Publications

perceptions and experiences of tuberculosis among african patients attending a tuberculosis clinic in london.	little is known of the social and cultural issues influencing the uptake of and attitudes to tuberculosis (tb) care by people of african extraction living in the uk.	2006	16964793
the culture of a trauma team in relation to human factors.	the aim of this ethnographic study was to explore the culture of a trauma team in relation to human factors.	2006	16968430
the impact of workplace risk factors on the occurrence of neck and upper limb pain: a general population study.	work-related neck and upper limb pain has mainly been studied in specific occupational groups, and little is known about its impact in the general population. the objectives of this study were to estimate the prevalence and population impact of work-related neck and upper limb pain.	2006	16984657
the emerging case-control study: lung cancer in relation to tobacco smoking.	two influential case-control studies that clearly implicated cigarette smoking as a cause of lung cancer are reviewed in terms of their respective strengths and weaknesses. the findings from a u.s. study reported in 1950 by wynder and graham were strikingly similar to those arising from a u.k. study reported later that year by doll and hill. the methodological rigor of these investigations effectively ruled out alternatives to smoking as plausible explanations for the increased risk, although ad ...	2006	16997362
did the lateral enamel of neandertal anterior teeth grow differently from that of modern humans?	the formation of lateral enamel in neandertal anterior teeth has been the subject of recent studies. when compared to the anterior teeth of modern humans from diverse regions (point hope, alaska; newcastle upon tyne, england; southern africa), neandertal anterior teeth appear to fall within the modern human range of variation for lateral enamel formation time. however, the lateral enamel growth curves of neandertals are more linear than those of these modern human samples. other researchers have ...	2007	16965802
vitamin d status and bone mass in uk south asian women.	low vitamin d status is prevalent among south asians living in the uk. the relationship, however, between serum 25-hydroxyvitamin d level (25ohd), serum parathyroid level (pth) and bone mass in this group of women is unknown. the aim of this study was to determine the association between serum pth, 25ohd and bone mass in a population based sample of young uk south asian women.	2007	16950669
assessing the burden of influenza and other respiratory infections in england and wales.	to estimate the burden of influenza in england and wales, in terms of general practice consultations, hospital admissions and deaths.	2007	17097147
the association between knowledge of hpv and feelings of stigma, shame and anxiety.	to test the hypotheses that (1) women who know that human papillomavirus (hpv) is sexually transmitted will expect to experience higher levels of stigma, shame and anxiety if they test positive for the virus than women who are not aware of the mode of transmission and (2) women who are aware of the high prevalence of hpv infection will expect to experience lower levels of stigma, shame and anxiety than women who underestimate its prevalence.	2007	17098767
paul polani and the development of medical genetics.	paul polani (1914-2006) was one of the key figures internationally in the beginnings and development of medical genetics. best remembered scientifically for his highly original work on the basis of human sex chromosome disorders, notably turner syndrome, he pioneered the application of basic biological research to clinical genetic problems. the unit that he founded in 1960, at guys hospital, london, provided an unparalleled model for combined research and service in medical genetics across a wid ...	2007	17066298
can current national surveillance systems in england and wales monitor sexual transmission of hepatitis c among hiv-infected men who have sex with men?	recent reports suggest an increase in sexually-transmitted hepatitis c infection among hiv-infected men who have sex with men (msm) in european cities. we investigated whether current national surveillance systems in england and wales (e&w) are able to monitor sexual transmission of hepatitis c infection among hiv-infected msm.	2007	17233919
public health responses to influenza in care homes: a questionnaire-based study of local health protection units.	influenza virus infection poses a major threat to the elderly people in residential care. we sought to describe the extent to which local public health services in england were positioned to detect and respond effectively to influenza-like illness (ili) in nursing homes.	2007	17237477
the resuscitation greats: douglas chamberlain cbe dsc (hon) frcp frca facc fesc--a man for all decades of his time.		2007	17240511
uptake of influenza vaccination in patients on immunosuppressant agents for rheumatological diseases: a follow-up audit of the influence of secondary care.		2007	17244667
africans in yorkshire? the deepest-rooting clade of the y phylogeny within an english genealogy.	the presence of africans in britain has been recorded since roman times, but has left no apparent genetic trace among modern inhabitants. y chromosomes belonging to the deepest-rooting clade of the y phylogeny, haplogroup (hg) a, are regarded as african-specific, and no examples have been reported from britain or elsewhere in western europe. we describe the presence of an hga1 chromosome in an indigenous british male; comparison with african examples suggests a western african origin. seven out ...	2007	17245408
comparative study of kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus serological assays using clinically and serologically defined reference standards and latent class analysis.	accurate determination of infection with kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (kshv) has been hindered by the lack of a "gold standard" for comparison of serological assays used to estimate kshv prevalence in serosurveys conducted in different settings. we have evaluated the performance of five in-house (developed at university college london [ucl], united kingdom, and at the virology laboratory of the instituto de medicine tropical [imt] in sao paulo, brazil) and two commercial (abi and diav ...	2007	17182752
