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detection of schmallenberg virus serum neutralising antibodies.schmallenberg virus (sbv) emerged in continental europe in late 2011, and further work is required to assess the prevalence of sbv throughout europe. since its detection in germany, sbv has now been detected in other european countries, including the united kingdom. infection with sbv can cause mild clinical signs in ruminants, including diarrhoea and reduced milk yield. however, the virus can have a devastating effect on the developing foetus leading to malformation in newborn offspring. this i ...201323201289
an outbreak of yersinia enterocolitica in a captive colony of african green monkeys (chlorocebus aethiops sabaeus) in the caribbean.yersinia enterocolitica is a zoonotic gram-negative pathogen that causes mesenteric lymphadenitis, terminal ileitis, acute gastroenteritis, and septicemia in domestic animals and primates. in 2012, 46 captive african green monkeys (chlorocebus aethiops sabaeus) died during an outbreak of acutely fatal enteric disease over a period of 1 mo on the island of st kitts. the affected monkeys presented with a history of mucohemorrhagic diarrhea, marked dehydration, and depression. fifteen bacterial iso ...201324210021
identification of a novel polyomavirus from vervet monkeys in zambia.to examine polyomavirus (pyv) infection in wildlife, we investigated the presence of pyvs in zambia with permission from the zambia wildlife authority. we analysed 200 dna samples from the spleens and kidneys (n = 100 each) of yellow baboons and vervet monkeys (vms) (n = 50 each). we detected seven pyv genome fragments in 200 dna samples using a nested broad-spectrum pcr method, and identified five full-length viral genomes using an inverse pcr method. phylogenetic analysis of virally encoded pr ...201323426354
systems biology of the vervet monkey.nonhuman primates (nhp) provide crucial biomedical model systems intermediate between rodents and humans. the vervet monkey (also called the african green monkey) is a widely used nhp model that has unique value for genetic and genomic investigations of traits relevant to human diseases. this article describes the phylogeny and population history of the vervet monkey and summarizes the use of both captive and wild vervet monkeys in biomedical research. it also discusses the effort of an internat ...201324174437
transient compartmentalization of simian immunodeficiency virus variants in the breast milk of african green monkeys.natural hosts of simian immunodeficiency virus (siv), african green monkeys (agms), rarely transmit siv via breast-feeding. in order to examine the genetic diversity of breast milk siv variants in this limited-transmission setting, we performed phylogenetic analysis on envelope sequences of milk and plasma siv variants of agms. low-diversity milk virus populations were compartmentalized from that in plasma. however, this compartmentalization was transient, as the milk virus lineages did not pers ...201323926337
il-6 is upregulated in late-stage disease in monkeys experimentally infected with trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense.the management of human african trypanosomiasis (hat) is constrained by lack of simple-to-use diagnostic, staging, and treatment tools. the search for novel biomarkers is, therefore, essential in the fight against hat. the current study aimed at investigating the potential of il-6 as an adjunct parameter for hat stage determination in vervet monkey model. four adult vervet monkeys (chlorocebus aethiops) were experimentally infected with trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense and treated subcuratively at ...201324194772
[peculiarities of the distribution of cryptosporidia (coccidia: cryptosporydiidae) in monkeys in an apery].a total of 520 monkeys belonging to 6 species (macaca mullata, m. fascicularis, m. nemestrina, cercopithecus aethiops, papio anubis, and p. hamadrias) were investigated. total frequency of occurrence of the protozoan cryptosporidium in the adler apery constituted 13.8%. the majority of parasites were found in animals with intestinal disorders such as diarrhea. the lowest frequency of cryptosporidias occurrence was revealed in clinically healthy monkeys. among sick monkeys, the invasion was most ...201323875203
molecular evaluation of a new highly sensitive aryl hydrocarbon receptor in ostriches.a 1,000-fold difference has been reported in dioxin sensitivity between avian species. this difference is because the 2 amino acids in the type 1 aryl hydrocarbon receptor (ahr1), at positions 325 and 381, correspond to leu324 and ser380 in chickens. the chicken had been reported to be the only avian species to possess a sensitive form of ahr1. this is the first study to reveal that the ostrich (struthio camelus), a nonchicken species, also has a pair of amino acids (ile-325 and ser-381) that sh ...201323776281
control of communicable disease; foreign--requirements for importers of nonhuman primates (nhp). final rule.the centers for disease control and prevention (cdc), located within the department of health and human services (hhs), is amending regulations for the importation of live nonhuman primates (nhps) by extending existing requirements for the importation of macaca fascicularis (cynomolgus), chlorocebus aethiops (african green), and macaca mulatta (rhesus) monkeys to all nhps with the exception of the filovirus testing requirement. filovirus testing will only be required for old world nhps in quaran ...201323476983
mitochondrial diversity and distribution of african green monkeys (chlorocebus gray, 1870).african green monkeys (chlorocebus) represent a widely distributed and morphologically diverse primate genus in sub-saharan africa. little attention has been paid to their genetic diversity and phylogeny. based on morphological data, six species are currently recognized, but their taxonomy remains disputed. here, we aim to characterize the mitochondrial (mt) dna diversity, biogeography and phylogeny of african green monkeys. we analyzed the complete mitochondrial cytochrome b gene of 126 samples ...201323307319
barbados green monkeys (chlorocebus sabaeus) recognize ancestral alarm calls after 350 years of isolation.vervet monkeys (chlorocebus pygerythrus) produce alarm calls and anti-predator behaviors that are specific to a threatening predator's mode of attack. upon hearing a leopard alarm, the monkeys will run up trees where they are relatively safe. in contrast, eagle alarms prompt the monkeys to run under bushes and snake alarms stimulate bipedal standing. early researchers proposed that the meaning of each alarm call is conveyed by observational learning. if this true then absence of the predator tha ...201324129028
discordance between spatial distributions of y-chromosomal and mitochondrial haplotypes in african green monkeys ( chlorocebus spp.): a result of introgressive hybridization or cryptic diversity?introgressive hybridization may cause substantial discordances among phylogenies based on different genetic markers. such discordances have been found in diverse mammal species including primates. a recent study of mitochondrial dna (mtdna) revealed several poly- and paraphyletic relationships in african green monkeys (chlorocebus), suggesting contemporary and/or ancient introgressive hybridization among almost all parapatric species of the genus. however, mtdna analyses alone do not allow us to ...201324098065
