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bioaccumulation of cerium and neodymium by bacillus cereus isolated from rare earth environments of chavara and manavalakurichi, india.rare earth elements (rees) are among the common minerals in the rare earth environment that are very precious and also enhance soil properties. the aim of this present study is to evaluate the accumulation of rees by bacterial isolates of rare earth environment. morphological and biochemical characterization were done for 37 bacterial isolates and also molecular studies were carried out using 16s rrna sequencing method. the assessment of rees composition in soil samples of chavara and manavalaku ...201123024412
a universal method for the identification of bacteria based on general pcr primers.the universal method (um) described here will allow the detection of any bacterial rdna leading to the identification of that bacterium. the method should allow prompt and accurate identification of bacteria. the principle of the method is simple; when a pure pcr product of the 16s gene is obtained, sequenced, and aligned against bacterial dna data base, then the bacterium can be identified. confirmation of identity may follow. in this work, several general 16s primers were designed, mixed and a ...201123024404
bacterial biogeography of the human digestive tract.we present bacterial biogeography as sampled from the human gastrointestinal tract of four healthy subjects. this study generated >32 million paired-end sequences of bacterial 16s rrna genes (v3 region) representing >95,000 unique operational taxonomic units (otus; 97% similarity clusters), with >99% good's coverage for all samples. the highest otu richness and phylogenetic diversity was found in the mouth samples. the microbial communities of multiple biopsy sites within the colon were highly s ...201122355685
Iron Depletion and Repletion with Ferrous Sulfate or Electrolytic Iron Modifies the Composition and Metabolic Activity of the Gut Microbiota in Rats.Iron (Fe) deficiency anemia is a global health concern and Fe fortification and supplementation are common corrective strategies. Fe is essential not only for the human host but also for nearly all gut bacteria. We studied the impact of Fe deficiency and Fe repletion on the gut microbiota in rats. Weanling rats were fed an Fe-deficient diet for 24 d and then repleted for 13 d with FeSO(4) (n = 15) or electrolytic Fe (n = 14) at 10 and 20 mg Fe?·?kg diet(-1). In addition, one group of rats (n = 8 ...201122190022
Iron Depletion and Repletion with Ferrous Sulfate or Electrolytic Iron Modifies the Composition and Metabolic Activity of the Gut Microbiota in Rats.Iron (Fe) deficiency anemia is a global health concern and Fe fortification and supplementation are common corrective strategies. Fe is essential not only for the human host but also for nearly all gut bacteria. We studied the impact of Fe deficiency and Fe repletion on the gut microbiota in rats. Weanling rats were fed an Fe-deficient diet for 24 d and then repleted for 13 d with FeSO(4) (n = 15) or electrolytic Fe (n = 14) at 10 and 20 mg Fe?·?kg diet(-1). In addition, one group of rats (n = 8 ...201122190022
occurrence of plasmid-mediated ampc β-lactamases among escherichia coli and klebsiella pneumoniae clinical isolates in a tertiary care hospital in bangalore.therapeutic options for infections caused by gram-negative organisms expressing plasmid-mediated ampc β-lactamases are limited because these organisms are usually resistant to all the β-lactam antibiotics, except for cefepime, cefpirome and the carbapenems. these organisms are a major concern in nosocomial infections and should therefore be monitored in surveillance studies. hence, this study was aimed out to determine the prevalence of plasmid-mediated ampc β-lactamases in e. coli and k. pneumo ...201123729878
occurrence of plasmid-mediated ampc β-lactamases among escherichia coli and klebsiella pneumoniae clinical isolates in a tertiary care hospital in bangalore.therapeutic options for infections caused by gram-negative organisms expressing plasmid-mediated ampc β-lactamases are limited because these organisms are usually resistant to all the β-lactam antibiotics, except for cefepime, cefpirome and the carbapenems. these organisms are a major concern in nosocomial infections and should therefore be monitored in surveillance studies. hence, this study was aimed out to determine the prevalence of plasmid-mediated ampc β-lactamases in e. coli and k. pneumo ...201123729878
Peptidoglycan Hydrolases of Escherichia coli.Summary: The review summarizes the abundant information on the 35 identified peptidoglycan (PG) hydrolases of Escherichia coli classified into 12 distinct families, including mainly glycosidases, peptidases, and amidases. An attempt is also made to critically assess their functions in PG maturation, turnover, elongation, septation, and recycling as well as in cell autolysis. There is at least one hydrolytic activity for each bond linking PG components, and most hydrolase genes were identified. F ...201122126997
genetic features of blandm-1-positive enterobacteriaceae.genetic features associated with the bla(ndm-1) gene were investigated in 6 escherichia coli, 7 klebsiella pneumoniae, 1 citrobacter freundii, 1 proteus mirabilis, and 1 providencia stuartii isolate of worldwide origin. clonal diversity was observed for both e. coli and k. pneumoniae. the bla(ndm-1) gene was carried by different plasmid types (inca/c, incf, incl/m, or untypeable) and was likely chromosome borne in two isolates. the bla(ndm-1) plasmids coharbored a variety of resistance determina ...201121859933
Complete sequencing of the bla(NDM-1)-positive IncA/C plasmid from Escherichia coli ST38 isolate suggests a possible origin from plant pathogens.The complete sequence of the plasmid pNDM-1_Dok01 carrying New Delhi metallo-ß-lactamase (NDM-1) was determined by whole genome shotgun sequencing using Escherichia coli strain NDM-1_Dok01 (multilocus sequence typing type: ST38) and the transconjugant E. coli DH10B. The plasmid is an IncA/C incompatibility type composed of 225 predicted coding sequences in 195.5 kb and partially shares a sequence with bla(CMY-2)-positive IncA/C plasmids such as E. coli AR060302 pAR060302 (166.5 kb) and Salmonell ...201121966500
prevalence of plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance and its association with extended-spectrum beta-lactamase and ampc beta-lactamase in enterobacteriaceae.we investigated the prevalence of plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance and its association with extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (esbl) and ampc beta-lactamase in enterobacteriaceae.201122016679
Antibacterial activity of selected medicinal plants against multiple antibiotic resistant uropathogens: a study from Kolli Hills, Tamil Nadu, India.The increasing incidence of antibiotic resistance among bacterial pathogens necessitates medicinal plants as an alternate therapy in restricting the resistant infectious organisms. In this primitive study, the antibiotic resistance of organisms isolated from urinary tract infected patients was evaluated using the National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards (NCCLS) method and Multiple Antibiotic Resistance (MAR) index values, and the MAR values was also calculated for plant extracts. The ...201121986363
