Publications

rabies: interactions between neurons and viruses. a review of the history of negri inclusion bodies.	the first clear-cut description of a virus-nerve cell interaction was made by adelchi negri in 1903 with the detection of cytoplasmic bodies (negri bodies) in subsets of neurons in the brain from rabies-infected animals. a biographical sketch of negri is given here; he was born in perugia, italy, in 1875 and died in pavia in 1912. in 1900 negri became assistant to camillo golgi, who encouraged him to study rabies-infected brains with histological techniques. the report of intraneuronal bodies de ...	1996	8804019
the glycoprotein genes and gene junctions of the fish rhabdoviruses spring viremia of carp virus and hirame rhabdovirus: analysis of relationships with other rhabdoviruses.	the nucleotide sequences of the glycoprotein genes and all of the internal gene junctions of the fish pathogenic rhabdoviruses spring viremia of carp virus (svcv) and hirame rhabdovirus (hirrv) have been determined from cdna clones generated from viral genomic rna. the svcv glycoprotein gene sequence is 1588 nucleotides (nt) long and encodes a 509 amino acid (aa) protein. the hirrv glycoprotein gene sequence comprises 1612 nt, coding for a 508 aa protein. in sequence comparisons of 15 rhabdoviru ...	1996	8806175
studies on unusual cytoplasmic structures which contain rabies virus envelope proteins.	we investigated unusual structures produced in bhk-21 cells infected with rabies virus (hep-flury strain). sellers' staining of the cells revealed, in addition to negri body-like structures (inclusion bodies), production of a fuchsin-stained cytoplasmic structure (fcps) which encircled the nucleus. the frequency of the fcps-forming cells increased as replication progressed. the fcps was different from the inclusion body because the former contained the viral glycoprotein (g) and matrix protein ( ...	1996	8811013
purification of a secreted form of recombinant rabies virus glycoprotein: comparison of two affinity tags.	expression of recombinant eukaryotic proteins in transfected mammalian cell lines has become an important approach for the characterization of the structure and function of these proteins. however, it is often difficult to recover and purify the recombinant proteins. therefore, the use of fusion proteins incorporating epitope or affinity tags has become more widespread. in this paper, we directly compare two affinity tags, the hexahistidyl tag and the biotin peptide mimetic, strep-tag, for use i ...	1996	8812859
from the centers for disease control and prevention. human rabies-- connecticut, 1995.		1996	8596246
human diploid-cell rabies vaccine: efficacy of four doses.		1996	8598794
the development and use of a vaccinia-rabies recombinant oral vaccine for the control of wildlife rabies; a link between jenner and pasteur.	to improve both safety and stability of the oral vaccines used in the field to vaccinate foxes against rabies, a recombinant vaccinia virus, which expresses the immunizing g protein of rabies virus has been developed by inserting the cdna which codes for the immunogenic glycoprotein of rabies virus into the thymidine kinase (tk) gene of the copenhagen strain of vaccinia virus. the efficacy of this vaccine was tested by the oral route, primarily in foxes. the immunity conferred, a minimum of 12 m ...	1996	8666066
rabies superantigen as a vbeta t-dependent adjuvant.	recently we reported evidence that nucleocapsid (nc) of rabies virus is a vbeta8-specific exogenous superantigen (sag) in humans and a vbeta6-specific sag in balb/c mice. nc was also found to stimulate rabies vaccination by enhancing the rabies neutralizing antibody response. in this study, we tested the hypothesis that the stimulating effect of nc and its sag properties are linked. to do this, we studied the effect of rabies sag on the immune response to an unrelated antigen, the influenza viru ...	1996	8666920
[development of an optimal scheme for calculating results of the use of an immunoenzyme test-system for determining the antigenic activity of a cultured antirabies vaccine].	ninety-eight lots of commercial antirabies vaccine manufactured by immunopreparat research and production amalgamation have been tested using enzyme immunoassay system for the detection of rabies virus antigens. comparison of different variants of interpreting and expressing the results helped define the optimal method for assessment of vaccine titer and reference values: optical density value equal to 0.2 is taken as the cut-off. antigenic activity of the vaccine may be expressed in internation ...	1996	8669141
eradication of rabies, using a rec-dna vaccine.		1996	8672287
characterization of a unique variant of bat rabies virus responsible for newly emerging human cases in north america.	the silver-haired bat variant of rabies virus (shbrv) has been identified as the etiological agent of a number of recent human rabies cases in the united states that are unusual in not having been associated with any known history of conventional exposure. comparison of the different biological and biochemical properties of isolates of this virus with those of a coyote street rabies virus (cosrv) revealed that there are unique features associated with shbrv. in vitro studies showed that, while t ...	1996	8643632
alteration of interleukin-1 alpha production and interleukin-1 alpha binding sites in mouse brain during rabies infection.	we have evaluated the effect of rabies virus infection on interleukin-1 alpha (il-1 alpha) production and its receptors in mouse brain. study of virus dissemination in the central nervous system (cns) showed a massive infection of main brain structures from day 4 post infection (p.i.) up to the agony stage on day 6 p.i. at the same time, il-1 alpha concentrations increased in cortical and hippocampal homogenates, whereas no change was detected in serum. in non-infected mice, il-1 alpha binding s ...	1996	8645096
rabies virus m protein expressed in escherichia coli and its regulatory role in virion-associated transcriptase activity.	rabies virus m protein was expressed in escherichia coli in the form of a fusion protein with maltose binding protein (mbp) and purified by amylose affinity column chromatography after extraction. in order to investigate the possible regulatory role of m protein in viral transcription, an assay system for rabies virion-associated transcriptase activity was established by using the ribonucleoprotein (rnp) cores prepared from purified virions. analysis of the products of the transcription assay sy ...	1996	8645103
