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performance of rapid influenza testing in hospitalized children.influenza infection is associated with high hospitalization rates among young children. rapid diagnosis of influenza infection is particularly useful in order to prevent nosocomial infection and allows for the timely initiation of antiviral treatment. we evaluated the performance of a rapid influenza test in hospitalized children during the influenza season. all children (aged 6 months to 14 years) hospitalized with fever and/or respiratory symptoms, admitted during the 2005 influenza season, pa ...201020349200
rapid selection of a transmissible multidrug-resistant influenza a/h3n2 virus in an immunocompromised host.the overall impact of influenza virus infection in immunocompromised patients is largely unknown. antigenic drift and genetic variations during prolonged influenza infection have been demonstrated. in this report we describe a multidrug-resistant h3n2 influenza virus isolated from an immunocompromised patient after 5 days of therapy.201020350163
pandemic (h1n1) 2009 infection in swine herds, manitoba, canada.in manitoba, canada, several swine herds were infected by pandemic (h1n1) 2009 virus in the summer of 2009. results of several investigations concluded that outbreaks of infection with this virus are similar in duration to outbreaks of infections with swine influenza viruses a (h1n1) and a (h3n2).201020350394
triple reassortant swine influenza a (h3n2) virus in waterfowl. 201020350405
preliminary estimates of mortality and years of life lost associated with the 2009 a/h1n1 pandemic in the us and comparison with past influenza seasons.the on-going debate about the health burden of the 2009 influenza pandemic and discussions about the usefulness of vaccine recommendations has been hampered by an absence of directly comparable measures of mortality impact. here we set out to generate an "apples-to-apples" metric to compare pandemic and epidemic mortality. we estimated the mortality burden of the pandemic in the us using a methodology similar to that used to generate excess mortality burden for inter-pandemic influenza seasons. ...201020352125
[characterization of m2 gene of h3n2 subtype swine influenza virus].m2 protein of influenza a virus is encoded by a spliced mrna derived from rna segment 7 and plays an important role in influenza virus replication. it is also a target molecule of anti-virus drugs. we extracted the viral genome rnas from mdck cells infected with swine influenza a virus (siv) h3n2 subtype and amplified the siv m2 gene by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction using the isloated viral genome rnas as template. the amplified cdna was cloned into a prokaryotic expression vec ...201020353087
broad-spectrum antiviral effect of agrimonia pilosa extract on influenza viruses.influenza virus continues to emerge and re-emerge, posing new threats for humans. here we tested various korean medicinal plant extracts for potential antiviral activity against influenza viruses. among them, an extract of agrimonia pilosa was shown to be highly effective against all three subtypes of human influenza viruses including h1n1 and h3n2 influenza a subtypes and influenza b virus. the ec(50) value against influenza a virus, as tested by the plaque reduction assay on mdck cells, was 14 ...201020055938
a ctl-based liposomal vaccine capable of inducing protection against heterosubtypic influenza viruses in hla-a*0201 transgenic mice.the current vaccination strategy against influenza is to induce the production of antibodies directed against surface antigens of viruses. however, the frequent changes in the surface antigens of influenza viruses allow the viruses to avoid antibody-mediated immunity. on the other hand, it is known that cytotoxic t-lymphocyte (ctl) populations directed against internal antigens of influenza a virus are broadly cross-reactive to influenza virus subtypes. in the present study, liposomal conjugates ...201020060099
analysis of the hemagglutinin and neuraminidase genes of human influenza a/h3n2 viruses circulating in iran between 2005 and 2007: antigenic and phylogenetic relationships to vaccine strains.to study the antigenic variations in influenza a/h3n2 viruses circulating in iran for characterization and phylogenetic relationships to vaccine strains.201020068347
development of an immunochromatographic assay specifically detecting pandemic h1n1 (2009) influenza virus.the pandemic caused by a new type of influenza virus, pandemic h1n1 (2009) influenza virus a (ah1pdm), has had a major worldwide impact. since hemagglutinin (ha) genes are among the most specific genes in the influenza virus genome, ah1pdm can be definitively diagnosed by viral gene analysis targeting the ha genes. this type of analysis, however, cannot be easily performed in clinical settings. while commercially available rapid diagnosis kits (rdks) based on immunochromatography can be used to ...201020071549
development of a rapid automated influenza a, influenza b, and respiratory syncytial virus a/b multiplex real-time rt-pcr assay and its use during the 2009 h1n1 swine-origin influenza virus epidemic in milwaukee, wisconsin.rapid, semiautomated, and fully automated multiplex real-time rt-pcr assays were developed and validated for the detection of influenza (flu) a, flu b, and respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) from nasopharyngeal specimens. the assays can detect human h1n1, h3n2, and swine-origin (s-oiv) h1n1 flu a viruses and were effectively used to distinguish flu a infections (of all subtypes) from flu b and rsv infections during the current s-oiv outbreak in milwaukee, wi. the analytical limits of detection we ...201019959800
pathology in dogs with experimental canine h3n2 influenza virus infection.avian-lineage h3n2 canine influenza virus (civ)-associated respiratory disease, which can be fatal, emerged in south korean dogs in 2007. we show here that dogs experimentally infected with civ only developed respiratory tract diseases, as no extrapulmonary lesions and virus antigens were detected. this differs from the multiorgan diseases that avian influenza h5n1 induces in small experimental animals. however, the civ-infected dogs developed a distinctively severe, long-persistent bronchointer ...201019963232
formulation and coating of microneedles with inactivated influenza virus to improve vaccine stability and immunogenicity.microneedle patches coated with solid-state influenza vaccine have been developed to improve vaccine efficacy and patient coverage. however, dip coating microneedles with influenza vaccine can reduce antigen activity. in this study, we sought to determine the experimental factors and mechanistic pathways by which inactivated influenza vaccine can lose activity, as well as develop and assess improved microneedle coating formulations that protect the antigen from activity loss. after coating micro ...201019840825