blood transfusion safety in africa: a literature review of infectious disease and organizational challenges.blood safety remains an important public health concern in africa where lack of availability or provision of unsafe blood adversely impacts morbidity and mortality in the region. in recognition of this shortfall, the world health organization (who) established a goal of regional blood safety by 2012 through improved "organization and management, blood donor recruitment and collection, testing of donor blood as well as appropriate clinical use of blood" (tagny et al: transfusion. 2008;48:1256-126 ...201121872426
blood transfusion safety in africa: a literature review of infectious disease and organizational challenges.blood safety remains an important public health concern in africa where lack of availability or provision of unsafe blood adversely impacts morbidity and mortality in the region. in recognition of this shortfall, the world health organization (who) established a goal of regional blood safety by 2012 through improved "organization and management, blood donor recruitment and collection, testing of donor blood as well as appropriate clinical use of blood" (tagny et al: transfusion. 2008;48:1256-126 ...201121872426
characterization and purification of a bacteriocin from lactobacillus paracasei subsp. paracasei bmk2005, an intestinal isolate active against multidrug-resistant pathogens.a strain of lactobacillus paracasei subsp. paracasei bmk2005 isolated from healthy infant faeces has shown a remarkable antibacterial activity against 32 bacterial pathogenic strains of human clinical isolates. among them, 13 strains belonging to species of escherichia coli, citrobacter freundii, citrobacter diversus, klebsiella oxytoca, enterobacter cloacae and pseudomonas aeruginosa were resistant to cefotaxime (ctx) and ceftazidime (caz), and 4 strains of staphylococcus aureus were resistant ...201122805936
bioactive constituents and medicinal importance of genus alnus.the genus alnus has been reviewed for its chemical constituents and biological activities including traditional importance of some common species. the plants of this genus contain terpenoids, flavonoids, diarylheptanoids, phenols, steroids, and tannins. diarylheptanoids are the dominant constituents within the genus alnus, few of them exhibited antioxidant effects and inhibitory activity against nuclear factor kappab activation, nitric oxide and tumor necrosis factor-α production, human umbilica ...201122279375
impact of gram-negative bacteria in interaction with a complex microbial consortium on biogenic amine content and sensory characteristics of an uncooked pressed cheese.the impact of gram-negative bacteria on sensory characteristics and production of volatile compounds as well as biogenic amines (ba) in the core of an uncooked pressed type model cheese was investigated in the presence of a defined complex microbial consortium. eleven strains of gram-negative bacteria, selected on the basis of their biodiversity and in vitro ba-production ability, were individually tested in a model cheese. four out of 6 strains of enterobacteriaceae (citrobacter freundii ucma 4 ...201122265286
etiologic agents of otitis media in benin city, nigeria.otitis media continues to be a major presentation in the ear, nose and throat clinic.201122540074
exploiting dendrimer multivalency to combat emerging and re-emerging infectious diseases.the emergence and re-emergence of bacterial strains that are resistant to current antibiotics reveal the clinical need for new agents that possess broad-spectrum antibacterial activity. furthermore, bacteriophobic coatings that repel bacteria are important for medical devices, as the lifetime, reliability, and performance of implant devices are hindered by bacterial adhesion and infection. dendrimers, a specific class of monodisperse macromolecules, have recently shown potential to function as b ...201122126461
exploiting dendrimer multivalency to combat emerging and re-emerging infectious diseases.the emergence and re-emergence of bacterial strains that are resistant to current antibiotics reveal the clinical need for new agents that possess broad-spectrum antibacterial activity. furthermore, bacteriophobic coatings that repel bacteria are important for medical devices, as the lifetime, reliability, and performance of implant devices are hindered by bacterial adhesion and infection. dendrimers, a specific class of monodisperse macromolecules, have recently shown potential to function as b ...201122126461
bioactive pigments from marine bacteria: applications and physiological roles.research into natural products from the marine environment, including microorganisms, has rapidly increased over the past two decades. despite the enormous difficulty in isolating and harvesting marine bacteria, microbial metabolites are increasingly attractive to science because of their broad-ranging pharmacological activities, especially those with unique color pigments. this current review paper gives an overview of the pigmented natural compounds isolated from bacteria of marine origin, bas ...201121961023
engineering microbial factories for synthesis of value-added products.microorganisms have become an increasingly important platform for the production of drugs, chemicals, and biofuels from renewable resources. advances in protein engineering, metabolic engineering, and synthetic biology enable redesigning microbial cellular networks and fine-tuning physiological capabilities, thus generating industrially viable strains for the production of natural and unnatural value-added compounds. in this review, we describe the recent progress on engineering microbial factor ...201121526386
antibiogram and heavy metal tolerance of bullfrog bacteria in malaysia.bacterial isolates from 30 farmed bullfrogs (lithobates catesbeianus) weighing 500-600 g at johore, malaysia with external clinical signs of ulcer, red leg and torticollis were tested for their antibiograms and heavy metal tolerance patterns. a total of 17 bacterial species with 77 strains were successfully isolated and assigned to 21 antibiotics and 4 types of heavy metal (hg(2+), cr(6+), cd(2+), cu(2+)). results revealed that bacteria were resistant against lincomycin (92%), oleandomycin (72.7 ...201126623279
distribution of genes encoding nucleoid-associated protein homologs in plasmids.bacterial nucleoid-associated proteins (naps) form nucleoprotein complexes and influence the expression of genes. recent studies have shown that some plasmids carry genes encoding nap homologs, which play important roles in transcriptional regulation networks between plasmids and host chromosomes. in this study, we determined the distributions of the well-known naps fis, h-ns, hu, ihf, and lrp and the newly found naps mvat and ndpa among the whole-sequenced 1382 plasmids found in gram-negative b ...201121350637