variation in scrotal color among widely distributed vervet monkey populations (chlorocebus aethiops pygerythrus and chlorocebus aethiops sabaeus).vervet monkeys (chlorocebus aethiops) exhibit bright blue scrotal skin which may function to mediate social interactions by acting as a socio-sexual signal. previous research on scrotal coloration among vervet monkeys was limited to experimental work on captive ch. a. sabaeus, the least colorful vervet subspecies, and two field studies of the more colorful ch. a. pygerythrus. in a study of free-ranging and captive vervet monkeys in south africa (ch. pygerythrus), west africa (ch. a. sabaeus) and ...201323606216
scalar social dynamics in female vervet monkey cohorts.primate social life and behaviour is contingent on a number of levels: phylogenetic, functional and proximate. although this contingency is recognized by socioecological theory, variability in behaviour is still commonly viewed as 'noise' around a central tendency, rather than as a source of information. an alternative view is that selection has acted on social reaction norms that encompass demographic variation both between and within populations and demes. here, using data from vervet monkeys ...201323569299
third-party ranks knowledge in wild vervet monkeys (chlorocebus aethiops pygerythrus).the machiavellian/social intelligence hypothesis proposes that a complex social environment selected for advanced cognitive abilities in vertebrates. in primates it has been proposed that sophisticated social strategies like obtaining suitable coalition partners are an important component of social intelligence. knowing the rank relationships between group members is a basic requirement for the efficient use of coalitions and the anticipation of counter-coalitions. experimental evidence for such ...201323520521
a new cytotoxic brominated acetylenic hydrocarbon from the marine sponge haliclona sp. with a selective effect against human breast cancer.three acetylenic brominated derivatives were isolated from a red sea sponge, haliclona sp. one of them, 18-bromooctadeca-9(e),17(e)-dien-7,15-diynoic acid (3), is a known metabolite, and the other two are new compounds, (1e,5e,12e,19e)-1,22-dibromodocosa-1,5,12,19-tetraen-3,14,21-triyne (1) and methyl 18-bromooctadeca-9(e),17(e)-dien-7,15-diynoate (2) which was isolated for the first time as a natural metabolite. structures of all compounds were determined based on extensive spectroscopic measur ...201323659175
significant genotype by diet (g × d) interaction effects on cardiometabolic responses to a pedigree-wide, dietary challenge in vervet monkeys (chlorocebus aethiops sabaeus).nutrient composition of a diet (d) has been shown to interact with genetic predispositions (g) to affect various lipid phenotypes. our aim in this study was to confirm g × d interaction and determine whether the interaction extends to other cardiometabolic risk factors such as glycemic measures and body weight. subjects were vervet monkeys (chlorocebus aethiops sabaeus; n = 309) from a multigenerational pedigreed colony initially fed with a plant-based diet, standard primate diet (18% calories f ...201323315630
comparison of use of vero cell line and suspension culture of murine macrophage to attenuation of virulence of neospora caninum.in this study the tachyzoite yields of neospora caninum were compared in two cell lines: vero (african green monkey kidney) and suspension culture of murine macrophage (j774) cell lines. then, n. caninum were continuously passaged in these cell lines for 3 months and the effect of host cells on virulence of tachyzoites was assessed by broiler chicken embryonated eggs. inoculation was performed in the chorioallantoic (ca) liquid of the embryonated eggs with different dilutions (0.5 × 10(4), 1.0 × ...201323684321
recombinant measles virus vaccine expressing the nipah virus glycoprotein protects against lethal nipah virus challenge.nipah virus (niv) is a member of the genus henipavirus, which emerged in malaysia in 1998. in pigs, infection resulted in a predominantly non-lethal respiratory disease; however, infection in humans resulted in over 100 deaths. nipah virus has continued to re-emerge in bangladesh and india, and person-to-person transmission appeared in the outbreak. although a number of niv vaccine studies have been reported, there are currently no vaccines or treatments licensed for human use. in this study, we ...201323516477
immune responses in mice vaccinated with a suicidal dna vaccine expressing the hemagglutinin glycoprotein from the peste des petits ruminants virus.peste des petits ruminants (ppr), an acute and highly contagious disease, affects sheep, goats, and some small ruminants. the hemagglutinin (h) glycoprotein of the ppr virus (pprv) is considered important for inducing protective immune responses. in this study, a suicidal dna vaccine based on the semliki forest virus (sfv) replicon was constructed and tested for its ability to induce immunogenicity in a mouse model. for this, the h gene of pprv was cloned and inserted into psca1, an sfv replicon ...201323896018
isolation, identification and characterization of a peste des petits ruminants virus from an outbreak in nanakpur, india.a peste des petits ruminants virus (pprv) was isolated from an outbreak that occurred in sheep and goats in nanakpur village of mathura district in uttar pradesh (india). based on hemagglutination of chicken red blood cells (rbcs), cytopathic effect similar to that caused by the morbilliviruses in vero cells, and amplification and sequence analysis of the viral nucleoprotein (n) gene, the identity of the virus was confirmed as pprv and named pprv/c. hircus-tc/india/2012/nanakpur1 (in short pprv/ ...201323500799
identification of recombination in the envelope gene of simian foamy virus serotype 2 isolated from macaca cyclopis.the full-length sequence of simian foamy virus serotype 2 (sfvmcy-2), isolated from a taiwanese macaque, was determined. sfvmcy-2 was highly related to sfv serotype 1 (sfvmcy-1), an isolate from the same species, except in the putative receptor binding domain (rbd) in env, which contained novel sequences related to sfv serotype 3 (sfvagm-3), isolated from an african green monkey. the results identify a potential region of neutralization in sfvs and demonstrate recombination between genetically d ...201323698303
uptake of rabies virus into epithelial cells by clathrin-mediated endocytosis depends upon actin.rabies virus (rabv) causes a fatal zoonotic encephalitis. disease symptoms require replication and spread of the virus within neuronal cells; however, in infected animals as well as in cell culture the virus replicates in a broad range of cell types. here we use a single-cycle rabv and a recombinant vesicular stomatitis virus (rvsv) in which the glycoprotein (g) was replaced with that of rabv (rvsv rabv g) to examine rabv uptake into the african green monkey kidney cell line bs-c-1. combining bi ...201323966407
isolation of "candidatus rickettsia andeanae" (rickettsiales: rickettsiaceae) in embryonic cells of naturally infected amblyomma maculatum (ixodida: ixodidae).the gulf coast tick, amblyomma maculatum koch, has become increasingly important in public health for its role as a vector of the recently recognized human pathogen, rickettsia parkeri. more recently, these ticks were also found to harbor a novel spotted fever group rickettsia, "candidatus rickettsia andeanae." first identified in peru, and subsequently reported in ticks collected in the united states, chile, and argentina, "ca. r. andeanae" remains largely uncharacterized, in part because of th ...201324180118
