regulate reproduction in some seasonal mammals. our group has previously reported the variation in the melatonin levels in ram seminal plasma along the year and identified mt1 and mt2 receptors in ram spermatozoa. the objective of this study was to elucidate whether the presence of melatonin receptors (mt1 and mt2) in the sperm plasma membrane, and melatonin in the seminal plasma is related to seasonal breeding. for ...	2016	27448693
bevacizumab clearance through the iridocorneal angle following intravitreal injection in a rat model.	antivascular endothelial growth factor (anti-vegf) agents have been widely used for a variety of ocular disorders. the etiology of sustained ocular hypertension following intravitreal administration of anti-vegf agents is yet to be unraveled. our study investigates and characterizes the presence of intravitreally injected bevacizumab in the aqueous outflow channels of a rat model. choroidal neovascularization (cnv) was induced by diode laser photocoagulation to the right eye of twelve brown norw ...	2016	26923799
osteopetrosis in a neonatal donkey.	osteopetrosis is a rare disorder characterised by a defect in osteoclastic bone resorption. this report describes osteopetrosis in a neonatal donkey that suffered a displaced tibial fracture. radiographic examination identified generalised reduction in medullary cavity size, thickened mid-diaphyseal cortices and conical metaphyseal bone extending toward the mid-diaphysis of long bones. postmortem examination identified additional fractures and brittle bones. histologically, osteoclasts were abse ...	2016	27671079
amino acid mutations in the env gp90 protein that modify n-linked glycosylation of the chinese eiav vaccine strain enhance resistance to neutralizing antibodies.	the chinese eiav vaccine is an attenuated live virus vaccine obtained by serial passage of a virulent horse isolate (eiavl) in donkeys (eiavd) and, subsequently, in donkey cells in vitro. in this study, we compare the env gene of the original horse virulent virus (eiavl) with attenuated strains serially passaged in donkey mdm (eiavdlv) and donkey dermal cells (eiavfddv). genetic comparisons among parental and attenuated strains found that vaccine strains contained amino acid substitutions/deleti ...	2016	27572122
transrectal ultrasonographic evaluation of combined utero-placental thickness during the last half of pregnancy in martina franca donkeys.	in the recent years, the donkey population decreased dramatically so that many breeds are presently considered as endangered. in comparison to the horse, the donkey placenta still remains not completely studied. in the horse, one of the diagnostic tools useful to identify pregnant mares at risk of abortion or premature delivery, include the transrectal ultrasound examination of the uterus and its contents; and especially of the combined thickness of the uterus and of the placenta (cupt). since t ...	2016	27566849
relationships between body condition score and ultrasound skin-associated subcutaneous fat depth in equids.	in equids, health and welfare depend on body composition. a growing number of equids are now used as leisure and companion animals, and often found overfeed. the need for a close monitoring of body fatness led to the search for tools allowing a rapid and non-invasive estimation of fatness. this study intends to assess real-time ultrasonography (rtu) usefulness in establishing a relationship between ultrasound measures of subcutaneous fat-plus-skin thickness (sf-skin) and body condition score (bc ...	2016	27766985
circulating mirnas as potential alternative cell signaling associated with maternal recognition of pregnancy in the mare.	during early pregnancy, the conceptus and mare communicate to establish pregnancy. cell-secreted vesicles (e.g., exosomes) have been reported in serum. exosomes contain bioactive materials, such as mirna, that can mediate cell responses. we hypothesized that a) exosomes are present in mare circulation and quantity varies with pregnancy status, b) exosomes contain mirnas unique to pregnancy status, and c) mirnas target pathways in endometrium based upon pregnancy status of the mare. first, serum ...	2016	27760749
electrochemotherapy as a single or adjuvant treatment to surgery of cutaneous sarcoid tumours in horses: a 31-case retrospective study.	the aim of our study was to evaluate the efficacy of electrochemotherapy (ect) with cisplatin as a single or adjuvant treatment for sarcoids in equids. different treatment options with different success rates were proposed. thirty-one horses and one donkey with different clinical type, size and location of tumours were treated with ect as a single treatment (18 animals with 52 tumour nodules) or as adjuvant treatment with marginal surgical excision (14 animals with 18 tumour nodules). in animals ...	2016	27758950