pathogens and polymers: microbe-host interactions illuminate the cytoskeleton.intracellular pathogens subvert the host cell cytoskeleton to promote their own survival, replication, and dissemination. study of these microbes has led to many discoveries about host cell biology, including the identification of cytoskeletal proteins, regulatory pathways, and mechanisms of cytoskeletal function. actin is a common target of bacterial pathogens, but recent work also highlights the use of microtubules, cytoskeletal motors, intermediate filaments, and septins. the study of pathoge ...201121969466
a selective chromogenic plate, yeca, for the detection of pathogenic yersinia enterocolitica: specificity, sensitivity, and capacity to detect pathogenic y. enterocolitica from pig tonsils.a new selective chromogenic plate, yeca, was tested for its specificity, sensitivity, and accuracy to detect pathogenic y. enterocolitica from pig tonsils. we tested a panel of 26 bacterial strains on yeca and compared it to pca, cin, and yecm media. detection of pathogenic y. enterocolitica was carried out on 50 pig tonsils collected in one slaughter house. enrichment was done in psb and itc broths. streaking on yeca and cin was done in direct, after 24h incubation of itc, after 48h incubation ...201122567328
comparison of bruker biotyper matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight mass spectrometer to bd phoenix automated microbiology system for identification of gram-negative bacilli.we compared the bd phoenix automated microbiology system to the bruker biotyper (version 2.0) matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight (maldi-tof) mass spectrometry (ms) system for identification of gram-negative bacilli, using biochemical testing and/or genetic sequencing to resolve discordant results. the bd phoenix correctly identified 363 (83%) and 330 (75%) isolates to the genus and species level, respectively. the bruker biotyper correctly identified 408 (93%) and 360 (82 ...201121209160
parts plus pipes: synthetic biology approaches to metabolic engineering.synthetic biologists combine modular biological "parts" to create higher-order devices. metabolic engineers construct biological "pipes" by optimizing the microbial conversion of basic substrates to desired compounds. many scientists work at the intersection of these two philosophies, employing synthetic devices to enhance metabolic engineering efforts. these integrated approaches promise to do more than simply improve product yields; they can expand the array of products that are tractable to p ...201122037345
parts plus pipes: synthetic biology approaches to metabolic engineering.synthetic biologists combine modular biological "parts" to create higher-order devices. metabolic engineers construct biological "pipes" by optimizing the microbial conversion of basic substrates to desired compounds. many scientists work at the intersection of these two philosophies, employing synthetic devices to enhance metabolic engineering efforts. these integrated approaches promise to do more than simply improve product yields; they can expand the array of products that are tractable to p ...201122037345
f33:a-:b- and f2:a-:b- plasmids mediate dissemination of rmtb-blactx-m-9 group genes and rmtb-qepa in enterobacteriaceae isolates from pets in china.this study investigated the prevalence of 16s rrna methylase genes in 267 enterobacteriaceae isolates collected from pets. the rmtb gene was detected in 69 isolates, most of which were clonally unrelated. the coexistence of the rmtb gene with the bla(ctx-m-9) group genes and/or qepa within the same incfii replicons was commonly detected. the two dominant types of incf plasmids, f2:a-:b-, carrying rmtb-qepa, and f33:a-:b-, carrying the rmtb-bla(ctx-m-9) group genes (and especially bla(ctx-m-65)), ...201121788459
occurrence of yeasts, pseudomonads and enteric bacteria in the oral cavity of patients undergoing head and neck radiotherapy.the aim of this study was to evaluate the occurrence of yeasts, pseudomonads and enteric bacteria in the oral cavity of patients undergoing radiotherapy (rt) for treatment of head and neck cancer. fifty patients receiving rt were examined before, during and 30 days after rt. saliva, mucosa, and biofilm samples were collected and microorganisms were detected by culture and polymerase chain reaction (pcr). the most prevalent yeasts in patients submitted to rt were candida albicans, c. tropicalis, ...201124031721
qnr prevalence in extended spectrum beta-lactamases (esbls) and none-esbls producing escherichia coli isolated from urinary tract infections in central of iran.extensive use of quinolones has been associated with raising level of resistance. in the current, we focused on assessing the prevalence of escherichia coli resistance to quinolones and frequency of qnra, qnrb and qnrs in non esbls (extended spectrum beta-lactamases) and esbls producing e. coli with blashv and blatem.201123493061
evaluation of three automated systems for susceptibility testing of enterobacteria containing qnrb, qnrs, and/or aac(6')-ib-cr.the accuracy of the microscan walkaway, bd phoenix, and vitek-2 systems for susceptibility testing of quinolones and aminoglycosides against 68 enterobacteria containing qnrb, qnrs, and/or aac(6 ')-ib-cr was evaluated using reference microdilution. overall, one very major error (0.09%), 6 major errors (0.52%), and 45 minor errors (3.89%) were noted.201121775549
a case of recurrent infection caused by a pancreaticoduodenal fistula associated with a pancreatic arteriovenous malformation.although arteriovenous malformations (avm) occur frequently in digestive organs, pancreatic avm is rare. the clinical symptoms of pancreatic avm are variable and include gastrointestinal bleeding, abdominal pain, jaundice, portal hypertension, pancreatitis, and duodenal ulcer. however, choledochoduodenal or pancreaticoduodenal fistulas complicated with ascending infection and pancreatitis is extremely rare. herein, we report a case of pancreaticoduodenal fistula associated with a pancreatic avm ...201121927673
new diagnostic microarray (check-kpc esbl) for detection and identification of extended-spectrum beta-lactamases in highly resistant enterobacteriaceae.the performance of a microarray for the detection of extended-spectrum beta-lactamases was determined on a collection of 638 highly resistant members of the family enterobacteriaceae collected from patients in 18 hospitals in the netherlands. the microarray had a significantly higher specificity than the phenotypic assays. it also detects carbapenemases and characterizes the resistance genes, providing epidemiological insight.201121653759
a 31-year-old female with fever and back pain.primary pyomyositis is a suppurative infection of striated muscle, the diagnosis of which is overlooked or delayed due to its rarity and vague clinical presentation. though rare in the united states and temperate zones, pyomyositis is more frequently reported from tropical countries. the exact pathogenesis of pyomyositis is uncertain in most cases. the disease progresses through three stages with characteristic features and require a high index of suspicion to institute stage-wise treatment. new ...201121887031
