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transcriptional regulation of inflammatory and extracellular matrix-regulating genes in cerebral arteries following experimental subarachnoid hemorrhage in rats. laboratory investigation.subarachnoid hemorrhage (sah) results in the expression of inflammatory and extracellular matrix (ecm)-related genes and various g protein-coupled receptors. in the present study, the authors evaluated the time course and sequence of the transduction pathways, p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (mapk) and extracellular signal-regulated kinase-1 and 2 (erk1/2), and associated transcription factor activation as well as gene regulation and associated protein levels.200717977275
equol, a metabolite of the soybean isoflavone daidzein, inhibits neoplastic cell transformation by targeting the mek/erk/p90rsk/activator protein-1 pathway.daidzein and genistein are isoflavones found in soybean. genistein is known to exhibit anticarcinogenic activities and inhibit tyrosine kinase activity. however, the underlying molecular mechanisms of the chemopreventive activities of daidzein and its metabolite, equol, are not understood. here we report that equol inhibits 12-o-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (tpa)-induced neoplastic transformation of jb6 p+ mouse epidermal cells by targeting the mek/erk/p90rsk/activator protein-1 signaling pat ...200717724030
evidence of parelaphostrongylus tenuis infections in free-ranging elk (cervus elaphus) in southern ontario.the antemortem detection of a parelaphostrongylus tenuis infection in a free-ranging wild elk (cervus elaphus) in southern ontario is documented. postmortems on other free-ranging elk that died during 2000-2005 indicated that 59% (17/29) were infected with p. tenuis, based on presence of lesions in the brain.200718050795
environmental conditions in early life influence ageing rates in a wild population of red deer. 200718054756
intra-uterine transmission of mycobacterium avium subsp paratuberculosis in subclinically affected red deer (cervus elaphus).to determine the rate of transmission of mycobacterium avium subsp paratuberculosis (m. ptb) from hind to fetus in utero, and the risk of transmission from dam to fawn via infected colostrum and milk in subclinically affected red deer hinds.200718059649
spatial regulation of raf kinase signaling by rktg.subcellular compartmentalization has become an important theme in cell signaling such as spatial regulation of ras by rasgrp1 and mek/erk by sef. here, we report spatial regulation of raf kinase by rktg (raf kinase trapping to golgi). rktg is a seven-transmembrane protein localized at the golgi apparatus. rktg expression inhibits egf-stimulated erk and rsk phosphorylation, blocks ngf-mediated pc12 cell differentiation, and antagonizes ras- and raf-1-stimulated elk-1 transactivation. through inte ...200717724343
febrile response and decrease in circulating lymphocytes following acute infection of white-tailed deer fawns with either a bvdv1 or a bvdv2 strain.although commonly associated with infection in cattle, bovine viral diarrhea viruses (bvdv) also replicate in many domestic and wildlife species, including cervids. bovine viral diarrhea viruses have been isolated from a number of cervids, including mule deer (odocoileus hemionus), european roe deer (capreolus capreolus), red deer (cervus elaphus), white-tailed deer (odocoileus virginianus), and mouse deer (tragulus javanicus), but little information is available regarding clinical presentation ...200717984260
dna-based identification of a hepatic trematode in an elk calf.liver fluke infection was identified as a probable cause of clinical disease in an approximately 6-mo-old elk (cervus elaphus) in coastal oregon. clinical pathology and necropsy findings are described. the alcohol-fixed flukes that were submitted for identification were similar in size to fasciola hepatica, but their shape resembled fascioloides magna in that they lacked a distinctive anterior cone. a few structures consistent with the eggs of f. magna were observed in liver lesions, suggesting ...200717984277
elk use of wallows and potential chronic wasting disease transmission.deposition of prions into the environment by infected animals may contribute to transmission and spread of chronic wasting disease (cwd) among free-ranging cervids, and identification of such environmental sources may provide an avenue for managing cwd. we evaluated the role that wallow use by elk (cervus elaphus) may play in cwd transmission by monitoring wallows with animal-activated cameras throughout their period of use. we monitored 39 wallows from 5 august 2005 to 14 october 2005. elk visi ...200717984281
mapk-erk activation in kidney of male rats chronically fed ochratoxin a at a dose causing a significant incidence of renal carcinoma.kidney samples of male fischer 344 (f-344) rats fed a carcinogenic dose of ota over 7 days, 21 days and 12 months were analysed for various cell signalling proteins known to be potentially involved in chemical carcinogenicity. ota was found to increase the phosphorylation of atypical-pkc. this was correlated with a selective downstream activation of the map-kinase extracellular regulated kinases isoforms 1 and 2 (erk1/2) and of their substrates elk1/2 and p90rsk. moreover, analysis of effectors ...200717651772
[effect of precursor of brain-derived neurotrophic factor on hippocampal neuron survival and its mechanism].to explore the effect of precursor of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (probdnf) on cultured hippocampal neuron and its intracellular mechanism.200718007074
effects of supplemental feeding on gastrointestinal parasite infection in elk (cervus elaphus): preliminary observations.the effects of management practices on the spread and impact of parasites and infectious diseases in wildlife and domestic animals are of increasing concern worldwide, particularly in cases where management of wild species can influence disease spill-over into domestic animals. in the greater yellowstone ecosystem, usa, winter supplemental feeding of rocky mountain elk (cervus elaphus) may enhance parasite and disease transmission by aggregating elk on feedgrounds. in this study, we tested the e ...200717692464