use of a single anti-nucleocapsid monoclonal antibody to detect rabies antigen in formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissues.		1996	8650907
budding of rabies virus particles in the absence of the spike glycoprotein.	budding of enveloped viruses from cellular membranes is believed to de pend on the presence of transmembrane spike proteins interacting with cytoplasmic virus components. to address the mechanism of rhabdovirus budding, we generated rabies virus mutants deficient for the glycoprotein g or the g cytoplasmic tail. we found that spikeless rhabdovirus particles were released from cells infected with the g-deficient mutant, demonstrating that a viral surface protein is not required to drive the buddi ...	1996	8601317
brazilian researcher protests against 'plagiarism' fine.		1996	8602227
human rabies--california, 1995.	in september and november 1995, two men in california died from infection with bat-associated variants of rabies virus. this report summarizes the investigations of these cases.	1996	8604213
rabies postexposure prophylaxis--connecticut, 1990-1994.	in connecticut, the first case of animal rabies associated with the ongoing raccoon rabies epizootic was identified in march 1991; since then, cases of animal rabies have been confirmed in all eight counties of the state. because of heightened awareness of the potential for rabies and the nearly always fatal outcome of this disease, the numbers of persons in connecticut receiving rabies postexposure prophylaxis (pep) was suspected to have increased substantially during 1990-1994. in connecticut, ...	1996	8606682
human rabies--connecticut, 1995.	on october 3, 1995, a 13-year-old girl who resided in greenwich, connecticut, died from rabies virus infection. this was the first case of human rabies reported in a connecticut resident since 1932. this report summarizes the investigation of this case which indicated a bat as the probable source of her exposure.	1996	8609874
a replication-defective human adenovirus recombinant serves as a highly efficacious vaccine carrier.	in this manuscript, an e1 and e3 deleted adenoviral recombinant expressing the rabies virus glycoprotein (g protein) under the control of the cytomegalovirus early promoter was tested for induction of a rabies virus-specific immune response in mice. the construct was found to induce neutralizing antibodies and cytolytic t cells to rabies virus. mice vaccinated with the adenoviral construct either by the systemic route or by application into the airways were protected against a subsequent infecti ...	1996	8623532
the amino acid at the x position of an asn-x-ser sequon is an important determinant of n-linked core-glycosylation efficiency.	n-linked glycosylation is a common form of protein processing that can profoundly affect protein expression, structure, and function. n-linked glycosylation generally occurs at the sequon asn-x-ser/thr, where x is any amino acid except pro. to assess the impact of the x amino acid on core glycosylation, rabies virus glycoprotein variants were generated by site-directed mutagenesis with each of the 20 common amino acids substituted at the x position of an asn-x-ser sequon. the efficiency of core ...	1996	8626433
immunodominant epitopes defined by a yeast-expressed library of random fragments of the rabies virus glycoprotein map outside major antigenic sites.	nineteen yeast colonies secreting rabies virus glycoprotein (g) peptides immunoreactive with polyclonal anti-rabies virus sera were selected from a random expression library. the peptides, around 80 amino acids long, spanned amino acids 54-494 of the g protein. these peptides, together with two constructions including, respectively, immunodominant sites ii and iii, were analysed for their immunoreactivity with 40 anti-g protein monoclonal antibodies (mabs) composed of 12 mabs that reacted with s ...	1996	8627238
rabies and mortality in ethiopian wolves (canis simensis).	between october 1991 and february 1992, 41 of 53 known adult and subadult ethiopian wolves (canis simensis) in five adjacent packs in the bale mountains national park, ethiopia, died or disappeared. brain smears from two carcasses were positive for rabies by the immunofluorescence test, and rabies virus was isolated from the brains by mouse inoculation. based on monoclonal antibody tests on the mouse brains, we identified the virus as a minor variant of the serotype 1 rabies viruses found in dom ...	1996	8627941
viral diagnosis by antigen detection techniques.	diagnosis of viral infections can be obtained in the early stages of a disease by detection of viral antigens directly in the clinical specimen. this has become an important tool for rapid virus diagnosis.	1996	15566866
medical microbiology	the family rhabdoviridae consists of more than 100 single-stranded, negative-sense, nonsegmented viruses that infect a wide variety of hosts, including vertebrates, invertebrates, and plants. common to all members of the family is a distinctive rod- or bullet-shaped morphology. human pathogens of medical importance are found in the genera lyssavirus and vesiculovirus.only rabies virus, medically the most significant member of the genus lyssavirus, is reviewed in this chapter.	1996	21413354
engineered virus targets hiv-infected cells: interview with garry nolan, ph.d. interview by john s. james.	a yale independent research team and a research team at the federal research center for virus diseases of animals in tubingen, germany have engineered viruses that will target and destroy hiv-infected cells while leaving uninfected cells intact. the yale team has genetically engineered the vesicular stomatitis virus and the german team has engineered the rabies virus to enter human cd4 cells in the same way hiv does, that is, by recognizing the hiv protein gp120 that appears on the surface of in ...	1997	11364688