l5 vertebral osteomyelitis treated with l5 corpectomy and anterior instrumentation: case report.a case report.201123637682
comparative evaluation of a chromogenic agar medium, the modified hodge test, and a battery of meropenem-inhibitor discs for detection of carbapenemase activity in enterobacteriaceae.three phenotypic methods (modified hodge test, chromogenic agar, and meropenem discs combined with specific inhibitors) used for the detection of carbapenemase activity were tested on a panel of characterized enterobacteriaceae expressing various β-lactamase mechanisms. overall, the meropenem-plus-inhibitor approach was more sensitive and specific than the other methods, despite its limitation of being unable to detect class d carbapenemases.201121430097
co-colonization with multiple different species of multidrug-resistant gram-negative bacteria.the characteristics of co-colonization with multiple different species of multidrug-resistant gram-negative bacteria (mdrgn) have not been fully elucidated. quantifying the prevalence of co-colonization and those patients at higher risk of co-colonization may have important implications for strategies aimed at limiting the spread of mdrgn.201121492962
a case of cellulitis of the hands caused by a predatory bird attack.many species have been drastically affected by rapid urbanization. harris's hawks from their natural habitat of open spaces and a supply of rodents, lizards and other small prey have been forced to change their natural environment adapting to living in open spaces in sub- and peri-urban areas. specific areas include playgrounds, parks and school courtyards. the migration of this predatory species into these areas poses a risk to individuals, and especially the children are often attacked by claw ...201123569751
utilization of biodiesel by-products for biogas production.this contribution reviews the possibility of using the by-products from biodiesel production as substrates for anaerobic digestion and production of biogas. the process of biodiesel production is predominantly carried out by catalyzed transesterification. besides desired methylesters, this reaction provides also few other products, including crude glycerol, oil-pressed cakes, and washing water. crude glycerol or g-phase is heavier separate liquid phase, composed mainly by glycerol. a couple of s ...201121403868
overview and management of sternal wound infection.sternal wound infection is a life-threatening complication after cardiac surgery associated with high morbidity and mortality. past treatment options have included closed suction and continuous irrigation. current paradigms in the management of sternal wound infection include surgical debridement, vacuum-assisted closure therapy, flap coverage, and sternal plating. we provide a general overview of sternal wound infection and treatment options for the plastic surgeon.201122294940
comparative in vitro activities of the novel antibacterial finafloxacin against selected gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria tested in mueller-hinton broth and synthetic urine.kill kinetics and mics of finafloxacin and ciprofloxacin against 34 strains with defined resistance mechanisms grown in cation-adjusted mueller-hinton broth (camhb) at ph values of 7.2 and 5.8 and in synthetic urine at ph 5.8 were determined. in general, finafloxacin gained activity at low ph values in camhb and remained almost unchanged in artificial urine. ciprofloxacin mics increased and bactericidal activity decreased strain dependently in acidic camhb and particularly in artificial urine.201121245444
carbapenemases in enterobacteria, hong kong, china, 2009. 201121192875
enterobacteriaceae in mouth and cloaca of podocnemis expansa and p. unifilis (testudines: chelonia) populations of national park of araguaia plains, brazil.shigella flexnerii and escherichia coli were the most frequent gram-negative bacteria found in the mouth cavity and cloacae of the turtles podocnemis expansa and p. unifilis on beaches in the national park of araguaia, brazil. reptiles are known as salmonella carriers, despite rarely isolated in these turtles.201124031664
fluoroquinolone-macrolide combination therapy for chronic bacterial prostatitis: retrospective analysis of pathogen eradication rates, inflammatory findings and sexual dysfunction.we previously demonstrated the safety and efficacy of fluoroquinolone-macrolide combination therapy in category ii chronic bacterial prostatitis (cbp). the aim of this study is to retrospectively compare the microbiological and clinical findings of two treatment schemes for cbp based on the combination of azithromycin (500 mg, thrice-weekly) with a once-daily 500- or 750-mg dose of ciprofloxacin (cipro-500 or cipro-750 cohort, respectively). combined administration of azithromycin (1500 mg week( ...201121765442
risk factors of postoperative pneumonia after lung cancer surgery.the purpose of this study was to investigate risk factors of postoperative pneumonia (pop) after lung cancer surgery. the 417 lung cancer patients who underwent surgical resection in a tertiary referral hospital were included. clinical, radiological and laboratory data were reviewed retrospectively. male and female ratio was 267:150 (median age, 65 yr). the incidence of pop was 6.2% (26 of 417) and in-hospital mortality was 27% among those patients. by univariate analysis, age ≥ 70 yr (p < 0.001 ...201121860545
high prevalence of qnr and aac(6')-ib-cr genes in both water-borne environmental bacteria and clinical isolates of citrobacter freundii in china.we investigated the prevalence of qnr and aac(6')-ib-cr genes in water-borne environmental bacteria and in clinical isolates of enterobacteriaceae, as well as the subtypes of qnr. environmental bacteria were isolated from surface water samples obtained from 10 different locations in hangzhou city, and clinical isolates of citrobacter freundii were isolated from several hospitals in four cities in china. qnra, qnrb, qnrs, and aac(6')-ib-cr genes were screened using pcr, and the genotypes were ana ...201122791048
high prevalence of qnr and aac(6')-ib-cr genes in both water-borne environmental bacteria and clinical isolates of citrobacter freundii in china.we investigated the prevalence of qnr and aac(6')-ib-cr genes in water-borne environmental bacteria and in clinical isolates of enterobacteriaceae, as well as the subtypes of qnr. environmental bacteria were isolated from surface water samples obtained from 10 different locations in hangzhou city, and clinical isolates of citrobacter freundii were isolated from several hospitals in four cities in china. qnra, qnrb, qnrs, and aac(6')-ib-cr genes were screened using pcr, and the genotypes were ana ...201122791048
