Publications

the expression of genes encoding lipodepsipeptide phytotoxins by pseudomonas syringae pv. syringae is coordinated in response to plant signal molecules.	specific plant signal molecules are known to induce syringomycin production and expression of syrb1, a syringomycin synthetase gene, in pseudomonas syringae pv. syringae. this report demonstrates that syringopeptin production likewise is activated by plant signal molecules and that the gacs, sala, and syrf regulatory pathway mediates transmission of plant signal molecules to the syr-syp biosynthesis apparatus. syringopeptin production by br132 was increased two-fold by addition of arbutin (100 m ...	2006	16570656
pseudomonas syringae effector avrb confers soybean cultivar-specific avirulence on soybean mosaic virus adapted for transgene expression but effector avrpto does not.	soybean mosaic virus (smv) was adapted for transgene expression in soybean and used to examine the function of avirulence genes avrb and avrpto of pseudomonas syringae pvs. glycinea and tomato, respectively. a cloning site was introduced between the p1 and hc-pro genes in 35s-driven infectious cdnas of strains smv-n and smv-g7. insertion of the uida gene or the green fluorescent protein gene into either modified cdna and bombardment into primary leaves resulted in systemic expression that reflec ...	2006	16570660
compositional discordance between prokaryotic plasmids and host chromosomes.	most plasmids depend on the host replication machinery and possess partitioning genes. these properties confine plasmids to a limited range of hosts, yielding a close and presumably stable relationship between plasmid and host. hence, it is anticipated that due to amelioration the dinucleotide composition of plasmids is similar to that of the genome of their hosts. however, plasmids are also thought to play a major role in horizontal gene transfer and thus are frequently exchanged between hosts, ...	2006	16480495
insight into types i and ii nonhost resistance using expression patterns of defense-related genes in tobacco.	plants protect themselves against pathogens using a range of response mechanisms. there are two categories of nonhost resistance: type i, which does not result in visible cell death; and type ii, which entails localized programmed cell death (or hypersensitive response) in response to nonhost pathogens. the genes responsible for these two systems have not yet been intensively investigated at the molecular level. using tobacco plants (nicotiana tabacum), we compared expression of 12 defense-relat ...	2006	16482435
mutational analysis of an extracytoplasmic-function sigma factor to investigate its interactions with rna polymerase and dna.	the extracytoplasmic-function (ecf) family of sigma factors comprises a large group of proteins required for synthesis of a wide variety of extracytoplasmic products by bacteria. residues important for core rna polymerase (rnap) binding, dna melting, and promoter recognition have been identified in conserved regions 2 and 4.2 of primary sigma factors. seventeen residues in region 2 and eight residues in region 4.2 of an ecf sigma factor, pvds from pseudomonas aeruginosa, were selected for alanin ...	2006	16484205
the clc element of pseudomonas sp. strain b13, a genomic island with various catabolic properties.	pseudomonas sp. strain b13 is a bacterium known to degrade chloroaromatic compounds. the properties to use 3- and 4-chlorocatechol are determined by a self-transferable dna element, the clc element, which normally resides at two locations in the cell's chromosome. here we report the complete nucleotide sequence of the clc element, demonstrating the unique catabolic properties while showing its relatedness to genomic islands and integrative and conjugative elements rather than to other known cata ...	2006	16484212
adi3 is a pdk1-interacting agc kinase that negatively regulates plant cell death.	bacterial speck disease in tomato is caused by pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato. resistance to this disease is conferred by the host pto kinase, which recognizes p. s. pv. tomato strains that express the effector avrpto. we report here that an avrpto-dependent pto-interacting protein 3 (adi3) is a member of the agc family of protein kinases. in mammals, agc kinases are regulated by 3-phosphoinositide-dependent protein kinase-1 (pdk1). we characterized tomato pdk1 and showed that pdk1 and pto phos ...	2006	16362044
adi3 is a pdk1-interacting agc kinase that negatively regulates plant cell death.	bacterial speck disease in tomato is caused by pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato. resistance to this disease is conferred by the host pto kinase, which recognizes p. s. pv. tomato strains that express the effector avrpto. we report here that an avrpto-dependent pto-interacting protein 3 (adi3) is a member of the agc family of protein kinases. in mammals, agc kinases are regulated by 3-phosphoinositide-dependent protein kinase-1 (pdk1). we characterized tomato pdk1 and showed that pdk1 and pto phos ...	2006	16362044
tomato pto encodes a functional n-myristoylation motif that is required for signal transduction in nicotiana benthamiana.	pto kinase of tomato (lycopersicon esculentum) confers resistance to bacterial speck disease caused by pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato expressing avrpto or avrptob. pto interacts directly with these type-iii secreted effectors, leading to induction of defence responses including the hypersensitive response (hr). signalling by pto requires the nucleotide-binding site-leucine-rich repeat (nbs-lrr) protein prf. little is known of how pto is controlled prior to or during stimulation, although kinase ...	2006	16367952
a bacterial inhibitor of host programmed cell death defenses is an e3 ubiquitin ligase.	the pseudomonas syringae protein avrptob is translocated into plant cells, where it inhibits immunity-associated programmed cell death (pcd). the structure of a c-terminal domain of avrptob that is essential for anti-pcd activity reveals an unexpected homology to the u-box and ring-finger components of eukaryotic e3 ubiquitin ligases, and we show that avrptob has ubiquitin ligase activity. mutation of conserved residues involved in the binding of e2 ubiquitin-conjugating enzymes abolishes this a ...	2006	16373536
the outcomes of concentration-specific interactions between salicylate and jasmonate signaling include synergy, antagonism, and oxidative stress leading to cell death.	salicylic acid (sa) has been proposed to antagonize jasmonic acid (ja) biosynthesis and signaling. we report, however, that in salicylate hydroxylase-expressing tobacco (nicotiana tabacum) plants, where sa levels were reduced, ja levels were not elevated during a hypersensitive response elicited by pseudomonas syringae pv phaseolicola. the effects of cotreatment with various concentrations of sa and ja were assessed in tobacco and arabidopsis (arabidopsis thaliana). these suggested that there wa ...	2006	16377744
adducts of oxylipin electrophiles to glutathione reflect a 13 specificity of the downstream lipoxygenase pathway in the tobacco hypersensitive response.	the response to reactive electrophile species (res) is now considered as part of the plant response to pathogen and insect attacks. thanks to a previously established high-performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry methodology, we have investigated the production of oxylipin res adducts to glutathione (gsh) during the hypersensitive response (hr) of plants. we have observed that res conjugation to gsh in tobacco (nicotiana tabacum) leaves is facile and nonspecific. in cryptogein- ...	2006	16500992