severe pneumonia associated with pandemic (h1n1) 2009 outbreak, san luis potosí, mexico.we describe the clinical characteristics and outcomes of adults hospitalized with pneumonia during the pandemic (h1n1) 2009 outbreak. patients admitted to a general hospital in san luis potosí, mexico, from april 10 through may 11, 2009, suspected to have influenza virus-associated pneumonia were evaluated. we identified 50 patients with suspected influenza pneumonia; the presence of influenza virus was confirmed in 18: 11 with pandemic (h1n1) 2009 virus, 5 with unsubtypeable influenza a virus, ...201020031039
pandemic (h1n1) 2009 surveillance and prevalence of seasonal influenza, singapore.on april 25, 2009, singapore implemented strict containment measures for pandemic (h1n1) 2009 with enhanced surveillance and hospital isolation. in the first month, seasonal influenza, predominantly virus subtype h3n2, was diagnosed for 32% of patients with acute febrile respiratory illness. our findings underscore the high prevalence of seasonal influenza in singapore.201020031051
enhancement of immune responses to influenza vaccine (h3n2) by ginsenoside re.this study was designed to evaluate the adjuvant effect of ginsenoside re isolated from the root of panax ginseng on the immune responses elicited by split inactivated h3n2 influenza virus antigen in a mouse model. forty-eight icr mice were randomly distributed into six groups with 8 mice in each group. all animals were subcutaneously (s.c.) immunized twice on weeks 0 and 3 with 50 microg re, inactivated h3n2 influenza virus antigen equivalent to 10 or 100 ng of hemogglutinin (ha) or inactivated ...201020034596
protective efficacy and immunogenicity of an inactivated avian-origin h3n2 canine influenza vaccine in dogs challenged with the virulent virus.transmission of avian-origin influenza a virus (h3n2) to dogs had been reported and since then the h3n2 virus infection across south korea has been occurred repeatedly in the country's animal clinics and kennels. dog-to-dog transmission of the virus had also been experimentally demonstrated by direct contact. in this study, immunogenicity and protective efficacy against challenge exposure of the formalin-inactivated h3n2 influenza virus vaccine with a synthetic polymer adjuvant was investigated ...201020034748
clarithromycin inhibits type a seasonal influenza virus infection in human airway epithelial cells.human influenza viruses attach to sialic acid with an alpha2,6linkage (saalpha2,6gal) on the airway epithelial cells, and the entry of the viruses into the cells and uncoating of the viruses require low ph of endosomes. bafilomycin a(1), a macrolide antibiotic and a specific inhibitor of vacuolar h(+)-atpase, inhibits growth of type a and type b human influenza viruses in madin-darby canine kidney cells. however, the inhibitory effects of clinically used macrolide antibiotics on influenza virus ...201020040578
pandemic h1n1 2009 influenza a virus induces weak cytokine responses in human macrophages and dendritic cells and is highly sensitive to the antiviral actions of interferons.in less than 3 months after the first cases of swine origin 2009 influenza a (h1n1) virus infections were reported from mexico, who declared a pandemic. the pandemic virus is antigenically distinct from seasonal influenza viruses, and the majority of human population lacks immunity against this virus. we have studied the activation of innate immune responses in pandemic virus-infected human monocyte-derived dendritic cells (dc) and macrophages. pandemic a/finland/553/2009 virus, representing a t ...201019939920
temperature sensitivity on growth and/or replication of h1n1, h1n2 and h3n2 influenza a viruses isolated from pigs and birds in mammalian cells.influenza a viruses have been isolated from a wide range of animal species, aquatic birds being the reservoir for their genetic diversity. avian influenza viruses can be transmitted to humans, directly or indirectly through an intermediate host like pig. this study aimed to define in vitro conditions that could prove useful to evaluate the potential of influenza viruses to adapt to a different host. growth of h1n1, h1n2 and h3n2 influenza viruses belonging to different lineages isolated from bir ...201019926410
detection of haemagglutination-inhibiting antibodies against human h1 and h3 strains of influenza a viruses in pigs in ibadan, nigeria.agricultural and commercial activities have continued to bring people and pigs into regular, close contact in ibadan, nigeria. this study was therefore designed to investigate the transmission of human influenza viruses to pigs in ibadan, using serological surveillance. serum specimens were collected from ninety-one (91/199) apparently healthy, unvaccinated landrace pigs at three locations within ibadan from april to june, 2008. two strains of human influenza virus a: a/brisbane/59/2007 (h1n1) a ...201019912605
innate immune response to h3n2 and h1n1 influenza virus infection in a human lung organ culture model.we studied cytokine responses to influenza virus pr8 (h1n1) and oklahoma/309/06 (ok/06, h3n2) in a novel human lung tissue model. exposure of the model to influenza virus rapidly activated the mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling (mapk) pathways erk, p38 and jnk. in addition, rnase protection assay demonstrated the induction of several cytokine and chemokine mrnas by virus. this finding was reflected at the translational level as il-6, mcp-1, mip-1 alpha/beta, il-8 and ip-10 proteins were ...201019913271
prime-boost immunization with ha/c3d dna followed by a recombinant pseudorabies virus boost enhanced protective immunity against h3n2 swine influenza virus in mice.dna and recombinant virus vaccines against swine influenza virus (siv) have been pursued with promising results, but induce poor immunogenicity. this study evaluated the effects of a vaccine regimen in mice including priming with three dna vaccines expressing soluble ha (sha), complete ha (tmha), or sha fused with three copies murine c3d (sha-mc3d3) and boosting with recombinant pseudorabies virus expressing ha (rprv-ha). immune responses were monitored by elisa, hi assays, and virus neutralizat ...201019850311
alphavirus replicon particle vaccines developed for use in humans induce high levels of antibodies to influenza virus hemagglutinin in swine: proof of concept.a propagation-defective, single-cycle, alphavirus replicon particle (rp) system was used to produce two vaccines against human influenza virus a/wyoming/03/2003 (h3n2). one vaccine was prepared from venezeulan equine encephalitis virus (veev) strain 3014 and the other from veev strain tc-83. both vaccines induced high antibody titers to the influenza hemagglutinin (ha) protein and illustrated the potential of using alphavirus rp influenza vaccines in swine.201019853679
a novel assay for influenza virus quantification using surface plasmon resonance.quantification of hemagglutinin (ha) by single-radial immuno diffusion (srid) is the predominant method to ensure product potency in seasonal influenza vaccines. here a new method for quantification of influenza virus using biosensor technology is presented. the method employs quantification of virus via an inhibition assay format using ha proteins for h1n1, h3n2 and b immobilized on a sensor chip. initial results showed the assay to have higher sensitivity (detection range 0.5-10 microg/ml), hi ...201019857452