multicenter evaluation of a new dna microarray for rapid detection of clinically relevant bla genes from beta-lactam-resistant gram-negative bacteria.a new commercial low-density microarray which identifies common extended-spectrum β-lactamase plasmid-mediated cephalosporinase genes, as well as carbapenemase (bla(kpc) and bla(ndm)) genes, was evaluated. we tested 207 clinical and reference/collection isolates of the enterobacteriaceae possessing different bla genes. overall, the sensitivity and specificity of the microarray were 100% for the detection of the plasmid-mediated bla(ampc), bla(kpc), and bla(ndm) genes using bla gene sequencing as ...201121746960
practical approach for reliable detection of ampc beta-lactamase-producing enterobacteriaceae.in this prospective study all enterobacteriaceae isolates (n = 2,129) recovered in the clinical microbiology laboratory during october 2009 to april 2010 were analyzed for ampc production. clinical and laboratory standards institute (clsi) cefoxitin and cefotetan susceptibility breakpoints and clsi critical esbl diameters were used to screen for potential ampc producers. in total, 305 isolates (211 potential ampc producers and 94 ampc screen-negative isolates as a control group) were further ana ...201121632895
can we use imipenem and meropenem vitek 2 mics for detection of suspected kpc and other-carbapenemase producers among species of enterobacteriaceae?imipenem and meropenem vitek 2 mics were evaluated for a panel of 104 enterobacteriaceae for identification of carbapenemase producers. the sensitivity and specificity values for the new clsi interpretative criteria (clsi document m100-s20-u, 2010) were 98% and 83% for imipenem and 76% and 83% for meropenem, respectively. we propose an algorithm that is highly sensitive (98%) and specific (94%) for carbapenemase screening based on the combined use of imipenem and meropenem mics.201121159944
carbapenems: past, present, and future.in this review, we summarize the current "state of the art" of carbapenem antibiotics and their role in our antimicrobial armamentarium. among the β-lactams currently available, carbapenems are unique because they are relatively resistant to hydrolysis by most β-lactamases, in some cases act as "slow substrates" or inhibitors of β-lactamases, and still target penicillin binding proteins. this "value-added feature" of inhibiting β-lactamases serves as a major rationale for expansion of this class ...201121859938
using matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry to detect carbapenem resistance within 1 to 2.5 hours.in recent years, the percentage of carbapenem-resistant bacteria has increased at an alarming pace and become a major threat for patient survival. carbapenemase-induced carbapenem resistance can be confirmed through the detection of carbapenem degradation using matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry (maldi-tof ms). this method works for strains carrying ndm-1, vim-1, vim-2, kpc-2, and different imp enzymes.201121795515
real-time pcr for detection of ndm-1 carbapenemase genes from spiked stool samples.an in-house quantitative real-time pcr (qpcr) assay using taqman chemistry has been developed to detect ndm-1 carbapenemase genes from bacterial isolates and directly from stool samples. the qpcr amplification of bla(ndm-1) dna was linear over 10 log dilutions (r(2) = 0.99), and the amplification efficiency was 1.03. the qpcr detection limit was reproducibly 1 cfu, or 10 plasmid molecules, and there was no cross-reaction with dna extracted from several multidrug-resistant bacteria harboring othe ...201121690281
expert systems in clinical microbiology.this review aims to discuss expert systems in general and how they may be used in medicine as a whole and clinical microbiology in particular (with the aid of interpretive reading). it considers rule-based systems, pattern-based systems, and data mining and introduces neural nets. a variety of noncommercial systems is described, and the central role played by the eucast is stressed. the need for expert rules in the environment of reset eucast breakpoints is also questioned. commercial automated ...201121734247
increasing prevalence and dissemination of ndm-1 metallo-β-lactamase in india: data from the smart study (2009).to investigate the β-lactamase background of ertapenem non-susceptible isolates for the presence of the most commonly detected carbapenemase genes, bla(kpc), bla(oxa-48) and bla(vim), and the newly described bla(ndm-1).201121676902
new treatment options against gram-negative organisms. 201121457501
preparation, gram-negative antibacterial activity, and hydrolytic stability of novel siderophore-conjugated monocarbam diols.a novel series of monocarbam compounds exhibiting promising antibacterial activity against multidrug resistant gram-negative microorganisms is reported, along with the synthesis of one such molecule mc-1 (1). also reported are structure-activity relationships associated with the in vitro and in vivo efficacy of 1 and related analogues in addition to the hydrolytic stability of such compounds and possible implications thereof.201124900319
comparison of nine phenotypic methods for detection of extended-spectrum beta-lactamase production by enterobacteriaceae.the detection of extended-spectrum β-lactamase-producing (esbl) bacteria is of importance for infection control and epidemiological surveillance. we aimed to compare phenotypic methods available in the routine laboratory and to evaluate two-step strategies using these methods for the detection of esbl-positive enterobacteriaceae. two methods used for routine susceptibility testing (vitek2 and disk diffusion methods) and seven methods designed for the detection of esbl production (esbl etests, co ...201121248086
class 1 integron in staphylococci.as a major concern in public health, methicillin-resistant staphylococci (mrs) still remains one of the most prevalent pathogens that cause nosocomial infections throughout the world and has been recently labeled as a "super bug" in antibiotic resistance. thus, surveillance and investigation on antibiotic resistance mechanisms involved in clinical mrs strains may raise urgent necessity and utmost significance. as a novel antibiotic resistance mechanism, class 1 integron has been identified as a ...201121258866
molecular docking analysis of new generation cephalosporins interactions with recently known shv-variants.extended-spectrum-β-lactamases (esbls), constitutes the growing class of betalactamses, these are enzymes produced by bacteria which impart resistance against advanced-generation-cephalosporins. shv enzymes are among the most prevalent esbls. the mode of molecular interactions of recent shv-variants to advanced generation cephalosporins has not been reported yet. this is the first time we are reporting the insilico study of these recent variants with new generation cephaosporins. homology models ...201121383920
