Publications

carbon catabolite repression in plant pathogenic fungi: isolation and characterization of the gibberella fujikuroi and botrytis cinerea crea genes.	the crea genes of two plant pathogenic fungi, the gibberellin-producing rice pathogen gibberella fujikuroi and the gray mold botrytis cinerea, were isolated and characterized. the deduced amino acid sequences of both glucose repressors are 64% identical to each other and 59% (g. fujikuroi) and 61% (b. cinerea) identical to the crea protein of aspergillus nidulans. the zinc finger regions of the gibberella and botrytis crea proteins shared 98% identity with the corresponding zinc finger region of ...	2000	10689158
the pause software for analysis of translational control over protein targeting: application to e. nidulans membrane proteins.	the pause software has been developed as a new tool to study translational control over protein targeting. this makes it possible to correlate the position of clusters of rare codons in a gene, predicted to cause a translational pause, with the position of hydrophobic stretches in the encoded protein, predicted to span a membrane or to act as a cleavable signal for targeting to the secretory pathway. furthermore, this software gathers these correlations over whole sets of genes. the pause softwa ...	2000	10689191
nitrate assimilation genes of the marine diazotrophic, filamentous cyanobacterium trichodesmium sp. strain wh9601.	a 4.0-kb dna fragment of trichodesmium sp. strain wh9601 contained gene sequences encoding the nitrate reduction enzymes, nira and narb. a third gene positioned between nira and narb encodes a putative membrane protein with similarity to the nitrate permeases of bacillus subtilis (nasa) and emericella nidulans (crna). the gene was shown to functionally complement a deltanasa mutant of b. subtilis and was assigned the name napa (nitrate permease). napa was involved in both nitrate and nitrite upt ...	2000	10692386
species-specific profiles of mycotoxins produced in cultures and associated with conidia of airborne fungi derived from biowaste.	the potential to produce mycotoxins and non-volatile secondary metabolites was investigated for approximately 250 freshly isolated fungal strains. among the eleven most relevant species, viz. aspergillus flavus, a. fumigatus, a. niger, a. parasiticus, a. versicolor, emericella nidulans, paecilomyces variotii, penicillium brevicompactum, p. clavigerum, p. crustosum, and p. polonicum, a wide range of metabolites partly of toxicological relevance was identified. several unknown metabolites were fou ...	2000	11109562
characterization of aspergillus niger pectate lyase a.	the aspergillus niger plya gene encoding pectate lyase a (ec 4.2.99. 3) was cloned from a chromosomal lambda(embl4) library using the aspergillus nidulans pectate lyase encoding gene [dean, r. a., and timberlake, w. e. (1989) plant cell 1, 275-284] as a probe. the plya gene was overexpressed using a promoter fusion with the a. niger pyruvate kinase promoter. purification of the recombinant pectate lyase a resulted in the identification of two enzyme forms of which one appeared to be n-glycosylat ...	2000	11112543
a genetic interaction between a ubiquitin-like protein and ubiquitin-mediated proteolysis in dictyostelium discoideum(1).	a ubiquitination factor, nosa, is essential for cellular differentiation in dictyostelium discoideum. in the absence of nosa, development is blocked, resulting in a developmental arrest at the tight-aggregate stage, when cells differentiate into two precursor cell types, prespore and prestalk cells. development is restored when a second gene, encoding the ubiquitin-like protein sona, is inactivated in nosa-mutant cells. sona has homology over its entire length to dsk2 from saccharomyces cerevisi ...	2000	11118648
the abaa homologue of penicillium marneffei participates in two developmental programmes: conidiation and dimorphic growth.	penicillium marneffei is the only known species of its genus that is dimorphic. at 25 degrees c, p. marneffei exhibits true filamentous growth and undergoes asexual development producing spores borne on complex structures called conidiophores. at 37 degrees c, p. marneffei undergoes a dimorphic transition to produce uninucleate yeast cells that divide by fission. we have cloned a homologue of the aspergillus nidulans abaa gene encoding an atts/tea dna-binding domain transcriptional regulator and ...	2000	11123677
molecular cloning and characterization of a glucan synthase gene from the human pathogenic fungus paracoccidioides brasiliensis.	1,3-beta-d-glucan is a fungal cell wall polymer synthesized by the multi-subunit enzyme 1,3-beta-d-glucan synthase. a subunit of this integral membrane protein was first described as the product of the fks1 gene from saccharomyces cerevisiae using echinocandin mutants. other fks1 genes were also reported for candida albicans, aspergillus nidulans and cryptococcus neoformans. here, we report the nucleotide sequence of the first homologous fks gene cloned from the pathogenic fungus paracoccidioide ...	2000	10705373
transcriptional analysis of hydrogenase genes in the cyanobacteria anacystis nidulans and anabaena variabilis monitored by rt-pcr.	diverse cyanobacteria express an uptake hydrogenase, encoded by the genes hupsl, and a bidirectional, nad(p)(+)-reducing hydrogenase with the genes hox(e)fuyh. in the unicellular anacystis nidulans, the hox genes are organized on two separate loci, whereas they are contiguous in one cluster, though interspersed with two unidentified reading frames, orf 3 and 8, in the heterocystous anabaena variabilis. the hox gene clusters of these two cyanobacteria have now been transcriptionally analyzed by r ...	2000	10706662
an unambiguous microassay of galactofuranose residues in glycoconjugates using mild methanolysis and high ph anion-exchange chromatography.	an original, unambiguous microassay of galactofuranose (galf) residues in glycoconjugates is described. the method involves mild acid methanolysis (5 mm hcl) for 3 h at 84 degrees c followed by high ph anion-exchange chromatography using a routine monosaccharide system. the methanolysis products mealpha-galf and mebeta-galf were characterized chromatographically by comparison with the authentic compounds and by their response to treatment with mild acid and with beta-galactofuranosidase. testing ...	2000	10706782
a new approach for the identification and cloning of genes: the pbacwich system using cre/lox site-specific recombination.	with current plant transformation methods ( agrobacterium, biolistics and protoplast fusion), insertion of dna into the genome occurs randomly and in many instances at multiple sites. associated position effects, copy number differences and multigene interactions can make gene expression experiments difficult to interpret and plant phenotypes less predictable. an alternative approach to random integration of large dna fragments into plants is to utilize one of several site-specific recombination ...	2000	10710436
methylcitrate synthase from aspergillus nidulans: implications for propionate as an antifungal agent.	aspergillus nidulans was used as a model organism to investigate the fungal propionate metabolism and the mechanism of growth inhibition by propionate. the fungus is able to grow slowly on propionate as sole carbon and energy source. propionate is oxidized to pyruvate via the methylcitrate cycle. the key enzyme methylcitrate synthase was purified and the corresponding gene mcsa, which contains two introns, was cloned, sequenced and overexpressed in a. nidulans. the derived amino acid sequence of ...	2000	10712680