[cloning and sequencing of nucleoprotein gene of chinese rabies virus vaccine strain (5ag)].	rabies virus 5ag strain (5agrv) is used to produce primary hamster kidney tissue culture vaccine against rabies in china. nucleoprotein (np), an important constituent of rabies virus, can intrigue th cell and induce b cell to produce antibody. in order to study the molecular and biological characteristics of 5ag np, we have cloned and sequenced the nucleoprotein gene. first, total rna was extracted from infected mouse brain by guanidine isothiocyanate one-step method, then the first strand cdna ...	1997	15619894
antibody responses to the hepatitis c virus e2 protein: relationship to viraemia and prevalence in anti-hcv seronegative subjects.	a small proportion of patients with chronic hepatitis c virus (hcv) infection show no serological responses to the hcv polypeptides incorporated in commercial iii generation immunoassays. to determine whether sera from these subjects contain antibodies to the highly immunoreactive second envelope polypeptide e2, which is not included in current anti-hcv assays, we studied 59 anti-hcv negative subjects who were found consistently to be hcv rna positive by polymerase chain reaction (pcr). controls ...	1997	8986942
canine distemper virus (cdv) infection of ferrets as a model for testing morbillivirus vaccine strategies: nyvac- and alvac-based cdv recombinants protect against symptomatic infection.	canine distemper virus (cdv) infection of ferrets causes an acute systemic disease involving multiple organ systems, including the respiratory tract, lymphoid system, and central nervous system (cns). we have tested candidate cdv vaccines incorporating the fusion (f) and hemagglutinin (ha) proteins in the highly attenuated nyvac strain of vaccinia virus and in the alvac strain of canarypox virus, which does not productively replicate in mammalian hosts. juvenile ferrets were vaccinated twice wit ...	1997	8995676
australian bat lyssavirus infection in three fruit bats from north queensland.	we report the case findings of australian bat lyssavirus infection in two black flying foxes (pteropus alecto) and one little red flying fox (pteropus scapulatus) from north queensland between january 1995 and august 1996. although the p. alecto case in january 1995 is the first recognised case of australian bat lyssavirus infection in australia, this was a retrospective diagnosis made after identification of the index case at ballina in may 1996. eight persons had exposure to the three bats. se ...	1997	9145563
[isolation and identification of lyssavirus strains from an area of slovakia where oral antirabies vaccine was administered].	the study was aimed at isolation and subsequent identification of strains of rabies virus by means of monoclonal antibodies from foxes killed in the vaccination zone within the complex preliminary monitoring of oral antirabies vaccination. the results obtained indicate that the vaccines for oral antirabies vaccination used in slovakia did not contain any vaccination strain pathogenic to the extremely sensitive target species-the fox (vulpes vulpes).	1997	9148571
antigens produced in plants by infection with chimeric plant viruses immunize against rabies virus and hiv-1.	the coat protein (cp) of alfalfa mosaic virus was used as a carrier molecule to express antigenic peptides from rabies virus and hiv. the antigens were separately cloned into the reading frame of alfalfa mosaic virus cp and placed under the control of the subgenomic promoter of tobacco mosaic virus cp in the 30brz vector. the in vitro transcripts of recombinant virus with sequences encoding the antigenic peptides were synthesized from dna constructs and used to inoculate tobacco plants. the plan ...	1997	9159151
regulation of n-linked core glycosylation: use of a site-directed mutagenesis approach to identify asn-xaa-ser/thr sequons that are poor oligosaccharide acceptors.	n-linked glycosylation can profoundly affect protein expression and function. n-linked glycosylation usually occurs at the sequon asn-xaa-ser/thr, where xaa is any amino acid residue except pro. however, many asn-xaa-ser/thr sequons are glycosylated inefficiently or not at all for reasons that are poorly understood. we have used a site-directed mutagenesis approach to examine how the xaa and hydroxy (ser/thr) amino acid residues in sequons influence core-glycosylation efficiency. we recently dem ...	1997	9163332
[a patient with rabies in the netherlands].	a 49-year-old moroccan man was admitted to hospital with chest pain and dyspnoea. the next day he had paresis of the left arm and because of respiratory arrest he was transferred to the intensive care unit. a fast-progressive neurological illness developed with flaccid tetraparesis, areflexia and a lowered level of consciousness. he died 11 days after admission. the strong clinical suspicion of rabies was confirmed by very high antibody titres in serum and csf and by positive immunofluorescence ...	1997	9173305
molecular epidemiology of rabies in the united states: reemergence of a classical neurotropic agent.		1997	9179794
apoptosis plays an important role in experimental rabies virus infection.	cultured rat prostatic adenocarcinoma (at3) cells infected with the challenge virus standard (cvs) strain of fixed rabies virus showed characteristic morphologic features of apoptosis, evidence of oligonucleosomal dna fragmentation, and expression of the bax protein. cvs-infected bcl-2-transfected at3 cells did not demonstrate these features. adult icr mice inoculated intracerebrally with cvs showed morphologic changes of apoptosis, dna fragmentation, and increased bax expression in neurons, wit ...	1997	9188634
polymorphism of rabies viruses within the phosphoprotein and matrix protein genes.	although the rabies virus p and m genes, encoding the viral phosphoprotein and matrix protein respectively, have been characterised for a few laboratory-adapted strains, there is essentially no information on the variability of these two genes in wild-type rabies viruses. in this study rabies viruses, responsible for epizootics in different wildlife species in three geographically distinct areas of north america, have been characterised at the p and m gene loci. these data reveal that the m gene ...	1997	9191862