evaluation of a dna microarray (check-mdr ct102) for rapid detection of tem, shv, and ctx-m extended-spectrum β-lactamases and of kpc, oxa-48, vim, imp, and ndm-1 carbapenemases.the check-mdr ct102 microarray, aimed at identifying bacteria producing extended-spectrum β-lactamase (esbl) (shv, tem, and ctx-m) and carbapenemase (kpc, oxa-48, vim, imp, and ndm-1), was evaluated on a total of 144 gram-negative strains expressing various β-lactamases. the sensitivity and specificity were 100% for most tested genes, suggesting that this assay allows accurate identification of common esbl and carbapenemase producers from bacterial cultures.201121325547
incidence and microbiological profile of mycotic keratitis in a tertiary care eye hospital: a retrospective analysis.to determine the incidence and microbiological profile of mycotic keratitis seen at a tertiary care eye hospital.201123960995
incidence and microbiological profile of mycotic keratitis in a tertiary care eye hospital: a retrospective analysis.to determine the incidence and microbiological profile of mycotic keratitis seen at a tertiary care eye hospital.201123960995
biological denitrification of high nitrate processing wastewaters from explosives production plant.wastewater samples originating from an explosives production plant (3,000 mg n l(-1) nitrate, 4.8 mg l(-1) nitroglycerin, 1.9 mg l(-1) nitroglycol and 1,200 mg l(-1) chemical oxygen demand) were subjected to biological purification. an attempt to completely remove nitrate and to decrease the chemical oxygen demand was carried out under anaerobic conditions. a soil isolated microbial consortium capable of biodegrading various organic compounds and reduce nitrate to atmospheric nitrogen under anae ...201122593607
biological denitrification of high nitrate processing wastewaters from explosives production plant.wastewater samples originating from an explosives production plant (3,000 mg n l(-1) nitrate, 4.8 mg l(-1) nitroglycerin, 1.9 mg l(-1) nitroglycol and 1,200 mg l(-1) chemical oxygen demand) were subjected to biological purification. an attempt to completely remove nitrate and to decrease the chemical oxygen demand was carried out under anaerobic conditions. a soil isolated microbial consortium capable of biodegrading various organic compounds and reduce nitrate to atmospheric nitrogen under anae ...201122593607
bioactive 4-hydroxycinnamide and bioactivities of polyalthia cerasoides.constituents from polyalthia cerasoides, stem bark methanol extract, were previously documented. this study reports the first isolation of bioactive n-(4-hydroxy-β-phenethyl)-4-hydroxycinnamide (1) from ethyl acetate extract of the plant species including stigmasterol and a mixture of triterpenes from hexane and dichloromethane extracts. trace essential elements were found in the hexane extract in ppm level. the plant extracts were evaluated for their antimicrobial and antioxidative activities. ...201127857661
novel carbon-carbon bond formations for biocatalysis.carbon-carbon bond formation is the key transformation in organic synthesis to set up the carbon backbone of organic molecules. however, only a limited number of enzymatic c-c bond forming reactions have been applied in biocatalytic organic synthesis. recently, further name reactions have been accomplished for the first time employing enzymes on a preparative scale, for instance the stetter and pictet-spengler reaction or oxidative c-c bond formation. furthermore, novel enzymatic c-c bond formin ...201121354781
functions and origin of plasmids in erwinia species that are pathogenic to or epiphytically associated with pome fruit trees.the genus erwinia includes plant-associated pathogenic and non-pathogenic species. among them, all species pathogenic to pome fruit trees (e. amylovora, e. pyrifoliae, e. piriflorinigrans, erwinia sp. from japan) cause similar symptoms, but differ in their degrees of aggressiveness, i.e. in symptoms, host range or both. the presence of plasmids of similar size, in the range of 30 kb, is a common characteristic that they possess. besides, they share some genetic content with high homology in seve ...201125983394
functions and origin of plasmids in erwinia species that are pathogenic to or epiphytically associated with pome fruit trees.the genus erwinia includes plant-associated pathogenic and non-pathogenic species. among them, all species pathogenic to pome fruit trees (e. amylovora, e. pyrifoliae, e. piriflorinigrans, erwinia sp. from japan) cause similar symptoms, but differ in their degrees of aggressiveness, i.e. in symptoms, host range or both. the presence of plasmids of similar size, in the range of 30 kb, is a common characteristic that they possess. besides, they share some genetic content with high homology in seve ...201125983394
comparative evaluation of bruker biotyper and bd phoenix systems for identification of bacterial pathogens associated with urinary tract infections.the bruker biotyper and bd phoenix systems were evaluated for identification of 1,024 bacterial urinary tract isolates. the biotyper and phoenix systems correctly identified 99.9% and 99.5% to the genus level and 99.1% and 98.5% to the species level, respectively. both systems provide reliable results, and the biotyper system offers a rapid tool for urine bacterial isolate identification.201121918029
cumulative clinical experience from over a decade of use of levofloxacin in urinary tract infections: critical appraisal and role in therapy.the treatment of urinary tract infections (utis) continues to evolve as common uropathogens increasingly become resistant to previously active antimicrobial agents. in addition, bacterial isolates, which were once considered to be either colonizers or contaminants, have emerged as true pathogens, likely related to the more complex array of settings where health care is now delivered. even though the reliability of many antimicrobial agents has become less predictable, the fluoroquinolone group o ...201122114510
an examination of the medicinal potential of scaevola spinescens: toxicity, antibacterial, and antiviral activities.scaevola spinescens is an endemic australian native plant with a history of use as a medicinal agent by indigenous australians. yet the medicinal bioactivities of this plant are poorly studied.201121772751
lung manifestations in an autopsy-based series of pulmonary or disseminated nontuberculous mycobacterial disease.comparisons of lung manifestations in primary pulmonary vs disseminated nontuberculous mycobacterial disease have not been well described. the clinical, histopathologic, and radiologic disease manifestations of primary pulmonary or disseminated nontuberculous mycobacterial disease were compared in an autopsy series.201122194586
lung manifestations in an autopsy-based series of pulmonary or disseminated nontuberculous mycobacterial disease.comparisons of lung manifestations in primary pulmonary vs disseminated nontuberculous mycobacterial disease have not been well described. the clinical, histopathologic, and radiologic disease manifestations of primary pulmonary or disseminated nontuberculous mycobacterial disease were compared in an autopsy series.201122194586