architectural transcription factors and the saga complex function in parallel pathways to activate transcription.	recent work has shown that transcription of the yeast ho gene involves the sequential recruitment of a series of transcription factors. we have performed a functional analysis of ho regulation by determining the ability of mutations in sin1, sin3, rpd3, and sin4 negative regulators to permit ho expression in the absence of certain activators. mutations in the sin1 (=spt2) gene do not affect ho regulation, in contrast to results of other studies using an ho:lacz reporter, and our data show that t ...	2000	10713159
thioesterase domain of delta-(l-alpha-aminoadipyl)-l-cysteinyl-d-valine synthetase: alteration of stereospecificity by site-directed mutagenesis.	the carboxy-terminal thioesterase domain of delta-(l-alpha-aminoadipyl)-l-cysteinyl-d-valine synthetase catalyzes the hydrolytic release of the tripeptide product (lld-acv). by site-directed mutagenesis an s3599a change was introduced into the highly conserved gxsxg motif, resulting in a more than 95 % decrease of penicillin production. purification of the modified multienzyme showed surprisingly only a 50 % reduction of the peptide formation rate, with the stereoisomer delta-(l-alpha-aminoadipy ...	2000	10715209
construction of an equalized cdna library from colletotrichum lagenarium and its application to the isolation of differentially expressed genes.	to establish an efficient screening system for differentially expressed genes of a phytopathogenic fungus colletotrichum lagenarium, we constructed an equalized (normalized) cdna library from c. lagenarium and used this library for differential screening. for the isolation of genes involved in infection-related developments of conidia, conidia undergoing appressorium differentiation were selected as the source of materials for construction of the cdna library. the equalization of cdna was perfor ...	2000	10721483
bordetella pertussis tonb, a bvg-independent virulence determinant.	in gram-negative bacteria, high-affinity iron uptake requires the tonb/exbb/exbd envelope complex to release iron chelates from their specific outer membrane receptors into the periplasm. based on sequence similarities, the bordetella pertussis tonb exbb exbd locus was identified on a cloned dna fragment. the tight organization of the three genes suggests that they are cotranscribed. a putative fur-binding sequence located upstream from tonb was detected in a fur titration assay, indicating that ...	2000	10722583
heterologous expression in aspergillus nidulans of a trichoderma longibrachiatum endoglucanase of enological relevance.	an aspergillus nidulans transformant expressing the trichoderma longibrachiatum endoglucanase 1 gene (egl1) has been constructed. the extracellular production of egl1 in different culture media has been studied, and a medium has been found in which egl1 is the predominant extracellular protein produced. the enzymatic properties of the heterologously produced egl1 are very similar to those of the native enzyme. grape maceration in the presence of culture filtrate enriched in egl1 resulted in incr ...	2000	10725180
evidence that the aspergillus nidulans class i and class ii chitin synthase genes, chsc and chsa, share critical roles in hyphal wall integrity and conidiophore development.	although many chitin synthase genes have been identified in a broad range of fungal species, there have been only a few reports about their role in fungal morphogenesis. in most cases, single gene disruption or replacement did not reveal their function, possibly because of functional redundancy among them. we obtained null mutants of aspergillus nidulans chsa and chsc genes encoding non-essential class ii and class i chitin synthases, respectively. the deltachsa deltachsc mutant exhibited growth ...	2000	10731706
nmr solution structure of alcr (1-60) provides insight in the unusual dna binding properties of this zinc binuclear cluster protein.	the three-dimensional structure of the dna-binding domain (residues 1-60) of the ethanol regulon transcription factor alcr from aspergillus nidulans has been solved by nmr. this domain belongs to the zinc binuclear cluster class. although the core of the protein is similar to previously characterized structures, consisting of two helices organized around a zn(2)cys(6 )motif, the present structure presents important variations, among them the presence of two supplementary helices. this structure ...	2000	10656785
localization of wild type and mutant class i myosin proteins in aspergillus nidulans using gfp-fusion proteins.	we have examined the distribution of myoa, the class i myosin protein of the filamentous fungus aspergillus nidulans, as a gfp fusion protein. wild type gfp-myoa expressed from the myoa promoter is able to rescue a conditional myoa null mutant. growth of a strain expressing gfp-myoa as the only class i myosin was approximately 50% that of a control strain, demonstrating that the fusion protein retains substantial myosin function. the distribution of the wild type gfp-myoa fusion is enriched in g ...	2000	10658211
developmental and metabolic regulation of the phosphoglucomutase-encoding gene, pgmb, of aspergillus nidulans.	we have isolated the pgmb gene from aspergillus nidulans, which encodes a phosphoglucomutase, one of the key enzymes in carbohydrate metabolism. the pgmb gene is located on chromosome vii and its orf encodes 557 amino acids. mutant phenotypes were analysed by expression of high levels of pgmb antisense rna, which lead to a loss of detectable levels of sense rna. under conditions of antisense rna expression, a 30% reduction in the growth rate was observed in comparison to wild-type. on the enzyme ...	2000	10660061
deletion of the unique gene encoding a typical histone h1 has no apparent phenotype in aspergillus nidulans.	we have cloned the h1 histone gene (hhoa) of aspergillus nidulans. this single-copy gene codes for a typical linker histone with one central globular domain. the open reading frame is interrupted by six introns. the position of the first intron is identical to that of introns found in some plant histones. an h1-gfp fusion shows exclusive nuclear localization, whereas chromosomal localization can be observed during condensation at mitosis. surprisingly, the deletion of hhoa results in no obvious ...	2000	10632892
isolation, purification, and characterization of a cold-active lipase from aspergillus nidulans.	aspergillus nidulans wg312 strain secreted lipase activity when cultured in liquid media with olive oil as carbon source. highest lipase productivity was found when the mycelium was grown at 30 degrees c in a rich medium. the new enzyme was purified to homogeneity from the extracellular culture of a. nidulans by phenyl-sepharose chromatography and affinity binding on linolenic acid-agarose. the lipase was monomeric with an apparent m(r) of 29 kda and a pi of 4.85 and showed no glycosylation. kin ...	2000	10637060
hypomorphic bima(apc3) alleles cause errors in chromosome metabolism that activate the dna damage checkpoint blocking cytokinesis in aspergillus nidulans.	the aspergillus nidulans sepi(+) gene has been implicated in the coordination of septation with nuclear division and cell growth. we find that the temperature-sensitive (ts) sepi1 mutation represents a novel allele of bima(apc3), which encodes a conserved component of the anaphase-promoting complex/cyclosome (apc/c). we have characterized the septation, nuclear division, cell-cycle checkpoint defects, and dna sequence alterations of sepi1 (renamed bima10) and two other ts lethal bima(apc3) allel ...	2000	10628978