prevalence of cardiovascular disease in donkeys.		2016	27738220
degree of corneal anesthesia after topical application of 0.4% oxybuprocaine ophthalmic solution in normal equids.	oxybuprocaine hydrochloride ophthalmic solution has been widely used off-label in horses and donkeys, despite lack of data demonstrating efficacy and safety in these species. the objective of this study was to assess anesthetic efficacy of 0.4% oxybuprocaine hydrochloride ophthalmic solution in horses (n= 5) and donkeys (n= 24) and compare the effects with 0.5% proparacaine hydrochloride ophthalmic solution. the baseline corneal touch threshold (ctt) was measured with a cochet-bonnet esthesiomet ...	2016	27733789
working across europe to improve donkey welfare.	the uk public and veterinary profession often think of the equine charity sector as dealing with issues directly related to the uk equine population - overproduction, rehoming, shelter and welfare. however, the donkey sanctuary, like many uk-based equine charities, also works in europe and further afield to try to address a much broader range of issues, as alex thiemann and andy foxcroft explain.	2016	27660353
author׳s reply: old age may influence features of pleuroparenchymal fibroelastosis (ppfe): lessons from a donkey model for ppfe.		2016	27566390
old age may influence features of pleuroparenchymal fibroelastosis (ppfe): lessons from a donkey model for ppfe.		2016	27566389
correction: sedation and mechanical hypoalgesia after sublingual administration of detomidine hydrochloride gel to donkeys.		2016	27556264
echocardiographic reference ranges for sedentary donkeys in the uk.	the aim of this study was to provide two-dimensional (2d) and m-mode echocardiographic reference ranges from a sample of the uk population of donkeys including geriatrics (>30 years), owned by the donkey sanctuary, and to assess the influence of gender, weight and age on these variables. a total of 36 donkeys with no clinical or echocardiographic evidence of cardiovascular disease were examined; 24 geldings and 12 females, aged 3-45 years old, weighing 130-262 kg. left atrial to aortic ratio was ...	2016	27539939
assessment of cardiovascular disease in the donkey: clinical, echocardiographic and pathological observations.	the donkey sanctuary (ds) owns 3500-4000 donkeys, estimated to be about 35 per cent of the uk population. although postmortem surveys suggest a high prevalence of cardiovascular disease in donkeys, there is sparse clinical information about cardiovascular examination findings and echocardiographic findings in health and disease. in this cross-sectional study, auscultation findings were recorded, and in a subset of donkeys, echocardiography was used to screen for structural and functional cardiac ...	2016	27534982
validation of the accutrend plus point-of-care triglyceride analyzer in horses, ponies, and donkeys.	to assess the accuracy and reliability of a point-of-care (poc) triglyceride analyzer and to establish reference intervals for blood ([trig]poc/wb ) and plasma triglyceride concentrations ([trig]poc/pl ) in horses, ponies, and donkeys.	2016	27508527
high polymorphism at microsatellite loci in the chinese donkey.	to reveal the genetic diversity and phylogenetic relationships between chinese donkey breeds, 415 individuals representing ten breeds were investigated using ten microsatellite markers. the observed number of alleles, mean effective number of alleles (ne), mean expected heterozygosity (he), and polymorphic information content (pic) of each breed and polymorphic locus were analyzed. the results showed that seven (htg7, htg10, aht4, htg6, hms6, hms3, and hms7) of ten microsatellite loci were polym ...	2016	27420967
integumentary disorders including cutaneous neoplasia in older horses.	few skin diseases specifically or exclusively affect older horses and donkeys. hypertrichosis (hirsutism) associated with pituitary pars intermedia dysfunction is probably the most recognized and best understood exception and is the most common age-related skin condition in equids. many other conditions are known to be more serious in older horses. horses affected with immune-compromising conditions can be more severely affected by infectious diseases of the skin or heavy and pathologically sign ...	2016	27329491