identification of genomic islands in six plant pathogens.	genomic islands (gis) play important roles in microbial evolution, which are acquired by horizontal gene transfer. in this paper, the gis of six completely sequenced plant pathogens are identified using a windowless method based on z curve representation of dna sequences. consequently, four, eight, four, one, two and four gis are recognized with the length greater than 20-kb in plant pathogens agrobacterium tumefaciens str. c58, rolstonia solanacearum gmi1000, xanthomonas axonopodis pv. citri st ...	2006	16581205
purification, crystallization and preliminary x-ray diffraction analysis of pathogen-inducible oxygenase (piox) from oryza sativa.	pathogen-inducible oxygenase (piox) is a heme-containing membrane-associated protein found in monocotyledon and dicotyledon plants that utilizes molecular oxygen to convert polyunsaturated fatty acids into their corresponding 2r-hydroperoxides. piox is a member of a larger family of fatty-acid alpha-dioxygenases that includes the mammalian cyclooxygenase enzymes cyclooxygenase 1 and 2 (cox-1 and cox-2). single crystals of piox from rice (oryza sativa) have been grown from mpd using recombinant p ...	2006	16582486
assessment of the environmental fate of the biological control agent of fire blight, pseudomonas fluorescens eps62e, on apple by culture and real-time pcr methods.	the colonization of apple blossoms and leaves by pseudomonas fluorescens eps62e was monitored in greenhouse and field trials using cultivable cell counting and real-time pcr. the real-time pcr provided a specific quantitative method for the detection of strain eps62e. the detection level was around 10(2) cells g (fresh weight)(-1) and the standard curve was linear within a 5-log range. eps62e actively colonized flowers reaching values from 10(7) to 10(8) cells per blossom. in apple flowers, no s ...	2006	16597940
physical and functional interactions between pathogen-induced arabidopsis wrky18, wrky40, and wrky60 transcription factors.	limited information is available about the roles of specific wrky transcription factors in plant defense. we report physical and functional interactions between structurally related and pathogen-induced wrky18, wrky40, and wrky60 transcription factors in arabidopsis thaliana. the three wrky proteins formed both homocomplexes and heterocomplexes and dna binding activities were significantly shifted depending on which wrky proteins were present in these complexes. single wrky mutants exhibited no ...	2006	16603654
ascorbate oxidase-dependent changes in the redox state of the apoplast modulate gene transcript accumulation leading to modified hormone signaling and orchestration of defense processes in tobacco.	the role of the redox state of the apoplast in hormone responses, signaling cascades, and gene expression was studied in transgenic tobacco (nicotiana tabacum) plants with modified cell wall-localized ascorbate oxidase (ao). high ao activity specifically decreased the ascorbic acid (aa) content of the apoplast and altered plant growth responses triggered by hormones. auxin stimulated shoot growth only when the apoplastic aa pool was reduced in wild-type or ao antisense lines. oxidation of apopla ...	2006	16603663
mekhla, a novel domain with similarity to pas domains, is fused to plant homeodomain-leucine zipper iii proteins.	homeodomain (hd) proteins play important roles in the development of plants, fungi, and animals. here we identify a novel domain, mekhla, in the c terminus of hd-leu zipper (hd-zip) iii plant hd proteins that shares similarity with a group of bacterial proteins and a protein from the green alga chlamydomonas reinhardtii. the group of bacterial mekhla proteins is found in cyanobacteria and other bacteria often found associated with plants. phylogenetic analysis suggests that a mekhla protein tran ...	2006	16607028
predicting cis-acting elements of lactobacillus plantarum by comparative genomics with different taxonomic subgroups.	cis-acting elements in lactobacillus plantarum were predicted by comparative analysis of the upstream regions of conserved genes and predicted transcriptional units (tus) in different bacterial genomes. tus were predicted for two species sets, with different evolutionary distances to l.plantarum. tus were designated 'cluster of orthologous transcriptional units' (cot) when >50% of the genes were orthologous in different species. conserved dna sequences were detected in the upstream regions of di ...	2006	16614445
comparative analysis of induction pattern of programmed cell death and defense-related responses during hypersensitive cell death and development of bacterial necrotic leaf spots in eggplant.	pseudomonas cichorii causes necrotic leaf spots (nls), while pseudomonas syringae pv. tabaci induces a hypersensitive response (hr) in eggplant. p. cichorii induced cell death at 9 h after inoculation (hai), reaching a maximum of around 24-30 hai. on the other hand, cell death was induced 6 hai with p. syringae pv. tabaci, reaching a maximum of around 12-18 hai. superoxide generation was observed in eggplant inoculated with both bacteria. dna fragmentation, cytochrome c release into the cytosol ...	2006	16614819
expression of the arabidopsis high-affinity hexose transporter stp13 correlates with programmed cell death.	we report the biochemical characterization in xenopus oocytes of the arabidopsis thaliana membrane protein, stp13, as a high affinity, hexose-specific h(+)-symporter. studies with kinase activators suggest that it is negatively regulated by phosphorylation. stp13 promoter gfp reporter lines show gfp expression only in the vascular tissue in emerging petals under non-stressed conditions. quantitative pcr and the pstp13-gfp plants show induction of stp13 in programmed cell death (pcd) obtained by ...	2006	16616142
role of sgt1 in resistance protein accumulation in plant immunity.	a highly conserved eukaryotic protein sgt1 binds specifically to the molecular chaperone, hsp90. in plants, sgt1 positively regulates disease resistance conferred by many resistance (r) proteins and developmental responses to the phytohormone, auxin. we show that silencing of sgt1 in nicotiana benthamiana causes a reduction in steady-state levels of the r protein, rx. these data support a role of sgt1 in r protein accumulation, possibly at the level of complex assembly. in arabidopsis, two sgt1 ...	2006	16619029
display of a thermostable lipase on the surface of a solvent-resistant bacterium, pseudomonas putida gm730, and its applications in whole-cell biocatalysis.	whole-cell biocatalysis in organic solvents has been widely applied to industrial bioprocesses. in two-phase water-solvent processes, substrate conversion yields and volumetric productivities can be limited by the toxicity of solvents to host cells and by the low mass transfer rates of the substrates from the solvent phase to the whole-cell biocatalysts in water.	2006	16620394
characterization of the transcriptional activators sala and syrf, which are required for syringomycin and syringopeptin production by pseudomonas syringae pv. syringae.	production of the phytotoxins syringomycin and syringopeptin by pseudomonas syringae pv. syringae is controlled by the regulatory genes sala and syrf. analysis with 70-mer oligonucleotide microarrays established that the syr-syp genes responsible for synthesis and secretion of syringomycin and syringopeptin belong to the syrf regulon. vector pmekm12 was successfully used to express both sala and syrf proteins fused to a maltose-binding protein (mbp) in escherichia coli and p. syringae pv. syring ...	2006	16621822