non-b27 mhc associations of ankylosing spondylitis.	ankylosing spondylitis (as) has been associated with human leukocyte antigen (hla)-b27 for over 30 years; however, the mechanism of action has remained elusive. although many studies have reported associations between as and other genes in the major histocompatibility complex (mhc) in as, no conclusive results have emerged. to investigate the contribution of non-b27 mhc genes to as, a large cohort of as families and controls were b27 typed and genotyped across the region. interrogation of the da ...	2007	17167495
justice and equality in mental health law: the european experience.	this is the text of a lecture delivered at the world conference of the international academy of law and mental health in sydney in september 2003 on the occasion of the award to the author of the prix philippe pinel. its theme is the potential of the european convention on human rights to secure the human rights of people with mental disorders and disabilities, viewed in the context of the legislation on mental health and mental incapacity in england and wales. its conclusion is that the convent ...	2007	17157380
developing a national primary care-based early warning system for health protection--a surveillance tool for the future? analysis of routinely collected data.	the increasing threat of infections with pandemic potential such as influenza has focussed attention on the information needed to inform those managing a pandemic. the health protection agency, nottingham university and emis have developed a new national health protection surveillance system using qresearch, an established primary care-derived database, to provide timely and local information on trends in community illness and prescribing. this article describes the first year of the surveillanc ...	2007	17158478
interleukin-1r antagonist gene and pre-natal smoke exposure are associated with childhood asthma.	the interleukin-1 receptor antagonist (il1rn) is a potent anti-inflammatory cytokine. in the present study, association of the human il1rn gene polymorphisms with asthma, bronchial hyperresponsiveness and forced expiratory volume in one second/forced vital capacity ratio was tested and the data was stratified by environmental tobacco smoke exposure in order to investigate a gene-smoking interaction. in an unselected subset (n = 921) of the isle of wight birth (uk) cohort, which has previously be ...	2007	17107994
richard wiseman and the medical practitioners of restoration london.	the case histories used to illustrate richard wiseman's several chirurgicall treatises (1676) reveal not only pathological and therapeutic detail but much information about the range of occupational relationships between wiseman and the many london physicians with whom he collaborated on cases (more than forty are identified in an appendix to this article). his interaction with the two physicians with whom he had most to do, francis prujean and walter needham, exemplifies the extremes of such re ...	2007	17108018
an investigation of skeletal indicators of vitamin d deficiency in adults: effective markers for interpreting past living conditions and pollution levels in 18th and 19th century birmingham, england.	vitamin d deficiency in adults is referred to as osteomalacia, and this condition has multiple causes related to factors such as environment, living conditions and cultural practices. therefore, understanding the types and range of expression of osteomalacia in archaeological bone, using a number of investigative techniques, will have significant implications for interpretations made about past communities. this study aimed to understand the expression of vitamin d deficiency in the skeletons of ...	2007	17078033
issues of human rabies immunoglobulin and vaccine: policy versus practice.	a retrospective audit was conducted of all issues of rabies vaccine or human rabies immunoglobulin (hrig) from the clinical microbiology department at university hospital aintree for post-exposure prophylaxis. the appropriateness of management was reviewed by a blinded panel, which used guidelines issued by the health protection agency (hpa) as a standard. thirty-six enquiries, on average 9 days following exposure, led to issues of hrig, rabies vaccine or both. dog bites accounted for the majori ...	2007	17148554
the prevalence of chromosomally integrated human herpesvirus 6 genomes in the blood of uk blood donors.	a lesser-recognized form of human herpesvirus 6 (hhv-6) persistence is integration of the viral genome in a host chromosome and high viral copy numbers in blood or sera are characteristic of this phenomenon. a cross-sectional study was performed to determine the frequency of high hhv-6 viral loads in whole blood (>6 log(10) copies/ml) in a population of blood donors in london, uk. blood samples from 500 anonymized blood donors were collected from one donation center, dna extracted, and quantitat ...	2007	17133548
compression force-depth relationship during out-of-hospital cardiopulmonary resuscitation.	recent clinical studies reporting the high frequency of inadequate chest compression depth (<38 mm) during cpr, have prompted the question if adult human chest characteristics render it difficult to attain the recommended compression depth in certain patients.	2007	17141936
lymphogranuloma venereum in the united kingdom.	over the past 2 years, lymphogranuloma venereum (lgv), caused by l serovars of chlamydia trachomatis, has emerged as a significant problem among men who have sex with men (msm). we report on, to our knowledge, the largest case series of lgv to date, with detailed epidemiological and clinical characteristics of the epidemic in the united kingdom.	2007	17143811
the radiological management of bomb blast injury.	a need to understand the nature and patterns of bomb blast injury, particularly in confined spaces, has come to the fore with the current worldwide threat from terrorism. the purpose of this review article is to familiarize the radiologist with the imaging they might expect to see in a mass casualty terrorist event, illustrated by examples from two of the main institutions receiving patients from the london underground tube blasts of 7 july 2005. we present examples of injuries that are typical ...	2007	17145257