short communication: hiv+ viremic slow progressors maintain low regulatory t cell numbers in rectal mucosa but exhibit high t cell activation.viremic slow progressors (vsp) are a rare subset of hiv-infected persons who exhibit slow immunologic progression despite high viremia. the mechanisms associated with this slow progression remain to be defined. clinical characteristics of vsp are similar to those of natural hosts for simian immunodeficiency virus (siv), such as sooty mangabeys (sm) and african green monkeys (agm), who maintain near-normal cd4 counts despite high-level viremia but maintain low immune activation. immune activation ...201322998457
human respiratory syncytial virus memphis 37 grown in hep-2 cells causes more severe disease in lambs than virus grown in vero cells.respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) is the most common cause of bronchiolitis in infants and young children. a small percentage of these individuals develop severe and even fatal disease. to better understand the pathogenesis of severe disease and develop therapies unique to the less-developed infant immune system, a model of infant disease is needed. the neonatal lamb pulmonary development and physiology is similar to that of infants, and sheep are susceptible to ovine, bovine, or human strains o ...201324284879
antagonism of samhd1 is actively maintained in natural infections of simian immunodeficiency virus.restriction factors are effectors of the innate immune response to viral pathogens that inhibit viral replication by operating as molecular barriers to steps of the viral life cycle. the restriction factor samhd1 blocks lentiviral reverse transcription in myeloid cells and resting cd4+ t cells. many lineages of lentiviruses, including hiv-2 and other simian immunodeficiency viruses, encode accessory genes that serve to counteract host samhd1 restriction by causing degradation of the antiviral fa ...201324324150
kinetics of myeloid dendritic cell trafficking and activation: impact on progressive, nonprogressive and controlled siv infections.we assessed the role of myeloid dendritic cells (mdcs) in the outcome of siv infection by comparing and contrasting their frequency, mobilization, phenotype, cytokine production and apoptosis in pathogenic (pigtailed macaques, ptms), nonpathogenic (african green monkeys, agms) and controlled (rhesus macaques, rms) sivagmsab infection. through the identification of recently replicating cells, we demonstrated that mdc mobilization from the bone marrow occurred in all species postinfection, being m ...201324098110
vif proteins from diverse primate lentiviral lineages use the same binding site in apobec3g.apobec3g (a3g) is a cytidine deaminase that restricts human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) and other lentiviruses. most of these viruses encode a vif protein that directly binds a3g and leads to its proteasomal degradation. both vif proteins of hiv-1 and african green monkey simian immunodeficiency virus (sivagm) bind residue 128 of a3g. however, this position does not control the a3g degradation by vif variants derived from hiv-2 and sivmac, which both originated from siv of sooty mangab ...201323986590
lack of b cell dysfunction is associated with functional, gp120-dominant antibody responses in breast milk of simian immunodeficiency virus-infected african green monkeys.the design of an effective vaccine to reduce the incidence of mother-to-child transmission (mtct) of human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) via breastfeeding will require identification of protective immune responses that block postnatal virus acquisition. natural hosts of simian immunodeficiency virus (siv) sustain nonpathogenic infection and rarely transmit the virus to their infants despite high milk virus rna loads. this is in contrast to hiv-infected women and siv-infected rhesus macaques (rhms ...201323926338
lentivirus restriction by diverse primate apobec3a proteins.rhesus macaque apobec3a (rha3a) is capable of restricting both simian-human immunodeficiency virus (shivδvif) and human immunodeficiency virus (hiv-1δvif) to a greater extent than ha3a. we constructed chimeric a3a proteins to define the domains required for differential lentivirus restriction. substitution of amino acids 25-33 from rha3a into ha3a was sufficient to restrict hivδvif to levels similar to rha3a restriction of shivδvif. we tested if differential lentivirus restriction is conserved b ...201323648232
animal models for human herpesvirus 6 infection.human herpesvirus (hhv)-6a and hhv-6b are two enveloped dna viruses of β-herpesvirus family, infecting over 90% of the population and associated with several diseases, including exanthema subitum (for hhv-6b), multiple sclerosis and encephalitis, particularly in immunosuppressed patients. animal models are highly important to better understand the pathogenesis of viral infections. naturally developed neutralizing antibodies to hhv-6 or a related virus were found in different species of monkeys, ...201323847599
olive baboons: a non-human primate model for testing dengue virus type 2 replication.this study evaluated the use of a non-human primate, the olive baboon (papio anubis), as a model of dengue infection. olive baboons closely resemble humans genetically and physiologically and have been used extensively for assessing novel vaccine formulations.201324139794
establishment of cell lines with increased susceptibility to ev71/ca16 by stable overexpression of scarb2.human enterovirus type 71 (ev71) and coxsackievirus a group type 16 (ca16) belong to human enterovirus species a of the family picornaviridae. these viruses are recognized as the major pathogens responsible for epidemics of hand-foot-mouth disease (hfmd), which presents with fever and vesicular eruptions of palms, soles of the feet or mouth. human scavenger receptor class b, member 2 (scarb2) has been identified as the receptor for both ev71 and ca16, as overexpression of scarb2 in cells can enh ...201323919614
gexps multiplex pcr analysis of the simian varicella virus transcriptome in productively infected cells in culture and acutely infected ganglia.simian varicella zoster virus (svv) infection of non-human primates serves as a model to study varicella zoster virus (vzv) infection and pathogenesis in humans. while macroarray analysis detected all 69 predicted unique open reading frames (orfs) in svv-infected cells in culture, it lacked the sensitivity to detect the low-abundance transcripts expressed in latently infected monkey ganglia. recently, a multiplex rt-pcr assay using the genomelab genetic analysis system (gexps) identified 10 vzv ...201323769859
t-cell tropism of simian varicella virus during primary infection.varicella-zoster virus (vzv) causes varicella, establishes a life-long latent infection of ganglia and reactivates to cause herpes zoster. the cell types that transport vzv from the respiratory tract to skin and ganglia during primary infection are unknown. clinical, pathological, virological and immunological features of simian varicella virus (svv) infection of non-human primates parallel those of primary vzv infection in humans. to identify the host cell types involved in virus dissemination ...201323675304
c2-streptavidin mediates the delivery of biotin-conjugated tumor suppressor protein p53 into tumor cells.we have previously generated a recombinant c2-streptavidin fusion protein for the delivery of biotin-labeled molecules of low molecular weight into the cytosol of mammalian cells. a nontoxic moiety of clostridium botulinum c2 toxin mediates the cellular uptake, whereas the streptavidin unit serves as a binding platform for biotin-labeled cargo molecules. in the present study, we used the c2-streptavidin transporter to introduce biotin-conjugated p53 protein into various mammalian cell lines. the ...201323506195