pyoverdine-mediated iron uptake in pseudomonas aeruginosa: the tat system is required for pvdn but not for fpva transport.	under iron-limiting conditions, pseudomonas aeruginosa pao1 secretes a fluorescent siderophore called pyoverdine (pvd). after chelating iron, this ferric siderophore is transported back into the cells via the outer membrane receptor fpva. the pvd-dependent iron uptake pathway requires several essential genes involved in both the synthesis of pvd and the uptake of ferric pvd inside the cell. a previous study describing the global phenotype of a tat-deficient p. aeruginosa strain showed that the d ...	2006	16621825
a plant mirna contributes to antibacterial resistance by repressing auxin signaling.	plants and animals activate defenses after perceiving pathogen-associated molecular patterns (pamps) such as bacterial flagellin. in arabidopsis, perception of flagellin increases resistance to the bacterium pseudomonas syringae, although the molecular mechanisms involved remain elusive. here, we show that a flagellin-derived peptide induces a plant microrna (mirna) that negatively regulates messenger rnas for the f-box auxin receptors tir1, afb2, and afb3. repression of auxin signaling restrict ...	2006	16627744
role of nucleotide excision repair and photoreactivation in the solar uvb radiation survival of pseudomonas syringae pv. syringae b728a.	to assess the role of dna repair and photoreactivation in the solar radiation survival of the plant pathogen and leaf surface epiphyte pseudomonas syringae pv. syringae (pss).	2006	16630008
insect-antifeedant and antibacterial activity of diterpenoids from species of plectranthus.	bio-assay guided fractionation of an acetone extract of leaf material from plectranthus saccatus benth. resulted in the isolation of a beyerane diterpenoid. this compound, characterised by spectroscopic methods as ent-3beta-(3-methyl-2-butenoyl)oxy-15-beyeren-19-oic acid, showed insect antifeedant activity against spodoptera littoralis. known quinonoid abietane diterpenoids obtained from new sources included a mixture of the (4r,19r) and (4r,19s) diastereoisomers of coleon a from p. aff. puberul ...	2006	16631828
intermolecular transfer of copper ions from the copc protein of pseudomonas syringae. crystal structures of fully loaded cu(i)cu(ii) forms.	copc is a small soluble protein expressed in the periplasm of pseudomonas syringae pathovar tomato as part of its copper resistance response (cop operon). equilibrium competition reactions confirmed two separated binding sites with high affinities for cu(i) (10(-7) > or = k(d) > or = 10(-13) m) and cu(ii) (k(d) = 10(-13(1)) m), respectively. while cu(i)-copc was converted cleanly by o2 to cu(ii)-copc, the fully loaded form cu(i)cu(ii)-copc was stable in air. variant forms h1f and h91f exhibited ...	2006	16637653
the genome of rhizobium leguminosarum has recognizable core and accessory components.	rhizobium leguminosarum is an alpha-proteobacterial n2-fixing symbiont of legumes that has been the subject of more than a thousand publications. genes for the symbiotic interaction with plants are well studied, but the adaptations that allow survival and growth in the soil environment are poorly understood. we have sequenced the genome of r. leguminosarum biovar viciae strain 3841.	2006	16640791
fitness benefits of systemic acquired resistance during hyaloperonospora parasitica infection in arabidopsis thaliana.	we investigated the fitness benefits of systemic acquired resistance (sar) in arabidopsis thaliana using a mutational and transformational genetic approach. genetic lines were designed to differ in the genes determining resistance signaling in a common genetic background. two mutant lines (cpr1 and cpr5) constitutively activate sar at different points in sar signaling, and one mutant line (npr1) has impaired sar. the transgenic line (npr1-h) has enhanced resistance when sar is activated, but sar ...	2006	16648642
inhibition of plant-pathogenic bacteria by short synthetic cecropin a-melittin hybrid peptides.	short peptides of 11 residues were synthesized and tested against the economically important plant pathogenic bacteria erwinia amylovora, pseudomonas syringae, and xanthomonas vesicatoria and compared to the previously described peptide pep3 (wklfkkilkvl-nh(2)). the antimicrobial activity of pep3 and 22 analogues was evaluated in terms of the mic and the 50% effective dose (ed(50)) for growth. peptide cytotoxicity against human red blood cells and peptide stability toward protease degradation we ...	2006	16672470
rhizosphere selection of highly motile phenotypic variants of pseudomonas fluorescens with enhanced competitive colonization ability.	phenotypic variants of pseudomonas fluorescens f113 showing a translucent and diffuse colony morphology show enhanced colonization of the alfalfa rhizosphere. we have previously shown that in the biocontrol agent p. fluorescens f113, phenotypic variation is mediated by the activity of two site-specific recombinases, sss and xerd. by overexpressing the genes encoding either of the recombinases, we have now generated a large number of variants (mutants) after selection either by prolonged laborato ...	2006	16672487
proteomic analysis of extracellular proteins from aspergillus oryzae grown under submerged and solid-state culture conditions.	filamentous fungi are widely used for the production of homologous and heterologous proteins. recently, there has been increasing interest in aspergillus oryzae because of its ability to produce heterologous proteins in solid-state culture. to provide an overview of protein secretion by a. oryzae in solid-state culture, we carried out a comparative proteome analysis of extracellular proteins in solid-state and submerged (liquid) cultures. extracellular proteins prepared from both cultures sequen ...	2006	16672490
genetic population structure of the soil bacterium myxococcus xanthus at the centimeter scale.	myxococcus xanthus is a gram-negative soil bacterium best known for its remarkable life history of social swarming, social predation, and multicellular fruiting body formation. very little is known about genetic diversity within this species or how social strategies might vary among neighboring strains at small spatial scales. to investigate the small-scale population structure of m. xanthus, 78 clones were isolated from a patch of soil (16 by 16 cm) in tübingen, germany. among these isolates, 2 ...	2006	16672510
characterization of the yersinia enterocolitica type iii secretion atpase yscn and its regulator, yscl.	type iii secretion is a mechanism used by a broad range of gram-negative bacteria to neutralize eukaryotic defenses by enabling translocation of bacterial proteins directly into the cytoplasm of host cells. the bacterial energy source for secretion is atp, which is consumed by an atpase that couples atp hydrolysis to the unfolding of secreted proteins and the dissociation of their chaperones just prior to secretion. by studying the biochemical properties of yscn and yscl of yersinia enterocoliti ...	2006	16672607
the ornibactin biosynthesis and transport genes of burkholderia cenocepacia are regulated by an extracytoplasmic function sigma factor which is a part of the fur regulon.	burkholderia cenocepacia mutants that fail to produce the siderophore ornibactin were obtained following mutagenesis with mini-tn5tp. these mutants were shown to be growth restricted under conditions of iron depletion. in eight of the mutants, the transposon had integrated into one of two genes, orbi and orbj, encoding nonribosomal peptide synthetases. in the other mutant, the transposon had inserted into an open reading frame, orbs, located upstream from orbi. the polypeptide product of orbs ex ...	2006	16672617