the quality of parental consent for research with children: a prospective repeated measure self-report survey.	researchers have ethical and legal responsibilities to ensure that individuals give informed consent to participate in research. the few studies of parental consent for paediatric research suggest there may be inadequate competence, information, understanding, or voluntariness for valid consent to occur.	2007	16712850
early risk assessment for viral haemorrhagic fever: experience at the hospital for tropical diseases, london, uk.	to implement a policy of systematic screening for viral haemorrhagic fever (vhf) among travellers returning from african countries with fever, commencing at initial clinical contact.	2007	16549203
lichen and bryophyte distribution on oak in london in relation to air pollution and bark acidity.	epiphytic lichen and bryophyte distribution and frequency were investigated on the trunks of 145 young oak trees throughout london and surrounding counties, and compared with pollution levels and bark ph. sixty-four lichen and four bryophyte species were recorded. three major zones were identified: (i) two central regions with a few lichens, bryophytes absent; (ii) a surrounding region with a more diverse flora including a high cover of nitrophyte lichens; and (iii) an outer region, characterise ...	2007	16777299
barebacking among hiv-positive gay men in london.	the objectives of this study were to examine the extent to which hiv-positive gay men in london intentionally seek unprotected anal intercourse ("barebacking") and the contribution this makes to total sexual risk.	2007	16778742
no increase in human cases of mycobacterium bovis disease despite resurgence of infections in cattle in the united kingdom.	a resurgence of mycobacterium bovis infections in cattle in the united kingdom since the 1980s has raised concern about risks to human health. enhanced surveillance data for england, wales and northern ireland between 1993 and 2003 of culture-positive human m. bovis cases identified 315 m. bovis infections; the mean annual number of cases was 28 (range 12-41). the most frequently reported exposures were consumption of unpasteurized dairy products 41/83 (49%) and exposure to cattle 45/123 (37%). ...	2007	16740186
investigation of association of the dlg5 gene with phenotypes of inflammatory bowel disease in the british population.	mutations in the dlg5 gene are associated with an increased risk of inflammatory bowel disease (ibd) in some european populations. initial investigation of a british ibd population showed evidence of association of one of three dlg5 variants, r30q, in a family-based collection but not in a case-control cohort. we have now examined the association of the r30q polymorphism in a large cohort of british ibd cases, tested for interaction between the dlg5 and card15 genes and assessed possible associa ...	2007	16944184
a crisis of governance?	contemporary legislative and constitutional developments in the united kingdom for public health. this article explores these implications.	2007	16870992
uptake and acceptability of influenza vaccination in day nursery children.	preschoolers play an important role in the transmission of influenza, and suffer significant morbidity. paediatric vaccination could prevent serious outcomes and offer broader societal benefits. this study explored parental views on influenza and paediatric vaccination and determined the uptake of a nursery-based vaccination programme for infants aged 6-23 months. children were offered two doses of inactivated vaccine in 2004/05, and a single dose at the start of the 2005/06 season. an uptake ra ...	2007	18186364
the frame research programme under the direction of dr richard clothier.	the work of dr richard clothier (reader in cellular toxicology and director of the frame alternatives laboratory in the university of nottingham medical school) in relation to the frame research programme, is reviewed. he made a very substantial contribution to frame's laboratory research work over the last 20 years, by publishing many research papers, mainly with respect to method development and the application of new replacement toxicity test methods, particularly those involving the use of h ...	2007	18001175
human diseases - the newcastle experience.	the second edition of the first five years, published by the general dental council in 2002, identifies human diseases as a specific subject to be taught as part of the bds curriculum. it states clearly the particular learning outcomes of such a course and then identifies a range of subjects (pathology, microbiology, medicine, surgery, pharmacology, therapeutics, accident and emergency services and medical emergencies) which should constitute the programme. previously, many of these topics were ...	2007	18037852
pilot scheme for monitoring sickness absence in schools during the 2006/07 winter in england: can these data be used as a proxy for influenza activity?	during influenza epidemics, school-aged children are amongst the first affected patients. they frequently then spread the virus within their families. recognising influenza activity in schools may therefore be an important indicator of early activity in the wider community. during 2005/06, influenza b was associated with high levels of morbidity in school-children and over 600 schools outbreaks were reported to the health protection agency by local health protection units. while it is not possib ...	2007	18076857
identifying and working with older male victims of abuse in england.	the abuse of men is still very much a taboo subject, so identifying older men who have been abused in childhood or adulthood can be very difficult. this paper discusses the problems in identifying older male victims by drawing on the findings of two research projects. statistical evidence is presented regarding the victims and the abuse they have experienced. it is argued that in general resources are not readily available to facilitate disclosure or to help men through the healing process. an e ...	2007	18077273