metabolite repression and inducer exclusion in the proline utilization gene cluster of aspergillus nidulans.	the clustered prnb, prnc, and prnd genes are repressed by the simultaneous presence of glucose and ammonium. a derepressed mutation inactivating a crea-binding site acts in cis only on the permease gene (prnb) while derepression of prnd and prnc is largely the result of reversal of inducer exclusion.	2000	10613888
mitochondrial movement and morphology depend on an intact actin cytoskeleton in aspergillus nidulans.	mitochondria are essential organelles for the oxidative energy metabolism in eukaryotic cells. determinants of mitochondrial morphology as well as the machinery underlying their subcellular distribution are not well understood. in this study we constructed an aspergillus nidulans strain, in which mitochondria are stained with the green-fluorescent protein (gfp) to visualize them and study their behavior in vivo (http://www.uni-marburg. de/mpi/movies/mitochondria/mitochondria.html). mitochondria ...	2000	10618165
lack of host specialization in aspergillus flavus.	aspergillus spp. cause disease in a broad range of organisms, but it is unknown if strains are specialized for particular hosts. we evaluated isolates of aspergillus flavus, aspergillus fumigatus, and aspergillus nidulans for their ability to infect bean leaves, corn kernels, and insects (galleria mellonella). strains of a. flavus did not affect nonwounded bean leaves, corn kernels, or insects at 22 degrees c, but they killed insects following hemocoelic challenge and caused symptoms ranging fro ...	2000	10618242
requirement of monooxygenase-mediated steps for sterigmatocystin biosynthesis by aspergillus nidulans.	sterigmatocystin (st) and aflatoxin b(1) (afb(1)) are two polyketide-derived aspergillus mycotoxins synthesized by functionally identical sets of enzymes. st, the compound produced by aspergillus nidulans, is a late intermediate in the afb(1) pathway of a. parasiticus and a. flavus. previous biochemical studies predicted that five oxygenase steps are required for the formation of st. a 60-kb st gene cluster in a. nidulans contains five genes, stcb, stcf, stcl, stcs, and stcw, encoding putative m ...	2000	10618248
the chsa gene from aspergillus nidulans is necessary for maximal conidiation.	a fragment from the open reading frame of the cloned chsa gene from aspergillus nidulans was deleted and replaced with the argb gene. the resulting construct was used to replace the wild-type chsa gene in an argb deletion strain. the growth and morphology of the vegetative hyphae from the resulting chsa disruptant strain were indistinguishable from those of a wild-type strain but the chitin content of the hyphae from the disruptant was reduced to approximately 90% of that of wild-type. the disru ...	2000	10620691
pantothenate kinase regulation of the intracellular concentration of coenzyme a.	pantothenate kinase (pank) is the key regulatory enzyme in the coa biosynthetic pathway in bacteria and is thought to play a similar role in mammalian cells. we examined this hypothesis by identifying and characterizing two murine cdnas that encoded pank. the two cdnas were predicted to arise from alternate splicing of the same gene to yield different mrnas that encode two isoforms (mpank1alpha and mpank1beta) with distinct amino termini. the predicted protein sequence of mpank1 was not related ...	2000	10625688
5' race by tailing a general template-switching oligonucleotide.		2000	11126119
the prr1 response regulator is essential for transcription of ste11+ and for sexual development in fission yeast.	schizosaccharomyces pombe expresses a putative transcription factor, named prr1, which is intriguing in the sense that it contains a bacterial type of phospho-accepting receiver domain, preceded by a mammalian heat shock factor (hsf2)-like dna-binding domain. the receiver domain is most probably involved in an as yet unidentified histidine-to-aspartate (his-to-asp) phosphorelay pathway in s. pombe. in this study, the structure, function, and cellular localization of prr1 were assessed in the con ...	2000	11129048
isolation and analysis of flup, a gene associated with hyphal growth and sporulation in aspergillus parasiticus.	aflatoxins (af) are polyketide-derived mycotoxins that frequently contaminate food and feed crops, causing health risks to animals and humans. the flup gene was cloned by screening an aspergillus parasiticus genomic dna library with a cdna probe encoding part of a polyketide synthase (pks), the 6-methylsalicylic acid synthase (msas) from penicillium patulum. flup was hypothesized to function as a pks in af biosynthesis. the predicted amino acid sequence of flup demonstrated a high degree of iden ...	2000	11129056
glucose does not activate the plasma-membrane-bound h+-atpase but affects pmaa transcript abundance in aspergillus nidulans.	the addition of glucose to starved cells of aspergillus nidulans increased the abundance of the pmaa transcript only transiently (15 min) and to a very low degree (1.3-fold), but strongly decreased its abundance during further incubation. this down-regulation was crea (carbon catabolite repressor protein)-dependent. glucose failed to stimulate the plasma membrane (pm)-atpase activity of a. nidulans, whereas under the same experimental conditions the activity of the enzyme from saccharomyces cere ...	2000	11131024
the human homologue of the aspergillus nuclear migration gene nudc is preferentially expressed in dividing cells and ciliated epithelia.	we recently identified a novel human gene, hnudc, homologous to an aspergillus nidulans gene coding for a protein crucial to nuclear migration, cell wall morphogenesis, and cell growth. while mrna for this gene is expressed in most tissues, hnudc protein expression is highly regulated. to provide insight into the function of this protein, we performed immunohistochemical analysis of the distribution of hnudc in 19 different human tissues. intense immunolabeling was observed in proliferating cell ...	2000	11131094
two kinesin-related proteins associated with the cold-stable cytoskeleton of carrot cells: characterization of a novel kinesin, dckrp120-2.	we have previously described the biochemical isolation of 65 kda and 120 kda microtubule-associated proteins from carrot cytoskeletons. the 65 kda maps have subsequently been shown to be structural maps that reconstitute 30 nm cross-bridges of the kind that maintain cortical microtubules in parallel groups. by exploiting its avid binding to microtubules, we have now devised a method for isolating map120 from protoplast extracts, and shown that it has properties of a kinesin-related protein. map1 ...	2000	11135119
pds5 cooperates with cohesin in maintaining sister chromatid cohesion.	sister chromatid cohesion depends on a complex called cohesin, which contains at least four subunits: smc1, smc3, scc1 and scc3. cohesion is established during dna replication, is partially dismantled in many, but not all, organisms during prophase, and is finally destroyed at the metaphase-to-anaphase transition. a quite separate protein called spo76 is required for sister chromatid cohesion during meiosis in the ascomycete sordaria. spo76-like proteins are highly conserved amongst eukaryotes a ...	2000	11137006