protective memory responses are modulated by priming events prior to challenge.human infections with highly pathogenic h5n1 avian influenza a viruses in the last decade have legitimized fears of a long-predicted pandemic. we thus investigated the response to secondary infections with an engineered, but still highly virulent, h5n1 influenza a virus in the c57bl/6 mouse model. mice primed with the h1n1 a/puerto rico/8/34 (pr8) virus were partially protected from lethality following respiratory infection with the modified h5n1 virus a/vietnam/1203/04 (deltavn1203). in contras ...201019889782
comparison of a rapid antigen test with nucleic acid testing during cocirculation of pandemic influenza a/h1n1 2009 and seasonal influenza a/h3n2.the rapid diagnosis of influenza is critical in optimizing clinical management. rapid antigen tests have decreased sensitivity in detecting pandemic influenza a/h1n1 2009 virus compared to seasonal influenza a subtypes (53.4% versus 74.2%, p < 0.001). nucleic acid tests should be used to detect pandemic influenza virus when rapid antigen tests are negative.201019889892
rapid and specific detection of amantadine-resistant influenza a viruses with a ser31asn mutation by the cycling probe method.amantadine is one of the antiviral agents used to treat influenza a virus infections, but resistant strains have widely emerged worldwide. in the present study, we developed a novel method to detect amantadine-resistant strains harboring the ser31asn mutation in the m2 gene based on the cycling probe method and real-time pcr. we also studied the rate of amantadine resistance in the 2007-2008 influenza season in japan. two different primer and cycling probe sets were designed for a/h1n1 and a/h3n ...201019889895
evidence for persistence of and antiviral resistance and reassortment events in seasonal influenza virus strains circulating in cambodia.the analysis of a/h1n1 and a/h3n2 influenza viruses collected between 2005 and 2008 in cambodia detected strains resistant to oseltamivir and confirmed widespread resistance to adamantanes. phylogenetic analyses revealed intrasubtype reassortment, probable reemergence of a/h3n2 viruses in two consecutive seasons, and cocirculation of different lineages in each subtype.201019889906
universal influenza dna vaccine encoding conserved cd4+ t cell epitopes protects against lethal viral challenge in hla-dr transgenic mice.the goal of the present study was to design a vaccine that would provide universal protection against infection of humans with diverse influenza a viruses. accordingly, protein sequences from influenza a virus strains currently in circulation (h1n1, h3n2), agents of past pandemics (h1n1, h2n2, h3n2) and zoonotic infections of man (h1n1, h5n1, h7n2, h7n3, h7n7, h9n2) were evaluated for the presence of amino acid sequences, motifs, that are predicted to mediate peptide epitope binding with high af ...201019895924
influenza virus infections in dogs and cats.during the last decade reports of influenza a virus infections in dogs and cats draw considerable attention to veterinary practitioners and scientists in the fields of virology and epidemiology. earlier experimental studies showed that dogs and cats are susceptible to influenza a virus infection, but animals did not develop clinical signs. in recent years transmission of influenza virus of subtype h3n8 from horses to dogs, however, was accompanied by severe clinical signs and the infection was s ...201019896216
effects of the combination of favipiravir (t-705) and oseltamivir on influenza a virus infections in mice.favipiravir (t-705 [6-fluoro-3-hydroxy-2-pyrazinecarboxamide]) and oseltamivir were combined to treat influenza virus a/nws/33 (h1n1), a/victoria/3/75 (h3n2), and a/duck/mn/1525/81 (h5n1) infections. t-705 alone inhibited viruses in cell culture at 1.4 to 4.3 microm. oseltamivir inhibited these three viruses in cells at 3.7, 0.02, and 0.16 microm and in neuraminidase assays at 0.94, 0.46, and 2.31 nm, respectively. oral treatments were given twice daily to mice for 5 to 7 days starting, generall ...201019901093
development of a real-time rt-pcr assay for a novel influenza a (h1n1) virus.a pandemic caused by a novel influenza a virus (h1n1) poses a serious public health threat. in this study, a real-time reverse transcriptase pcr (rt-pcr) assay based on the hemagglutinin gene was developed that discriminates the novel h1n1 from swine influenza virus, seasonal h1n1/h3n2 virus and the highly pathogenic h5n1 avian influenza virus. the sensitivity of this assay was 0.2 50% tissue culture infective dose of virus and 200 copies of in vitro-transcribed target rna. three hundred and for ...201019815030
probabilistic indoor transmission modeling for influenza (sub)type viruses.to use a probability based transmission modeling approach to examine the influenza risk of infection virus in indoor environments. this was based on 10 years of data gathered from influenza-like illness sentinel physician and laboratory surveillance, and experimental viral shedding data in taiwan.201019818365
transmission of pandemic h1n1 influenza virus and impact of prior exposure to seasonal strains or interferon treatment.novel swine-origin influenza viruses of the h1n1 subtype were first detected in humans in april 2009. as of 12 august 2009, 180,000 cases had been reported globally. despite the fact that they are of the same antigenic subtype as seasonal influenza viruses circulating in humans since 1977, these viruses continue to spread and have caused the first influenza pandemic since 1968. here we show that a pandemic h1n1 strain replicates in and transmits among guinea pigs with similar efficiency to that ...201019828604
the effects of influenza a virus pb1-f2 protein on polymerase activity are strain specific and do not impact pathogenesis.the influenza a virus pb1-f2 protein has been implicated as a virulence factor, but the mechanism by which it enhances pathogenicity is not understood. the pb1 gene segment of the h1n1 swine-origin influenza virus pandemic strain codes for a truncated pb1-f2 protein which terminates after 11 amino acids but could acquire the full-length form by mutation or reassortment. it is therefore important to understand the function and impact of this protein. we systematically assessed the effect that pb1 ...201019828614
sialyltransferases of marine bacteria efficiently utilize glycosphingolipid substrates.bacterial sialyltransferases (sts) from marine sources were characterized using glycosphingolipids (gsls). bacterial sts were found to be beta-galacotoside sts. there were two types of sts: (1) st obtained from strains such as ishi-224, 05jtc1 (#1), ishi-467, 05jtd2 (#2), and faj-16, 05jte1 (#3), which form alpha2-3 sialic acid (sia) linkages, named alpha2-3st, (2) st obtained from strains such as ish-224, n1c0 (#4), pda-rec, 05jtb2 (#5), and pda-0160, 05jta2 (#6), which form alpha2-6 sia linkag ...201019837852
genetic relatedness of h6 subtype avian influenza viruses isolated from wild birds and domestic ducks in korea and their pathogenicity in animals.we report the genetic characterization of h6 avian influenza (ai) viruses isolated from domestic ducks and wild birds in korea between april 2008 and april 2009. a phylogenetic analysis showed that the h6n1 viruses of wild birds and domestic ducks were of the same genotype (k-1) and were similar to the h6n1 virus isolated from a live poultry market in 2003, as six of the eight gene segments of those viruses had a common source. however, the h6n2 viruses of domestic poultry were separated into fo ...201019812266