rabies viruses infect primary cultures of murine, feline, and human microglia and astrocytes.	recent studies have reported the detection of rabies viral antigens and virions in astrocytes and microglia of rabies-infected animals. as a first step toward understanding whether these glial cells may be involved in rabies virus replication, persistence, and/or pathogenesis, we explored their potential to be infected in vitro. primary cultures of murine, feline, and human microglia and astrocytes were infected with several different rabies viruses: two unpassaged street virus isolates, a cell ...	1997	9191865
an indirect immunofluorescent test for detection of rabies virus antibodies in foxes.	the blood-containing fluids in the thoracic cavity or blood from the heart from 177 red foxes (vulpes vulpes) in slovenia were evaluated for rabies antibodies by rapid fluorescent focus inhibition test (rffit) and an adapted indirect immunofluorescent test (iif) in 1994. we evaluated the usefulness of anti-dog fluorescein-isothiocyanate (fitc) conjugate instead of anti-fox fitc conjugate in detection of antibodies against rabies virus in fox sera. in the rffit test, 92 (52%) of the fox samples w ...	1997	9027703
an outbreak of vampire bat-transmitted rabies in cattle in northeastern mexico.	an outbreak of bovine rabies occurred on a ranch when cattle were bitten by vampire bats. microscopic lesions showed a nonsuppurative encephalitis with intracytoplasmic inclusion bodies. immunohistochemistry demonstrated viral antigen in the brain, and monoclonal antibodies identified a serotype 1 (vampire strain) of the rabies virus.	1997	9056070
a recombinant vaccinia-rabies virus in the immunocompromised host: oral innocuity, progressive parenteral infection, and therapeutics.	with the emergence of raccoons (procyon lotor) as the primary rabies reservoir in the united states of america, a recombinant vaccinia-rabies glycoprotein (v-rg) virus vaccine was developed that protected raccoons by the oral route from rabies infection. despite extensive laboratory evaluation, vaccine safety concerns remained about free-choice distribution for wildlife rabies control. in this study, the oral innocuity of v-rg virus was demonstrated in immunodeficient mice but parenteral exposur ...	1997	9066030
monoclonal antibody #5-2-26 recognizes the phosphatase-sensitive epitope of rabies virus nucleoprotein.	we prepared monoclonal antibodies (mabs) against the rabies virus n protein, among which one antibody (mab 5-2-26) was shown to lack reactivity with the phosphatase-treated n protein. the mab was able to recognize the sodium dodecyl sulfate (sds)-denatured n protein. the mab did not recognize the n-protein analogues produced in escherichia coli (e. coli), indicating that the n-gene products were not normally processed in e. coli after translation. on the other hand, the mab reacted normally with ...	1997	9087966
rabies in a camel--a case report.		1997	9090016
the use of an e1-deleted, replication-defective adenovirus recombinant expressing the rabies virus glycoprotein for early vaccination of mice against rabies virus.	an e1-deleted, replication-defective adenovirus recombinant of the human strain 5 expressing the rabies virus glycoprotein, termed adrab.gp, was tested in young mice. mice immunized at birth with the adrab.gp construct developed antibodies to rabies virus and cytokine-secreting lymphocytes and were protected against subsequent challenge. maternal immunity to rabies virus strongly interferes with vaccination of the offspring with a traditional inactivated rabies virus vaccine. the immune response ...	1997	9094641
folding of rabies virus glycoprotein: epitope acquisition and interaction with endoplasmic reticulum chaperones.	four well-characterized monoclonal antibodies (mabs) directed against rabies virus glycoprotein (g) were used to study g folding in vivo. two of the mabs were able to immunoprecipitate incompletely oxidized folding intermediates. the two others recognized g only after folding was completed. by using these mabs, the ability of g to undergo low-ph-induced conformational changes during folding was also investigated. it appeared that some domains acquire this ability before folding is completed. in ...	1997	9094649
[rabies virus].	rabies is not found in japan at present, but the possibility of invasion of this dangerous infection into japan always must be kept in mind. in this paper, concerning this disease, epidemiology, infection route to men, pathology, incubation time, general clinical findings, clinical course, various diagnostic methods, differential diagnosis and palliative treatments are described and discussed respectively. next, prophylaxis using japanese-make inactivated rabies vaccine derived from chicken embr ...	1997	9103890
rabies.	equine rabies is a sporadic but highly fatal zoonotic disease. the disease persists in wildlife populations throughout the united states, canada, mexico, and other parts of the world. it remains a threat to all domestic species, including the horse. this article reports recent advances in the molecular virology of the rabies virus and its pathogenesis, and it also reviews the history, clinical signs, diagnostic tests, vaccination protocols, and postexposure management recommendations for the equ ...	1997	9106339
immune response to neonatal genetic immunization.	the effect of genetic immunization of neonatal mice was tested with a plasmid vector expressing the rabies virus glycoprotein. mice inoculated within 24 hr after birth with the plasmid dna developed antibodies as well as t helper cells to the rabies virus glycoprotein. the response could not be distinguished from that seen upon vaccination of adult mice. taken together, these data clearly show that the immune system, known to be prone to induction of immunological tolerance to some antigens appl ...	1997	9123835
identification of a phosphatase-sensitive epitope of rabies virus nucleoprotein which is recognized by a monoclonal antibody 5-2-26.	we have investigated a phosphatase-sensitive sequential epitope of the nucleoprotein (n), one of the phosphoproteins of rabies virus, which is recognized by the monoclonal antibody (mab) #5-2-26. the epitope was shared in common by all of the rabies virus strains we tested, including the hep, era, cvs and japanese strains (nishigahara and komatsukawa). thin layer chromatography of the acid hydrolyzates of 32p-labeled n protein showed that the protein contained phosphoserine and phosphothreonine ...	1997	9130235