purification and identification of endogenous antioxidant and ace-inhibitory peptides from donkey milk by multidimensional liquid chromatography and nanohplc-high resolution mass spectrometry.	donkey milk is a valuable product for the food industry due to its nutraceutical, nutritional, and functional properties. in this work, the endogenous peptides from donkey milk were investigated for their antioxidant and ace-inhibitory activities, combining a two-dimensional peptide fractionation strategy with high-resolution mass spectrometry, bioinformatics analysis, and in vitro assays. after extraction, the endogenous peptides were fractionated twice, first by polymeric reversed phase and th ...	2016	27325462
total phallic reconstruction using the radial artery based forearm free flap after traumatic penile amputation.	although genital injuries in civilian centers are rare, the scenario is completely different in the battlefield. if the penile distal stump is not adequate for primary reimplantation or it cannot be found, then delayed penile reconstruction needs to be considered.	2016	27318022
sedation and mechanical hypoalgesia after sublingual administration of detomidine hydrochloride gel to donkeys.	objective to compare sedative and mechanical hypoalgesic effects of sublingual administration of 2 doses of detomidine gel to donkeys. design randomized blinded controlled trial. animals 6 healthy castrated male donkeys. procedures in a crossover study design, donkeys received each of the following sublingual treatments 1 week apart in a randomly assigned order: 1 ml of molasses (d0) or detomidine hydrochloride gel at 20 μg/kg (9 μg/lb; d20) or 40 μg/kg (18 μg/lb; d40). sedation score (ss), head ...	2016	27308886
the effects of low voltage electrical stimulation on donkey meat.		2016	27192665
sequence characterization and glycosylation sites identification of donkey milk lactoferrin by multiple enzyme digestions and mass spectrometry.	lactoferrin, a protein showing an array of biochemical properties, including immuno-modulation, iron-binding ability, as well as antioxidant, antibacterial and antiviral activities, but which may also represent a potential milk allergen, was isolated from donkey milk by ion exchange chromatography. the characterization of its primary structure, by means of enzymatic digestions, spitc derivatization of tryptic digest, reversed-phase high performance liquid chromatography, electrospray and matrix- ...	2016	27020775
erratum to: evaluation of chemical castration with calcium chloride versus surgical castration in donkeys: testosterone as an endpoint marker.		2016	27008064
evaluation of chemical castration with calcium chloride versus surgical castration in donkeys: testosterone as an endpoint marker.	for the last few years, researchers have been interested in developing a method for chemical sterilization which may be a better alternative to surgical castration. an ideal chemical sterilant would be one that effectively arrests spermatogenesis and androgenesis as well as libido with absence of toxic or other side effects. calcium chloride in various solutions and concentrations has been tested in many animal species, but few studies have been evaluated it in equines as a chemical sterilant. s ...	2016	26956100
cryptosporidium proliferans n. sp. (apicomplexa: cryptosporidiidae): molecular and biological evidence of cryptic species within gastric cryptosporidium of mammals.	the morphological, biological, and molecular characteristics of cryptosporidium muris strain ts03 are described, and the species name cryptosporidium proliferans n. sp. is proposed. cryptosporidium proliferans obtained from a naturally infected east african mole rat (tachyoryctes splendens) in kenya was propagated under laboratory conditions in rodents (scid mice and southern multimammate mice, mastomys coucha) and used in experiments to examine oocyst morphology and transmission. dna from the p ...	2016	26771460
erythrocyte glutathione transferase: a general probe for chemical contaminations in mammals.	glutathione transferases (gsts) are enzymes devoted to the protection of cells against many different toxins. in erythrocytes, the isoenzyme (e-gst) mainly present is gstp1-1, which is overexpressed in humans in case of increased blood toxicity, as it occurs in nephrophatic patients or in healthy subjects living in polluted areas. the present study explores the possibility that e-gst may be used as an innovative and highly sensitive biomarker of blood toxicity also for other mammals. all distinc ...	2016	27551520
extreme wildlife declines and concurrent increase in livestock numbers in kenya: what are the causes?	there is growing evidence of escalating wildlife losses worldwide. extreme wildlife losses have recently been documented for large parts of africa, including western, central and eastern africa. here, we report extreme declines in wildlife and contemporaneous increase in livestock numbers in kenya rangelands between 1977 and 2016. our analysis uses systematic aerial monitoring survey data collected in rangelands that collectively cover 88% of kenya's land surface. our results show that wildlife ...	2016	27676077