mycoflora and mycotoxins in brazilian black pepper, white pepper and brazil nuts.	a wide range of field and storage fungi were isolated from black pepper, white pepper and brazil nut kernels from amazonia. a total of 42 species were isolated from both peppers. aspergillus flavus and a. niger were isolated more frequently from black than from white pepper. other potential mycotoxigenic species isolated included: a. ochraceus, a. tamarii, a. versicolor, emericella nidulans and chaetomium globosum, penicillium brevicompactum, p. citrinum, p. islandicum and p. glabrum. species is ...	2000	11229375
nuclear migration in fungi--different motors at work.	lower fungi such as saccharomyces cerevisiae and aspergillus nidulans are ideal organisms for studying the molecular biology underlying nuclear migration in eukaryotic cells. in this review, the role of different motor proteins such as dynein, kinesin and myosin will be discussed.	2000	10875281
the reliability of the aspergillus nidulans physical map.	here we report an evaluation of the aspergillus nidulans physical map (a cosmid contig map) emphasizing quantification and description of obvious mapping errors. classification and appraisal of mapping errors should be helpful to researchers working on particular regions of the map. we estimate between 47 (4.1%) and 63 (5.4%) probe/clone-linking errors. the majority of identified false links (38) permit reciprocal exchanges among linking clones located on disconnected mapping regions. the order ...	2000	10882534
analysis of two aspergillus nidulans genes encoding extracellular proteases.	characterization of prtadelta mutants, generated by gene disruption, showed that the prta gene is responsible for the majority of extracellular protease activity secreted by aspergillus nidulans at both neutral and acid ph. the prta delta mutation was used to map the prta gene to chromosome v. though aspartic protease activity has never been reported in a. nidulans and the prtadelta mutants appear to lack detectable acid protease activity, a gene (prtb) encoding a putative aspartic protease was ...	2000	10882536
biosynthesis of pyridoxine: origin of the nitrogen atom of pyridoxine in microorganisms.	the amide nitrogen atom of glutamine was incorporated into pyridoxine in four eukaryotes, emericella nidulans, mucor racemosus, neurospora crassa and saccharomyces cerevisiae, and two prokaryotes, staphylococcus aureus and bacillus subtilis, but not in the following prokaryotes, pseudomonas putida, enterobacter aerogenes and escherichia coli. on the other hand, the nitrogen atom of glutamate was incorporated into pyridoxine in p. putida, e. aerogenes and e. coli, but not in s. aureus and b. subt ...	2000	10885790
the tryptophan synthase-encoding trpb gene of aspergillus nidulans is regulated by the cross-pathway control system.	the tryptophan synthase-encoding gene, trpb, of aspergillus nidulans was cloned and characterized. it was mapped to chromosome i, between the gene meda, which is required for sexual and asexual development, and an orf encoding a protein with significant similarity to subunit b of vacuolar atp synthases. the 5' untranslated region was found to be at least 142 nucleotides (nt) long, the poly(a) addition site was localized at position + 216 relative to the stop codon by sequencing of several indepe ...	2000	10905354
a novel 'two-component' protein containing histidine kinase and response regulator domains required for sporulation in aspergillus nidulans.	we have characterised a-novel aspergillus nidulans gene encoding a 'two-component' signalling protein (tcsa). tcsa encodes both a histidine kinase domain and a response regulator domain similar to those found in bacterial, lower eukaryotic and plant members of the two-component family of proteins, while two pas domains in the amino-terminal region of the predicted tcsa product may monitor the signal which regulates a tcsa histidine kinase-response regulator phosphorelay. while tcsa is nonessenti ...	2000	10905426
an aspergillus oryzae ccaat-binding protein, aocp, is involved in the high-level expression of the taka-amylase a gene.	aspergillus oryzae contains a nuclear protein designated aocp, which binds specifically to a ccaat sequence in the promoter region of the a. oryzae taka-amylase a gene. a gene encoding a homologue of aspergillus nidulans hapc, a subunit of the a. nidulans ccaat binding complex, was isolated from a. oryzae and designated aohapc. aohapc comprises 215 amino acids and shows 84% identity to a. nidulans hapc. transformation of the a. nidulans hapc deletion strain with the aohapc gene restored the ccaa ...	2000	10905428
glucose dependent transcriptional expression of the cre1 gene in acremonium chrysogenum strains showing different levels of cephalosporin c production.	the cre1 gene from the beta-lactam producer acremonium chrysogenum has been isolated and characterized in order to study glucose-dependent gene expression in this biotechnically important fungus. the deduced protein sequence is highly similar to amino-acid sequences of other known glucose repressors from filamentous fungi, and carries conserved zinc-finger and regulatory motifs. contrary to cre gene expression in trichoderma reesei and aspergillus nidulans, the transcript level of the cre1 gene ...	2000	10905429
cloning and characterisation of a chitin synthase gene cdna from the cultivated mushroom agaricus bisporus and its expression during morphogenesis.	full-length cdna of a chitin synthase gene (chs1) was cloned from agaricus bisporus by screening a cdna library with a pcr amplified fragment of the chitin synthase gene. the chs1 contains an open reading frame of 2727 bp encoding a polypeptide of 909 amino acids and deduced molecular mass 102.3 kda and pi 8.23. the central region of chs1 showed strong homology to other fungal chitin synthase genes with seven conserved domains. it belongs to the chitin synthase class iii, analogous to chsb from ...	2000	10913868
ph regulation of gene expression in fungi.	a system for the regulation of gene expression by ambient (extracellular) ph was first identified in aspergillus nidulans. this system consists of the products of the pacc and pala, b, c, f, h, and i genes. pacc encodes a zinc finger transcription factor and these pal genes encode components of an ambient ph signal transduction pathway. ph regulatory systems have also been identified in other fungi. components of these regulatory systems are homologous to those in a. nidulans. this review descri ...	2000	10919375
a group of expressed cdna sequences from the wheat fungal leaf blotch pathogen, mycosphaerella graminicola (septoria tritici).	a group of expressed sequence tags (ests) from the wheat fungal pathogen mycosphaerella graminicola utilizing ammonium as a nitrogen source has been analyzed. single pass sequences of complementary dnas from 986 clones were determined. contig analysis and sequence comparisons allowed 704 unique ests (unigenes) to be identified, of which 148 appeared as multiple copies. searches of the nrdb95 protein database at embl using the blast2x algorithm revealed 407 (57.8%) sequences that generated high t ...	2000	10919380
prevalence and outcome of invasive fungal infections in 1,963 thoracic organ transplant recipients: a multicenter retrospective study. italian study group of fungal infections in thoracic organ transplant recipients.	fungal infections (fi) after solid organ transplantation (tx) remain a major cause of morbidity and mortality. aspergillus and candida account for more than 80% of fi.	2000	10919584