comparison of the usefulness of the caco-2 cell line with standard substrates for isolation of swine influenza a viruses.influenza a virus isolation is undertaken routinely in embryonated chicken eggs, but to improve virus detection various cell lines can be used. the caco-2 cell line was compared to the mdck cell line and embryonated chicken eggs for the isolation of h1n1, h1n2, h3n2 swine influenza a virus subtypes from clinical specimens. from 2006 to 2008, 104 influenza a samples found positive by pcr from 42 respiratory outbreaks in italian swine farms were examined by virus isolation. sixty swine influenza a ...201019781571
rapid quantification of single-nucleotide mutations in mixed influenza a viral populations using allele-specific mixture analysis.monitoring antiviral resistance in influenza is critical to public health epidemiology and pandemic preparedness activities. effective monitoring requires methods to detect low-level resistance and to monitor the change in resistance as a function of time and drug treatment. resistance-conferring single-nucleotide mutations in influenza virus are ideal targets for such methods. in the present study, fives sets of paired taqman allele-specific pcr (aspcr) assays were developed and validated for q ...201019761797
pathogenesis and subsequent cross-protection of influenza virus infection in pigs sustained by an h1n2 strain.the h1n1, h3n2 and, more recently, h1n2 subtypes of influenza a virus are presently co-circulating in swine herds in several countries. the objectives of this study were to investigate the pathogenesis of sw/italy/1521/98 (h1n2) influenza virus, isolated from respiratory tissues of pigs from herds in northern italy, and to evaluate its potential cross-protection against the sw/fin/2899/82 (h1n1) strain. in the pathogenesis test, eight pigs were intranasally infected with h1n2 virus; at pre-deter ...201019538454
influenza virus vaccination in kidney transplant recipients: serum antibody response to different immunosuppressive drugs.this study prospectively accessed the immune response to the inactivated influenza vaccine in renal transplant recipients receiving either azathioprine or mycophenolate mofetil (mmf). side effects were investigated.201019758368
influenza epidemiology and characterization of influenza viruses in patients seeking treatment for acute fever in cambodia.the epidemiology, symptomology, and viral aetiology of endemic influenza remain largely uncharacterized in cambodia. in december 2006, we established passive hospital-based surveillance to identify the causes of acute undifferentiated fever in patients seeking healthcare. fever was defined as tympanic membrane temperature >38 degrees c. from december 2006 to december 2008, 4233 patients were screened for influenza virus by real-time reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (rrt-pcr). of t ...201019698213
risk factors associated with pleuritis and cranio-ventral pulmonary consolidation in slaughter-aged pigs.examination of lung lesions at the slaughterhouse is a useful tool to estimate the importance of respiratory disease at farm, regional or national level. the objective of the present work was to describe the prevalence of gross lung lesions at slaughter, with a special focus on pleuritis and cranio-ventral pulmonary consolidation, and to identify major risk factors for these lesions. data from 107 farms involving approximately 11,000 pigs enabled gross lung lesions to be correlated with serology ...201019527939
the effect of infliximab and timing of vaccination on the humoral response to influenza vaccination in patients with rheumatoid arthritis and ankylosing spondylitis.to assess the effect of the timing of vaccination in relation to administration of infliximab on the efficacy and safety of influenza vaccine in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (ra) and ankylosing spondylitis (as).201019246078
ten-year (1999-2009) epidemiological and virological surveillance of influenza in south italy (apulia).clinical and epidemiological surveillance of influenza and other acute respiratory infections (ari) are currently a major objective of public health. the aim was to describe the epidemiology of influenza using the italian surveillance system. vaccination coverage (vc) rates were calculated during 1999-2009 influenza seasons. molecular studies of influenza virus isolated, from patients with ili, living in apulia, are described. 1269 nasal-pharyngeal swabs were taken from patients with ili and ari ...201023074649
adamantane resistance in seasonal human influenza a viruses from calgary, alberta (january 2007 to august 2008).the available antivirals for the treatment and prophylaxis of influenza a infections include the adamantanes (amantadine and rimantadine), which are matrix (m2) protein inhibitors, and the neuraminidase inhibitors (oseltamivir and zanamivir). resistance to the adamantanes is conferred by mutations at amino acid positions 26, 27, 30, 31 or 34 within the m2 protein of influenza a viruses. a significant increase in adamantane resistance has been reported worldwide since 2003, reflected by a similar ...201021629611
[influenza virus reproduction in the mdck cells adapted to growth in serum-free hybris-2 medium].whether the mdck cell line might adapt to grow in serum-free hybris-2 medium and influenza viruses might be reproduced in the adapted cells was studied. seventeen passages using the hybris-2 medium yielded cells adapted to growth in this medium (mdck-bs). the reproduction of influenza a (h1n1 and h3n2) and b viruses versus the cells cultured in eagle's medium was studied. the laboratory strain of influenza a/aichi/1/68 (h3n2) and the strain b/ohio/01/05 of influenza b in equal titers were shown ...201021260998
influenza and other respiratory viruses in three central american countries.despite the disease burden imposed by respiratory diseases on children in central america, there is a paucity of data describing the etiologic agents of the disease.201021306576
seasonal influenza virus strains circulating in malaysia from 2005 to 2009.from 2005 to 2009, the institute for medical research (imr), kuala lumpur received a total of 7,117 respiratory specimens from patients with influenza-like illness (ili) for influenza screening. seasonal influenza virus was isolated from 17.3% of patients with ili in 2005, 31.6% in 2006, 12.8% in 2007, 10.2% in 2008 and 13.5% in 2009. there were one or more influenza a and b virus strains circulating in malaysia throughout the year, with distinctly a peak in may to august. the predominant circul ...201021329312
[in vitro anti-influenza virus activity of 10 traditional chinese medicines].influenza virus is a virus causing upper respiratory tract infection disease with high morbidity and mortality. china is considered as an area with high rate of influenza morbidity. prevention and treatment of influenza currently rely on vaccines and antiviral agents in the world. in addition, traditional chinese medicines also have been used in clinical for influenza therapy. in vitro anti-influenza virus activities of 10 traditional chinese medicines were studied by cytopathic effect (cpe). qi ...201021351519