comparison of antimicrobial resistance genes in nontyphoidal salmonellae of serotypes enteritidis, hadar, and virchow from humans and food-producing animals in england and wales.	isolates of salmonella enterica serovars enteritidis (n = 17), hadar (n = 18), and virchow (n = 13) from cases of human infection and from food production animals were screened using a miniaturized antimicrobial microarray to determine the number and spectra of resistance genes. among enteritidis, the number of genes detected was: animal isolates, mean = 4.6; human isolates, mean = 5.3. resistance to streptomycin, trimethoprim, and sulfonamides was usually encoded by only one resistance gene in ...	2007	18184054
[the establishment of psychiatric genetics in germany, great britain and the usa, ca. 1910-1960. to the inseparable history of eugenics and human genetics].	the article reconstructs the emergence of institutionalized research programs in the field of psychiatric genetics. it focuses on the first institutions in this field in germany, the united kingdom, and the united states: the genealogisch-demographische abteilung (gda) at the deutsche forschungsanstalt für psychiatrie in munich founded in 1917/18; the program (later: department) of medical genetics at the new york state psychiatric institute, associated with columbia university, and founded in 1 ...	2007	18447192
producing medico-legal evidence: documentation of torture versus the saudi arabian state of denial.	five british men were detained and allegedly tortured in saudi arabia in 2000 and 2001. two were sentenced to death and three were sentenced to 12 to 18 years of imprisonment. they received clemency in 2003 and were deported to england. after their homecoming, the men have unsuccessfully attempted to sue saudi arabian officials who had been responsible for their false accusations and human rights abuses. saudi arabia denies any form of torture and ill treatment of the five men, who maintain thei ...	2007	19289891
preferential association of serum amyloid p component with fibrillar deposits in familial british and danish dementias: similarities with alzheimer's disease.	two hereditary forms of cerebrovascular amyloidosis, familial british and danish dementias (fbd and fdd), share striking similarities with alzheimer's disease (ad) despite structural differences among their amyloid subunits (abri in fbd, adan in fdd, and abeta in ad). neuropathological lesions in these disorders include neurofibrillary tangles, parenchymal amyloid and pre-amyloid deposits and overwhelming cerebral amyloid angiopathy co-localizing with reactive microglia and multiple amyloid asso ...	2007	17374542
uk biobank gets 10% response rate as it starts recruiting volunteers.		2007	17395934
comparison of tissue distribution, persistence, and molecular epidemiology of parvovirus b19 and novel human parvoviruses parv4 and human bocavirus.	parv4 and human bocavirus (hbov) are newly discovered human parvoviruses with poorly understood epidemiologies and disease associations. we investigated the frequencies of persistence, tissue distribution, and influence of immunosuppression on replication of these viruses.	2007	17397006
quantifying distraction and interruption in urological surgery.	to enhance safety in surgery, it is necessary to develop a variety of tools for measuring and evaluating the system of work. one important consideration for safety in any high-risk work is the frequency and effect of distraction and interruption.	2007	17403761
the dental caries experience of 5-year-old children in great britain (2005/6). surveys co-ordinated by the british association for the study of community dentistry.	this paper reports the results of standardized clinical caries examinations of 5-year-old children from across england, wales and scotland in 2005/6. these co-ordinated surveys are the latest in a series which seek to monitor the dental health of children and to assess the delivery of dental services.	2007	17405473
factors associated with dog ownership and contact with dogs in a uk community.	dogs are popular pets in many countries. identifying differences between those who own dogs or have contact with dogs, and those who do not, is useful to those interested in the human-animal bond, human health and for provision of veterinary services. this census-based, epidemiological study aimed to investigate factors associated with dog ownership and contact with dogs, in a semi-rural community of 1278 households in cheshire, uk.	2007	17407583
vzv infection in pregnancy: a retrospective review over 5 years in sheffield and discussion on the potential utilisation of varicella vaccine in prevention.	to study retrospectively the epidemiology, demography and clinical issues related to varicella in pregnancy in a uk city over a 5-year period and help inform the debate on the potential of varicella immunisation in prevention.	2007	17418420
concentrations and chiral signatures of polychlorinated biphenyls in outdoor and indoor air and soil in a major u.k. conurbation.	concentrations and chiral signatures of polychlorinated biphenyls (pcbs) were measured in outdoor air (using polyurethane foam (puf)--disk passive samplers) and surface soil samples taken at approximately monthly intervals over 1 year at 10 locations on a rural-urban transect across the west midlands of the u.k. in both air and soil, concentrations clearly decrease with increasing distance from the city center, supporting the existence of an urban "pulse", that indicate the west midlands conurba ...	2007	17438756
the seroepidemiology of varicella zoster virus among pregnant bangladeshi and white british women in the london borough of tower hamlets, uk.	we investigated the comparative seroepidemiology of varicella zoster virus (vzv) in pregnant women of two ethnic groups, white british and bangladeshi, living in an inner city area of london, united kingdom. women aged 16-45 years were recruited from antenatal clinics of the royal london hospital in the borough of tower hamlets. complete data were obtained from 275 white british and 765 bangladeshi women. vzv antibody prevalence was 93.1% (95% ci 89.4-95.8) and 86.0% (95% ci 83.3-88.4) respectiv ...	2007	17445317