identification of a candida albicans homologue of the pho85 gene, a negative regulator of the pho system in saccharomyces cerevisiae.	in a screen for the protein kinase genes of the human pathogenic yeast candida albicans, a putative homologue (capho85) of pho85, a negative regulator of the pho system of saccharomyces cerevisiae, which is one of the cyclin-dependent protein kinases (cdks), was isolated. an open reading frame (orf) of this gene was identified encoding a predicted protein of 326 amino acids with a calculated molecular weight of 37.6 kda. the amino acid sequence is highly homologous to s. cerevisiae pho85 (62% id ...	2000	10923026
identification of domains responsible for signal recognition and transduction within the qutr transcription repressor protein.	qutr (qutr-encoded transcription-repressing protein) is a multi-domain repressor protein active in the signal-transduction pathway that regulates transcription of the quinic acid utilization (qut) gene cluster in aspergillus nidulans. in the presence of quinate, production of mrna from the eight genes of the qut pathway is stimulated by the activator protein quta (quta-encoded transcription-activating protein). mutations in the qutr gene alter qutr function such that the transcription of the qut ...	2000	10926843
increased transformation efficiency of aspergillus nidulans protoplasts in the presence of dithiothreitol.		2000	10929816
morphogenesis in aspergillus nidulans requires dopey (dopa), a member of a novel family of leucine zipper-like proteins conserved from yeast to humans.	dopa is the founding member of a novel protein family required for correct cell morphology and spatiotemporal organization of multicellular structures in the filamentous fungus aspergillus nidulans. dopa homologues from saccharomyces cerevisiae (dop1), candida albicans, caenorhabditis elegans, rattus norvegicus and homo sapiens have been identified from genome sequencing projects. s. cerevisiae dop1 is essential for viability and, like dopa, affects cellular morphogenesis. dopa encodes a large p ...	2000	10931277
c-jun and rack1 homologues regulate a control point for sexual development in aspergillus nidulans.	amino acid limitation results in impaired sexual fruit body formation in filamentous fungi such as aspergillus nidulans. the starvation signal is perceived by the cross-pathway regulatory network controlling the biosynthesis of translational precursors and results in increased expression of a transcriptional activator encoded by a c-jun homologue. in the presence of amino acids, the gene product of the mammalian rack1 homologue cpcb is required to repress the network. growth under amino acid sta ...	2000	10931303
the lis1-related nudf protein of aspergillus nidulans interacts with the coiled-coil domain of the nude/ro11 protein.	the nudf gene of the filamentous fungus aspergillus nidulans acts in the cytoplasmic dynein/dynactin pathway and is required for distribution of nuclei. nudf protein, the product of the nudf gene, displays 42% sequence identity with the human protein lis1 required for neuronal migration. haploinsufficiency of the lis1 gene causes a malformation of the human brain known as lissencephaly. we screened for multicopy suppressors of a mutation in the nudf gene. the product of the nude gene isolated in ...	2000	10931877
the abc transporter atrb from aspergillus nidulans mediates resistance to all major classes of fungicides and some natural toxic compounds.	this paper reports the functional characterization of atrbp, an abc transporter from aspergillus nidulans. atrbp is a multidrug transporter and has affinity to substrates belonging to all major classes of agricultural fungicides and some natural toxic compounds. the substrate profile of atrbp was determined by assessing the sensitivity of deletion and overexpression mutants of atrb to several toxicants. all mutants showed normal growth as compared to control isolates. deltaatrb mutants displayed ...	2000	10931903
insertion of the line retrotransposon mgl causes a conidiophore pattern mutation in magnaporthe grisea.	we obtained three magnaporthe grisea morphological mutants that had the line transposon mgl inserted into the acr1 locus. sequence analysis revealed that acr1 is homologous to meda, a developmental regulator of aspergillus nidulans conidiation. these results demonstrated that mgl elements could transpose and cause insertional mutagenesis in m. grisea.	2000	10939262
isolation of replicational cue elements from a library of bent dnas of aspergillus oryzae.	two fragments that could function as replicational cue elements were isolated from a genomic dna digest of aspergillus oryzae on the basis of abnormal behavior in polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. the vector used in this study contained a scaffold-associated region of the drosophila melanogaster ftz gene to provide nuclear retention. neither fragment contained a yeast ars consensus sequence or an eukaryotic topoisomerase ii binding sequence. one of the fragments showed sequence homology with t ...	2000	10939521
pyrithiamine resistance gene (ptra) of aspergillus oryzae: cloning, characterization and application as a dominant selectable marker for transformation.	a pyrithiamine (pt) resistance gene (ptra) was cloned from a genomic dna library prepared from a pt resistant mutant of aspergillus oryzae. it conferred high resistance to pt on an a. oryzae industrial strain as well as a. nidulans. nucleotide sequence analysis showed that the ptra gene contained one intron (58-bp) and encodes 327 amino acid (aa) residues. additionally, the deduced aa sequence has 72% and 63% identity to fusarium solani sti35 encoding a stress-inducible protein and saccharomyces ...	2000	10945258
molecular cloning and characterization of a gene encoding glutaminase from aspergillus oryzae.	a glutaminase from aspergillus oryzae was purified and its molecular weight was determined to be 82,091 by matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry. purified glutaminase catalysed the hydrolysis not only of l-glutamine but also of d-glutamine. both the molecular weight and the substrate specificity of this glutaminase were different from those reported previously [yano et al. (1998) j ferment technol 66: 137-143]. on the basis of its internal amino acid sequen ...	2000	10952006
the role of abc transporters from aspergillus nidulans in protection against cytotoxic agents and in antibiotic production.	this paper describes the characterization of atrc and atrd (abc transporters c and d), two novel abc transporter-encoding genes from the filamentous fungus aspergillus nidulans, and provides evidence for the involvement of atrd in multidrug transport and antibiotic production. blast analysis of the deduced amino acid sequences of atrcp and atrdp reveals high homology to abc transporter proteins of the p-glycoprotein cluster. atrdp shows a particularly high degree of identity to the amino acid se ...	2000	10954082
fungal transporters involved in efflux of natural toxic compounds and fungicides.	survival of microorganisms in natural environments is favored by the capacity to produce compounds toxic to competing organisms and the ability to resist the effects of such toxic compounds. both factors contribute to a competitive advantage of organisms in ecosystems. all organisms have evolved active transport mechanisms by which endogenous and exogenous toxicants can be secreted. two major classes of transporter proteins are the atp-binding cassette (abc) and the major facilitator superfamily ...	2000	10955904
preferential accessibility of the yeast his3 promoter is determined by a general property of the dna sequence, not by specific elements.	yeast promoter regions are often more accessible to nuclear proteins than are nonpromoter regions. as assayed by hinfi endonuclease cleavage in living yeast cells, hinfi sites located in the promoters of all seven genes tested were 5- to 20-fold more accessible than sites in adjacent nonpromoter regions. hinfi hypersensitivity within the his3 promoter region is locally determined, since it was observed when this region was translocated to the middle of the ade2 structural gene. detailed analysis ...	2000	10958664