inhibition of calcineurin-nfat signaling by the pyrazolopyrimidine compound nci3.dephosphorylation of nfat by the ca(2+)-calmodulin-dependent ser/thr protein phosphatase calcineurin is a bottleneck of t cell receptor-dependent activation of t cells. in dimeric complexes with immunophilins, the immunosuppressants cyclosporine a (csa) and tacrolimus (fk506) block this process by inhibition of the enzymatic activity of calcineurin. we have identified the pyrazolopyrimidine compound nci3 as a novel inhibitor of calcineurin-nfat signaling. similar to csa and fk506, nci3 inhibits ...200717694572
molecular characterization of the rocky mountain elk (cervus elaphus nelsoni) prnp putative promoter.chronic wasting disease (cwd) is a transmissible spongiform encephalopathy (tse) affecting deer (odocoileus spp.), moose (alces alces), and rocky mountain elk (cervus elaphus nelsoni). leucine homozygosity at elk prnp codon 132 has been associated with reduced cwd susceptibility. however, naturally acquired cwd has been detected in elk possessing the 132 leu/leu genotype. recent human and bovine studies indicate that prnp regulatory polymorphisms may also influence tse occurrence. therefore, we ...200718032463
female red deer prefer the roars of larger males.surprisingly little is known about the role of acoustic cues in mammal female mate choice. here, we examine the response of female red deer (cervus elaphus) to male roars in which an acoustic cue to body size, the formants, has been re-scaled to simulate different size callers. our results show that oestrous red deer hinds prefer roars simulating larger callers and constitute the first evidence that female mammals use an acoustic cue to body size in a mate choice context. we go on to suggest tha ...200717550876
expanding the repertoire of an erk2 recruitment site: cysteine footprinting identifies the d-recruitment site as a mediator of ets-1 binding.many substrates of erk2 contain a d-site, a sequence recognized by erk2 that is used to promote catalysis. despite lacking a canonical d-site, the substrate ets-1 is displaced from erk2 by peptides containing one. this suggests that ets-1 may contain a novel or cryptic d-site. to investigate this possibility a protein footprinting strategy was developed to elucidate erk2-ligand interactions. using this approach, single cysteine reporters were placed in the d-recruitment site (drs) of erk2 and th ...200717658891
the anti-apoptotic protein pea-15 is a tight binding inhibitor of erk1 and erk2, which blocks docking interactions at the d-recruitment site.pea-15 is a small anti-apoptotic protein that is enriched in astrocytes, but expressed in a broad range of tissues. it sequesters the protein kinases erk1 and 2 in the cytoplasm, thereby limiting their proximity to nuclear substrates. using a fluorescence anisotropy approach, pea-15 is shown to be a high-affinity ligand for both erk1 and 2, exhibiting a dissociation constant in the range of kd = 0.2-0.4 microm, regardless of their activation states. neither the phosphorylation of pea-15 (phospho ...200717658892
the dispersal of vascular plants in a forest mosaic by a guild of mammalian herbivores.endozochorous seed dispersal by herbivores can affect plant spatial dynamics and macroecological patterns. we have investigated the number and species composition of viable seeds deposited in faeces of a full guild of macroherbivores (four deer and two lagomorph species) in a forest in eastern britain. one hundred and one plant species germinated from faecal pellet material, 85 of which were among the 247 vascular plant species recorded in the forest. however, three species - chenopodium album, ...200717661087
the tumor suppressor cyld regulates entry into mitosis.mutations in the cylindromatosis (cyld) gene cause benign tumors of skin appendages, referred to as cylindromas. the cyld gene encodes a deubiquitinating enzyme that removes lys-63-linked ubiquitin chains from i kappa b kinase signaling components and thereby inhibits nf-kappab pathway activation. the dysregulation of nf-kappab activity has been proposed to promote cell transformation in part by increasing apoptosis resistance, but it is not clear whether this is cyld's only or predominant tumor ...200717495026
several transcription factors regulate cox-2 gene expression in pancreatic beta-cells.cyclooxygenase-2 (cox-2) expression is associated with many aspects of physiological and pathological conditions, including pancreatic beta-cell dysfunction. prostaglandin e2 (pge2) production, as a consequence of cox-2 gene induction, has been reported to impair beta-cell function. the molecular mechanisms involved in the regulation of cox-2 gene expression are not fully understood. in this report, we used pancreatic beta-cells (rinm5f) to explore the potential transcription factors regulating ...200717505916
feasibility of using coyotes (canis latrans) as sentinels for bovine mycobacteriosis (mycobacterium bovis) infection in wild cervids in and around riding mountain national park, manitoba, canada.elk (cervus elaphus manitobensis) and white-tailed deer (odocoileus virginianus) in the riding mountain national park (rmnp) region of southwestern manitoba have been identified as a likely wildlife reservoir of mycobacterium bovis, the causative agent of bovine mycobacteriosis in livestock. the feasibility of using coyotes (canis latrans) collected from trappers as a sentinel species was investigated. retropharyngeal, mesenteric, and colonic lymph nodes and tonsils collected at necropsy from 82 ...200717699081
paresis and death in elk (cervus elaphus) due to lichen intoxication in wyoming.during february-april 2004, an estimated 400-500 free-ranging elk (cervus elaphus) developed paresis, became recumbent, and died or were euthanized in the red rim wildlife habitat management area (rrwhma), wyoming, usa. elk were found in sternal recumbency, alert and responsive, but unable to rise. their condition progressed to lateral recumbency followed by dehydration, obtundation, and death. gross lesions were limited to degenerative myopathy, with pallor and streaking in skeletal muscles. mi ...200717699088