assessment of theileria equi and babesia caballi infections in equine populations in egypt by molecular, serological and hematological approaches.	equine piroplasmosis (ep) caused by theileria equi, babesia caballi, or both, contributes to significant economic loss in the equine industry and remains uncontrolled in egypt. this study focuses on surveying t. equi and b. caballi infections and hematological disorders in equine populations in egypt.	2016	27146413
both tumour cells and infiltrating t-cells in equine sarcoids express foxp3 associated with an immune-supressed cytokine microenvironment.	bovine papillomavirus (bpv) infections of equine species have a central role in the aetiology of equine sarcoids; a common benign skin tumour of horses, zebras and donkeys. within the lesions, all of the early papillomavirus genes are expressed and promote the excessive replication of fibroblasts which characterise these tumours. equine sarcoids differ from bpv induced fibro-papillomas of cattle (the natural host of bpv), in that they do not produce high amounts of virus particles, do not usuall ...	2016	27160146
venezuelan equine encephalitis virus induces apoptosis through the unfolded protein response activation of egr1.	venezuelan equine encephalitis virus (veev) is a previously weaponized arthropod-borne virus responsible for causing acute and fatal encephalitis in animal and human hosts. the increased circulation and spread in the americas of veev and other encephalitic arboviruses, such as eastern equine encephalitis virus and west nile virus, underscore the need for research aimed at characterizing the pathogenesis of viral encephalomyelitis for the development of novel medical countermeasures. the host-pat ...	2016	26792742
optimizing selection of large animals for antibody production by screening immune response to standard vaccines.	antibodies made in large animals are integral to many biomedical research endeavors. domesticated herd animals like goats, sheep, donkeys, horses and camelids all offer distinct advantages in antibody production. however, their cost of use is often prohibitive, especially where poor antigen response is commonplace; choosing a non-responsive animal can set a research program back or even prevent experiments from moving forward entirely. over the course of production of antibodies from llamas, we ...	2016	26775851
genetic relationships among american donkey populations: insights into the process of colonization.	this study presents the first insights into the genetic diversity and structure of the american donkey metapopulation. the primary objectives were to detect the main structural features underlying variability among american donkey populations, identify boundaries between differentiated gene pools, and draw the main colonization pathways since the introduction of donkeys into america in the 15th century. a panel of 14 microsatellite markers was applied for genotyping 350 american donkeys from 13 ...	2016	26364918
testicular characteristics and the block to spermatogenesis in mature hinny.	most hinnies (female donkey×male horse) and mules (female horse×male donkey) are sterile with few reports of equine fertile hybrids. the main cause of this sterility is thought to be a meiotic block to spermatogenesis and oogenesis. this study compared the developmental features of the testes and a histological analyses of spermatogenesis in a male hinny with those of a normal, fertile stallion and jack donkey. hinny testes showed a thicker tunica albuginea, fewer blood vessels and more connecti ...	2016	26954128
the prevalence of lameness and associated risk factors in cart mules in bahir dar, ethiopia.	ethiopia has 7.1 million donkeys and mules, the majority of which are used as pack animals. factors such as poor harness quality, long-distance traveling, and heavy cartloads have been linked to reduced work efficiency. addressing the health and welfare of working equids is imperative not only for the animals but also for the households dependent upon them for livelihood. in developing countries, 75 % of working equids have gait or limb abnormalities, but the relationship between workload and pr ...	2016	27587009
preliminary investigations on the distribution of leptospira serovars in domestic animals in north-west morocco.	leptospirosis is a neglected zoonosis of global importance with a complex epidemiology that affects humans, domestic and wild mammals. however, due to the diversity of clinical signs and difficulties of establishing a confirmatory laboratory diagnosis, the disease remains poorly investigated, particularly in the developing world. in morocco, a descriptive study of the seroprevalence of leptospira infection in animals has never been undertaken. to fill this gap, the current study was conducted on ...	2016	25065690