molecular responses to changes in the environmental ph are conserved between the fungal pathogens candida dubliniensis and candida albicans.	in this work we cloned cdphr1 and cdphr2 from the human fungal pathogen candida dubliniensis. the two genes are homologues to the ph-regulated genes phr1 and phr2 from candida albicans. the ph-dependent pattern of expression of cdphr1 and cdphr2 was conserved in c. dubliniensis. cdphr1 could be shown to be functionally equivalent to phr1. the ph-regulated mode of expression was maintained when cdphr1 was integrated in c. albicans. this indicates a fundamentally similar mode of expressional regul ...	2000	10959725
isolation and characterization of two evolutionarily conserved murine kinases (nek6 and nek7) related to the fungal mitotic regulator, nima.	entrance and exit from mitosis in aspergillus nidulans require activation and proteolysis, respectively, of the nima (never in mitosis, gene a) serine/threonine kinase. four different nima-related kinases were reported in mammals (nek1-4), but none of them has been shown to perform mitotic functions related to those demonstrated for nima. we describe here the isolation of two novel murine protein kinase genes, designated nek6 and nek7, which are highly similar to each other (87% amino acid ident ...	2000	10964517
purification and characterization of an alpha-l-rhamnosidase from aspergillus nidulans.	an enzyme exhibiting alpha-l-rhamnosidase activity was purified by fractionating a culture filtrate of aspergillus nidulans grown on l-rhamnose as the sole carbon source. the alpha-l-rhamnosidase was shown to be n-glycosylated and had a molecular mass of 102 kda, of which approximately 7% was contributed by carbohydrate. the enzyme, optimally active at ph 4.5-6 and 60 degrees c, had an isoelectric point of 5. with rho-nitrophenyl-alpha-l-rhamnopyranoside as the substrate it showed km and vmax va ...	2000	10972728
a defined sequence within the 3' utr of the area transcript is sufficient to mediate nitrogen metabolite signalling via accelerated deadenylation.	nitrogen metabolism in aspergillus nidulans is regulated by area, a member of the gata family of transcription factors. one mechanism that modulates area activity involves the rapid degradation of the area transcript when sufficient nh4+ or gln are available. this signalling mechanism has been shown to require a region of 218 nucleotides within the 3' untranslated region of area mrna. we demonstrate that this region functions independently in a heterologous transcript and acts to accelerate degr ...	2000	10972840
characterization of the class i alpha-mannosidase gene family in the filamentous fungus aspergillus nidulans.	we describe the cloning and sequence characterization of three class i alpha-1,2-mannosidase genes from the filamentous fungus aspergillus nidulans. we used degenerate pcr primers to amplify a portion of the alpha-1,2-mannosidase ia gene and used the pcr fragment to isolate the 2495 nt genomic gene plus several hundred bases of flanking region. putative introns were confirmed by rt-pcr. coding regions of the genomic sequence were used to identify two additional members of the gene family by blas ...	2000	10974561
mitotic histone h3 phosphorylation by the nima kinase in aspergillus nidulans.	phosphorylation of histone h3 serine 10 correlates with chromosome condensation and is required for normal chromosome segregation in tetrahymena. this phosphorylation is dependent upon activation of the nima kinase in aspergillus nidulans. nima expression also induces ser-10 phosphorylation inappropriately in s phase-arrested cells and in the absence of nimx(cdc2) activity. at mitosis, nima becomes enriched on chromatin and subsequently localizes to the mitotic spindle and spindle pole bodies. t ...	2000	10975520
cloning of a sugar utilization gene cluster in aspergillus parasiticus.	at one end of the 70 kb aflatoxin biosynthetic pathway gene cluster in aspergillus parasiticus and aspergillus flavus reported earlier, we have cloned a group of four genes that constitute a well-defined gene cluster related to sugar utilization in a. parasiticus: (1) sugr, (2) hxta, (3) glca and (4) nada. no similar well-defined sugar gene cluster has been reported so far in any other related aspergillus species such as a. flavus, a. nidulans, a. sojae, a. niger, a. oryzae and a. fumigatus. the ...	2000	10978525
a high affinity fungal nitrate carrier with two transport mechanisms.	we have expressed the crna high affinity nitrate transporter from emericella (aspergillus) nidulans in xenopus oocytes and used electrophysiology to study its properties. this method was used because there are no convenient radiolabeled substrates for the transporter. oocytes injected with crna mrna showed nitrate-, nitrite-, and chlorite-dependent currents. although the gene was originally identified by chlorate selection there was no evidence for transport of this anion. the gene selection is ...	2000	10984478
the catabolite inactivation of aspergillus nidulans isocitrate lyase occurs by specific autophagy of peroxisomes.	in aspergillus nidulans, activity of the glyoxylate cycle enzyme isocitrate lyase is finely regulated. isocitrate lyase is induced by growth on c2 compounds and long-chain fatty acids and repressed by glucose. in addition, activity of isocitrate lyase is subject to a second mechanism of catabolite control, glucose-induced inactivation. here, we demonstrate that the catabolite inactivation of a. nidulans isocitrate lyase, a process that takes place during glucose adaptation of cells grown under g ...	2000	10985743
identification and characterization of two ca2+/cam-dependent protein kinases required for normal nuclear division in aspergillus nidulans.	we utilized an expression screen to identify two novel ca(2+)/calmodulin (cam)-regulated protein kinases in aspergillus nidulans. the two kinases, cmkb and cmkc, possess high sequence identity with mammalian cam kinases (camks) i/iv and camkkalpha/beta, respectively. in vitro cmkc phosphorylates and increases the activity of cmkb, indicating they are biochemical homologues of camkkalpha/beta and camki/iv. the disruption of cmkb is lethal; however, when protein expression is postponed, the spores ...	2000	10988293
structural and functional analysis of mutations in alkaptonuria.	alkaptonuria (aku), the prototypic inborn error of metabolism, was the first human disease to be interpreted as a mendelian trait by garrod and bateson at the beginning of last century. aku results from impaired function of homogentisate dioxygenase (hgo), an enzyme required for the catabolism of phenylalanine and tyrosine. with the novel 7 aku and 22 fungal mutations reported here, a total of 84 mutations impairing this enzyme have been found in the hgo gene from humans and model organisms. for ...	2000	11001939
characterization of two putative histone deacetylase genes from aspergillus nidulans.	in eukaryotic organisms, acetylation of core histones plays a key role in the regulation of transcription. multiple histone acetyltransferases (hats) and histone deacetylases (hdacs) maintain a dynamic equilibrium of histone acetylation. the latter form a highly conserved protein family in many eukaryotic species. in this paper, we report the cloning and sequencing of two putative histone deacetylase genes (rpda, hosa) of aspergillus nidulans, which are the first to be analyzed from filamentous ...	2000	11004483