occurrence of rabies in wolves of alaska.	we describe a rabies epizootic in northwest alaska (usa) during 1989 and 1990 which resulted in mortality to several different wolf (canis lupus) packs. four radio-collared wolves were confirmed to have rabies while evidence for seven others was strongly suggestive but not confirmed. the wolf population declined during the rabies epizootic; thus rabies may have been a significant limiting factor.	1997	9131553
prevalence of rabies in bats in michigan, 1981-1993.	to analyze the species distribution of animals submitted to the michigan department of public health (mdph) for rabies testing during 1993. to determine whether any of the 9 species of bats residing in michigan carries a disproportionate rabies burden, and to determine whether bats contributed the most cases of confirmed rabies during 1981 through 1992.	1997	9018352
effectiveness of sag1 oral vaccine for the long-term protection of red foxes (vulpes vulpes) against rabies.	three groups of 10 foxes were vaccinated by the direct oral instillation of 2 ml of sag1 rabies virus vaccine containing 10(6) micld50 (10(7) tcid50/ml) infectious viral particles/ml. sag1 is a natural variant of the attenuated rabies vaccine strain sad bern and was selected in the presence of monoclonal antibodies. the strain is devoid of residual pathogenicity for the fox and the highly susceptible adult laboratory mouse by the oral, intramuscular and intracerebral routes. the foxes were chall ...	1997	9023904
mapping of monoclonal antibody epitopes of the rabies virus p protein.	thirty-six monoclonal antibodies (mabs) specific for the rabies virus p phosphoprotein were obtained from mice immunized with recombinant p (pv strain) produced in e. coli. all mabs reacted against the corresponding rabies virus protein by elisa and by western blot analysis and revealed the presence of cytoplasmic inclusions in rabies virus infected cells. the epitopes of seven mabs were mapped by testing their reactivity with protein fragments expressed from deletion mutants in transfected cell ...	1997	9010294
duration of immunity in foxes vaccinated orally with era vaccine in a bait.	red foxes (vulpes vulpes) vaccinated orally with the era strain of rabies vaccine in a bait were challenged after 83 mo. ten of 11 foxes that had seroconverted following vaccination resisted challenge with a virulent rabies virus which produced clinical signs of rabies in 6 of 6 unvaccinated foxes. five of 11 vaccinated animals retained titers of rabies virus neutralizing antibody throughout the period. although 6 of 11 had no detectable antibody at the time of challenge, 5 of these 6 resisted c ...	1997	9008799
repeated physical and cytologic characterizations of subcutaneous postvaccinal reactions in cats.	to examine local reactions and short-term cytologic responses of cats to administration of rabies virus (rv); felv; and combined feline rhinotracheitis, calicivirus, and panleukopenia virus (frcpv) vaccines.	1997	9215446
the current state of rabies prevention in europe.	in europe, from the late 1970s, the main reservoirs of rabies virus have been wild animals, mainly foxes, except in turkey, where dog rabies account for almost all cases. between 1977 and 1994, 198 human rabies cases were reported in europe. in most of these cases vaccination had not been performed. in europe, both tissue culture and nerve tissue vaccines are used with or without rabies immunoglobulin or serum, though the tissue culture vaccines have largely replaced the nerve tissue vaccines. i ...	1997	9218286
rabies and rabies research: past, present and future.	rabies is probably the oldest recorded infection of mankind. the development of the first rabies vaccine by pasteur surely had been hoped to eliminate or at least drastically reduce its incidence. however, this goal has not been achieved because rabies is maintained in many animal reservoirs, including both domestic and wild. there are still many aspects of the pathogenicity of rabies that are unknown. for example, we have no explanation for the long incubation period (up to 6 years). furthermor ...	1997	9218287
production methods for rabies vaccine.		1997	9218362
cell-mediated immunosuppression in mice by street rabies virus not restored by calcium ionophore or pma.	it is known that rabies virus can suppress the host immune system. in this study we demonstrate a depression of cell-mediated immunity in mice, peripherally infected with thai street rabies virus. the cell-mediated cytolysis of spleen cells from mice increased transiently on day 5 after infection and declined rapidly thereafter until death. the proliferation of spleen cells stimulated with a t-cell mitogen such as phytohemagglutinin or concanavalin a, was significantly suppressed during the cour ...	1997	9438544
rabies virus infects mouse and human lymphocytes and induces apoptosis.	attenuated and highly neurovirulent rabies virus strains have distinct cellular tropisms. highly neurovirulent strains such as the challenge virus standard (cvs) are highly neurotropic, whereas the attenuated strain era also infects nonneuronal cells. we report that both rabies virus strains infect activated murine lymphocytes and the human lymphoblastoid jurkat t-cell line in vitro. the lymphocytes are more permissive to the attenuated era rabies virus strain than to the cvs strain in both case ...	1997	9311815
molecular epidemiology of animal virus diseases.	in this review the application of methods of molecular epidemiology, particularly the combined approach of amplifying defined fragments of viral genomes using the polymerase chain reaction and subsequent nucleotide sequencing analysis, is described. emphasis is put on examples of a few important diseases (e.g. those caused by morbilliviruses, rhabdoviruses, pestiviruses and aphthoviruses) to demonstrate the impact of this methodology. molecular epidemiology is already an important and very sensi ...	1997	9270348