rapid identification of acinetobacter spp. by fluorescence in situ hybridization (fish) from colony and blood culture material.multi-drug-resistant strains of the acinetobacter baumannii complex cause nosocomial infections. rapid identification of acinetobacter spp. is desirable in order to facilitate therapeutic or hygiene decisions. we evaluated a newly designed dna probe that can be used under standard conditions in both a microwave oven and a slide chamber for the rapid identification of acinetobacter spp. by fluorescence in situ hybridization (fish). using fish, the new probe correctly identified 81/81 acinetobacte ...201124516735
opportunistic microorganisms in patients undergoing antibiotic therapy for pulmonary tuberculosis.antimicrobial therapy may cause changes in the resident oral microbiota, with the increase of opportunistic pathogens. the aim of this study was to compare the prevalence of candida, staphylococcus, pseudomonas and enterobacteriaceae in the oral cavity of fifty patients undergoing antibiotic therapy for pulmonary tuberculosis and systemically healthy controls. oral rinsing and subgingival samples were obtained, plated in sabouraud dextrose agar with chloramphenicol, mannitol agar and macconkey a ...201124031759
appraising contemporary strategies to combat multidrug resistant gram-negative bacterial infections--proceedings and data from the gram-negative resistance summit.the emerging problem of antibiotic resistance, especially among gram-negative bacteria (gnb), has become a serious threat to global public health. very few new antibacterial classes with activity against antibiotic-resistant gnb have been brought to market. renewed and growing attention to the development of novel compounds targeting antibiotic-resistant gnb, as well as a better understanding of strategies aimed at preventing the spread of resistant bacterial strains and preserving the efficacy ...201121868447
optimization of matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry analysis for bacterial identification.matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry (maldi-tof ms) is a relatively new addition to the clinical microbiology laboratory. the performance of the maldi biotyper system (bruker daltonics) was compared to those of phenotypic and genotypic identification methods for 690 routine and referred clinical isolates representing 102 genera and 225 unique species. we systematically compared direct-smear and extraction methods on a taxonomically diverse collection of is ...201222993178
multidrug-resistance and toxic metal tolerance of medically important bacteria isolated from an aquaculture system.the use of antimicrobials and toxic metals should be considered carefully in aquaculture and surrounding environments. we aimed to evaluate medically relevant bacteria in an aquaculture system and their susceptibility to antimicrobials and toxic metals. selective cultures for enterobacteria (ent), non-fermenting gram-negative rods (nfr) and gram-positive cocci (gpc) were obtained from water samples collected in two different year seasons. the isolated bacteria were biochemically identified and a ...201222972388
globally dispersed mobile drug-resistance genes in gram-negative bacterial isolates from patients with bloodstream infections in a us urban general hospital.mobile drug-resistance genes with identical nucleic acid sequences carried by multidrug-resistant escherichia coli strains that cause community-acquired infections are becomingly increasingly dispersed worldwide. over a 2-year period, we analysed gram-negative bacterial (gnb) pathogens from the blood of inpatients at an urban public hospital to determine what proportion of these isolates carried such globally dispersed drug-resistance genes. of 376 gnb isolates, 167 (44 %) were escherichia coli, ...201222493279
complete sequence of a novel 178-kilobase plasmid carrying bla(ndm-1) in a providencia stuartii strain isolated in afghanistan.in response to global concerns over the spread of the new delhi metallo-β-lactamase gene 1, bla(ndm-1), a monthly surveillance program was initiated in september 2010. all carbapenem-resistant gram-negative strains forwarded to our facility are screened for this gene. to date, 321 carbapenem-resistant isolates, encompassing 11 bacterial species, have been tested. in february 2011, two strains of providencia stuartii, submitted from a military hospital in afghanistan, tested positive for bla(ndm- ...201222290972
the multiple signaling systems regulating virulence in pseudomonas aeruginosa.cell-to-cell communication is a major process that allows bacteria to sense and coordinately react to the fluctuating conditions of the surrounding environment. in several pathogens, this process triggers the production of virulence factors and/or a switch in bacterial lifestyle that is a major determining factor in the outcome and severity of the infection. understanding how bacteria control these signaling systems is crucial to the development of novel antimicrobial agents capable of reducing ...201222390972
genetic and biochemical characterization of a novel metallo-β-lactamase, tmb-1, from an achromobacter xylosoxidans strain isolated in tripoli, libya.an achromobacter xylosoxidans strain from the tripoli central hospital produced a unique metallo-β-lactamase, designated tmb-1, which is related to dim-1 (62%) and gim-1 (51%). bla(tmb-1) was embedded in a class 1 integron and located on the chromosome. the tmb-1 β-lactamase has lower k(cat) values than both dim-1 and gim-1 with cephalosporins and carbapenems. the k(m) values were more similar to those of gim-1 than those of dim-1, with the overall k(cat)/k(m) values being lower than those for g ...201222290947
comparison of the maldi biotyper system using sepsityper specimen processing to routine microbiological methods for identification of bacteria from positive blood culture bottles.bloodstream infections are a leading cause of admissions to hospital intensive care units and carry a high mortality rate. clinical outcome can be greatly improved by early effective antibiotic therapy; therefore, broad-spectrum antimicrobial therapy is often initiated when there is a clinical suspicion of bloodstream infection. unfortunately, this method may not always be effective when dealing with inherently resistant organisms and can also result in iatrogenic infection and the development o ...201222162549
pathogen recognition and activation of the innate immune response in zebrafish.the zebrafish has proven itself as an excellent model to study vertebrate innate immunity. it presents us with possibilities for in vivo imaging of host-pathogen interactions which are unparalleled in mammalian model systems. in addition, its suitability for genetic approaches is providing new insights on the mechanisms underlying the innate immune response. here, we review the pattern recognition receptors that identify invading microbes, as well as the innate immune effector mechanisms that th ...201222811714