[charles bell "the nervous system of the human body" 1830].		2007	17447532
towards an understanding of british public attitudes concerning human cloning.	the ability of scientists to apply cloning technology to humans has provoked public discussion and media coverage. the present paper reports on a series of studies examining public attitudes to human cloning in the uk, bringing together a range of quantitative and qualitative methods to address this question. these included a nationally representative survey, an experimental vignette study, focus groups and analyses of media coverage. overall the research presents a complex picture of attitude t ...	2007	17449156
latitude-of-birth and season-of-birth effects on human color vision in the arctic.	extreme natural ambient light reduction, in both energy and range of wavelength spectrum, occurs during the winter season at very high latitudes (above the arctic circle or 66 degrees 32' north) that in turn results in increased exposure to artificial lighting. in contrast, during the summer months, the sun remains above the horizon and there is no darkness or night. little is known about these extreme changes in light exposure on human visual perception. measuring color discriminations with the ...	2007	17451775
clinical academies: innovative school-health services partnerships to deliver clinical education.	during the past five years (2001-2006), the university of bristol medical school has developed and implemented a new model for delivering clinical education: the clinical academy. the principal features of the model are (1) having both in-bristol and out-of-bristol campuses for clinical education, (2) innovative partnerships with local health care providers, (3) local leadership of educational delivery, and (4) the recruitment and training of new cadres of clinical teachers. the seven clinical a ...	2007	17457061
inquiry will study claims that sellafield workers' body parts were removed without families' consent.		2007	17463437
new man at portsmouth. interview by james verrinder.		2007	17355008
commercialisation of regenerative human tissue: regulation and reform in australia and england, wales and northern ireland.	the commercialisation of therapeutic products containing regenerative human tissue is regulated by the common law, statute and ethical guidelines in australia and england, wales and northern ireland. this article examines the regulatory regimes in these jurisdictions and considers whether reform is required to both support scientific research and ensure conformity with modern social views on medical research and the use of human tissue. the authors consider the crucial role of informed consent i ...	2007	17355098
george guthrie (1785-1856): surgeon to the duke of wellington, and a pioneer thoracic surgeon.	george guthrie had a distinguished career as a soldier, surgeon and medical reformer. he revolutionized military surgery following his active service during the peninsular war in spain and portugal. his book commentaries on the surgery of war was based on this experience and was updated continuously; it remained the standard military text for half a century. during this campaign, he also struggled to improve the poor administration of the army medical service. he had little respect for establish ...	2007	17356728
'tell brother regius...' clifford allbutt's correspondence with archibald malloch during osler's final illness.	a very close friendship developed between sir clifford allbutt (1836-1925) and sir william osler (1849-1919) after they became regius professors at the universities of cambridge and oxford, respectively. in 1919, osler contracted influenza during the 1918-19 pandemic. the disease developed into serious pneumonia and empyema and was the cause of his death. one of his attending physicians in his final illness was dr t archibald malloch (1887-1953) with whom allbutt began to correspond. allbutt's l ...	2007	17356739
'life in the tropics for europeans', an unpublished lecture by william osler.	an unpublished lecture by william osler given in 1911 to young british administrators going to india gives glimpses of imperial history and travel medicine, and contains echoes of debates current at that time on a healthy tropical lifestyle and also the influence of race and climate on health.	2007	17356745
a genetic association study of chromosome 11q22-24 in two different samples implicates the fxyd6 gene, encoding phosphohippolin, in susceptibility to schizophrenia.	previous linkage analyses of families with multiple cases of schizophrenia by us and others have confirmed the involvement of the chromosome 11q22-24 region in the etiology of schizophrenia, with lod scores of 3.4 and 3.1. we now report fine mapping of a susceptibility gene in the 11q22-24 region, determined on the basis of a university college london (ucl) sample of 496 cases and 488 supernormal controls. confirmation was then performed by the study of an aberdeen sample consisting of 858 cases ...	2007	17357072
rickets: vitamin d and calcium deficiency.		2007	17362137
analysis of the dermatophyte species isolated in the british isles between 1980 and 2005 and review of worldwide dermatophyte trends over the last three decades.	infections of the skin, hair and nails by dermatophyte fungi are common in developed and developing countries alike. however, the species involved and the resulting clinical entities vary both geographically and with time. we have surveyed 15,333 dermatophytes obtained from primary isolations at the mycology reference laboratory, bristol, uk from 1980 through 2005. several striking trends in dermatophyte prevalence were apparent over this period. the relative frequencies of isolations of microsp ...	2007	17365649
estimation of the duration of ventricular fibrillation using ecg single feature analysis.	the duration of untreated ventricular fibrillation (vf) is of paramount importance for cpr success. moreover, therapeutic interventions taking into account the interval between cardiac arrest onset and initiation of cpr improve outcome. this study was performed to investigate whether vf feature analysis could be used to estimate the duration of vf in patients with out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. demographic data recorded according to the utstein guidelines and ecg recordings of 376 cardiac arres ...	2007	17368907