leptospirosis in animals and human contacts in egypt: broad range surveillance.	leptospirosis is a re-emerging zoonotic disease of humans and animals worldwide. the disease is caused by pathogenic species of the genus leptospira. these organisms are maintained in nature via chronic renal infection of carrier animals, which excrete the organisms in their urine. humans become infected through direct or indirect exposure to infected animals and their urine or through contact with contaminated water and soil. this study was conducted to investigate leptospira infections as a re ...	2016	26108004
evidence for anthropophily in five species of phlebotomine sand flies (diptera: psychodidae) from northern colombia, revealed by molecular identification of bloodmeals.	identification of the bloodmeal sources of phlebotomine sand flies is fundamental to determining which species are anthropophilic and understanding the transmission of leishmania parasites in natural epidemiological settings. the objective of this study was to identify sand fly bloodmeals in the mixed leishmaniasis focus of the department of sucre, northern colombia. in all 141 engorged female sand flies were analyzed, after being captured in intradomiciliary, peridomiciliary and extradomiciliar ...	2016	26464046
site-specific glycosylation of donkey milk lactoferrin investigated by high-resolution mass spectrometry.	a comprehensive monosaccharide composition of the n-glycans of donkey milk lactoferrin, isolated by ion exchange chromatography from an individual milk sample, was obtained by means of chymotryptic digestion, tio2 and hilic enrichment, reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography, electrospray mass spectrometry, and high collision dissociation fragmentation. the results obtained allowed identifying 26 different glycan structures, including high mannose, complex and hybrid n-glycans, lin ...	2016	27550041
effects of different animal manures on attraction and reproductive behaviors of common house fly, musca domestica l.	insects rely mainly on their well-developed and highly sophisticated olfactory system to discriminate volatile cues released from host and nonhost substances, mates, oviposition substrates, and food sources. onset of first mating, mating duration, and onset of first oviposition, oviposition period, fecundity (number of eggs laid by a female), and longevity of freshly emerged musca domestica l. (diptera: muscidae) adults were observed in the presence of different animal manures: cow, horse, donke ...	2016	27206657
is leptospira able to survive in raw milk? study on the inactivation at different storage times and temperatures.	the consumption of raw milk is currently increasing due to several beneficial aspects, such as nutritional qualities, taste, and health benefits. however, some authors highlight the potential risk associated with raw milk consumption. in italy, while the absence of some pathogen microorganisms is set by the regional regulation dgr 381/2007, for other microorganisms, such as leptospira, no recommendations are provided. leptospira is not ascribed among classical milk pathogens; however, it can pot ...	2016	26888018
free maillard reaction products in milk reflect nutritional intake of glycated proteins and can be used to distinguish "organic" and "conventionally" produced milk.	using lc-ms/ms and isotopically labeled standard substances, quantitation of free maillard reaction products (mrps), namely, n(ε)-(carboxymethyl)lysine (cml), 5-(hydroxymethyl)-1h-pyrrole-2-carbaldehyde (pyrraline, pyr), n(δ)-(5-hydro-5-methyl-4-imidazolon-2-yl)-ornithine (mg-h), and n(ε)-fructosyllysine (fl), in bovine milk was achieved. considerable variations in the amounts of the individual mrps were found, most likely as a consequence of the nutritional uptake of glycated proteins. when com ...	2016	27213835
cost-effective control strategies for animal and zoonotic diseases in pastoralist populations.	animal diseases and zoonoses abound among pastoralist livestock, which is composed of cattle, sheep, goats, yak, camels, llamas, reindeer, horses and donkeys. there is endemic and, periodically, epidemic transmission of highly contagious viral and bacterial diseases in africa, asia and latin america. pastoralist livestock is often multiparasitised with endo- and ectoparasites, as well as being affected by vectorborne viral and protozoal diseases. pastoral livestock can be a reservoir of such dis ...	2016	27917989