evaluation of repetitive extragenic palindromic-pcr for discrimination of fecal escherichia coli from humans, and different domestic- and wild-animals.the objective of this study was to investigate the potential of repetitive extragenic palindromic anchored polymerase chain reaction (rep-pcr) in differentiating fecal escherichia coli isolates of human, domestic- and wild-animal origin that might be used as a molecular tool to identify the possible source(s) of fecal pollution of source water. a total of 625 fecal e. coli isolates of human, 3 domestic- (cow, dog and horse) and 7 wild-animal (black bear, coyote, elk, marmot, mule deer, raccoon a ...200717704635
testosterone and male fertility in red deer. 200717510345
reconciling divergent interpretations of quaking aspen decline on the northern colorado front range.ecologists have debated over the past 65 years whether quaking aspen (populus tremuloides michx.) has or has not declined in abundance, vigor, or regeneration in western north america. many studies have provided divergent interpretations of the condition of aspen forests, leading to difficulty in translating this ecological information into management recommendations. to reconcile these contrasting conclusions and to test the hypothesis that multiple types of aspen decline and persistence occur ...200717708209
bladder inflammatory transcriptome in response to tachykinins: neurokinin 1 receptor-dependent genes and transcription regulatory elements.tachykinins (tk), such as substance p, and their neurokinin receptors which are ubiquitously expressed in the human urinary tract, represent an endogenous system regulating bladder inflammatory, immune responses, and visceral hypersensitivity. increasing evidence correlates alterations in the tk system with urinary tract diseases such as neurogenic bladders, outflow obstruction, idiopathic detrusor instability, and interstitial cystitis. however, despite promising effects in animal models, there ...200717519035
basic fibroblast growth factor activates the mapk and nfkappab pathways that converge on elk-1 to control production of matrix metalloproteinase-13 by human adult articular chondrocytes.the pathology of joint destruction is associated with elevated production of basic fibroblast growth factor (bfgf) and matrix metalloproteinase-13 (mmp-13). in osteoarthritic joint disease, expression of bfgf and mmp-13 in chondrocytes and their release into the synovial fluid are significantly increased. we have previously found that the capacity for cartilage repair in human adult articular chondrocytes is severely compromised by minimal exposure to bfgf because bfgf reduces responsiveness to ...200717724016
red deer cloned from antler stem cells and their differentiated progeny.the significance of donor cell differentiation status for successful cloning by somatic cell nuclear transfer (scnt) is unclear. here, we cloned a new species, red deer (cervus elaphus), from multipotent antler stem cells and their differentiated progeny. cultured donor cell lines from male antlerogenic periosteum (ap) were left undifferentiated or chemically induced to initiate osteogenesis or adipogenesis. based on their morphology and marker gene expression profile, donor cells were classifie ...200717522075
ser170 controls the conformational multiplicity of the loop 166-175 in prion proteins: implication for conversion and species barrier.the self-perpetuating conversion of cellular prion proteins (prp(c)) into an aggregated beta-sheet rich conformation is associated with transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (tse). the loop 166-175 (l1) in prp(c), which displays sequence and structural variation among species, has been suggested to play a role in species barrier, in particular against transmission of tse from cervids to domestic and laboratory animals. l1 is ordered in elk prp, as well as in a mouse/elk hybrid (in which l1 o ...200717522379
comparative analysis of the activation of map/erk kinases in the cns of animals with different learning abilities.western blot analysis was used to study the activation of map/erk protein kinases responsible for controlling gene expression via phosphorylation of transcription factors creb and elk-1 in native common snails and animals with impaired abilities to form long-term types of conditioned aversive reflexes. different periods of the formation of this reflex were found to be characterized by different levels of activation of map-erk kinases. the extents of activation of map-erk kinase cascade were diff ...200717763991
outbreak of mycobacterium bovis infection in a wild animal park.an outbreak of tuberculosis due to mycobacterium bovis occurred in a wild animal park. three pot-bellied pigs (sus scrofa vittatus), one red deer (cervus elaphus), one buffalo (bison bonasus) and two european lynxes (lynx lynx) were affected and showed clinical signs including weight loss, enlarged lymph nodes and paralysis of the hindlimbs. postmortem examinations revealed multifocal granulomatous lesions in various organs, including the lymph nodes, lungs, intestines, kidneys and the central n ...200717766809
levels of abnormal prion protein in deer and elk with chronic wasting disease.chronic wasting disease (cwd) of deer and elk is a widespread health concern because its potential for crossspecies transmission is undetermined. cwd prevalence in wild elk is much lower than its prevalence in wild deer, and whether cwd-infected deer and elk differ in ability to infect other species is unknown. because lymphoid tissues are important in the pathogenesis of some transmissible spongiform encephalopathies such as sheep scrapie, we investigated whether cwd-affected elk and deer diffe ...200717553219