an international case-control study of glutathione transferase and functionally related polymorphisms and risk of primary adult brain tumors.	glutathione transferases (gst) detoxify environmental and endogenous compounds and levels of two polymorphic gst proteins, gstm3 and gstp1, are high in the brain. previous studies of gstm3 and gstp1 polymorphisms and adult brain tumor risk have produced inconsistent results, whereas the gstm3 -63 variant is newly identified and, therefore, has not yet been studied in this context. we therefore examined associations between gstm3 -63, gstm3 a/b, gstp1 105, and gstp1 114 variants and adult brain ...	2007	17372252
comparison of clinical and environmental isolates of legionella pneumophila obtained in the uk over 19 years.	between january 1980 and december 1998, 3458 cases of legionnaires' disease were reported to the national surveillance scheme in england and wales. of these, 463 (13.4%) were reported as proven by culture and isolation of legionella spp., with 96.3% being legionella pneumophila. serogroup (sgp), monoclonal antibody (mab) subgrouping and restriction fragment length polymorphism (rflp) analysis data were obtained for 321 (69.3%) of these, of which 284 were classified as being unrelated to any othe ...	2007	17184291
[drug trials in humans. risks in the light of the london catastrophe].	london's first-in-man drug trial with the monoclonal anti-cd28 antibody tgn1412 used for the treatment of oncological and autoimmune diseases resulted in a disaster with life-threatening adverse events in the volunteers triggered by an unexpected cytokine storm. potential mistakes and consequences from this trial are highlighted in the general context of drug development and its risks. risks in drug testing are not only found for high risk substances, such as tgn1412, or in the critical first-in ...	2007	17308913
community children's nursing services in wales: will the nsf make a difference?	the 2006 edition of the rcn community children's nursing directory lists 239 services--16 of which are based in wales, 12 in northern ireland, two in the channel islands, one in the isle of man, 23 in scotland and 185 in england. this listing highlights the continued development and expansion of services across the uk, as well as the further developments that are needed to ensure equity of provision in many areas. the lack of uk or national strategies means that services continue to be developed ...	2007	17326553
hyperglycemia and cystic fibrosis alter respiratory fluid glucose concentrations estimated by breath condensate analysis.	in animals, glucose concentrations are 3-20 times lower in lung lining fluid than in plasma. in humans, glucose concentrations are normally low (<1 mmol/l) in nasal and bronchial fluid, but they are elevated by inflammation or hyperglycemia. furthermore, elevated bronchial glucose is associated with increased respiratory infection in intensive care patients. our aims were to estimate normal glucose concentrations in fluid from distal human lung sampled noninvasively and to determine effects of h ...	2007	17303703
workers at uk turkey farm with symptoms of bird flu test negative for h5n1.		2007	17303867
people exposed to h5n1 in english turkey outbreak get antiviral and vaccination.		2007	17289699
a semi-qualitative study of attitudes to vaccinating adolescents against human papillomavirus without parental consent.	the first vaccine to prevent human papillomavirus (hpv) and cervical cancer has been licensed, and in future, vaccination may be routinely offered to 10-14 year old girls. hpv is a sexually transmitted virus and some parents may refuse consent for vaccination. under-16s in the uk have a right to confidential sexual health care without parental consent. we investigated parents' views on making available hpv vaccination to adolescent minors at sexual health clinics without parental consent.	2007	17291343
the burden of parvovirus b19 infection in women of childbearing age in england and wales.	a serological survey has been used to investigate the epidemiology of parvovirus b19 infection in england and wales. a total of 2835 sera representing the complete age range were selected from a convenience collection obtained in 1996 that reflects the general population and screened for parvovirus b19-specific igg. antibody prevalence rose nonlinearly with age from 21% in those aged 1-4 years to >75% in adults aged > or = 45 years. force-of-infection estimates were similar to those previously m ...	2007	17291377
morbidity profiles of patients consulting during influenza and respiratory syncytial virus active periods.	we compared the burden of illness due to a spectrum of respiratory diagnostic categories among persons presenting in a sentinel general practice network in england and wales during periods of influenza and of respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) activity. during all periods of viral activity, incidence rates of influenza-like illness, bronchitis and common cold were elevated compared to those in baseline periods. excess rates per 100,000 of acute bronchitis were greater in children aged <1 year (me ...	2007	17291381
stable isotope evidence for 1500 years of human diet at the city of york, uk.	we present here the results of a large-scale diachronic palaeodietary (carbon and nitrogen isotopic measurements of bone collagen) study of humans and animals from a single site, the city of york (u.k.), dating from the roman period to the early 19th century. the human sample comprises 313 burials from the cemeteries of trentholme drive and blossom street (roman), belle vue house (anglo-saxon), fishergate (high and later medieval), and all saints, pavement (later and post-medieval). in addition, ...	2007	17295296