flavonoid-inducible modifications to rhamnan o antigens are necessary for rhizobium sp. strain ngr234-legume symbioses.	rhizobium sp. strain ngr234 produces a flavonoid-inducible rhamnose-rich lipopolysaccharide (lps) that is important for the nodulation of legumes. many of the genes encoding the rhamnan part of the molecule lie between 87 degrees and 110 degrees of pngr234a, the symbiotic plasmid of ngr234. computational methods suggest that 5 of the 12 open reading frames (orfs) within this arc are involved in synthesis (and subsequent polymerization) of l-rhamnose. two others probably play roles in the transpo ...	2006	16672619
chemotaxis is required for virulence and competitive fitness of the bacterial wilt pathogen ralstonia solanacearum.	ralstonia solanacearum, a soilborne plant pathogen of considerable economic importance, invades host plant roots from the soil. qualitative and quantitative chemotaxis assays revealed that this bacterium is specifically attracted to diverse amino acids and organic acids, and especially to root exudates from the host plant tomato. exudates from rice, a nonhost plant, were less attractive. eight different strains from this heterogeneous species complex varied significantly in their attraction to a ...	2006	16672623
avrb mutants lose both virulence and avirulence activities on soybean and arabidopsis.	the pseudomonas syringae pv. glycinea effector protein avrb induces resistance responses in soybean varieties that contain the resistance gene rpg1-b and arabidopsis varieties that carry rpm1. in addition to this avirulence activity, avrb also enhances bacterial virulence on soybean plants that lack rpg1-b and induces a chlorotic phenotype on arabidopsis plants that lack rpm1. we screened a library of avrb mutants for loss of avirulence on soybean and arabidopsis, and assayed selected avirulence ...	2006	16677306
specific bacterial suppressors of mamp signaling upstream of mapkkk in arabidopsis innate immunity.	plants and animals possess innate immune systems to prevent infections and are effectively "nonhosts" for most potential pathogens. the molecular mechanisms underlying nonhost immunity in plants remain obscure. in arabidopsis, nonhost/nonpathogenic pseudomonas syringae sustains but pathogenic p. syringae suppresses early mamp (microbe-associated molecular pattern) marker-gene activation. we performed a cell-based genetic screen of virulence factors and identified avrpto and avrptob as potent and ...	2006	16678099
identification of glycosylation genes and glycosylated amino acids of flagellin in pseudomonas syringae pv. tabaci.	a glycosylation island is a genetic region required for glycosylation. the glycosylation island of flagellin in pseudomonas syringae pv. tabaci 6605 consists of three orfs: orf1, orf2 and orf3. orf1 and orf2 encode putative glycosyltransferases, and their deletion mutants, deltaorf1 and deltaorf2, exhibit deficient flagellin glycosylation or produce partially glycosylated flagellin respectively. digestion of glycosylated flagellin from wild-type bacteria and non-glycosylated flagellin from delta ...	2006	16681835
[agriculture microbiology and microbe interaction with plants].	about the characterization and distribution of novel nitrogen-fixing burkholderia species associated with maize and other plants and their potential use on the plant growth was presented in this symposium. the symposium included studies directed to the revegetation of eroded areas by using plant growth promoting rhizo-bacteria and mycorrizal fungi associated with desert plants, as well as studies related with the resistance of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi to heavy metals associated with the envi ...	2006	17578087
a mutation in an exbd gene reduces tagetitoxin production by pseudomonas syringae pv. tagetis.	a mutant of pseudomonas syringae pv. tagetis eb037 with limited ability to produce tagetitoxin was isolated after transposon mutagenesis and the mutation was characterized. the mutation occurred in a gene with a high degree of sequence identity to exbd. exbd is contiguous with tonb and exbb upstream and with a gene for a tonb-dependent receptor downstream. using reverse transcription - polymerase chain reaction with rna from the wild-type and exbd mutant strains, we demonstrated that the mutatio ...	2006	17215893
detection and sequence analysis of an altered pectate lyase gene in pseudomonas syringae pv. glycinea and related bacteria.	pectate lyase (pl) is a potent cell wall-degrading enzyme known to play a role in the microbial infection of plants. we re-examined the pectolytic property of seven representative pathovars of pseudomonas syringae. none of the 10 p. syringae pv. glycinea strains examined exhibited pectolytic activity. however, the pl gene (pel) was detected by southern hybridization in four out of four p. syringae pv. glycinea strains examined. a p. syringae pv. glycinea pel gene was cloned, sequenced, and predi ...	2006	17215896
thermo-responsive expression and differential secretion of the extracellular enzyme levansucrase in the plant pathogenic bacterium pseudomonas syringae pv. glycinea.	in the plant pathogen pseudomonas syringae, production of the exopolysaccharide levan is mediated by extracellular levansucrase (lsc), which is encoded by two functional genes, lscb and lscc. comparison of extracellular protein profiles of p. syringae pv. glycinea pg4180 grown at 18 and 28 degrees c and western blots revealed that lsc was predominantly found in the supernatant at 18 degrees c, a temperature fostering virulence of this pathogen. northern blot analysis indicated that transcription ...	2006	17147762
rar1, a central player in plant immunity, is targeted by pseudomonas syringae effector avrb.	pathogenic bacterial effectors suppress pathogen-associated molecular pattern (pamp)-triggered host immunity, thereby promoting parasitism. in the presence of cognate resistance genes, it is proposed that plants detect the virulence activity of bacterial effectors and trigger a defense response, referred to here as effector-triggered immunity (eti). however, the link between effector virulence and eti at the molecular level is unknown. here, we show that the pseudomonas syringae effector avrb su ...	2006	17148606
a ferroxidation/permeation iron uptake system is required for virulence in ustilago maydis.	in the smut fungus ustilago maydis, a tightly regulated camp signaling cascade is necessary for pathogenic development. transcriptome analysis using whole genome microarrays set up to identify putative target genes of the protein kinase a catalytic subunit adr1 revealed nine genes with putative functions in two high-affinity iron uptake systems. these genes locate to three gene clusters on different chromosomes and include the previously identified complementing siderophore auxotroph genes sid1 ...	2006	17138696
a bifunctional o-glcnac transferase governs flagellar motility through anti-repression.	flagellar motility is an essential mechanism by which bacteria adapt to and survive in diverse environments. although flagella confer an advantage to many bacterial pathogens for colonization during infection, bacterial flagellins also stimulate host innate immune responses. consequently, many bacterial pathogens down-regulate flagella production following initial infection. listeria monocytogenes is a facultative intracellular pathogen that represses transcription of flagellar motility genes at ...	2006	17158746
high precision multi-genome scale reannotation of enzyme function by eficaz.	the functional annotation of most genes in newly sequenced genomes is inferred from similarity to previously characterized sequences, an annotation strategy that often leads to erroneous assignments. we have performed a reannotation of 245 genomes using an updated version of eficaz, a highly precise method for enzyme function prediction.	2006	17166279