reversed phase monolithic analytical columns for the determination of ha1 subunit of influenza virus haemagglutinin.monoliths are chromatographic stationary phases, which were specially designed for efficient purification of large biomolecules, like proteins, viruses and dna. in this work, the small scale monolithic butyl (c4) and styrene-divinyl benzene (sdvb) columns were applied for reversed phase analyses of various degraded influenza viruses. the binding of the ha1 subunit of haemagglutinin to the monolithic columns was confirmed by sodium dodecyl sulphate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (sds-page) an ...201021251658
identification of sequence mutations affecting hemagglutinin specificity to sialic acid receptor in influenza a virus subtypes.the attachment of the hemagglutinin protein of the h1n1 subtype of the pandemic influenza a virus to the sialic acid receptor sia(α2-6)gal has contributed to the ability of the virus to replicate in the human body and transmit among humans. in view of the pandemic caused by the replication and transmission of the h1n1 virus, more studies on the specificity of hemagglutinin towards sialic acid and how it affects the replication and transmission ability of this virus among humans are needed. in th ...201021364825
neuraminidase inhibitor susceptibility testing in human influenza viruses: a laboratory surveillance perspective.neuraminidase inhibitors (nais) are vital in managing seasonal and pandemic influenza infections. nai susceptibilities of virus isolates (n = 5540) collected during the 2008-2009 influenza season were assessed in the chemiluminescent neuraminidase inhibition (ni) assay. box-and-whisker plot analyses of log-transformed ic(50)s were performed for each virus type/subtype and nai to identify outliers which were characterized based on a statistical cutoff of ic(50) >3 interquartile ranges (iqr) from ...201021994620
antiviral action of methylated β-lactoglobulin on the human influenza virus a subtype h3n2.antiviral activity of methylated β-lactoglobulin (met-blg) against h3n2 infected into mdck cell lines depended on concentration of met-blg, viral load, and duration of infection. ic50% of the hemagglutination activity for 1 and 0.2 moi (multiplicity of infection) after 24 h of incubation at 37 °c in the presence of 5% co2 were 20 ± 0.8 and 17 ± 0.7 μg ml(-1) met-blg, respectively. longer incubation period (4 days) was associated with low ic50% of the hemagglutination activity (7.1 ± 0.3 μg ml(-1 ...201026781119
detection of influenza virus induced ultrastructural changes and dna damage.the influenza virus generally causes damage to epithelial cells of respiratory tract and infection of cells with this virus often results in cell death with apoptotic characteristics. reports are available implicating influenza virus as a causative agent of chromosomal aberrations in cells and culture. the objective of this study was to analyze the process of cell death caused by influenza virus (a/udorn/317/72, h3n2) infection in cultured hela cells by electron microscopy and comet assay. the a ...201023637478
multisite virological influenza surveillance in india: 2004-2008.please cite this paper as: chadha et al. (2011) multi site virological influenza surveillance in india: 2004-2008. influenza and other respiratory viruses doi: 10.1111/j.1750-2659.2011.00293.x. background  influenza surveillance is important to identify circulating, emerging/reemerging strains and unusual epidemiological trends. with these objectives, a multisite human influenza surveillance network was initiated in india in 2004. methods  epidemiologic data and throat swabs for laboratory testi ...201121955356
avian glycan-specific igm monoclonal antibodies for the detection and quantitation of type a and b haemagglutinins in egg-derived influenza vaccines.two igm monoclonal antibodies (mabs), y6f5 and y13f9, were selected during a screening of clones obtained immunising balb/c mice with purified envelop proteins of the a/sydney/5/97 (h3n2) ivr108 influenza strain. these mabs recognised avian glycans on the haemagglutinin (ha) of the virus. this broad recognition allowed these mabs to be used as enzyme-labelled secondary antibody reagents in a strain specific enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) in combination with a capture mab that recognis ...201121907241
evolutionary analysis of human-origin influenza a virus (h3n2) genes associated with the codon usage patterns since 1993.this study investigated genetic variations in eight major genes (hemagglutinin, ha; neuraminidase, na; matrix protein, mp; non-structural protein, ns; nucleoprotein, np; polymerase, pa; pa basic protein 1, pb1; and pa basic protein 2, pb2) of the influenza a virus subtype h3n2 (a/h3n2) to determine the evolutionary pattern in codon bias. a total of 6,881 sequences isolated between 1993 and 2010 were used. the relative synonymous codon usage (rscu) and g+c% content at the three codon positions we ...201122086505
Phosphatidylglycerol Suppresses Influenza A Virus Infection.Influenza A virus (IAV) is a worldwide public health problem causing 500,000 deaths each year. Palmitoyl-oleoyl-phophatidylglycerol (POPG) is a minor component of pulmonary surfactant, which has recently been reported to exert potent regulatory functions upon the innate immune system. In this report we demonstrate that POPG acts as a strong anti-viral agent against IAV. POPG markedly attenuated IL-8 production and cell death induced by IAV in cultured human bronchial epithelial cells. The lip ...201122052877
evaluation of qiagen resplex ii for the detection of pandemic influenza a (h1n1) 2009 and influenza a (h3n2) virus. 201121377411
efficacy studies of influenza vaccines: effect of end points used and characteristics of vaccine failures.end points used to detect influenza in vaccine efficacy trials have varied. both the inactivated and live attenuated influenza vaccines are efficacious; however, failure to protect occurs.201121378375
comparison of two h1n2 swine influenza a viruses from disease outbreaks in pigs in sweden during 2009 and 2010.the influenza a virus subtypes h1n1, h1n2 and h3n2 are prevalent in pig populations worldwide. in the present study, two relatively uncommon swine influenza virus (siv) h1n2 subtypes, isolated in sweden in 2009 and 2010, were compared regarding their molecular composition and biological characteristics. the differences regarding markers purportedly related to pathogenicity, host adaptation or replication efficiency. they included a truncated pb1-f2 protein in the earlier isolate but a full lengt ...201121253862
Clinical and socioeconomic impact of different types and subtypes of seasonal influenza viruses in children during influenza seasons 2007/2008 and 2008/2009.There are few and debated data regarding possible differences in the clinical presentations of influenza A/H1N1, A/H3N2 and B viruses in children. This study evaluates the clinical presentation and socio-economic impact of laboratory-confirmed influenza A/H1N1, A/H3N2 or B infection in children attending an Emergency Room because of influenza-like illness.201121992699