molecular targets of curcumin.curcumin possesses anti-inflammatory activity and is a potent inhibitor of reactive-oxygen-generating enzymes such as lipoxygenase/cyclooxygenase, xanthine dehydrogenase/oxidase, and inducible nitric oxide synthase (inos); it is an effective inducer of heme oxygenase-1. curcumin is also a potent inhibitor of protein kinase c (pkc), egf-receptor tyrosine kinase, and ikappab kinase. subsequently, curcumin inhibits the activation of nf-kb and the expressions of oncogenes including c-jun, c-fos, c-m ...200717569214
abomasal and uterine adenocarcinomas with ovarian metastasis in a captive elk (cervus elaphus nelsoni).a captive, 20-year-old female elk (cervus elaphus nelsoni) euthanized due to progressive lameness and weight loss was presented to colorado state university veterinary diagnostic laboratory for postmortem examination. within the uterus there was a poorly demarcated, multilobulated mass measuring 10 cm in diameter. histologically the tumor was an adenocarcinoma. histologic examination of the ovaries revealed unilateral metastasis. a focal, 1-cm diameter adenocarcinoma was identified within the ab ...200717823404
outbreak of parasitic peritonitis in reindeer in finland.in 2003, there was an outbreak of peritonitis in reindeer in the southern and middle part of the finnish reindeer herding area caused by the filarioid nematode setaria species. in the province of oulu, the proportion of reindeer viscera condemned owing to parasitic lesions increased from 4.9 per cent in 2001 to 40.1 per cent in 2003. in 2004, the focus of the outbreak moved approximately 100 km north. a total of 260 adult and pre-adult setaria species nematodes were collected for morphological a ...200717575247
admixture and patterns of linkage disequilibrium in a free-living vertebrate population.linkage disequilibrium (ld), a measure of nonrandom association of alleles at different loci, is of great interest to evolutionary geneticists as it can be used to help identify loci that explain phenotypic variation. surveys of the extent of ld across genomes have been carried out in a number of systems, most notably humans and model organisms. however, studies of natural populations of vertebrates have rarely been performed. here, we describe an investigation of ld in a free-living island popu ...200717584236
sperm traits and male fertility in natural populations.male fertility has seldom been studied in natural populations because it has been assumed that strong selection would result in uniformly high values among males, and therefore mating success has been equated with fertilisation success. in contrast, male fertility has received much attention in studies of domestic livestock, where economic benefits rely on improving productivity, and in human infertility studies, where the efficiency of treatments depends on understanding which ejaculate traits ...200717641085
morphometric and immunohistochemical study of the abomasum of red deer during prenatal development.the red deer is well suited to scientific study, given its economic importance as an animal to be hunted, and because it has a rich genetic heritage. however, there has been little research into the prenatal development of the stomach of ruminants in general, and none for the red deer. for this reason, we undertook histological evaluation of the ontogenesis of the abomasum in red deer. histomorphometric and immunohistochemical analyses were carried out on 50 embryos and fetuses from the initial ...200717645454
species barriers for chronic wasting disease by in vitro conversion of prion protein.chronic wasting disease (cwd) is a transmissible spongiform encephalopathy that can affect north american cervids (deer, elk, and moose). using a novel in vitro conversion system based on incubation of prions with normal brain homogenates, we now report that prp(cwd) of elk can readily induce the conversion of normal cervid prp (prp(c)) molecules to a protease-resistant form, but is less efficient in converting the prp(c) of other species, such as human, bovine, hamster, and mouse. however, when ...200717964288
are distributions of secondary osteon variants useful for interpreting load history in mammalian bones?in cortical bone, basic multicellular units (bmus) produce secondary osteons that mediate adaptations, including variations in their population densities and cross-sectional areas. additional important bmu-related adaptations might include atypical secondary osteon morphologies (zoned, connected, drifting, elongated, multiple canal). these variants often reflect osteonal branching that enhances toughness by increasing interfacial (cement line) complexity. if these characteristics correlate with ...200717587802
amitriptyline induces early growth response-1 gene expression via erk and jnk mitogen-activated protein kinase pathways in rat c6 glial cells.astrocytes play important roles in guiding the construction of the nervous system, controlling extracellular ions and neurotransmitters, and regulating cns synaptogenesis. egr-1 is a transcription factor involved in neuronal differentiation and astrocyte cell proliferation. in this study, we investigated whether the tricyclic antidepressant (tca) amitriptyline induces egr-1 expression in astrocytes using rat c6 glioma cells as a model. we found that amitriptyline increased the expression of egr- ...200717590509
alternatively spliced isoforms of the human elk-1 mrna within the 5' utr: implications for elk-1 expression.the expression of cellular proteins that play central roles in the regulation of cell growth and differentiation is frequently tightly controlled at the level of translation initiation. in this article, we provide evidence that the ets domain transcription factor elk-1 forms part of this class of genes. its mrna 5' utr is composed of a complexed mosaic of elements, including uaugs, uorfs and rna structure, that interplay to modulate ribosomal access to the elk-1 aug start codon. superimposed upo ...200717591614
activation of the human t-cell leukemia virus type 1 long terminal repeat by the ternary complex factor elk-1.serum response factor (srf) was recently shown to bind and activate the human t-cell leukemia virus type 1 (htlv-1) promoter at bases -116 to -125 relative to the transcription start site. in addition to the srf binding site (carg box), serum response elements (sre) also typically contain a binding site for a member of the ternary complex factor (tcf) family. here we demonstrate the presence of two tcf binding sites upstream of the viral carg box. binding of the tcf family member elk-1 to these ...200717898074