immunological studies of a 21 kda cellular component efficiently incorporated into rabies virion grown in a bhk-21 cell culture.	to investigate cellular components incorporated into the rabies virion, monoclonal antibodies (mabs) were screened based on their reactivity with additional virion components. two of the mabs we prepared recognized a virion-associated 21 kda polypeptide (referred to as vap21) from a bhk-21 cell. since the mabs precipitated the rabies virion and trypsin digestion eliminated the vap21 antigen from the virion but alkaline treatment (ph 11) did not, vap21 seems to be anchored into the viral envelope ...	1997	9492180
[economical production of rabies vaccine on cell cultures].	by producing the rabies vaccine from cell culture, this vaccination has become safe, with minimal postvaccinal reactions. the first vaccine according to this technology was produced by pavle (paul) fenje, former chief of department of the pasteur institute in novi sad. many cell cultures have been introduced so far for the rabies virus multiplication: primary hamster kidney, fetal bovine kidney, chick embryo, continuous cell line monkey kidney (vero), human diploid cell (hdc), etc. some possibil ...	1997	9471524
[adelchi negri (1876-1912)].		1997	9471619
rapid detection of rabies and rabies-related viruses by rt-pcr and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.	a rapid detection method for the six established genotypes of rabies and rabies-related viral rna using rt-pcr-elisa is described. the detection of digoxigenin-labelled amplified products is performed by solution hybridization to two specific, biotin-labelled, capture probes, which are complementary to the inner region of the amplification products. the capture probe and amplified product hybrid are then immobilised on a streptavidin-coated microtitre plate, bound products are detected by an ant ...	1997	9504752
[current status of animal rabies in france].	the main host reservoir and vector of rabies in western europe is the red fox (vulpes vulpes). a vaccination strategy for this species has been developed and tested in switzerland since 1978. results indicate that the vaccine which is administered in spring and autumn for at least two consecutive years is more effective than destruction by shooting or gassing the animals. the same approach using bait containing increasingly effective and safe vaccines has been in use in france since 1986. by cre ...	1997	9513178
rabies infection and specific effect of vaccination in mice selected for high and low immunobiological parameters.	innate and acquired resistance to rabies infection was investigated in mice genetically selected for high (h) or low (l) antibody responsiveness from selections i, iii and iv and in mice selected for maximal (airmax) or minimal (airmin) acute inflammatory reaction. these mouse lines were infected intramuscularly with different virus dilutions and the ld50 was determined. the hiii and hiv mouse lines were more susceptible than the liii and liv lines and the hi line showed a discrete but higher re ...	1997	9532239
rabies risk and immunoprophylaxis in children.		1997	9544314
seroepidemiological survey of sympatric domestic and wild dogs (lycaon pictus) in tsumkwe district, north-eastern namibia.	disease is a potential threat to many endangered populations and may originate from sympatric domestic species. this paper describes a cross-sectional serological survey of canine pathogens carried out in domestic (n = 70) and wild dogs (lycoan pictus) (n = 6), in tsumkwe district, northeastern namibia. evidence of past exposure to canine distemper virus, canine adenovirus and parainfluenza virus was evident in both wild and domestic dogs with this, the first, documented exposure of free-living ...	1997	9551484
the role and importance of endre hogyes in the history of hungarian microbiology.		1997	9554171
human rabies--montana and washington, 1997.	on january 5 and january 18, 1997, respectively, a man in montana and a man in washington died of neurologic illnesses initially suspected to be creutzfeldt-jakob disease (cjd) but diagnosed as rabies encephalitis during subsequent histologic examination on autopsy. the cases were not linked epidemiologically, and no secondary cases occurred. postexposure prophylaxis (pep) was administered to 113 potential contacts. this report summarizes the clinical presentations of the cases and the epidemiol ...	1997	9272584
procedures for reproducible detection of rabies virus antigen mrna and genome in situ in formalin-fixed tissues.	procedures allowing the reproducible in situ detection of rabies virus antigen and rnas (both genome and message) in formalin-fixed tissue are described. these procedures can be used on sequential tissue sections and thereby permit comparison of results from tests detecting both antigen and rna in the same tissue. this antigen-detecting procedure has also been used to identify both the phylogenetically distant rabies viruses from silver-haired bat and vampire bat and the rabies-related viruses m ...	1997	9274812
a cxcr4/cd4 pseudotype rhabdovirus that selectively infects hiv-1 envelope protein-expressing cells.	we show that a cellular virus receptor functions in the envelope of a virus, allowing selective infection of cells displaying the receptor ligand. a g-deficient rabies virus (rv) pseudotyped with cd4- and cxcr4-derived proteins selectively infected cells expressing hiv-1 envelope protein. envelope protein or cd4 antibodies blocked virus entry. pseudotype virus formation was most efficient with chimeric receptor proteins possessing the cytoplasmic tail of the rv g spike protein (cxcr4-rv and cd4- ...	1997	9298896
phage-displayed and soluble mouse scfv fragments neutralize rabies virus.	a phage-display technology was used to produce a single-chain fv antibody fragment (scfv) from the 30aa5 hybridoma secreting anti-glycoprotein monoclonal antibody (mab) that neutralizes rabies virus. scfv was constructed and then cloned for expression as a protein fusion with the g3p minor coat protein of filamentous phage. the display of antibody fragment on the phage surface allows its selection by affinity using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa); the selected scfv fragment was prod ...	1997	9300387
from the centers for disease control and prevention. human rabies--montana and washington, 1997.		1997	9302227