Genetic structure of human A/H1N1 and A/H3N2 influenza virus on Corsica Island: phylogenetic analysis and vaccine strain match, 2006-2010.The aim of this study was to analyse the genetic patterns of Hemagglutinin (HA) genes of influenza A strains circulating on Corsica Island during the 2006-2009 epidemic seasons and the 2009-2010 pandemic season.201121935413
evolutionary pathways of the pandemic influenza a (h1n1) 2009 in the uk.the emergence of the influenza (h1n1) 2009 virus provided a unique opportunity to study the evolution of a pandemic virus following its introduction into the human population. virological and clinical surveillance in the uk were comprehensive during the first and second waves of the pandemic in 2009, with extensive laboratory confirmation of infection allowing a detailed sampling of representative circulating viruses. we sequenced the complete coding region of the haemagglutinin (ha) segment of ...201121887318
receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitors that block replication of influenza a and other viruses.we have previously reported that two receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitors (rtkis), called ag879 and tyrphostin a9 (a9), can each block the replication of influenza a virus in cultured cells. in this study, we further characterized the in vitro antiviral efficacies and specificities of these agents. the 50% effective concentration (ec(50)) of each against influenza a was found to be in the high nanomolar range, and the selectivity index (si = 50% cytotoxic concentration [cc(50)]/ec(50)) was determ ...201121930873
dual infection of novel influenza viruses a/h1n1 and a/h3n2 in a cluster of cambodian patients.during the early months of 2009, a novel influenza a/h1n1 virus (ph1n1) emerged in mexico and quickly spread across the globe. in october 2009, a 23-year-old male residing in central cambodia was diagnosed with ph1n1. subsequently, a cluster of four influenza-like illness cases developed involving three children who resided in his home and the children's school teacher. base composition analysis of internal genes using reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction and electrospray ionization m ...201122049058
A practical synthesis of zanamivir phosphonate congeners with potent anti-influenza activity.Two phosphonate compounds 1a (4-amino-1-phosphono-DANA) and 1b (phosphono-zanamivir) are synthesized and shown more potent than zanamivir against the neuraminidases of avian and human influenza viruses, including the oseltamivir-resistant strains. For the first time, the practical synthesis of these phosphonate compounds is realized by conversion of sialic acid to peracetylated phosphono-DANA diethyl ester (5) as a key intermediate in three steps by a novel approach. In comparison with zanamivir ...201121942552
genetic characterization of h1n2 influenza a virus isolated from sick pigs in southern china in 2010.in china h3n2 and h1n1 swine influenza viruses have been circulating for many years. in january 2010, before swine were infected with foot and mouth disease in guangdong, some pigs have shown flu-like symptoms: cough, sneeze, runny nose and fever. we collected the nasopharyngeal swab of all sick pigs as much as possible. one subtype h1n2 influenza viruses were isolated from the pig population. the complete genome of one isolate, designated a/swine/guangdong/1/2010(h1n2), was sequenced and compar ...201121995516
Simultaneous quantification of hemagglutinin and neuraminidase of influenza virus using isotope dilution mass spectrometry.Influenza vaccination is the primary method for preventing influenza and its severe complications. Licensed inactivated vaccines for seasonal or pandemic influenza are formulated to contain a preset amount of hemagglutinin (HA), the critical antigen to elicit protection. There is currently no regulatory method that quantifies neuraminidase (NA), the other major membrane-bound protein thought to have protective capability. This is primarily due to the limitations both in sensitivity and in select ...201122197963
false positive pcr results linked to administration of seasonal influenza vaccine.false positive pcrs occur as a consequence of specimen to specimen or amplicon to specimen contamination within the laboratory. evidence of a novel contamination at time of specimen collection linked to influenza vaccine administration in the same location as influenza sampling is described. clinical, circumstantial and laboratory evidence was gathered for each of 5 cases of influenza like illness (ili) with unusual pcr patterns of positivity for seasonal h1n1, h3n2, h1n1 (2009), and influenza b ...201122096134
mimotopes selected with neutralizing antibodies against multiple subtypes of influenza a.abstract: background: the mimotopes of viruses are considered as the good targets for vaccine design. we prepared mimotopes against multiple subtypes of influenza a and evaluate their immune responses in flu virus challenged balb/c mice. methods: the mimotopes of influenza a including pandemic h1n1, h3n2, h2n2 and h1n1 swine-origin influenza virus were screened by peptide phage display libraries, respectively. these mimotopes were engineered in one protein as multi- epitopes in escherichia coli ...201122171803
glycosylation of the hemagglutinin modulates the sensitivity of h3n2 influenza viruses to innate proteins in airway secretions and virulence in mice.collectins in airway fluids and membrane-associated lectins such as the macrophage mannose receptor (mmr) recognize mannose-rich glycans on the envelope glycoproteins of influenza a viruses. in this study, we used a reverse genetic approach to examine the role of particular n-linked glycosylation sites on the hemagglutinin (ha) of a/beijing/353/89 (beij/89, h3n2) in determining sensitivity to lectin-mediated immune defenses and virulence in mice. we generated 7:1 reassortant viruses on an a/pr/8 ...201121353279
high-throughput screen of protein expression levels induced by cyclooxygenase-2 during influenza a virus infection.detection of proteins productions and the functions during the influenza a virus infection, especially the proteins expression levels in the patients serum are emphasized in the research of host immune response to influenza virus infection. protein microarray technology provides a high-throughput platform for efficient profiling of protein expression.201121354125
comparison of the efficacies of amantadine treatment of swine-origin influenza virus a h1n1 and seasonal influenza h1n1 and h3n2 in japan (2008-2009).amantadine is not thought to be effective for the treatment of swine-origin influenza virus (s-oiv) based on an analysis of genetic sequences of the m2 protein. however, the actual clinical efficacy of amantadine has not been well documented. here, we were able to compare the efficacies of amantadine and neuraminidase inhibitors. subjects consisted of 428 patients, including 144 with seasonal influenza (flu) identified between 2008 and 2009, and 284 with s-oiv identified between july 1 and novem ...201121360013