antisense silencing of the crea gene in aspergillus nidulans.	antisense expression of a portion of the gene encoding the major carbon catabolite repressor crea in aspergillus nidulans resulted in a substantial increase in the levels of glucose-repressible enzymes, both endogenous and heterologous, in the presence of glucose. the derepression effect was approximately one-half of that achieved in a null crea mutant. unlike results for that mutant, however, growth parameters and colony morphology in the antisense transformants were not affected.	2000	11010922
characterization of mrad18sc, a mouse homolog of the yeast postreplication repair gene rad18.	the rad18 gene of the yeast saccharomyces cerevisiae encodes a protein with ssdna binding activity that interacts with the ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme rad6 and plays an important role in postreplication repair. we identified and characterized the putative mouse homolog of rad18, designated mrad18sc. the mrad18sc open reading frame encodes a 509-amino-acid polypeptide that is strongly conserved in size and sequence between yeast and mammals, with specific conservation of the ring-zinc-finger and ...	2000	11013078
development of a pcr-based line probe assay for identification of fungal pathogens.	we report on a reverse-hybridization line probe assay (lipa) which when combined with pcr amplification detects and identifies clinically significant fungal pathogens including candida, aspergillus, and cryptococcus species. dna probes have been designed from the internal transcribed-spacer (its) regions of candida albicans, candida parapsilosis, candida glabrata, candida tropicalis, candida krusei, candida dubliniensis, cryptococcus neoformans, aspergillus fumigatus, aspergillus versicolor, asp ...	2000	11015393
rapid and sensitive plate method for detection of aspergillus fumigatus.	the routine identification of aspergillus fumigatus in clinical samples involves, apart from direct examination, the isolation of the organism on a plate followed by its microscopic characterization. this approach lacks sensitivity, specificity, and speed. a new procedure has been developed combining microcolony formation on a nylon membrane filter at 45 degrees c with the detection of a specific 4-methylumbelliferyl-alpha-l-arabinopyranoside cleaving enzyme activity in digitonin permeabilized c ...	2000	11015405
protein expression and subcellular localization of the general purine transporter uapc from aspergillus nidulans.	the uapc gene of aspergillus nidulans belongs to a family of nucleobase-specific transporters conserved in prokaryotic and eucaryotic organisms. we report the use of immunological and green fluorescent protein based strategies to study protein expression and subcellular distribution of uapc. a chimeric protein containing a plant-adapted green fluorescent protein (sgfp) fused to the c-terminus of uapc was shown to be functional in vivo, as it complements a triple mutant (i.e., uapc(-) uapa(-) azg ...	2000	11017766
the dna-binding domain of the gene regulatory protein area extends beyond the minimal zinc-finger region conserved between gata proteins.	the area protein of aspergillus nidulans regulates the activity of over 100 genes involved in the utilisation of nitrogen, and has a limited region of homology with the vertebrate family of gata proteins around a zinc finger (zf) motif. a 66 amino acid (a.a.) residue fragment (zf(66)) corresponding to the zinc finger, a 91 a.a fragment (zf(91)) containing an additional 25 a.a. at the c-terminus, and a much larger 728 a.a. sequence (3'ex) corresponding to the 3'exon have been over-expressed as fu ...	2000	11018257
characterization and mapping of an informational suppressor in aspergillus nidulans.	the present work was undertaken to characterize a suppressor gene present in a mutant strain of a. nidulans obtained with ntg (n-methyl-n'-nitro-n-nitrosoguanidine). analyses of this mutant have shown that this suppressor, designated suo1, induces phenotypic co-reversion of several auxotrophic mutations and makes the strain sensitive to aminoglycoside antibiotics and lower temperatures. suo1 has shown to be on linkage group viii. the vegetative growth of the mutant strain is very unstable becaus ...	2000	11021306
the aspergillus nidulans cysa gene encodes a novel type of serine o-acetyltransferase which is homologous to homoserine o-acetyltransferases.	the aspergillus nidulans cysa gene was cloned by functional complementation of the cysa1 mutation that impairs the synthesis of o:-acetylserine. the molecular nature of cysa1 and cysa103 alleles was characterized; a nucleotide substitution and a frame shift were found in the former and a deletion mutation in the latter. the cysa protein is 525 amino acids long and is encoded by an uninterrupted open reading frame. expression of the cysa gene appears not to be regulated by sulfur, carbon and nitr ...	2000	11021945
biolistic co-transformation of metarhizium anisopliae var. acridum strain cg423 with green fluorescent protein and resistance to glufosinate ammonium.	metarhizium anisopliae var. acridum (syn. m. flavoviride) is recognized as a highly specific and virulent mycopathogen of locusts and grasshoppers and is currently being developed as a biological control agent for this group of insects in brazil. intact conidia of m. anisopliae var. acridum strain cg423 were transformed using microparticle bombardment. plasmids used were: (1) pbarks1 carrying the bar gene of streptomyces hygroscopicus fused to the aspergillus nidulans trpc promoter, encoding res ...	2000	11024271
comparison of the sequences of the aspergillus nidulans hxb and drosophila melanogaster ma-l genes with nifs from azotobacter vinelandii suggests a mechanism for the insertion of the terminal sulphur atom in the molybdopterin cofactor.	the molybdopterin cofactor (mocf) is required for the activity of a variety of oxidoreductases. the xanthine oxidase class of molybdoenzymes requires the mocf to have a terminal, cyanolysable sulphur ligand. in the sulphite oxidase/nitrate reductase class, an oxygen is present in the same position. mutations in both the ma-l gene of drosophila melanogaster and the hxb gene of aspergillus nidulans result in loss of activities of all molybdoenzymes that necessitate a cyanolysable sulphur in the ac ...	2000	11029694
xylp promoter-based expression system and its use for antisense downregulation of the penicillium chrysogenum nitrogen regulator nre.	a highly inducible fungal promoter derived from the penicillium chrysogenum endoxylanase (xylp) gene is described. northern analysis and the use of a beta-glucuronidase (uida) reporter gene strategy showed that xylp expression is transcriptionally regulated. xylan and xylose are efficient inducers, whereas glucose strongly represses the promoter activity. comparison of the same expression construct as a single copy at the niad locus in p. chrysogenum and at the argb locus in aspergillus nidulans ...	2000	11055928
functional analysis of the leader peptide of the yeast gene cpa1 and heterologous regulation by other fungal peptides.	the 25-amino-acid leader peptide present at the 5' end of yeast cpa1 mrna is responsible for the translational repression of that gene by arginine. we show here that the active domain of the yeast peptide is highly specific and extends over amino acids 6-23. the region between amino acids 6-21 is well conserved between similar peptides present upstream of cpa1-homologous genes in other fungi. the neurospora crassa arg-2 peptide represses the expression of cpa1, whereas the peptide from aspergill ...	2000	11057443