raccoon poxvirus live recombinant feline panleukopenia virus vp2 and rabies virus glycoprotein bivalent vaccine.	a raccoon poxvirus (rcnv) recombinant for immunizing against feline panleukopenia and rabies was developed by homologous recombination with a chimeric plasmid for insertional inactivation of the rcnv thymidine kinase gene. the recombinant, rcn-fpv/vp2-rabg, coexpressed the feline panleukopenia virus (fpv) vp2 protein and the rabies virus spike glycoprotein (rabg) under oppositely oriented vaccinia virus p11 promoters. cats vaccinated subcutaneously with the recombinant showed relatively high neu ...	1997	9302762
an acute neurologic syndrome temporally associated with postexposure treatment of rabies.		1997	9310532
ambisense gene expression from recombinant rabies virus: random packaging of positive- and negative-strand ribonucleoprotein complexes into rabies virions.	we have recovered from cdna a rabies virus (rv) containing identical, transcriptionally active promoters at its genome (negative-strand) and antigenome rna and directing efficient expression of a chloramphenicol acetyltransferase (cat) reporter gene from the antigenome. transcription of the antigenome cat gene was terminated by a modified rv gene junction able to mediate transcription stop and polyadenylation but not reinitiation of downstream transcripts. while in standard rv-infected cells gen ...	1997	9311803
immune response to simulated postexposure rabies booster vaccinations in volunteers who received preexposure vaccinations.	several studies of the efficacy of intradermal postexposure rabies vaccination have shown that this procedure is safe, effective, and cost saving. less is known about the reliability of the present world health organization (who)-approved intradermal preexposure regimen, which consists of three 0.1-ml doses that are generally given on days 0, 7, and 28. previous studies have shown that neutralizing antibody responses are lower and of shorter duration in subjects given the reduced-dose intraderma ...	1997	9314448
quarantine changes take effect in hawaii.		1997	9333077
[rabid hedgehog in inner-city area of budapest].	a family found a hedgehog in the inner-city area of budapest (1st district, castle quarter). while playing with it, the four members of the family got beslavered by the hedgehog who then died. the dead animal was subjected to obligatory veterinarian examination abduction, and it proved to be rabid. all members of the family had to be inoculated against rabies as the probability of infection could not be excluded by the epidemiological examination. surveying the available literature, if could not ...	1997	9333732
antigen-specific immune responses in cattle with inherited beta2-integrin deficiency.	the significance of beta2-integrins for the generation of antigen-specific immune responses in vivo was studied employing the bovine model of beta2-integrin deficiency. to that end four cattle with bovine leukocyte adhesion deficiency (blad) and healthy age-matched controls were immunized with tetanus toxoid (tt) and rabies virus (rv) vaccines three times in monthly intervals. in addition, two animals with blad and three controls received a fourth vaccination 8 months after the start of the stud ...	1997	9343338
molecular mimicry between the rabies virus glycoprotein and human immunodeficiency virus-1 gp120: cross-reacting antibodies induced by rabies vaccination.	the 160-170 sequence of human immunodeficiency virus (hiv)-1 gp120 mimics a nicotinic receptor-binding motif of rabies virus glycoprotein and snake neurotoxins. this sequence has been proposed to be involved in the binding of hiv-1 gp120 to the acetylcholine binding sites of nicotinic receptors. by using biomolecular interaction analysis (bia) technology we have found that hiv-1 gp120 can bind to detergent-extracted nicotinic receptor from fetal calf muscle. the binding is inhibited by nicotine ...	1997	9345046
the long incubation period in rabies: delayed progression of infection in muscle at the site of exposure.	the striped skunk (mephitis mephitis) is a host of rabies in large areas of canada and the united states. in each of two experiments, equal numbers of skunks in two groups were inoculated intramuscularly with low doses of a field strain of rabies virus (street rabies virus). in each experiment, skunks in one group surviving to 2 months were killed at this time and selected tissues were used for examination by the polymerase chain reaction (pcr) method or by immunohistochemistry for rabies antige ...	1997	9224533
rabies virus infection of imr-32 human neuroblastoma cells and effect of neurochemical and other agents.	imr-32 human neuroblastoma cells are a continuous nerve cell line expressing neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors. these cells were found to be susceptible to infection by rabies virus (cvs strain). after infection, viral antigen accumulated in the cell body in puncta and larger masses and spread out into the processes until at 3-4 days the entire cell was filled with antigen and lysed. a variety of chemical agents including cholinergic agonists and antagonists were tested for ability to i ...	1997	9224959
immune response following a vaccination campaign against rabies in dogs from northwestern spain.	a cross-sectional study was carried out to determine the seroprevalence of antibodies to the rabies virus in 156 vaccinated dogs from two provinces in the castilla y león autonomous community (northwest spain). an obligatory anti-rabies programme is currently in place in this region. seroprevalence was established by an indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. of the 156 animals tested, 91 (58.3%) were positive (titres of 0.5 iu ml-1 or above). however, soria province showed a significantly h ...	1997	9234449
nanogram quantities of plasmid dna encoding the rabies virus glycoprotein protect mice against lethal rabies virus infection.	vaccination against virus infections has proven to be an effective strategy in the improvement of human health. in this study, we evaluated two plasmid dna vaccines expressing the glycoprotein (g) gene of the challenge virus standard (cvs) rabies virus for their ability to elicit neutralizing antibody and protect balb/cbyj mice against lethal rabies virus challenge. a single inoculation of 10 micrograms of plasmid dna encoding g protected 100% of the intramuscularly (i.m.) vaccinated mice, and 0 ...	1997	9234541