isolation and characterisation of a ruminant alphaherpesvirus closely related to bovine herpesvirus 1 in a free-ranging red deer.the genus varicellovirus of the herpesviridae subfamily alphaherpesvirinae includes a cluster of viruses antigenically and genetically related to bovine herpesvirus 1 (bohv-1): namely bovine herpesvirus 5 (bohv-5), bubaline herpesvirus 1 (buhv-1), caprine herpesvirus 1 (cphv-1), cervid herpesviruses 1 (cvhv-1) and 2 (cvhv-2) and elk herpesvirus 1 (elkhv-1). considering the serological relationship between these ruminant alphaherpesviruses, several surveys have studied the occurrence of bohv-1 re ...200717903260
landscape heterogeneity shapes predation in a newly restored predator-prey system.because some native ungulates have lived without top predators for generations, it has been uncertain whether runaway predation would occur when predators are newly restored to these systems. we show that landscape features and vegetation, which influence predator detection and capture of prey, shape large-scale patterns of predation in a newly restored predator-prey system. we analysed the spatial distribution of wolf (canis lupus) predation on elk (cervus elaphus) on the northern range of yell ...200717594424
sexually antagonistic genetic variation for fitness in red deer.evolutionary theory predicts the depletion of genetic variation in natural populations as a result of the effects of selection, but genetic variation is nevertheless abundant for many traits that are under directional or stabilizing selection. evolutionary geneticists commonly try to explain this paradox with mechanisms that lead to a balance between mutation and selection. however, theoretical predictions of equilibrium genetic variance under mutation-selection balance are usually lower than th ...200717597758
up-regulation of early growth response gene 1 (egr-1) via erk1/2 signals attenuates sulindac sulfide-mediated cytotoxicity in the human intestinal epithelial cells.non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (nsaids) are used to relieve pain and inflammation and have also received considerable attention because of their preventive effects against human cancer. however, the drug application is sometimes limited by the severe gastrointestinal ulcers and mucosal complications. in the present study, nsaid sulindac sulfide was investigated for the cytotoxic injury in the intestinal epithelial cells in association with an immediate inducible factor, early growth respo ...200717599376
irruptive population dynamics in yellowstone pronghorn.irruptive population dynamics appear to be widespread in large herbivore populations, but there are few empirical examples from long time series with small measurement error and minimal harvests. we analyzed an 89-year time series of counts and known removals for pronghorn (antilocapra americana) in yellowstone national park of the western united states during 1918-2006 using a suite of density-dependent, density-independent, and irruptive models to determine if the population exhibited irruptiv ...200717913126
requirement for erk map kinase in mouse preimplantation development.preimplantation development is a crucial step for successful implantation and pregnancy. although both compaction and blastocyst formation have been extensively studied, mechanisms regulating the early cell division stages before compaction have remained unclear. here, we show that extracellular signal regulated kinase (erk) mitogen-activated protein (map) kinase function is required for early embryonic cell division before compaction. our analysis demonstrates that inhibition of erk activation ...200717611221
elk browsing increases aboveground growth of water-stressed willows by modifying plant architecture.in the northern elk wintering range of yellowstone national park, usa, wolf (canis lupus) removal allowed elk (cervus elaphus) to overbrowse riparian woody plants, leading to the exclusion of beaver (castor canadensis) and a subsequent water table decline in many small stream valleys. reduced elk browsing following wolf reintroduction may or may not facilitate willow (salix sp.) recovery in these areas. to determine if the effect of elk browsing on willow interacts with that of beaver abandonmen ...200717934763
development and evaluation of a real-time reverse transcription-pcr assay for quantification of gamma interferon mrna to diagnose tuberculosis in multiple animal species.tuberculosis of free-ranging and captive wildlife, including species implicated in the maintenance and transmission of mycobacterium bovis, is a difficult disease to diagnose and control. historically, diagnosis of tuberculosis has relied largely upon assays of cell-mediated immunity (cmi), such as tuberculin skin testing. this approach, however, is problematic or impractical for use with many wildlife species. increasingly, in vitro diagnostic tests, including gamma interferon (ifn-gamma)-based ...200717942606
alteration of mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway after soman poisoning.the p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (mapk) and activated mapk transcription factors c-jun, c-myc, and elk-1 were investigated in rat enterocytes after sublethal poisoning with soman to study the pathogenetic mechanism of nonspecific long-term effects of nerve agents. wistar rats were poisoned by intramuscular administration of soman at a dose 60 microg x kg(-1) (70% ld(50)) and sacrificed by cervical dislocation 3 and 5 days after poisoning. control groups were administered physiologic sali ...200717613012
oral transmissibility of prion disease is enhanced by binding to soil particles.soil may serve as an environmental reservoir for prion infectivity and contribute to the horizontal transmission of prion diseases (transmissible spongiform encephalopathies [tses]) of sheep, deer, and elk. tse infectivity can persist in soil for years, and we previously demonstrated that the disease-associated form of the prion protein binds to soil particles and prions adsorbed to the common soil mineral montmorillonite (mte) retain infectivity following intracerebral inoculation. here, we ass ...200717616973