dual detection of fungal infections in drosophila via recognition of glucans and sensing of virulence factors.	the drosophila immune system discriminates between various types of infections and activates appropriate signal transduction pathways to combat the invading microorganisms. the toll pathway is required for the host response against fungal and most gram-positive bacterial infections. the sensing of gram-positive bacteria is mediated by the pattern recognition receptors pgrp-sa and gnbp1 that cooperate to detect the presence of infections in the host. here, we report that gnbp3 is a pattern recogn ...	2006	17190605
type iii effector diversification via both pathoadaptation and horizontal transfer in response to a coevolutionary arms race.	the concept of the coevolutionary arms race holds a central position in our understanding of pathogen-host interactions. here we identify the molecular mechanisms and follow the stepwise progression of an arms race in a natural system. we show how the evolution and function of the hopz family of type iii secreted effector proteins carried by the plant pathogen pseudomonas syringae are influenced by a coevolutionary arms race between pathogen and host. we surveyed 96 isolates of p. syringae and i ...	2006	17194219
phytotoxicity and innate immune responses induced by nep1-like proteins.	we show that oomycete-derived nep1 (for necrosis and ethylene-inducing peptide1)-like proteins (nlps) trigger a comprehensive immune response in arabidopsis thaliana, comprising posttranslational activation of mitogen-activated protein kinase activity, deposition of callose, production of nitric oxide, reactive oxygen intermediates, ethylene, and the phytoalexin camalexin, as well as cell death. transcript profiling experiments revealed that nlps trigger extensive reprogramming of the arabidopsi ...	2006	17194768
natural variation in partial resistance to pseudomonas syringae is controlled by two major qtls in arabidopsis thaliana.	low-level, partial resistance is pre-eminent in natural populations, however, the mechanisms underlying this form of resistance are still poorly understood.	2006	17205127
[phenotypical and genotypical characteristics of the pathogen in lupine bacterial brown spottiness].	it has been determined with the help of analyzing the complex of phenotypical and genotypical properties, that pseudomonas lupini is not a separate species. it has been shown that lupin's bacterial spot is induced by phytopathogenic bacteria of two species p. syringae and p. savastanoi. on the basis of their high phenotypical and genotypical similarity with a typical strain pseudomonas syringae pv. syringae b1027 the majority of investigated strains are related to p. syringae. the only exception ...	2006	17243363
exploitation of eukaryotic ubiquitin signaling pathways by effectors translocated by bacterial type iii and type iv secretion systems.	the specific and covalent addition of ubiquitin to proteins, known as ubiquitination, is a eukaryotic-specific modification central to many cellular processes, such as cell cycle progression, transcriptional regulation, and hormone signaling. polyubiquitination is a signal for the 26s proteasome to destroy earmarked proteins, but depending on the polyubiquitin chain topology, it can also result in new protein properties. both ubiquitin-orchestrated protein degradation and modification have also ...	2007	17257058
erythromycin resistance-conferring plasmid prsb105, isolated from a sewage treatment plant, harbors a new macrolide resistance determinant, an integron-containing tn402-like element, and a large region of unknown function.	the erythromycin resistance plasmid prsb105 was previously isolated from an activated sludge bacterial community of a municipal wastewater treatment plant. compilation of the complete prsb105 nucleotide sequence revealed that the plasmid is 57,137 bp in size and has a mean g+c content of 56.66 mol%. the prsb105 backbone is composed of two different replication and/or partitioning modules and a functional mobilization region encoding the mobilization genes mobcde and mobba. the first replicon (re ...	2007	17261525
syringopeptin sp25a-mediated killing of gram-positive bacteria and the role of teichoic acid d-alanylation.	the pseudomonas syringae syringopeptins are cationic cyclic lipodepsipeptides that inhibit fungi and bacteria. the homolog syringopeptin (sp)25a was strongly inhibitory to several gram-positive bacteria with minimum inhibitory concentrations ranging between 1.95 and 7.8 microg ml(-1). in contrast, it was not inhibitory to several gram-negative bacteria. at 5 and 10 microg ml(-1), sp25a rapidly inhibited the growth of bacillus subtilis and was bacteriocidal. teichoic acid d-alanylation dltb- and ...	2007	17263852
cladosporium fulvum cfhnni1 induces hypersensitive necrosis, defence gene expression and disease resistance in both host and nonhost plants.	nonhost resistance as a durable and broad-spectrum defence strategy is of great potential for agricultural applications. we have previously isolated a cdna showing homology with genes encoding bzip transcription factors from tomato leaf mould pathogen cladosporium fulvum. upon expression, the cdna results in necrosis in c. fulvum host tomato and nonhost tobacco plants and is thus named cfhnni1 (for c . f ulvum host and nonhost plant necrosis inducer 1). in the present study we report the inducti ...	2007	17273821
lack of respiratory chain complex i impairs alternative oxidase engagement and modulates redox signaling during elicitor-induced cell death in tobacco.	alternative oxidase (aox) functions in stress resistance by preventing accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ros), but little is known about in vivo partitioning of electron flow between aox and the cytochrome pathway. we investigated the relationships between aox expression and in vivo activity in nicotiana sylvestris and the complex i-deficient cmsii mutant in response to a cell death elicitor. while a specific aox1 isoform in the active reduced state was constitutively overexpressed in cms ...	2007	17277035
pilq missense mutations have diverse effects on pilq multimer formation, piliation, and pilus function in neisseria gonorrhoeae.	type iv pili are required for virulence in neisseria gonorrhoeae, as they are involved in adherence to host epithelium, twitching motility, and dna transformation. the outer membrane secretin pilq forms a homododecameric ring through which the pilus is proposed to be secreted. pilq null mutants are nonpiliated, and thus, all pilus-dependent functions are eliminated. mutagenesis was performed on the middle one-third of pilq, and mutants with colony morphologies consistent with the colony morpholo ...	2007	17277065
indirect activation of a plant nucleotide binding site-leucine-rich repeat protein by a bacterial protease.	nucleotide binding site-leucine-rich repeat (nbs-lrr) proteins mediate pathogen recognition in both mammals and plants. the molecular mechanisms by which pathogen molecules activate nbs-lrr proteins are poorly understood. here we show that rps5, a nbs-lrr protein from arabidopsis, is activated by avrpphb, a bacterial protease, via an indirect mechanism. when transiently expressed in nicotiana benthamiana leaves, full-length rps5 protein triggered programmed cell death, but only when coexpressed ...	2007	17277084
s-nitrosoglutathione reductase affords protection against pathogens in arabidopsis, both locally and systemically.	nitric oxide and s-nitrosothiols (snos) are widespread signaling molecules that regulate immunity in animals and plants. levels of snos in vivo are controlled by nitric oxide synthesis (which in plants is achieved by different routes) and by s-nitrosoglutathione turnover, which is mainly performed by the s-nitrosoglutathione reductase (gsnor). gsnor is encoded by a single-copy gene in arabidopsis (arabidopsis thaliana; martínez et al., 1996; sakamoto et al., 2002). we report here that transgenic ...	2007	17277089