chemical composition and biological activity of conyza bonariensis essential oil collected in mérida, venezuela.the essential oil from aerial parts of conyza bonariensis (l) cronquist collected in mérida was obtained by hydrodistillation and analysed by gc/ms. the major components were trans-beta-farnesene (37.8%), trans-ocimene (20.7%) and beta-sesquiphellandrene (9.8%). cytotoxicity assay was also performed with the essential oil against hela (cervix carcinoma), a-459 (lung carcinoma) and mcf-7 (breast adenocarcinoma) human cell lines and against normal vero cells (african green monkey kidney) with ic50 ...201324079198
exploring of primate models of tick-borne flaviviruses infection for evaluation of vaccines and drugs efficacy.tick-borne encephalitis virus (tbev) is one of the most prevalent and medically important tick-borne arboviruses in eurasia. there are overlapping foci of two flaviviruses: tbev and omsk hemorrhagic fever virus (ohfv) in russia. inactivated vaccines exist only against tbe. there are no antiviral drugs for treatment of both diseases. optimal animal models are necessary to study efficacy of novel vaccines and treatment preparations against tbe and relative flaviviruses. the models for tbe and ohf ...201323585873
identification of rnase l-dependent, 3'-end-modified, viral small rnas in sindbis virus-infected mammalian cells.small rnas play a critical role in host-pathogen interaction. indeed, small rna-mediated silencing or rna interference (rnai) is one of the earliest forms of antiviral immunity. although it represents the main defense system against viruses in many organisms, the antiviral role of rnai has not been clearly proven in higher vertebrates. however, it is well established that their response to viral infection relies on the recognition of viral rnas by host pattern recognition receptors (prrs) to tri ...201324255120
live attenuated tetravalent dengue virus host range vaccine is immunogenic in african green monkeys following a single vaccination.the causative agent of dengue fever, dengue virus (denv), is transmitted by mosquitoes, and as distribution of these insects has expanded, so has dengue-related disease. denv is a member of the flaviviridae family and has 4 distinct serotypes (denv-1, -2, -3, and -4). no lasting cross protection is afforded to heterologous serotypes following infection by any one of the individual serotypes. the presence of nonneutralizing antibodies to one serotype can facilitate the occurrence of more-severe d ...201424696467
infection dynamics of sylvatic dengue virus in a natural primate host, the african green monkey.the four serotypes of mosquito-borne dengue virus (denv-1, -2, -3, and -4) that circulate in humans each emerged from an enzootic, sylvatic cycle in non-human primates. herein, we present the first study of sylvatic denv infection dynamics in a primate. three african green monkeys were inoculated with 10(5) plaque-forming units (pfu) denv-2 strain pm33974 from the sylvatic cycle, and one african green monkey was inoculated with 10(5) pfu denv-2 strain new guinea c from the human cycle. all four ...201425092823
differences in aerosolization of rift valley fever virus resulting from choice of inhalation exposure chamber: implications for animal challenge studies.the aerosol characteristics of rift valley fever virus (rvfv) were evaluated to achieve reproducible infection of experimental animals with aerosolized rvfv suitable for animal efficacy studies. spray factor (sf), the ratio between the concentrations of the aerosolized agent to the agent in the aerosol generator, is used to compare performance differences between aerosol exposures. sf indicates the efficiency of the aerosolization process; a higher sf means a lower nebulizer concentration is nee ...201424532259
[steroid metabolism in primates. v. isolation of dehydroepiandrosterone, androstenedione and adrenosterone from adrenal venous blood of macacus rhesus, papio hamadryas, cercopithecus aethiops and erythrocebus patas]. 20144243440
monitoring sheep and culicoides midges in montana for evidence of bunyamwera serogroup virus infection.a serological and entomological investigation was performed to monitor for potential bunyamwera (bun) serogroup virus activity in montana.201426392881
biocontrol of aspergillus species on peanut kernels by antifungal diketopiperazine producing bacillus cereus associated with entomopathogenic nematode.the rhabditid entomopathogenic nematode associated bacillus cereus and the antifungal compounds produced by this bacterium were evaluated for their activity in reducing postharvest decay of peanut kernels caused by aspergillus species in in vitro and in vivo tests. the results showed that b. cereus had a significant effect on biocontrol effectiveness in in vitro and in vivo conditions. the antifungal compounds produced by the b. cereus were purified using silica gel column chromatography and the ...201425157831
purification, structural elucidation and bioactivity of tryptophan containing diketopiperazines, from comamonas testosteroni associated with a rhabditid entomopathogenic nematode against major human-pathogenic bacteria.the cell free culture filtrate of a comamonas testosteroni associated with an entomopathogenic nematode (epn), rhabditis (oscheius) sp. exhibited promising antimicrobial activity. the ethyl acetate extract of the bacterial culture filtrate was purified by silica gel column chromatography to obtain five diketopiperazines or cyclic dipeptides (dkp 1-5). the structure and absolute stereochemistry of the compounds were determined based on extensive spectroscopic analyses (hr-ms, (1)hnmr, (13)cnmr, ( ...201424120705
the antiviral effect of jiadifenoic acids c against coxsackievirus b3.coxsackievirus b type 3 (cvb3) is one of the major causative pathogens associated with viral meningitis and myocarditis, which are widespread in the human population and especially prevalent in neonates and children. these infections can result in dilated cardiomyopathy (dcm) and other severe clinical complications. there are no vaccines or drugs approved for the prevention or therapy of cvb3-induced diseases. during screening for anti-cvb3 candidates in our previous studies, we found that jiadi ...201426579396
prenylated benzoylphloroglucinols and xanthones from the leaves of garcinia oblongifolia with antienteroviral activity.an acetone extract of the leaves of garcinia oblongifolia showed antiviral activity against enterovirus 71 (ev71) using a cytopathic effect inhibition assay. bioassay-guided fractionation yielded 12 new prenylated benzoylphloroglucinols, oblongifolins j-u (1-12), and five known compounds. the structures of 1-12 were elucidated by spectroscopic analysis including 1d- and 2d-nmr and mass spectrometry methods. the absolute configurations were determined by a combination of a mosher ester procedure ...201424679044
use of slam and pvrl4 and identification of pro-hb-egf as cell entry receptors for wild type phocine distemper virus.signalling lymphocyte activation molecule (slam) has been identified as an immune cell receptor for the morbilliviruses, measles (mv), canine distemper (cdv), rinderpest and peste des petits ruminants (pprv) viruses, while cd46 is a receptor for vaccine strains of mv. more recently poliovirus like receptor 4 (pvrl4), also known as nectin 4, has been identified as a receptor for mv, cdv and pprv on the basolateral surface of polarised epithelial cells. pvrl4 is also up-regulated by mv in human br ...201425171206