prevalence of neospora caninum and toxoplasma gondii antibodies in wild ruminants from the countryside or captivity in the czech republic.in the czech republic, sera from 720 wild ruminants were examined for antibodies to neospora caninum by screening competitive-inhibition enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and confirmed by indirect fluorescence antibody test (ifat); the same sera were also examined for antibodies to toxoplasma gondii by ifat. neospora caninum antibodies were found in 14% (11 positive/79 tested) roe deer (capreolus capreolus), 14% (2/14) sika deer (cervus nippon), 6% (24/ 377) red deer (cervus elaphus), 1% (2/143) ...200718163361
anthrax in red deer (cervus elaphus), italy. 200718214198
willow on yellowstone's northern range: evidence for a trophic cascade?reintroduction of wolves (canis lupus) to yellowstone national park in 1995-1996 has been argued to promote a trophic cascade by altering elk (cervus elaphus) density, habitat-selection patterns, and behavior that, in turn, could lead to changes within the plant communities used by elk. we sampled two species of willow (salix boothii and s. geyeriana) on the northern winter range to determine whether (1) there was quantitative evidence of increased willow growth following wolf reintroduction, (2 ...200717913123
raf signaling but not the erk effector sap-1 is required for regulatory t cell development.regulatory t cells (t(reg)) play an important role in immune regulation. their development in the thymus requires tcr activation and recognition of peptide-mhc, although the downstream signals controlling commitment to the lineage are unclear. to compare the requirements for positive selection and t(reg) development, we studied knockout and transgenic mice defective in raf signaling and the erk effector srf accessory protein 1 (sap-1), a member of the ternary complex factor family of ets domain ...200717982074
testing sexual segregation and aggregation: old ways are best.the study of sexual segregation has received increasing attention over the last two decades. several hypotheses have been proposed to explain the existence of sexual segregation, such as the "predation risk hypothesis," the "forage selection hypothesis," and the "activity budget hypothesis." testing which hypothesis drives sexual segregation is hampered, however, by the lack of consensus regarding a formal measurement of sexual segregation. by using a derivation of the well-known chi-square (her ...200718229854
elk with a long incubation prion disease phenotype have a unique prpd profile.the transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (tses) invariably result in fatal neurodegeneration and accumulation of prp, an abnormal form of the host prion protein prp, encoded by the prnp gene. a naturally occurring polymorphism (methionine/valine) at prnp codon 129 is associated with variation in relative disease susceptibility, incubation time, clinical presentation, neuropathology, and/or prp biochemical characteristics in a range of human tses. a methionine/leucine polymorphism at the cor ...200718007190
map-kinase activity necessary for tgfbeta1-stimulated mesangial cell type i collagen expression requires adhesion-dependent phosphorylation of fak tyrosine 397.the signals mediating transforming growth factor beta (tgfbeta)-stimulated kidney fibrogenesis are poorly understood. we previously reported tgfbeta-stimulated, smad-mediated collagen production by human kidney mesangial cells, and that erk map kinase activity optimizes collagen expression and enhances phosphorylation of the smad3 linker region. furthermore, we showed that disrupting cytoskeletal integrity decreases type i collagen production. focal adhesion kinase (fak, ptk2) activity could int ...200718032789
distribution of cryptosporidium and giardia spp. in selected species of protected and game mammals from north-eastern poland.cryptosporidium spp. and giardia spp. are wide-spread pathogens of humans and many species of mammals. the ways of transmission are very complex and difficult to define. both parasites occur in similar environments and share a broad host range. however, in poland there is still little known about the epidemiology of these parasites due to the paucity of data on human cases and only few studies in wildlife. the aim of our study was to determine the distribution of two intestinal protozoa in a few ...200718247463
evaluating prey switching in wolf-ungulate systems.wolf restoration has become a widely accepted conservation and management practice throughout north america and europe, though the ecosystem effects of returning top carnivores remain both scientific and societal controversies. mathematical models predicting and describing wolf-ungulate interactions are typically limited to the wolves' primary prey, with the potential for prey switching in wolf-multiple-ungulate systems only suggested or assumed by a number of investigators. we used insights gai ...200717913125
expression and localization of insulin-like growth factor-i in four parts of the red deer antler.the expression and localization of insulin-like growth factor-i (igf-i) in the four parts (tip, upper, mid and base) of the red deer antler has been extensively investigated. we used reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (rt-pcr) and real-time reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (real time rt-pcr), in situ hybridization, immunohistochemistry and western blot techniques to localize igf-i messenger ribonucleic acid (mrna) and igf-i peptide in the four parts of the antler. the ...200718092234