chemical facilitation and induced pathogen resistance mediated by a root-secreted phytotoxin.	the flavonol (+/-)-catechin is an allelochemical produced by the invasive weed centaurea maculosa (spotted knapweed). the full effects of (+/-)-catechin on plant communities in both the native and the introduced ranges of c. maculosa remain uncertain. here, by supplementing plant growth media with (+/-)-catechin, we showed that low (+/-)-catechin concentrations may induce growth and defense responses in neighboring plants. doses of the allelochemical lower than the minimum inhibitory concentrati ...	2007	17286833
asymmetry of syringomycin e channel studied by polymer partitioning.	to probe the size of the ion channel formed by pseudomonas syringae lipodepsipeptide syringomycin e, we use the partial blockage of ion current by penetrating poly(ethylene glycol)s. earlier experiments with symmetric application of these polymers yielded a radius estimate of approximately 1 nm. now, motivated by the asymmetric non-ohmic current-voltage curves reported for this channel, we explore its structural asymmetry. we gauge this asymmetry by studying the channel conductance after one-sid ...	2007	17289034
the mtmmpl1 early nodulin is a novel member of the matrix metalloendoproteinase family with a role in medicago truncatula infection by sinorhizobium meliloti.	we show here that mtmmpl1, a medicago truncatula nodulin gene previously identified by transcriptomics, represents a novel and specific marker for root and nodule infection by sinorhizobium meliloti. this was established by determining the spatial pattern of mtmmpl1 expression and evaluating gene activation in the context of various plant and bacterial symbiotic mutant interactions. the mtmmpl1 protein is the first nodulin shown to belong to the large matrix metalloendoproteinase (mmp) family. w ...	2007	17293436
widespread occurrence and genomic context of unusually small polyketide synthase genes in microbial consortia associated with marine sponges.	numerous marine sponges harbor enormous amounts of as-yet-uncultivated bacteria in their tissues. there is increasing evidence that these symbionts play an important role in the synthesis of protective metabolites, many of which are of great pharmacological interest. in this study, genes for the biosynthesis of polyketides, one of the most important classes of bioactive natural products, were systematically investigated in 20 demosponge species from different oceans. unexpectedly, the sponge met ...	2007	17293531
a conserved carboxylesterase is a suppressor of avrbst-elicited resistance in arabidopsis.	avrbst is a type iii effector from xanthomonas campestris pv vesicatoria that is translocated into plant cells during infection. avrbst is predicted to encode a cys protease that targets intracellular host proteins. to dissect avrbst function and recognition in arabidopsis thaliana, 71 ecotypes were screened to identify lines that elicit an avrbst-dependent hypersensitive response (hr) after xanthomonas campestris pv campestris (xcc) infection. the hr was observed only in the pi-0 ecotype infect ...	2007	17293566
kinome profiling of arabidopsis using arrays of kinase consensus substrates.	kinome profiling aims at the parallel analysis of kinase activities in a cell. novel developed arrays containing consensus substrates for kinases are used to assess those kinase activities. the arrays described in this paper were already used to determine kinase activities in mammalian systems, but since substrates from many organisms are present we decided to test these arrays for the determination of kinase activities in the model plant species arabidopsis thaliana.	2007	17295910
a novel role for the tir domain in association with pathogen-derived elicitors.	plant innate immunity is mediated by resistance (r) proteins, which bear a striking resemblance to animal molecules of similar function. tobacco n is a tir-nb-lrr r gene that confers resistance to tobacco mosaic virus, specifically the p50 helicase domain. an intriguing question is how plant r proteins recognize the presence of pathogen-derived avirulence (avr) elicitor proteins. we have used biochemical cell fraction and immunoprecipitation in addition to confocal fluorescence microscopy of liv ...	2007	17298188
pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato hijacks the arabidopsis abscisic acid signalling pathway to cause disease.	we have found that a major target for effectors secreted by pseudomonas syringae is the abscisic acid (aba) signalling pathway. microarray data identified a prominent group of effector-induced genes that were associated with aba biosynthesis and also responses to this plant hormone. genes upregulated by effector delivery share a 42% overlap with aba-responsive genes and are also components of networks induced by osmotic stress and drought. strongly induced were nced3, encoding a key enzyme of ab ...	2007	17304219
yeast functional genomic screens lead to identification of a role for a bacterial effector in innate immunity regulation.	numerous bacterial pathogens manipulate host cell processes to promote infection and ultimately cause disease through the action of proteins that they directly inject into host cells. identification of the targets and molecular mechanisms of action used by these bacterial effector proteins is critical to understanding pathogenesis. we have developed a systems biological approach using the yeast saccharomyces cerevisiae that can expedite the identification of cellular processes targeted by bacter ...	2007	17305427
plant carbohydrate scavenging through tonb-dependent receptors: a feature shared by phytopathogenic and aquatic bacteria.	tonb-dependent receptors (tbdrs) are outer membrane proteins mainly known for the active transport of iron siderophore complexes in gram-negative bacteria. analysis of the genome of the phytopathogenic bacterium xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris (xcc), predicts 72 tbdrs. such an overrepresentation is common in xanthomonas species but is limited to only a small number of bacteria. here, we show that one xcc tbdr transports sucrose with a very high affinity, suggesting that it might be a sucro ...	2007	17311090
amyloidogenesis of type iii-dependent harpins from plant pathogenic bacteria.	harpins are heat-stable, glycine-rich type iii-secreted proteins produced by plant pathogenic bacteria, which cause a hypersensitive response (hr) when infiltrated into the intercellular space of tobacco leaves; however, the biochemical mechanisms by which harpins cause plant cell death remain unclear. in this study, we determined the biochemical characteristics of hpag, the first harpin identified from a xanthomonas species, under plant apoplast-like conditions using electron microscopy and cir ...	2007	17314101
over-expression gberf2 transcription factor in tobacco enhances brown spots disease resistance by activating expression of downstream genes.	erf transcription factors can bind gcc boxes or non-gcc cis elements to regulate biotic and abiotic stress responses. here, we report that an erf transcription factor gene (gberf2) was cloned by suppression subtraction hybridization from sea-island cotton after verticillium dahliae attack. the gberf2 cdna has a total length of 1143 bp with an open reading frame of 597 bp. the genomic sequence of gberf2 contains an intron of 515 bp. the gene encodes a predicated polypeptide of 198 amino acids wit ...	2007	17321073