sulfate assimilation in aspergillus terreus: analysis of genes encoding atp-sulfurylase and paps-reductase.	two genes for the sulfate assimilation pathway in aspergillus terreus were cloned. the genes sat (coding for paps-reductase) and sct (coding for atp-sulfurylase) form a small gene cluster. both genes are similar to their homologs in a. nidulans (sa and sc), penicillium chrysogenum (aps) and saccharomyces cerevisiae (met3 and met16). in the coding sequence of the sct gene, a typical non-functional aps-kinase-like domain is present. the sct gene is expressed in a. nidulans, but its expression ther ...	2000	11057445
[detection of emericella nidulans from bedding materials in horse breeding environment and its significance as a causative agent of guttural pouch mycosis in horses].	sixty-six new and used samples of horse bedding materials: 60 rice straws, 2 wheat straws, 2 timothy hays and 2 wood chips, were collected from horse breeding stables of 33 farms in japan and examined for the presence of emericella nidulans (e. nidulans; anam. aspergillus nidulans). the incidence of e. nidulans in the bedding materials was 75.8% and there was no significant difference in detection of the fungus between the new and used materials (25 out of the 33 samples, respectively). the grow ...	2000	11064324
g-protein signalling mediates differential production of toxic secondary metabolites.	filamentous fungi elaborate a complex array of secondary metabolites, including antibiotics and mycotoxins. as many of these compounds pose significant economic and health concerns, elucidation of the underlying cellular mechanisms that control their production is essential. previous work revealed that synthesis of the carcinogenic mycotoxins sterigmatocystin (st) and aflatoxin (af) in aspergillus species is negatively controlled by fada, the alpha-subunit of a heterotrimeric g-protein. in sharp ...	2000	11069688
a rapid method for efficient gene replacement in the filamentous fungus aspergillus nidulans.	the construction of mutant fungal strains is often limited by the poor efficiency of homologous recombination in these organisms. higher recombination efficiencies can be obtained by increasing the length of homologous dna flanking the transformation marker, although this is a tedious process when standard molecular biology techniques are used for the construction of gene replacement cassettes. here, we present a two-step technology which takes advantage of an escherichia coli strain expressing ...	2000	11071951
sconc, a gene involved in the regulation of sulphur metabolism in aspergillus nidulans, belongs to the skp1 gene family.	sconc, which encodes a negative regulator of sulphur metabolism in aspergillus nidulans was cloned, sequenced, and found to belong to the highly conserved family of skp1 genes essential for many cell functions, including cell cycle regulation. the orf of 722 bp, encoding a protein of 161 amino acids, is interrupted by four introns. there is a fifth intron (135 bp long) in the upstream untranslated sequence. two point mutations in conserved regions were identified in the mutant alleles sconc3 and ...	2000	11085267
a recq family dna helicase gene from aspergillus nidulans.	we have identified an aspergillus nidulans gene encoding a recq family helicase which we have therefore named recq. the a. nidulans recq protein is most closely related in sequence to human recq helicase 5. like the latter polypeptide, a. nidulans recq consists of little more than the conserved helicase domain, lacking the long amino- and carboxy-terminal extensions seen in other recq family members such as blm and wrn and in the sole recq family helicase of the yeast saccharomyces cerevisiae (s ...	2000	11092746
iron starvation leads to increased expression of cu/zn-superoxide dismutase in aspergillus.	in a search for iron-regulated proteins of aspergillus nidulans and aspergillus fumigatus a 16-kda protein was identified which is about 5-fold upregulated during iron starvation in both species and which can be approximately 500-fold enriched by simple one-step chromatography on amberlite xad-16 resin. n-terminal protein sequence analysis and cloning of the respective a. nidulans cdna identified this protein as a cu/zn-superoxide dismutase (soda). northern analysis revealed that upregulation of ...	2000	11094151
studies of isopenicillin n synthase enzymatic properties using a continuous spectrophotometric assay.	isopenicillin n synthase (ipns) from aspergillus nidulans is a no-heme iron(ii)-dependent oxygenase which catalyses, in a single reaction, the bicyclisation of delta-(l-alpha-aminoadipoyl)-l-cysteinyl-d-valine into isopenicillin n, the precursor of all other penicillins, cephalosporins and cephamycins. the ipns reaction can be followed directly and continuously by a new assay which monitors the absorbance increase at 235 nm characteristic of penicillin nucleus formation. using this assay, the ef ...	2000	11094156
landmarks in the early duplication cycles of aspergillus fumigatus and aspergillus nidulans: polarity, germ tube emergence and septation.	when the spores of filamentous fungi break dormancy, nuclear division is accompanied by a series of ordered morphological events including the switch from isotropic to polar growth, the emergence of a second germ tube from the conidium and septation. correlation of these morphological events with nuclear number allows them to serve as duplication cycle landmarks. early duplication cycle landmarks have been characterized in aspergillus nidulans, but not in other filamentous fungi. to learn more a ...	2000	11101686
the aspergillus nidulans xprf gene encodes a hexokinase-like protein involved in the regulation of extracellular proteases.	the extracellular proteases of aspergillus nidulans are produced in response to limitation of carbon, nitrogen, or sulfur, even in the absence of exogenous protein. mutations in the a. nidulans xprf and xprg genes have been shown to result in elevated levels of extracellular protease in response to carbon limitation. the xprf gene was isolated and sequence analysis indicates that it encodes a 615-amino-acid protein, which represents a new type of fungal hexokinase or hexokinase-like protein. in ...	2000	11102357
extragenic suppressors of the nimx2(cdc2) mutation of aspergillus nidulans affect nuclear division, septation and conidiation.	the aspergillus nidulans nimx(cdc2) protein kinase has been shown to be required for both the g(2)/m and g(1)/s transitions, and recent evidence has implicated a role for nimx(cdc2) in septation and conidiation. while much is understood of its g(2)/m function, little is known about the functions of nimx(cdc2) during g(1)/s, septation, and conidiophore development. in an attempt to better understand how nimx(cdc2) is involved in these processes, we have isolated four extragenic suppressors of the ...	2000	11102358
transactivation of a target gene through feedforward loop activation in plants.	the expression of many genes encoding transcriptional activators in prokaryotes and eukaryotes is upregulated through positive feedback activation. during positive feedback activation, a transcriptional activator binds to its own promoter and thus increases its own expression as well as the expression of its target genes. in the simplest case, increased levels of the transcriptional activator can be directly correlated with increased expression of its target genes. in this study, we present a ge ...	2000	11793220