performance of rapid-test kits for the detection of the pandemic influenza a/h1n1 virus.the early detection of pandemic influenza strains is a key factor for clinicians in treatment decisions and infection control practices. the aims of this study were to determine the analytical sensitivity and clinical performance of the commercially available influenza rapid tests in taiwan. four rapid tests for influenza virus (binaxnow test, quickvue test, tru test, and formosa rapid test) were evaluated for their detection limit against four influenza viruses (the 2009 pandemic influenza a vi ...201121333688
changed epitopes drive the antigenic drift for influenza a (h3n2) viruses.in circulating influenza viruses, gradually accumulated mutations on the glycoprotein hemagglutinin (ha), which interacts with infectivity-neutralizing antibodies, lead to the escape of immune system (called antigenic drift). the antibody recognition is highly correlated to the conformation change on the antigenic sites (epitopes), which locate on ha surface. to quantify a changed epitope for escaping from neutralizing antibodies is the basis for the antigenic drift and vaccine development.201121342562
insertion of a multibasic cleavage site in the haemagglutinin of human influenza h3n2 virus does not increase pathogenicity in ferrets.a multibasic cleavage site (mbcs) in the haemagglutinin (ha) protein of influenza a virus is a key determinant of pathogenicity in chickens, and distinguishes highly pathogenic avian influenza (hpai) viruses from low pathogenic avian influenza viruses (lpai). an mbcs has only been detected in viruses of the h5 and h7 subtypes. here we investigated the phenotype of a human h3n2 virus with an mbcs in ha. insertion of an mbcs in the h3n2 virus resulted in cleavage of ha and efficient replication in ...201121346026
higher titers of some h5n1 and recent human h1n1 and h3n2 influenza viruses in mv1 lu vs. mdck cells.the infectivity of influenza a viruses can differ among the various primary cells and continuous cell lines used for such measurements. over many years, we observed that all things equal, the cytopathic effects caused by influenza a subtype h1n1, h3n2, and h5n1 viruses were often detected earlier in a mink lung epithelial cell line (mv1 lu) than in mdck cells. we asked whether virus yields as measured by the 50% tissue culture infectious dose and plaque forming titer also differed in mdck and mv ...201121314955
emergence of novel reassortant h3n2 influenza viruses among ducks in china.during 2006-2009 influenza virus surveillance, three h3n2 viruses were isolated from ducks in central china. sequence and phylogenetic analyses revealed that most segments of these three isolates had high identity with h3n2 swine isolates in south china. however, for m, the three viruses, along with h1n1 swine isolates of north america, formed a cluster; for pb2, two of these isolates fell into the cluster of the h5n1 duck isolates, indicating a reassortment among h3n2, h1n1 swine viruses and h5 ...201121318308
monitoring epidemic viral respiratory infections using one-step real-time triplex rt-pcr targeting influenza a and b viruses and respiratory syncytial virus.rapid and specific diagnosis of influenza a/b and respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) viruses is needed for optimal management of patients with acute respiratory infections. in this study, a one-step triplex real-time rt-pcr assay was developed for rapid diagnosis of influenza a/b and rsv infections to optimize diagnosis efficiency of acute respiratory infections. cell-culture supernatants and clinical samples were used to evaluate specificity and sensitivity of the assay. the assay was used routi ...201121328385
correlation of polymerase replication fidelity with genetic evolution of influenza a/fujian/411/02(h3n2) viruses.influenza virus evolves continuously through mutations presumed to result from evolutionary pressure driving viral replication. this study examined the relationship between the genetic evolution and replication fidelity of influenza viruses. analysis of influenza sequences from national centre for biotechnology information (ncbi) database revealed a gradual decrease in the rate of genetic evolution of a/fujian/411/02(h3n2)-like variants after the emergence and predominance of the a/h3n2 fujian s ...201121264873
simultaneous detection of influenza a, influenza b, and respiratory syncytial viruses and subtyping of influenza a h3n2 virus and h1n1 (2009) virus by multiplex real-time pcr.a multiplex real-time pcr assay was developed to simultaneously detect and discriminate influenza a virus subtypes, including novel h1n1 (2009) and seasonal h3n2 virus, influenza b virus, and respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) in a single test tube, with detection sensitivity and specificity of 99% and 100%, respectively, for the four pathogens.201121270233
evaluation of the safety, reactogenicity and immunogenicity of flublok® trivalent recombinant baculovirus-expressed hemagglutinin influenza vaccine administered intramuscularly to healthy adults 50-64 years of age.alternative methods for influenza vaccine production are needed to ensure adequate supplies.201121277410
variation in the analysis of positively selected sites using nonsynonymous/synonymous rate ratios: an example using influenza virus.sites in a gene showing the nonsynonymous/synonymous rate ratio (ω) >1 have been frequently identified to be under positive selection. to examine the performance of such analysis, sites of the ω ratio >1 in the ha1 gene of h3n2 subtype human influenza viruses were identified from seven overlapping sequence data sets in this study. our results showed that the sites of the ω ratio >1 were of significant variation among the data sets even though they targeted similar clusters, indicating that the a ...201121629696
severe canine influenza in dogs correlates with hyperchemokinemia and high viral load.canine influenza virus (civ) is an emerging pathogen that causes acute respiratory disease in dogs. to better understand the mechanism(s) responsible for the virulence of the virus, we conducted immunological, virological, clinical, and histopathological analyses in civ-infected dogs. civ replicated efficiently in the respiratory system of dogs and caused severe respiratory disease. notably, the infection induced the marked elevation and sustained expression of chemokines that resulted in severe ...201121632085
update: influenza activity --- united states, 2010--11 season, and composition of the 2011--12 influenza vaccine.during the 2010--11 influenza season, influenza activity* first began to increase in the southeastern united states, and peaked nationally in early february. compared with the previous pandemic year (2009--10), higher rates of hospitalization were observed for persons aged ≥65 years during the 2010--11 season, whereas lower hospitalization rates were observed in younger populations than during the pandemic year. overall, the percentages of outpatient visits for influenza-like illness (ili) were ...201121637185