evaluation of cells and biological reagents for adventitious agents using degenerate primer pcr and massively parallel sequencing.we employed a massively parallel sequencing (mps)-based approach to test reagents and model cell substrates including chinese hamster ovary (cho), madin-darby canine kidney (mdck), african green monkey kidney (vero), and high five insect cell lines for adventitious agents. rna and dna were extracted either directly from the samples or from viral capsid-enriched preparations, and then subjected to mps-based non-specific virus detection with degenerate oligonucleotide primer (dop) pcr. mps by 454, ...201425454874
cytopathic effects of toxogenic strains of helicobacter pylori on different cell lines.many virulence factors are involved in the pathomechanism of infection caused by helicobacter pylori. toxins such as vacuolating cytotoxin, encoded by the vaca gene and the immunogenic protein caga, encoded by the caga gene (cytotoxin-associated gene) are major factors conferring the property of virulence. the current study is aimed at isolation of h. pylori and separation of its toxin from antral biopsies of patients.201424943747
a recombinant hendra virus g glycoprotein subunit vaccine protects nonhuman primates against hendra virus challenge.hendra virus (hev) is a zoonotic emerging virus belonging to the family paramyxoviridae. hev causes severe and often fatal respiratory and/or neurologic disease in both animals and humans. currently, there are no licensed vaccines or antiviral drugs approved for human use. a number of animal models have been developed for studying hev infection, with the african green monkey (agm) appearing to most faithfully reproduce the human disease. here, we assessed the utility of a newly developed recombi ...201424522928
african green monkeys recapitulate the clinical experience with replication of live attenuated pandemic influenza virus vaccine candidates.live attenuated cold-adapted (ca) h5n1, h7n3, h6n1, and h9n2 influenza vaccine viruses replicated in the respiratory tract of mice and ferrets, and 2 doses of vaccines were immunogenic and protected these animals from challenge infection with homologous and heterologous wild-type (wt) viruses of the corresponding subtypes. however, when these vaccine candidates were evaluated in phase i clinical trials, there were inconsistencies between the observations in animal models and in humans. the vacci ...201424807726
development of porcine respiratory and reproductive syndrome virus replicon vector for foot-and-mouth disease vaccine.foot-and-mouth disease (fmd) is an economically important global animal disease. to control fmd virus (fmdv) outbreaks, a lot of different novel approaches have been attempted. in this study, we proposed a novel porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (prrsv) as a replicon vector to express fmdv structural protein.201424427767
herpes simplex virus 1 protein ul37 interacts with viral glycoprotein gk and membrane protein ul20 and functions in cytoplasmic virion envelopment.we have shown that glycoprotein k (gk) and its interacting partner, the ul20 protein, play crucial roles in virion envelopment. specifically, virions lacking either gk or ul20 fail to acquire an envelope, thus causing accumulation of capsids in the cytoplasm of infected cells. the herpes simplex virus 1 (hsv-1) ul37 protein has also been implicated in cytoplasmic virion envelopment. to further investigate the role of ul37 in virion envelopment, the recombinant virus dc480 was constructed by inse ...201424600000
a replication competent hsv-1(mckrae) with a mutation in the amino-terminus of glycoprotein k (gk) is unable to infect mouse trigeminal ganglia after cornea infection.to determine the role of the amino terminus of herpes simplex virus-1 (hsv-1) glycoprotein k (gk) in corneal infection, neuroinvasion, and establishment of virus latency in trigeminal ganglia of mice.201424401006
in cos cells vpu can both stabilize tetherin expression and counteract its antiviral activity.the interferon-inducible cellular protein tetherin (cd317/bst-2) inhibits the release of a broad range of enveloped viruses. the hiv-1 accessory protein vpu enhances virus particle release by counteracting this host restriction factor. while the antagonism of human tetherin by vpu has been associated with both proteasomal and lysosomal degradation, the link between vpu-mediated tetherin degradation and the ability of vpu to counteract the antiviral activity of tetherin remains poorly understood. ...201425360760
the neutralizing capacity of antibodies elicited by parainfluenza virus infection of african green monkeys is dependent on complement.the african green monkey (agm) model was used to analyze the role of complement in neutralization of parainfluenza virus. parainfluenza virus 5 (piv5) and human parainfluenza virus type 2 were effectively neutralized in vitro by naïve agm sera, but neutralizing capacity was lost by heat-inactivation. the mechanism of neutralization involved formation of massive aggregates, with no evidence of virion lysis. following inoculation of the respiratory tract with a piv5 vector expressing hiv gp160, ag ...201425010267
factors associated with siman immunodeficiency virus transmission in a natural african nonhuman primate host in the wild.african green monkeys (agms) are naturally infected with simian immunodeficiency virus (siv) at high prevalence levels and do not progress to aids. sexual transmission is the main transmission route in agm, while mother-to-infant transmission (mtit) is negligible. we investigated siv transmission in wild agms to assess whether or not high siv prevalence is due to differences in mucosal permissivity to siv (i.e., whether the genetic bottleneck of viral transmission reported in humans and macaques ...201424623416
attenuation of human respiratory syncytial virus by genome-scale codon-pair deoptimization.human respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) is the most important viral agent of serious pediatric respiratory-tract disease worldwide. a vaccine or generally effective antiviral drug is not yet available. we designed new live attenuated rsv vaccine candidates by codon-pair deoptimization (cpd). specifically, viral orfs were recoded by rearranging existing synonymous codons to increase the content of underrepresented codon pairs. amino acid coding was completely unchanged. four cpd rsv genomes were ...201425157129
construction of an infectious clone of simian foamy virus of japanese macaque (sfvjm) and phylogenetic analyses of sfvjm isolates.foamy viruses belong to the genus spumavirus of the family retroviridae and have been isolated from many mammalian species. it was reported that simian foamy viruses (sfvs) have co-evolved with host species. in this study, we isolated four strains (wk1, wk2, ar1 and ar2) of sfv (named sfvjm) from japanese macaques (macaca fuscata) in main island honshu of japan. we constructed an infectious molecular clone of sfvjm strain wk1, termed pjm356. the virus derived from the clone replicated and induce ...201425017058