application of a battery of biotests for the determination of leachate toxicity to bacteria and invertebrates from sewage sludge-amended soil.the objective of the study was to determine the leachates toxicity from sewage sludge-amended soils (sandy and loamy). samples originated from a plot experiment realized over a period of 29 months. two types of soil were fertilized with sewage sludges at the dose of 3 % (90 t/ha). soil samples were taken after 0, 7, 17, and 29 months from the application of sewage sludges. leachates were obtained according to the en 12457-2 protocol. the following commercial tests were applied for the estimation ...201223132406
application of a battery of biotests for the determination of leachate toxicity to bacteria and invertebrates from sewage sludge-amended soil.the objective of the study was to determine the leachates toxicity from sewage sludge-amended soils (sandy and loamy). samples originated from a plot experiment realized over a period of 29 months. two types of soil were fertilized with sewage sludges at the dose of 3 % (90 t/ha). soil samples were taken after 0, 7, 17, and 29 months from the application of sewage sludges. leachates were obtained according to the en 12457-2 protocol. the following commercial tests were applied for the estimation ...201223132406
origin and evolution of antibiotic resistance: the common mechanisms of emergence and spread in water bodies.the environment, and especially freshwater, constitutes a reactor where the evolution and the rise of new resistances occur. in water bodies such as waste water effluents, lakes, and rivers or streams, bacteria from different sources, e.g., urban, industrial, and agricultural waste, probably selected by intensive antibiotic usage, are collected and mixed with environmental species. this may cause two effects on the development of antibiotic resistances: first, the contamination of water by antib ...201222303296
rapid discrimination of salmonella enterica serovar typhi from other serovars by maldi-tof mass spectrometry.systemic infections caused by salmonella enterica are an ongoing public health problem especially in sub-saharan africa. essentially typhoid fever is associated with high mortality particularly because of the increasing prevalence of multidrug-resistant strains. thus, a rapid blood-culture based bacterial species diagnosis including an immediate sub-differentiation of the various serovars is mandatory. at present, maldi-tof based intact cell mass spectrometry (icms) advances to a widely used rou ...201222768195
bacteriological and physicochemical studies on tigris river near the water purification stations within baghdad province.we studied the physical, chemical, and microbiological factors that influence drinking water quality processed from river tigris, and of the three main drinking water purification stations located at different parts of tigris river, along with evaluation of drinking water of al-shula region in baghdad city. water samples were taken monthly from december 2009 to september 2010. physical and chemical analyses of water included determination of temperature, ph, turbidity, electrical conductivity, t ...201223365587
duplex quantitative real-time pcr assay for the detection and discrimination of the eggs of toxocara canis and toxocara cati (nematoda, ascaridoidea) in soil and fecal samples.toxocarosis is a zoonotic disease caused by toxocara canis (t. canis) and/or toxocara cati (t. cati), two worldwide distributed roundworms which are parasites of canids and felids, respectively. infections of humans occur through ingestion of embryonated eggs of t. canis or t. cati, when playing with soils contaminated with dogs or cats feces. accordingly, the assessment of potential contamination of these areas with these roundworms eggs is paramount.201223216873
bloodstream infections in patients with pulmonary arterial hypertension treated with intravenous prostanoids: insights from the reveal registry®.to evaluate the rate of and potential risk factors for bloodstream infections (bsis) using data from the reveal (registry to evaluate early and long-term pulmonary arterial hypertension [pah] disease management) registry(®), which provides current information about patients with pah.201222883740
resistance trends in gram-negative bacteria: surveillance results from two mexican hospitals, 2005-2010.hospital-acquired infections caused by multiresistant gram-negative bacteria are difficult to treat and cause high rates of morbidity and mortality. the analysis of antimicrobial resistance trends of gram-negative pathogens isolated from hospital-acquired infections is important for the development of antimicrobial stewardship programs. the information obtained from antimicrobial resistant programs from two hospitals from mexico will be helpful in the selection of empiric therapy for hospital-ac ...201222676813
corynebacterium prosthetic joint infection.identification of corynebacterium species may be challenging. corynebacterium species are occasional causes of prosthetic joint infection (pji), but few data are available on the subject. based on the literature, c. amycolatum, c. aurimucosum, c. jeikeium, and c. striatum are the most common corynebacterium species that cause pji. we designed a rapid pcr assay to detect the most common human corynebacterium species, with a specific focus on pji. a polyphosphate kinase gene identified using whole ...201222337986
infections caused by multidrug resistant organisms are not associated with overall, all-cause mortality in the surgical intensive care unit: the 20,000 foot view.resistant pathogens are increasingly common in the icu, with controversy regarding their relationship to outcomes. we hypothesized that an increasing number of infections with resistant pathogens in our surgical icu would not be associated with increased overall mortality.201222421258
plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance; interactions between human, animal, and environmental ecologies.resistance to quinolones and fluoroquinolones is being increasingly reported among human but also veterinary isolates during the last two to three decades, very likely as a consequence of the large clinical usage of those antibiotics. even if the principle mechanisms of resistance to quinolones are chromosome-encoded, due to modifications of molecular targets (dna gyrase and topoisomerase iv), decreased outer-membrane permeability (porin defect), and overexpression of naturally occurring efflux, ...201222347217
isolation and characterization of a bactericidal withanolide from physalis virginiana.physalis virginiana (virginia groundcherry) is a member of the family solenaceae. several species of the physalis genus have been used traditionally by american indians as medicinal treatments.201222438659
significance of bacteria in oviposition and larval development of the sand fly lutzomyia longipalpis.microbial ecology of phlebotomine sand flies is not well understood although bacteria likely play an important role in the sand fly biology and vector capacity for leishmania parasites. in this study, we assessed the significance of the microbial community of rabbit feces in oviposition and larval development of lutzomyia longipalpis as well as bacterial colonization of the gut of freshly emerged flies.201222827861
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