neutralizing antibody but not hemagglutination antibody provides accurate evaluation for protective immune response to h5n1 avian influenza virus in vaccinated rabbits.in order to develop an animal model and an assay method to evaluate protective immune response to h5n1 avian influenza vaccination, h5n1 avian influenza vaccine was prepared. new zealand rabbits were assigned to receive two doses of vaccine with different hemagglutinin (ha) dosage. the sera from vaccinated rabbits was evaluated to determine antibody titer and specificity using different tested methods including hemagglutination inhibition assay (hi), neutralizing assay (nt), cross-hi assay, cros ...201121645575
cross-protective immunity to influenza ph1n1 2009 viruses induced by seasonal a(h3n2) virus is mediated by virus-specific t cells.influenza a(h1n1) viruses of swine origin were introduced into the human population in 2009 and caused a pandemic. the disease burden in the elderly was relatively low, which was attributed to the presence of cross-reacting serum antibodies raised against seasonal influenza a(h1n1) viruses that circulated before 1957 in this age group. it has been described that also infection with heterosubtypic influenza viruses can induce some degree of protection against infection with a novel strain of infl ...201121653752
effect of reassortment on the nucleotide and amino acid changes of human a/h3n2 rnp subunits during 1998-2009.the ribonucleoprotein (rnp) complex of influenza virus consists of four subunits pb2, pb1, pa, and np, which are essential for replication. while reassortment plays an important role in the evolution and virulence of influenza viruses, limited studies have investigated the effect of reassortment on the evolution of the internal rnp subunits.201121665531
synthesis and antiviral activity of highly water-soluble polycarboxylic derivatives of [70]fullerene.we report here a facile preparation of highly water-soluble derivatives c(70)[p-c(6)h(4)(ch(2))(n)cooh](8) (n = 2, 3) starting from readily available chlorinated [70]fullerene precursors c(70)cl(8) and c(70)cl(10). the synthesized fullerene derivatives showed pronounced antiviral activity in vitro, particularly against human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) and influenza a virus (subtypes h1n1 and h3n2).201121666897
induction of inflammatory cytokines and toll-like receptors in human normal respiratory epithelial cells infected with seasonal h1n1, 2009 pandemic h1n1, seasonal h3n2, and highly pathogenic h5n1 influenza virus.respiratory epithelial cells are one of main targets for infections caused by influenza viruses. recently, the induction of proinflammatory cytokines and toll-like receptors (tlrs) in normal human bronchial/tracheal epithelial cells infected with seasonal h1n1, 2009 pandemic h1n1, seasonal h3n2, or highly pathogenic h5n1 influenza virus were studied to understand the pathogenesis and early immune responses. the cells were productively infected with the viruses. among the inflammatory cytokines t ...201121668359
isolation of novel triple-reassortant swine h3n2 influenza viruses possessing the hemagglutinin and neuraminidase genes of a seasonal influenza virus in vietnam in 2010.please cite this paper as: ngo et-áal. (2011) isolation of novel triple-reassortant swine h3n2 influenza viruses possessing the hemagglutinin and neuraminidase genes of a seasonal influenza virus in vietnam in 2010. influenza and other respiratory viruses doi: 10.1111/j.1750-2659.2011.00267.x. surveillance of swine influenza viruses (sivs) in 31 pig farms in northern and southern parts of vietnam was conducted. six h3n2 influenza a viruses were isolated from a pig farm in southern vietnam. they ...201121668659
epidemiological and clinical features of respiratory viral infections in hospitalized children during the circulation of influenza virus a(h1n1) 2009.please cite this paper as: zuccotti et┬áal. (2011) epidemiological and clinical features of respiratory viral infections in hospitalized children during the circulation of influenza virus a(h1n1) 2009. influenza and other respiratory viruses. doi: 10.1111/j.1750-2659.2011.00263.x. backgroundôçé seasonal influenza viruses and respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) are primary causes of acute respiratory tract infections (artis) in children. new respiratory viruses including human metapneumovirus (hmpv ...201121668662
comparison of clinical features and outcomes of medically attended influenza a and influenza b in a defined population over four seasons: 2004-2005 through 2007-2008.please cite this paper as: irving et┬áal. (2011) comparison of clinical features and outcomes of medically attended influenza a and influenza b in a defined population over four seasons: 2004-2005 through 2007-2008. influenza and other respiratory viruses doi: 10.1111/j.1750-2659.2011.00263.x. backgroundôçé there are few prospectively collected data comparing illnesses caused by different subtypes of influenza. we compared the clinical presentation and outcomes of subjects with primarily outpati ...201121668663
pandemic and seasonal influenza viruses among patients with acute respiratory illness in kashmir (india).please cite this paper as: koul pa., et┬áal. (2011) pandemic and seasonal influenza viruses among patients with acute respiratory illness in kashmir (india). influenza and other respiratory viruses. doi: 10.1111/j.1750-2659.2011.00261.x. backgroundôçé with the emergence of pandemic influenza a (2009a/h1n1) virus in india, we sought to determine the prevalence and clinical presentations of seasonal and pandemic influenza viruses among acute respiratory illness (ari) patients from srinagar, a temp ...201121668665
pandemic influenza in africa, lessons learned from 1968: a systematic review of the literature.please cite this paper as: ortiz et al. (2011) pandemic influenza in africa, lessons learned from 1968: a systematic review of the literature. influenza and other respiratory viruses doi: 10.1111/j.1750-2659.2011.00257.x. backgroundôçé to help understand the potential impact of the 2009 h1n1 pandemic in africa, we reviewed published data from africa of the two previous influenza pandemics. methodsôçé we conducted a systematic search of three biomedical databases for articles in any language on 1 ...201121668669
estimation of type- and subtype-specific influenza vaccine effectiveness in victoria, australia using a test negative case control method, 2007-2008.antigenic variation of influenza virus necessitates annual reformulation of seasonal influenza vaccines, which contain two type a strains (h1n1 and h3n2) and one type b strain. we used a test negative case control design to estimate influenza vaccine effectiveness (ve) against influenza by type and subtype over two consecutive seasons in victoria, australia.201121669006
patchouli alcohol: in vitro direct anti-influenza virus sesquiterpene in pogostemon cablin benth.during the screening of anti-influenza virus substances from traditional herbal medicines, the methanol extract from the leaves of pogostemon cablin benth. showed potent in vitro antiviral activity (99.8% inhibition at a concentration of 10 μg/ml) against influenza virus a/pr/8/34 (h1n1). the anti-influenza virus principle was isolated from the hexane-soluble fraction, through solvent fractionation, repeated silica gel column chromatography, and reversed-phase hplc. the major active principle ...201121671149
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