therapeutic treatment of nipah virus infection in nonhuman primates with a neutralizing human monoclonal antibody.nipah virus (niv) is an emerging zoonotic paramyxovirus that causes severe and often fatal disease in pigs and humans. there are currently no vaccines or treatments approved for human use. studies in small-animal models of niv infection suggest that antibody therapy may be a promising treatment. however, most studies have assessed treatment at times shortly after virus exposure before animals show signs of disease. we assessed the efficacy of a fully human monoclonal antibody, m102.4, at several ...201424964990
adaptive gene amplification as an intermediate step in the expansion of virus host range.the majority of recently emerging infectious diseases in humans is due to cross-species pathogen transmissions from animals. to establish a productive infection in new host species, viruses must overcome barriers to replication mediated by diverse and rapidly evolving host restriction factors such as protein kinase r (pkr). many viral antagonists of these restriction factors are species specific. for example, the rhesus cytomegalovirus pkr antagonist, rhtrs1, inhibits pkr in some african green m ...201424626510
high frequency of merkel cell polyomavirus dna in the urine of kidney transplant recipients and healthy controls.polyomavirus (pyv) infection is common, ranging from 60% to 100% depending on the virus. the urinary excretion rates of jc virus (jcv) and bk virus (bkv) have been extensively studied, but less is known about the more recently discovered pyvs.201425467862
refinement of a protocol for the induction of lactation in nonpregnant nonhuman primates by using exogenous hormone treatment.obtaining sufficient quantities of milk from nhp is necessary for pharmacologic and immunologic studies required for the development and safety assessment of drugs and vaccines to be used in the maternal-infant setting. we previously induced lactation in nonpregnant female rhesus macaques (rm, macaca mulatta) and african green monkeys (agm, chlorocebus sabaeus) for studies of immune responses in milk, but the volume collected was variable. to improve lactation induction protocols for nonbreeding ...201425650978
the genome landscape of the african green monkey kidney-derived vero cell line.continuous cell lines that originate from mammalian tissues serve as not only invaluable tools for life sciences, but also important animal cell substrates for the production of various types of biological pharmaceuticals. vero cells are susceptible to various types of microbes and toxins and have widely contributed to not only microbiology, but also the production of vaccines for human use. we here showed the genome landscape of a vero cell line, in which 25,877 putative protein-coding genes we ...201425267831
mhc polymorphism in caribbean african green monkeys.african green monkeys (agm) are among the most widely used nonhuman primate models used in various fields of medical research. one species of agm that originated from west africa, chlorocebus sabaeus, was introduced three centuries ago in the caribbean islands. we present here a systematic study of the major histocompatibility complex (mhc) polymorphism of caribbean agm which is currently frequently used as an animal model. we studied 54 animals originated from barbados (n=25) or saint kitts (n= ...201424676686
meaning attribution in the west african green monkey: influence of call type and context.the search for the evolutionary roots of human language has fuelled much research into the cognitive mechanisms underlying communication in nonhuman animals. one core issue has been whether the context-specific calls of nonhuman animals are meaningful, with call meaning inferred from recipients' responses in the absence of supporting contextual cues. this direct inference may well offer an oversimplified view of how vocalisations are perceived, however, as responses under natural conditions are ...201423846397
photoluminescent green carbon nanodots from food-waste-derived sources: large-scale synthesis, properties, and biomedical applications.we have developed a simple approach for the large-scale synthesis of water-soluble green carbon nanodots (g-dots) from many kinds of large food waste-derived sources. about 120 g of g-dots per 100 kg of food waste can be synthesized using our simple and environmentally friendly synthesis approach. the g-dots exhibit a high degree of solubility in water because of the abundant oxygen-containing functional groups around their surface. the narrow band of photoluminescence emission (400-470 nm) conf ...201424512145
in vitro cultivation model for heterosporis saurida (microsporidia) isolated from lizardfish, saurida undosquamis (richardson).heterosporis saurida is a microsporidian that infects lizardfish, saurida undosquamis (richardson, 1848), in the arabian sea. spores were isolated from infected lizardfish and used to infect derived fish cell lines: common carp brain (ccb), epithelioma papulosum cyprinid (epc), fathead minnow epithelial (fhm), rainbow trout gonad (rtg), bluegill fry (bf-2) and chinook salmon embryo (chse). non-fish cell lines were also tested that include: insect (sf-9), rabbit (rk-13) and african green monkey ( ...201423957717
first report of toxoplasma gondii seroprevalence in wild-caught caribbean african green monkeys.toxoplasma gondii is a protozoan parasite capable of infecting all warm-blooded animals. humans can become infected by ingesting infective oocysts from the environment or contaminated food or water, or by ingesting tissue cysts in undercooked infected meat or by handling infected meat. caribbean african green monkeys (chlorocebus sabaeus) are present in large numbers on the island of st. kitts in the caribbean, and it is not uncommon for these animals to be trapped and eaten by islanders. the ai ...201425491011
aerosolized rift valley fever virus causes fatal encephalitis in african green monkeys and common marmosets.rift valley fever (rvf) is a veterinary and human disease in africa and the middle east. the causative agent, rvf virus (rvfv), can be naturally transmitted by mosquito, direct contact, or aerosol. we sought to develop a nonhuman primate (nhp) model of severe rvf in humans to better understand the pathogenesis of rvf and to use for evaluation of medical countermeasures. nhp from four different species were exposed to aerosols containing rvfv. both cynomolgus and rhesus macaques developed mild fe ...201424335307
homeostatic cytokines induce cd4 downregulation in african green monkeys independently of antigen exposure to generate simian immunodeficiency virus-resistant cd8αα t cells.african green monkeys (agms; genus chlorocebus) are a natural host of simian immunodeficiency virus (sivagm). as they do not develop simian aids, there is great interest in understanding how this species has evolved to avoid immunodeficiency. adult african green monkeys naturally have low numbers of cd4 t cells and a large population of major histocompatibility complex class ii-restricted cd8α(dim) t cells that are generated through cd4 downregulation in cd4(+) t cells. mechanisms that drive thi ...201424991011
nodular lymphoid hyperplasia of the colon in a vervet monkey (cholorocebous aethiops).diffuse nodular lymphoid hyperplasia (dnlh) of gastrointestinal tract is regarded as a very rare disease in the adult population. it is characterized by presence of diffuse detectable small polypoid masses distributed in the small intestine, colon, or both.201424930866
pathogenic features associated with increased virulence upon simian immunodeficiency virus cross-species transmission from natural hosts.while simian immunodeficiency viruses (sivs) are generally nonpathogenic in their natural hosts, dramatic increases in pathogenicity may occur upon cross-species transmission to new hosts. deciphering the drivers of these increases in virulence is of major interest for understanding the emergence of new human immunodeficiency viruses (hivs). we transmitted sivsab from the sabaeus species of african green monkeys (agms) to pigtailed macaques (ptms). high acute viral replication occurred in all si ...201424696477