life-course influences on health in british adults: effects of socio-economic position in childhood and adulthood.	little evidence exists on the role of socio-economic position (sep) in early life on adult disease other than for cardiovascular mortality; data is often retrospective. we assess whether childhood sep influences disease risk in mid-life, separately from the effect of adult position, and establish how associations vary across multiple measures of disease risk.	2007	17255345
a diary of epilepsy in the early 1800s.	this article describes the diary of a man from 19th-century england (1829-1834) that documents the onset and course of his wife's epilepsy after a stroke. her stroke produced aphasia and right hemiparesis, but her epilepsy was the diary's focus and caused the greatest concern. the diary documents the history of her epilepsy in detail. in addition to tonic-clonic seizures, she experienced frequent bouts of status epilepticus and complex partial seizures. the diary contains some of the earliest re ...	2007	17267288
social inequalities in self reported health in early old age: follow-up of prospective cohort study.	to describe differences in trajectories of self reported health in an ageing cohort according to occupational grade.	2007	17468119
insig2 gene polymorphism is not associated with obesity in caucasian, afro-caribbean and indian subjects.	a common polymorphism, rs7566605, 10 kb upstream of the insulin-induced gene 2 transcription start site has been associated with obesity in caucasian and african-american populations, with the hypothesis that an alteration in gene expression results in elevated plasma triglyceride levels. the goal of this study was to verify the findings in a cohort of 2721 healthy caucasian men (second northwick park heart study), and a separate study of 747 type 2 diabetic patients from caucasian, afro-caribbe ...	2007	17471297
does the taste matter? taste and medicinal perceptions associated with five selected herbal drugs among three ethnic groups in west yorkshire, northern england.	in recent years, diverse scholars have addressed the issue of the chemosensory perceptions associated with traditional medicines, nevertheless there is still a distinct lack of studies grounded in the social sciences and conducted from a cross-cultural, comparative perspective. in this urban ethnobotanical field study, 254 informants belonging to the gujarati, kashmiri and english ethnic groups and living in western yorkshire in northern england were interviewed about the relationship between ta ...	2007	17475019
compliance with follow-up after occupational exposure to hepatitis c.	accidental percutaneous exposure to blood containing hepatitis c virus (hcv) is reported by health care workers more frequently than exposure to human immunodeficiency and hepatitis b virus. the transmission rate following such an exposure is approximately 1.9%. little is known about the attendance rate of such staff for follow-up testing following exposure to hcv.	2007	17387161
pandemic in print: the spread of influenza in the fin de siècle.	the rapid spread of the 1889-1890 influenza epidemic was widely reported in the periodical press. as londoners read that another european capital had succumbed, they were struck that the illness was not only travelling as fast as the news, but was also moving along the same routes. although medical science quickly resolved that a germ was the cause of the illness, its mild nature but widespread social impact lead many to suspect that it was actually caused by newspaper hype. this link between th ...	2007	17336384
childhood conditions influence adult progesterone levels.	average profiles of salivary progesterone in women vary significantly at the inter- and intrapopulation level as a function of age and acute energetic conditions related to energy intake, energy expenditure, or a combination of both. in addition to acute stressors, baseline progesterone levels differ among populations. the causes of such chronic differences are not well understood, but it has been hypothesised that they may result from varying tempos of growth and maturation and, by implication, ...	2007	17503960
cdkn2a and cdk4 variants in latvian melanoma patients: analysis of a clinic-based population.	germline mutations of the cdkn2a and cdk4 genes explain a significant proportion of familial melanoma. to date, there have been few published estimations of the prevalence of such mutations in sporadic melanoma patients. in this study, we investigated cdkn2a and cdk4 exon 2 for germline mutations in 125 consecutive cutaneous malignant melanoma patients recruited through the latvian oncological center, using amplicon melting analysis and sequencing. no disease-related cdkn2a germline mutations we ...	2007	17505264
brief report: british adolescents' views about the rights of asylum-seeking children.	the present study examined 60 (30 early-to-middle adolescents and 30 late adolescents) british adolescents' understanding of the rights of asylum-seeker children. participants completed semi-structured interviews designed to assess judgments and evaluations of hypothetical asylum-seeker children's nurturance and self-determination rights in conflict with the practices of authority. findings indicated that participants were more likely to endorse asylum-seeker children's nurturance rights over th ...	2007	17507088
evaluation of critical care space requirements for three frequent and high-risk tasks.	spatial requirements for clinical tasks have been recommended from many sources over the past 15 years, but little empiric evidence is offered to support recommendations. this article describes a series of functional space experiments using clinical scenarios to test the spatial requirements for a bed space in a critical care setting. the analysis found that an average of 23.26 m(2) was needed for a bed-to-bed transfer followed by 22.87 m(2) for a resuscitation task. the overall average space re ...	2007	17512472
impact of hiv and aids on surgical practice.	surgical intervention has become a common component in the management of patients infected with the human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) or suffering from the clinical consequences of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (aids). we investigated the evolution of this involvement at a tertiary referral centre for this condition over a 16-year period.	2007	17535610