epidemiology of an outbreak of chronic wasting disease on elk farms in saskatchewan.an outbreak of chronic wasting disease (cwd) in farmed elk in saskatchewan from 1996 to 2002 was reviewed to 1, determine the progression of cwd from infection to death in farmed elk; 2, assess animal risk factors for cwd infection in farmed elk; 3, assess farm management and exposure risk factors for within herd cwd transmission; and 4, assess the suitability of the canadian food inspection agency's (cfia) current disease control policy for cwd in light of the findings. the results from animal ...200718189044
shapes of differential pulse voltammograms and level of metallothionein at different animal species.metallothioneins play a key role in maintaining homeostasis of essential metalsand in protecting of cells against metal toxicity as well as oxidative damaging. exceptinghumans, blood levels of metallothionein have not yet been reported from any animalspecies. blood plasma samples of 9 animal species were analysed by the adsorptive transferstripping technique to obtain species specific voltammograms. quite distinct records wereobtained from the takin (budorcas taxicolor), while other interesting ...200728903235
a tat-def-elk-1 peptide regulates the cytonuclear trafficking of elk-1 and controls cytoskeleton dynamics.the transcription factor elk-1 plays a key role in cell differentiation, proliferation and apoptosis. this role is thought to arise from its phosphorylation by activated extracellular signal-regulated kinases (erks), a critical posttranslational event for the transcriptional activity of the ternary complex composed of elk-1 and a dimer of serum response factor (srf) at the serum response element (sre) regulatory site of transcription. in addition to its nuclear localization, elk-1 is found in th ...200718160653
[significance of red deer (cervus elaphus) in the ecology of borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato].background: red deer (cervus elaphus) is one of the most important host of the adult tick (ixodes ricinus) which is the basic vector of the lyme disease causative agent--borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato in europe. the aim of the present study was to establish the role of red deer in the transmission of b. burgdorferi s.1. material and methods. tissues from 74 red deers were evaluated and the presence of b. burgdorferi s.1 dna was identified using nested pcr technique based on fla gene. the identi ...200718075156
optimizing the logistics of anaerobic digestion of manure.electrical power production from the combustion of biogas from anaerobic digestion (ad) of manure is a means of recovering energy from animal waste. we evaluate the lowest cost method of moving material to and from centralized ad plants serving multiple confined feeding operations. two areas are modeled, lethbridge county, alberta, canada, an area of concentrated beef cattle feedlots, and red deer county, alberta, a mixed-farming area with hog, dairy, chicken and beef cattle farms, and feedlots. ...200718478421
identification of meats from red deer (cervus elaphus), fallow deer (dama dama), and roe deer (capreolus capreolus) using polymerase chain reaction targeting specific sequences from the mitochondrial 12s rrna gene.polymerase chain reaction (pcr) based on oligonucleotide primers targeting the mitochondrial 12s rrna gene was applied to the specific identification of meats from red deer (cervus elaphus), fallow deer (dama dama), and roe deer (capreolus capreolus). the use of a common reverse primer, together with forward specific primers for red deer, fallow deer, and roe deer, allowed the selective amplification of the desired cervid sequences. the specificity of each primer pair was verified by pcr analysi ...200722064291
influence of hunting-season stage and ripening conditions on nitrogen fractions and degradation of myofibrillar proteins in venison (cervus elaphus) chorizo sausages.the influence of hunting-season stage (deer hunted at the start versus deer hunted at the end of the season) and ripening conditions (natural versus controlled drying rooms) on nitrogen fractions and degradation of myofibrillar proteins were studied in chorizo sausages made with venison. variations of nitrogen fractions during 21 days of ripening were found. in all batches, myofibrillar protein content decreased and proteolysis indices were between 4.6% and 14.4% at the end of ripening. however, ...200722064193
using n-alkanes to estimate diet composition of herbivores: a novel mathematical approach.n-alkanes are long-chain saturated hydrocarbons occurring in plant cuticles that can be used as chemical markers for estimating the diet composition of herbivores. an important constraint of using n-alkanes to estimate diet composition with currently employed mathematical procedures is that the number of markers must be equal or larger than the number of diet components. this is a considerable limitation when dealing with free-ranging herbivores feeding on complex plant communities. we present a ...200722444217
real-time pcr for detection and quantification of red deer (cervus elaphus), fallow deer (dama dama), and roe deer (capreolus capreolus) in meat mixtures.a rapid real-time polymerase chain reaction (pcr) technique using sybr green detection system, has been developed for the quantification of red deer, fallow deer, and roe deer dnas in meat mixtures. the method combines the use of cervid-specific primers that amplify a 134, 169, and 120bp of the 12s rrna gene fragment of red deer, fallow deer and roe deer, respectively, and universal primers that amplify a 140bp fragment on the nuclear 18s rrna gene from eukaryotic dna. the c(t) (threshold cycle) ...200822062757
authentication of meat from game and domestic species by snapshot minisequencing analysis.the aim of the present study is to develop an assay for the specific identification of meat from capreolus capreolus, cervus elaphus, capra ibex, rupicapra rupicapra, targeting sequences of the cytochrome b (cyt b) gene of mitochondrial dna. the assay is also intended to enable differentiation between meat from these wild species as well as ovis aries, capra hircus, bubalus bubalis, bos taurus and sus scrofa domestic species. the primers used in the preliminary pcr were designed in well conserve ...200822063325