primate vaginal microbiomes exhibit species specificity without universal lactobacillus dominance.bacterial communities colonizing the reproductive tracts of primates (including humans) impact the health, survival and fitness of the host, and thereby the evolution of the host species. despite their importance, we currently have a poor understanding of primate microbiomes. the composition and structure of microbial communities vary considerably depending on the host and environmental factors. we conducted comparative analyses of the primate vaginal microbiome using pyrosequencing of the 16s r ...201425036926
acute and sub-chronic effects of purified cathinone from khat (catha edulis) on behavioural profiles in vervet monkeys (chlorocebus aethiops).we investigated the cumulative effects of cathinone on behavioural alterations in single-caged vervet monkeys. fourteen adult vervets were divided into tests (12 animals) and controls (2 animals), and exposed to escalating doses of cathinone at alternate days of each week for 4 months in presence and absence of cage enrichment. one month of pre-treatment phase served to establish baseline values. composite behavioural scores of aggression, anxiety, abnormal responses, withdrawal and appetite los ...201424154685
effects of short-term niacin treatment on plasma lipoprotein concentrations in african green monkeys (chlorocebus aethiops).niacin is the most effective drug available for raising levels of high-density lipoprotein (hdl) cholesterol. to evaluate its effects on plasma lipid concentrations, the authors administered a low dose of niacin to healthy, adult, female african green monkeys for 3 months. in the treated monkeys, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol concentrations decreased by 43% from baseline, whereas concentrations of hdl cholesterol and apolipoprotein a-i increased by 49% and 34%, respectively. the results su ...201424451360
dose-response inhibitory effects of purified cathinone from khat (catha edulis) on cortisol and prolactin release in vervet monkeys (chlorocebus aethiops).this study reports acute and sub-chronic effects of cathinone on hormonal alterations in single-caged vervet monkeys. fourteen adult vervet monkeys were used, 12 of which were treated and 2 controls. pre-treatment phase of 1 month aimed at establishing baseline levels of hormones while treatment phase of 4 months considered the dose- and time-response effects of cathinone on serum cortisol and prolactin levels. test animals were allocated four groups of three animals each and administered 0.8, 1 ...201424190428
transcriptome reconstruction and annotation of cynomolgus and african green monkey.non-human primates (nhps) and humans share major biological mechanisms, functions, and responses due to their close evolutionary relationship and, as such, provide ideal animal models to study human diseases. rna expression in nhps provides specific signatures that are informative of disease mechanisms and therapeutic modes of action. unlike the human transcriptome, the transcriptomes of major nhp animal models are yet to be comprehensively annotated.201425277458
dietary cholesterol promotes adipocyte hypertrophy and adipose tissue inflammation in visceral, but not in subcutaneous, fat in monkeys.excessive caloric intake is associated with obesity and adipose tissue dysfunction. however, the role of dietary cholesterol in this process is unknown. the aim of this study was to determine whether increasing dietary cholesterol intake alters adipose tissue cholesterol content, adipocyte size, and endocrine function in nonhuman primates.201424969772
decreased global dna methylation in the white blood cells of high fat diet fed vervet monkeys (chlorocebus aethiops).epigenetic mechanisms are associated with the development of many chronic diseases and due to their reversible nature offer a unique window of opportunity to reverse the disease phenotype. this study investigated whether global dna methylation correlates with dysglycemia in the vervet monkey (chlorocebus aethiops). diet-induced changes in dna methylation were observed where global dna methylation was twofold lower in monkeys fed a high fat diet (n = 10) compared to monkeys fed a standard diet (n ...201424943073
fire and home range expansion: a behavioral response to burning among savanna dwelling vervet monkeys (chlorocebus aethiops).the behavioral adaptations of primates to fire-modified landscapes are of considerable interest to anthropologists because fire is fundamental to life in the african savanna-the setting in which genus homo evolved. here we report the behavioral responses of a savanna-dwelling primate, vervet monkeys (chlorocebus aethiops), to fire-induced ecological change. using behavioral and spatial data to characterize ranging patterns prior to and postburn and between burn and nonburn years, we show that th ...201424889076
vervet mri atlas and label map for fully automated morphometric analyses.currently available non-human primate templates typically require input of a skull-stripped brain for structural processing. this can be a manually intensive procedure, and considerably limits their utility. the purpose of this study was to create a vervet mri population template, associated tissue probability maps (tpm), and a label atlas to facilitate true fully automated magnetic resonance imaging (mri) structural analyses for morphometric analyses. structural mri scans of ten vervet monkeys ...201424850577
analysis of prostate-specific antigen transcripts in chimpanzees, cynomolgus monkeys, baboons, and african green monkeys.the function of prostate-specific antigen (psa) is to liquefy the semen coagulum so that the released sperm can fuse with the ovum. fifteen spliced variants of the psa gene have been reported in humans, but little is known about alternative splicing in nonhuman primates. positive selection has been reported in sex- and reproductive-related genes from sea urchins to drosophila to humans; however, there are few studies of adaptive evolution of the psa gene. here, using polymerase chain reaction (p ...201424732672
chemical synthesis, characterisation, and biocompatibility of nanometre scale porous anodic aluminium oxide membranes for use as a cell culture substrate for the vero cell line: a preliminary study.in this preliminary study we investigate for the first time the biomedical potential of using porous anodic aluminium oxide (aao) membranes as a cell substrate for culturing the cercopithecus aethiops (african green monkey) kidney (vero) epithelial cell line. one advantage of using the inorganic aao membrane is the presence of nanometre scale pore channels that allow the exchange of molecules and nutrients across the membrane. the size of the pore channels can be preselected by adjusting the con ...201424579077
safety profile of dextran-spermine gene delivery vector in mouse lungs.a nano-sized polymer, dextran-spermine (d-spm), was shown to have the capacity to deliver gene to the lung of mouse via intranasal route. in this study, assessments on the safety profile of d-spm were performed to complement the gene expression results. african green monkey kidney fibroblast (cos-7) and human adenocarcinoma breast (mcf-7) cells transfected with d-spm/pdna showed massive reduction in the number of viable cells. as for in vivo study, elevated level of neutrophils was observed, des ...201424734548