the physiologist and the neurosurgeon: the enduring influence of charles sherrington on the career of wilder penfield.	wilder penfield, a rhodes scholar from princeton university, new jersey, was a student in the first course on mammalian physiology given in 1915 at oxford university by charles sherrington, newly arrived from liverpool where, as holt professor of physiology for 20 years, he had become a leading authority on the physiology of the nervous system. the practical 'exercises' as well as graduate research on the golgi apparatus and the decerebrate preparation, carried out by penfield in sherrington's l ...	2007	17535838
robert boyle's memoirs for the natural history of human blood (1684): print, manuscript and the impact of baconianism in seventeenth-century medical science.		2007	17538692
commentary on cowin, i., emmett, p. and the alspac study team (2000) diet in a group of 18-month-old children in south west england, and comparison with the results of a national survey. journal of human nutrition and dietetics; 13, 87-100.		2007	17539880
access for all: the rise of the paralympic games.	the paralympic, or parallel, games for athletes with disabilities have played a major role over the past half century in changing attitudes towards disability and accelerating the agenda for inclusion. this article charts their development from small beginnings as a competition for disabled ex-servicemen and women in england founded shortly after the second world war to the present day ambulatory international festival of summer and winter games organized in conjunction with the olympic games. t ...	2007	17542426
marr's vision: twenty-five years on.	it is twenty-five years since the posthumous publication of david marr's book vision[1]. only 35 years old when he died, marr had already dramatically influenced vision research. his book, and the series of papers that preceded it, have had a lasting impact on the way that researchers approach human and computer vision.	2007	17550760
a prospective pilot study of antibodies against human papillomaviruses and cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma nested in the oxford component of the european prospective investigation into cancer and nutrition.	in a prospective pilot study nested in the epic-oxford cohort, we examined the seroprevalence of antibodies against the l1 antigen of 38 human papilloma virus (hpv) types among 39 cases of cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (scc) for whom plasma was collected prior to diagnosis (incident) and 80 controls. fifteen cases having already developed scc at blood collection (prevalent) were also tested. there were no statistically significant differences in the seroprevalence of antibodies against any o ...	2007	17565742
the contribution of respiratory pathogens to the seasonality of nhs direct calls.	primary care is thought to bear half the cost of treating infections in the uk. we describe the seasonal variation in nhs direct respiratory calls (a new source of primary care data) and estimate the contribution of specific respiratory pathogens to this variation.	2007	17582503
will considerations of environmental sustainability revitalise the policy links between the urban environment and health?	this paper explores when and how considerations of population health have influenced the creation, planning and management of cities. cities--now the dominant human habitat--must be planned and managed sustainably in a world that is manifestly experiencing increasing environmental and social strains. early industrialisation entailed crowding, squalor and industrial environmental blight; the two great associated public health hazards were infectious diseases and air pollution. these hazards have ...	2007	17601402
simple rationality? the law of healthcare resource allocation in england.	this paper examines the law relating to healthcare resource allocation in england. the national health service (nhs) act 1977 does not impose an absolute duty to provide specified healthcare services. the courts will only interfere with a resource allocation decision made by an nhs body if that decision is frankly irrational (or where the decision infringes the principle of proportionality when a right under the european convention on human rights (echr) is engaged). such irrationality is very d ...	2007	17601868
reconstructing exposures from the uk chemical warfare agent human research programme.	the uk government has carried out a research programme studying military capability under conditions of chemical warfare at a facility at porton down, wiltshire, since world war i. in 2001 the ministry of defence commissioned a cohort study to investigate the long-term health effects on military veterans of their participation in this programme. we assessed the availability and quality of exposure assessment data held in the archive at porton down for the purpose of this study. this involved loo ...	2007	17602209
human papillomavirus testing with conventional pap smear screening in three inner london community clinics.	this observational study aimed to establish prevalence of high-risk human papillomaviruses (hrhpv) in women attending three inner london community clinics for routine screening and to pilot hrhpv testing in the triage of either borderline or negative cytology after previous abnormalities. hybrid capture 2 was carried out on brush samples taken alongside conventional smears from 1434 women aged 20-49 years. hrhpv positivity prompted earlier referral of women with previous abnormalities and either ...	2007	17609075
multidisciplinary crisis simulations: the way forward for training surgical teams.	high-reliability organizations have stressed the importance of non-technical skills for safety and of regularly providing such training to their teams. recently safety skills training has been applied in the practice of medicine. in this study, we developed and piloted a module using multidisciplinary crisis scenarios in a simulated operating theatre to train entire surgical teams.	2007	17610109
public perception of human papillomavirus vaccine.		2007	17623513