the effect of interferon-gamma on genetic immunization.	the effect of co-inoculation of a plasmid vector expressing the rabies virus glycoprotein and an additional vector encoding mouse interferon (ifn)-gamma on the development of an antigen specific b and t helper cell response was tested upon intramuscular inoculation of mice. the effect of ifn-gamma was dependent on the promoter driving expression of the viral antigen. the immune responses to antigen-expressing vector carrying a viral promoter such as the sv40 early promoter or the major histocomp ...	1997	9234542
[transmission of rabies virus: importance of the species barrier].	the authors describe experimental inoculations of different animal species with either the wild-type rabies virus or the modified one through in vivo or in vitro passages. with these experiments, it was possible to determine the 50% lethal dose of these viruses for these species, and to thus quantify the importance of the species barrier that opposes, in particular, the transmission of vulpine rabies to cats and dogs (respectively 10(5) and 10(6) times more resistant than foxes). studies were al ...	1997	9235229
partial inhibition of the in vitro infection of adult mouse dorsal root ganglion neurons by rabies virus using nicotinic antagonists.	the infection of target cells by rabies virus is effected through membrane receptors. several authors have suggested that nicotinic receptors could be used by this virus, but no direct experimental evidence is available. in this study mouse dorsal root ganglia cells were treated with various nicotinic antagonists (dihydro-beta-eritroidine, mecamilamine, d-tubocurarin, hexametonium, alpha-bungarotoxin and erabutoxin). after incubation, the cultures were infected with rabies virus. cells were fixe ...	1997	9237492
zoonoses control. human rabies, kentucky and montana, 1996.		1997	9240029
postexposure rabies prophylaxis.		1997	9258793
evaluation of post-exposure vaccination against rabies in cattle.	post-exposure vaccination of bovines against rabies with three anti-rabies vaccines viz. bhk21 cell culture inactivated vaccine. "raksharab", vero cell culture vaccine and semple's vaccine was studied with different schedules of vaccination. the mean rffit and elisa titres of animals vaccinated with raksharab and vero cell culture vaccine reached a peak 95 days post-exposure (dpe). the animals vaccinated with semple's vaccine showed maximum rffit and elisa titres on 40 dpe and the titres were lo ...	1997	9258949
innocuity studies of sag-2 oral rabies vaccine in various zimbabwean wild non-target species.	the sag-2 modified live rabies vaccine was tested for innocuity when administered by the oral route in several potential wild non-target bait-consuming species, as follows: ten chacma baboons (papio ursinus), six african civets (civettictis civetta), six slender mongooses (galerella sanguinea), six honey badgers (mellivora capensis), six large-spotted genets (genetta tigrina), 39 multi-mammate mice (mastomys natalensis), 26 bushveld gerbils (tatera leucogaster) and six pied crows (corvus albus). ...	1997	9261938
knowledge and attitudes of residents in two areas of massachusetts about rabies and an oral vaccination program in wildlife.	to compare public knowledge and attitudes about rabies and an oral rabies vaccination program in raccoons.	1997	9262668
incorporation of t cell counterparts in the fusion partners for generation of human monoclonal antibodies from staphylococcus aureus stimulated b lymphocytes.	b cell growth and differentiation into immunoglobulin secreting cells is controlled by various cytokines and cell to cell contact with t cells. fusion partner for human hybridoma therefore should accommodate all or some of these signaling systems to overcome the unique situation of mhc incompatibility, need for specific growth factors simultaneously taking into consideration the downstream processing of the product for the clinical use. we have thus directed our efforts towards the development o ...	1997	9265502
results of a survey to assess knowledge and expectations of veterinarians and their clients regarding heartworm preventives and vaccinations in dogs.	to determine the knowledge and expectations of veterinarians and clients regarding heartworm preventives and annual vaccinations for dogs.	1997	9267503
emergence of raccoon rabies in connecticut, 1991-1994: spatial and temporal characteristics of animal infection and human contact.	the north american raccoon rabies epizootic continues to expand, now affecting most of new england. in 1990, raccoons became the vertebrate most often reported rabid in the united states. emergence of this zoonosis poses increasing, but poorly defined risks to humans. this study analyzed various demographic, environmental, and behavioral factors associated with animal infection and human exposure before and during the epizootic in connecticut. rabies virus infections among terrestrial vertebrate ...	1997	9347964
heminested pcr assay for detection of six genotypes of rabies and rabies-related viruses.	a heminested reverse transcriptase pcr (hnrt-pcr) protocol which is rapid and sensitive for the detection of rabies virus and rabies-related viruses is described. sixty isolates from six of the seven genotypes of rabies and rabies-related viruses were screened successfully by hnrt-pcr and southern blot hybridization. of the 60 isolates, 93% (56 of 60) were positive by external pcr, while all isolates were detected by heminested pcr and southern blot hybridization. we also report on a comparison ...	1997	9350729
natural spillover of a distinctly canidae-associated biotype of rabies virus into an expanded wildlife host range in southern africa.	rabies enzootics in southern africa are associated with two genetically distinct groups of viruses, thought to be adapted to two different sets of host species. the virus groups are referred to as the canid biotype (infecting carnivores of the family canidae) and the viverrid biotype (infecting carnivores of the subfamily viverrinae). cross- or spillover infections of one biotype into the host range of the other are thought to occur from time to time. however, very little is known about this phe ...	1997	9354274