proteomic analysis of a non-virulent mutant of the phytopathogenic bacterium erwinia chrysanthemi deficient in osmoregulated periplasmic glucans: change in protein expression is not restricted to the envelope, but affects general metabolism.	osmoregulated periplasmic glucans (opgs) are general constituents of the envelope of gram-negative bacteria. they are required for full virulence of bacterial phytopathogens such as pseudomonas syringae, xanthomonas campestris and erwinia chrysanthemi. e. chrysanthemi is a pectinolytic gamma-proteobacterium that causes soft rot disease on a wide range of plant species. in addition to the loss of virulence, opg mutants exhibit a pleiotropic phenotype that affects motility, bile-salt resistance, e ...	2007	17322196
role of soil rhizobacteria in phytoremediation of heavy metal contaminated soils.	heavy metal pollution of soil is a significant environmental problem and has its negative impact on human health and agriculture. rhizosphere, as an important interface of soil and plant, plays a significant role in phytoremediation of contaminated soil by heavy metals, in which, microbial populations are known to affect heavy metal mobility and availability to the plant through release of chelating agents, acidification, phosphate solubilization and redox changes, and therefore, have potential ...	2007	17323432
an alpha-amylase (at4g25000) in arabidopsis leaves is secreted and induced by biotic and abiotic stress.	leaves are reported to contain a secreted alpha-amylase that accumulates during senescence or after biotic or abiotic stress; however, a gene encoding this enzyme has not been described. because a secreted amylase is isolated from plastidic starch, the function of this enzyme is difficult to predict, but circumstantial evidence suggests that it may degrade starch after cell death. the arabidopsis thaliana genome contains three alpha-amylase genes, one of which, amy1 (at4g25000), has a putative s ...	2007	17324226
conformational stability and differential structural analysis of lcrv, pcrv, bipd, and sipd from type iii secretion systems.	diverse gram-negative bacteria use type iii secretion systems (t3ss) to translocate effector proteins into the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells. the type iii secretion apparatus (t3sa) consists of a basal body spanning both bacterial membranes and an external needle. a sensor protein lies at the needle tip to detect environmental signals that trigger type iii secretion. the shigella flexneri t3sa needle tip protein, invasion plasmid antigen d (ipad), possesses two independently folding domains in v ...	2007	17327391
the genetic basis of quantitative variation in susceptibility of arabidopsis thaliana to pseudomonas syringae (pst dc3000): evidence for a new genetic factor of large effect.	* pathogens represent an important threat to plant communities and agriculture, and can shape many aspects of plant evolution. natural variation in plant disease susceptibility is typically quantitative, yet studies on the molecular basis of disease resistance have focused mainly on qualitative variation. * here we investigated the genetic architecture of quantitative susceptibility to the bacterium pseudomonas syringae by performing a quantitative trait locus (qtl) analysis on the f2 progeny of ...	2007	17335507
two host-induced ralstonia solanacearum genes, acra and dinf, encode multidrug efflux pumps and contribute to bacterial wilt virulence.	multidrug efflux pumps (mdrs) are hypothesized to protect pathogenic bacteria from toxic host defense compounds. we created mutations in the ralstonia solanacearum acra and dinf genes, which encode putative mdrs in the broad-host-range plant pathogen. both mutations reduced the ability of r. solanacearum to grow in the presence of various toxic compounds, including antibiotics, phytoalexins, and detergents. both acrab and dinf mutants were significantly less virulent on the tomato plant than the ...	2007	17337552
plasmids and rickettsial evolution: insight from rickettsia felis.	the genome sequence of rickettsia felis revealed a number of rickettsial genetic anomalies that likely contribute not only to a large genome size relative to other rickettsiae, but also to phenotypic oddities that have confounded the categorization of r. felis as either typhus group (tg) or spotted fever group (sfg) rickettsiae. most intriguing was the first report from rickettsiae of a conjugative plasmid (prf) that contains 68 putative open reading frames, several of which are predicted to enc ...	2007	17342200
surprising arginine biosynthesis: a reappraisal of the enzymology and evolution of the pathway in microorganisms.	major aspects of the pathway of de novo arginine biosynthesis via acetylated intermediates in microorganisms must be revised in light of recent enzymatic and genomic investigations. the enzyme n-acetylglutamate synthase (nags), which used to be considered responsible for the first committed step of the pathway, is present in a limited number of bacterial phyla only and is absent from archaea. in many bacteria, shorter proteins related to the gcn5-related n-acetyltransferase family appear to acet ...	2007	17347518
a j domain virulence effector of pseudomonas syringae remodels host chloroplasts and suppresses defenses.	the plant pathogen pseudomonas syringae injects 20-40 different proteins called effectors into host plant cells, yet the functions and sites of action of these effectors in promoting pathogenesis are largely unknown. plants in turn defend themselves against p. syringae by activating the salicylic acid (sa)-mediated signaling pathway. the p. syringae-specific hopi1 effector has a putative chloroplast-targeting sequence and a j domain. j domains function by activating 70 kda heat-shock proteins (h ...	2007	17350264
error-prone dna repair system in enteroaggregative escherichia coli identified by subtractive hybridization.	enteroaggregative escherichia coli (eaec) are etiologic agents of diarrhea. the eaec category is heterogeneous, but most in-depth experimentation has focused on prototypical strain, 042. we hypothesized that 60a, another eaec strain, might posses virulence or fitness genes that 042 does not have. through subtractive hybridization we identified 60a-specific sequences, including loci present in other e. coli and phage dna. one locus thus identified was impb, a lexa repressed error-prone dna repair ...	2007	17351038
the mi-1-mediated pest resistance requires hsp90 and sgt1.	the tomato (solanum lycopersicum) mi-1 gene encodes a protein with putative coiled-coil nucleotide-binding site and leucine-rich repeat motifs. mi-1 confers resistance to root-knot nematodes (meloidogyne spp.), potato aphids (macrosiphum euphorbiae), and sweet potato whitefly (bemisia tabaci). to identify genes required in the mi-1-mediated resistance to nematodes and aphids, we used tobacco rattle virus (trv)-based virus-induced gene silencing (vigs) to repress candidate genes and assay for nem ...	2007	17351050
impairment of cellulose synthases required for arabidopsis secondary cell wall formation enhances disease resistance.	cellulose is synthesized by cellulose synthases (cesas) contained in plasma membrane-localized complexes. in arabidopsis thaliana, three types of cesa subunits (cesa4/irregular xylem5 [irx5], cesa7/irx3, and cesa8/irx1) are required for secondary cell wall formation. we report that mutations in these proteins conferred enhanced resistance to the soil-borne bacterium ralstonia solanacearum and the necrotrophic fungus plectosphaerella cucumerina. by contrast, susceptibility to these pathogens was ...	2007	17351116
infection of tobacco with different pseudomonas syringae pathovars leads to distinct morphotypes of programmed cell death.	tobacco plants (nicotiana tabacum cv. xanthi-nc) infiltrated with either of two pathovars of pseudomonas syringae- an avirulent strain of p. syringae pv. tabaci (pst) or the non-host pathogen p. syringae pv. maculicola m2 (psm) - developed a hypersensitive response (hr). there were considerable differences in hr phenotype, timing and sequence of cell dismantling between the two pathosystems. following psm infiltration, the first macroscopic signs were visible at 4.5 h post-infiltration (hpi). si ...	2007	17355437