cytotoxic diterpenes from roots of crossopetalum gaumeri, a celastraceae species from yucatan peninsula.four new diterpenes, crossogumerins a-d (1-4) along with six known ones (5-10) were isolated from the root bark of crossopetalum gaumeri, an endemic medicinal plant from the yucatan peninsula. their structures were elucidated on the basis of 1d and 2d nmr techniques, including hmqc, hmbc, and roesy experiments. compounds 1-5, 8-10 were evaluated for cytotoxicity against hela (carcinoma of the cervix) and hep-2 (lung carcinoma) human tumor cells lines and against normal vero cells (african green ...201424709561
cratoxylum formosum (jack) dyer ssp. pruniflorum (kurz) gogel. (hóng yá mù) extract induces apoptosis in human hepatocellular carcinoma hepg2 cells through caspase-dependent pathways.cratoxylum formosum (jack) dyer ssp. pruniflorum (kurz) gogel. (hóng yá mù) (cf) has been used for treatment of fever, cough, and peptic ulcer. previously, a 50% ethanol-water extract from twigs of cf was shown highly selective in cytotoxicity against cancer cells. this study aims to investigate the molecular mechanisms underlying the apoptosis-inducing effect of cf.201424708784
in vitro antibacterial screening of six proline-based cyclic dipeptides in combination with β-lactam antibiotics against medically important bacteria.the in vitro synergistic antibacterial activity of six proline-based cyclic dipeptides [cyclo(d-pro-l-leu), cyclo(l-pro-l-met), cyclo(d-pro-l-phe), cyclo(l-pro-l-phe), cyclo(l-pro-l-tyr), and cyclo(l-pro-d-tyr)] in combination imipenem and ceftazidime was investigated in the present manuscript. the minimum inhibitory concentration (mic) and minimum bactericidal concentration (mbc) of the cyclic dipeptides were compared with those of the standard antibiotics (imipenem and ceftazidime). the synerg ...201424622848
ethanol self-administration and nicotine treatment increase brain levels of cyp2d in african green monkeys.cyp2d6 metabolizes many centrally acting drugs, neurotoxins and endogenous neurochemicals, and differences in brain levels of cyp2d have been associated with brain function and drug response. alcohol consumers and smokers have higher levels of cyp2d6 in brain, but not liver, suggesting ethanol and/or nicotine may induce human brain cyp2d6. we investigated the independent and combined effects of chronic ethanol self-administration and nicotine treatment on cyp2d expression in african green monkey ...201424611668
cytotoxic and hiv-1 enzyme inhibitory activities of red sea marine organisms.cancer and hiv/aids are two of the greatest public health and humanitarian challenges facing the world today. infection with hiv not only weakens the immune system leading to aids and increasing the risk of opportunistic infections, but also increases the risk of several types of cancer. the enormous biodiversity of marine habitats is mirrored by the molecular diversity of secondary metabolites found in marine animals, plants and microbes which is why this work was designed to assess the anti-hi ...201424568567
characterization of ovarian aging and reproductive senescence in vervet monkeys (chlorocebus aethiops sabaeus).female vervet monkeys (chlorocebus aethiops sabaeus) are used as an experimental model for chronic diseases relevant to women's health. however, reproductive senescence (menopause) has not yet been characterized for vervet monkeys. here we describe the histologic, hormonal, and menstrual markers of reproductive senescence in vervet monkeys from the wake forest vervet research colony. ovaries from monkeys (age, 0 to 27 y) were serially sectioned (5 μm), stained, and photographed. in every 100th s ...201424512962
cytotoxic effects of etephon and maleic hydrazide in vero, hep2, hepg2 cells.the toxicity of etephon and maleic hydrazide, used as plant growth regulators in agriculture, were reported as low in mammals in previous studies. however, in vitro cytotoxicity studies in mammalian cells are currently missing to understand their toxicity at molecular level. in the current study, the cytotoxicity of these compounds, were studied in vero (african green monkey kidney epithelium), hepg2 (human hepatocellular carcinoma), hep2 (human epidermoid cancer) cells by mtt ((3-(4,5-dimetilti ...201424495230
recent developments in experimental animal models of henipavirus infection.hendra (hev) and nipah (niv) viruses (genus henipavirus (hnv; family paramyxoviridae) are emerging zoonotic agents that can cause severe respiratory distress and acute encephalitis in humans. given the lack of effective therapeutics and vaccines for human use, these viruses are considered as public health concerns. several experimental animal models of hnv infection have been developed in recent years. here, we review the current status of four of the most promising experimental animal models (m ...201424488776
use of opda, an organophosphorus (op) hydrolase, prevents lethality in an african green monkey model of acute op poisoning.organophosphorus (op) pesticides are a diverse class of acetylcholinesterase (ache) inhibitors that are responsible for tremendous morbidity and mortality worldwide, killing approximately 300,000 people annually. enzymatic hydrolysis of ops is a potential therapy for acute poisoning. opda, an op hydrolase isolated from agrobacterium radiobacter, has been shown to decrease lethality in rodent models of op poisoning. this study investigated the effects of opda on ache activity, plasma concentratio ...201424447378
regulation of the apolipoprotein gene cluster by a long noncoding rna.apolipoprotein a1 (apoa1) is the major protein component of high-density lipoprotein (hdl) in plasma. we have identified an endogenously expressed long noncoding natural antisense transcript, apoa1-as, which acts as a negative transcriptional regulator of apoa1 both in vitro and in vivo. inhibition of apoa1-as in cultured cells resulted in the increased expression of apoa1 and two neighboring genes in the apo cluster. chromatin immunoprecipitation (chip) analyses of a ∼50 kb chromatin region fla ...201424388749
process analytical technology (pat) in insect and mammalian cell culture processes: dielectric spectroscopy and focused beam reflectance measurement (fbrm).modern bioprocesses demand for a careful definition of the critical process parameters (cpps) already during the early stages of process development in order to ensure high-quality products and satisfactory yields. in this context, online monitoring tools can be applied to recognize unfavorable changes of cpps during the production processes and to allow for early interventions in order to prevent losses of production batches due to quality issues. process analytical technologies such as the die ...201424297424
orchidectomy does not significantly affect spine synapse density in the ca3 hippocampal subfield in st. kitts vervet monkeys (chlorocebus aethiops sabaeus).gonadal hormones induce significant changes in cognitive function, associated with alterations in the structure of the hippocampus. we have previously shown that androgens increase the number of spine synapses in the ca1 stratum radiatum of the monkey hippocampus. recent evidence, however, suggests that loss of testicular hormone production may have variable effects on neuroplasticity in different regions of the hippocampus. to test this hypothesis, we examined the effects of orchidectomy in the ...201424269983
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