signal transduction-related responses to phytohormones and environmental challenges in sugarcane.	sugarcane is an increasingly economically and environmentally important c4 grass, used for the production of sugar and bioethanol, a low-carbon emission fuel. sugarcane originated from crosses of saccharum species and is noted for its unique capacity to accumulate high amounts of sucrose in its stems. environmental stresses limit enormously sugarcane productivity worldwide. to investigate transcriptome changes in response to environmental inputs that alter yield we used cdna microarrays to profi ...	2007	17355627
crystal structures of the pilus retraction motor pilt suggest large domain movements and subunit cooperation drive motility.	pilt is a hexameric atpase required for bacterial type iv pilus retraction and surface motility. crystal structures of adp- and atp-bound aquifex aeolicus pilt at 2.8 and 3.2 a resolution show n-terminal pas-like and c-terminal reca-like atpase domains followed by a set of short c-terminal helices. the hexamer is formed by extensive polar subunit interactions between the atpase core of one monomer and the n-terminal domain of the next. an additional structure captures a nonsymmetric pilt hexamer ...	2007	17355871
crystal structures reveal a thiol protease-like catalytic triad in the c-terminal region of pasteurella multocida toxin.	pasteurella multocida toxin (pmt), one of the virulence factors produced by the bacteria, exerts its toxicity by up-regulating various signaling cascades downstream of the heterotrimeric gtpases gq and g12/13 in an unknown fashion. here, we present the crystal structure of the c-terminal region (residues 575-1,285) of pmt, which carries an intracellularly active moiety. the overall structure of c-terminal region of pmt displays a trojan horse-like shape, composed of three domains with a "feet"-, ...	2007	17360394
arabidopsis sni1 and rad51d regulate both gene transcription and dna recombination during the defense response.	the plant immune response known as systemic acquired resistance (sar) is a general defense mechanism that confers long-lasting resistance against a broad spectrum of pathogens. sar triggers many molecular changes including accumulation of antimicrobial pathogenesis-related (pr) proteins. transcription of pr genes in arabidopsis is regulated by the coactivator npr1 and the repressor sni1. pathogen infection also triggers an increase in somatic dna recombination, which results in transmission of c ...	2007	17360504
overexpression of salicylic acid carboxyl methyltransferase reduces salicylic acid-mediated pathogen resistance in arabidopsis thaliana.	we cloned a salicylic acid/benzoic acid carboxyl methyltransferase gene, osbsmt1, from oryza sativa. a recombinant osbsmt1 protein obtained by expressing the gene in escherichia coli exhibited carboxyl methyltransferase activity in reactions with salicylic acid (sa), benzoic acid (ba), and de-s-methyl benzo(1,2,3)thiadiazole-7-carbothioic acid (dsm-bth), producing methyl salicylate (mesa), methyl benzoate (meba), and methyl dsm-bth (mebth), respectively. compared to wild-type plants, transgenic ...	2007	17364223
oxylipins produced by the 9-lipoxygenase pathway in arabidopsis regulate lateral root development and defense responses through a specific signaling cascade.	arabidopsis thaliana seedling growth with pure oxylipins resulted in root waving, loss of root apical dominance, and decreased root elongation. 9-hydroxyoctadecatrienoic acid (9-hot) was a potent inducer of root waving. studies with noxy2 (for nonresponding to oxylipins2), a new 9-hot-insensitive mutant, and coronatine insensitive1-1 (jasmonate-insensitive) revealed at least three signaling cascades mediating the oxylipin actions. treatment with 9-hot resulted in a reduction in lateral roots and ...	2007	17369372
the antagonist function of arabidopsis wrky53 and esr/esp in leaf senescence is modulated by the jasmonic and salicylic acid equilibrium.	crosstalk between salicylic acid (sa) and jasmonic acid (ja) signaling is well-studied but not during leaf senescence. we found that the senescence-specific wrky53 transcription factor interacts with the ja-inducible protein epithiospecifying senescence regulator (esr/esp). the expression of these genes is antagonistically regulated in response to ja and sa, respectively, and each negatively influences the other. leaf senescence is accelerated in esr knockout plants (esr-ko) but retarded in esr ...	2007	17369373
cowpea chloroplastic atp synthase is the source of multiple plant defense elicitors during insect herbivory.	in cowpea (vigna unguiculata), fall armyworm (spodoptera frugiperda) herbivory and oral secretions (os) elicit phytohormone production and volatile emission due to inceptin [vu-in; (+)icdingvcvda(-)], a peptide derived from chloroplastic atp synthase gamma-subunit (catpc) proteins. elicitor-induced plant volatiles can function as attractants for natural enemies of insect herbivores. we hypothesized that inceptins are gut proteolysis products and that larval os should contain a mixture of related ...	2007	17369425
two-component sensor rhps promotes induction of pseudomonas syringae type iii secretion system by repressing negative regulator rhpr.	the pseudomonas syringae type iii secretion system (t3ss) is induced during interaction with the plant or culture in minimal medium (mm). how the bacterium senses these environments to activate the t3ss is poorly understood. here, we report the identification of a novel two-component system (tcs), rhprs, that regulates the induction of p. syringae t3ss genes. the rhpr and rhps genes are organized in an operon with rhpr encoding a putative tcs response regulator and rhps encoding a putative bipha ...	2007	17378425
the lov domain: a chromophore module servicing multiple photoreceptors.	three different families of blue-light receptors have been characterized from higher plants: three cryptochromes, two phototropins, and the three members of the ztl/ado family. phototropins and the ztl/ado proteins have chromophore modules, designated lov domains, that bind flavin mononucleotide and undergo formation of a c(4a) flavin-cysteinyl adduct. all contain the highly conserved amino acid motif gxncrflq. over 90 prokaryote proteins also contain lov domains with this motif upstream from on ...	2007	17380429
resistance to botrytis cinerea induced in arabidopsis by elicitors is independent of salicylic acid, ethylene, or jasmonate signaling but requires phytoalexin deficient3.	oligogalacturonides (ogs) released from plant cell walls by pathogen polygalacturonases induce a variety of host defense responses. here we show that in arabidopsis (arabidopsis thaliana), ogs increase resistance to the necrotrophic fungal pathogen botrytis cinerea independently of jasmonate (ja)-, salicylic acid (sa)-, and ethylene (et)-mediated signaling. microarray analysis showed that about 50% of the genes regulated by ogs, including genes encoding enzymes involved in secondary metabolism, ...	2007	17384165
death don't have no mercy and neither does calcium: arabidopsis cyclic nucleotide gated channel2 and innate immunity.	plant innate immune response to pathogen infection includes an elegant signaling pathway leading to reactive oxygen species generation and resulting hypersensitive response (hr); localized programmed cell death in tissue surrounding the initial infection site limits pathogen spread. a veritable symphony of cytosolic signaling molecules (including ca(2+), nitric oxide [no], cyclic nucleotides, and calmodulin) have been suggested as early components of hr signaling. however, specific interactions ...	2007	17384171