microbiological quality of freshly shot game in germany.in the framework of a project on the hygiene status of freshly shot game 289 samples were microbiologically analysed: 127 samples from wild boars, 95 from roe deer and 67 from red deer. the microbiological parameters evaluated were the mesophilic aerobic count (apc), which showed mean log10-counts of 2.6cfu/cm(2) for roe deer, 2.9cfu/cm(2) for red deer and 3.2cfu/cm(2) for wild boars and the numbers of enterobacteriaceae, which gave mean log10-values of 2.1cfu/cm(2) for all three species with di ...200822062460
cholesterol concentration and fatty acid profile of red deer (cervus elaphus) meat.the effects of gender and age on intramuscular fat (imf) levels, cholesterol concentration, and fatty acid composition were investigated in the semitendinosus (st) and triceps brachii (tb) muscles of feral red deer (cervus elaphus). six stags of >2years of age, four hinds of 1year, and six calves of 6months were shot in slovenia. generally, all parameters measured were influenced by interaction of muscle and treatment group (hinds, stags and calves) at the 5% level or less. in st muscle, the imf ...200822063609
cross-species tests of 45 microsatellite loci isolated from different species of ungulates in the iberian red deer (cervus elaphus hispanicus) to generate a multiplex panel.the iberian red deer (cervus elaphus hispanicus) is an emblematic game species in spain. to generate a battery of polymorphic markers for multiplex polymerase chain reactions for the spanish red deer, 45 loci isolated in different species of ungulates were tested. of the primers tested, 27 amplified but only 21 were polymorphic. eleven of these markers were subsequently optimized for multiplex in four polymerase chain reactions. this allows analysing several molecular markers jointly to substant ...200821586051
persistent bovine viral diarrhea virus infection in wild cervids of colorado.bovine viral diarrhea virus (bvdv) is a significant viral pathogen of domestic cattle. worldwide, there is evidence of bvdv exposure and infection in wild ungulates; however, the frequency and significance of such events are unknown. to determine the prevalence and distribution of colorado deer, elk, and moose persistently infected (pi) with bvdv, a cross-sectional study was conducted using full-thickness ear tissue samples collected from animals presented to the colorado division of wildlife fo ...200818776103
a randomized clinical trial of elk velvet antler in rheumatoid arthritis.this article examines the effects of elk velvet antler on joint pain and swelling, patient/physician global assessment of disease activity, functional ability, quality of life, blood levels of c-reactive protein, and adverse events in persons with stage 2 to 3 rheumatoid arthritis experiencing residual symptoms after standard treatment. patients (n=168) were enrolled in a 6-month randomized, triple-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial. instruments included the arthritis impact measurement sc ...200818077778
estimating the true prevalence of mycobacterium bovis in free-ranging elk in michigan.although relatively small, michigan's elk (cervus elaphus nelsoni) herd is highly valued by both hunters and the general public. elk and red deer (cervus elaphus elaphus) are highly susceptible to infection with mycobacterium bovis, the causative agent of bovine tuberculosis (tb), and outbreaks have been documented worldwide. the michigan elk range lies entirely within counties where tb is known to be enzootic in white-tailed deer (odocoileus virginianus). consequently, a project was undertaken ...200818957636
effect of combined source (f0) and filter (formant) variation on red deer hind responses to male roars.studying female response to variation in single acoustic components has provided important insights into how sexual selection operates on male acoustic signals. however, since vocal signals are typically composed of independent components, it is important to account for possible interactions between the studied parameter and other relevant acoustic features of vocal signals. here, two key components of the male red deer roar, the fundamental frequency and the formant frequencies (an acoustic cue ...200818529210
erythropoietin enhancement of rat pancreatic tumor cell proliferation requires the activation of erk and jnk signals.erythropoietin (epo) regulates the proliferation and differentiation of erythroid cells by binding to its specific transmembrane receptor epor. recent studies, however, have shown that the epor is additionally present in various cancer cells and epo induces the proliferation of these cells, suggesting a different function for epo other than erythropoiesis. therefore, the purpose of the present study was to examine epor expression and the role of epo in the proliferation and signaling cascades in ...200818550701
vocal fold elasticity of the rocky mountain elk (cervus elaphus nelsoni) - producing high fundamental frequency vocalization with a very long vocal fold.the vocal folds of male rocky mountain elk (cervus elaphus nelsoni) are about 3 cm long. if fundamental frequency were to be predicted by a simple vibrating string formula, as is often done for the human larynx, such long vocal folds would bear enormous stress to produce the species-specific mating call with an average fundamental frequency of 1 khz. predictions would be closer to 50 hz. vocal fold histology revealed the presence of a large vocal ligament between the vocal fold epithelium and th ...200818552304
smooth muscle phenotypic plasticity in mechanical obstruction of the small intestine.chronic, partial obstruction of the small intestine can dramatically alter peristaltic contractile properties. morphological studies have revealed hypertrophy of the circular smooth muscle cells in the constricted part of the intestine. in this issue of neurogastroenterology and motility, chen et al. show that hyperplasia and hypertrophy of intestinal smooth muscle cells occur at distinct times in response to partial obstruction of the ileum. furthermore, the first evidence is provided to link i ...200818557891
regulation of srf/carg-dependent gene transcription during chronic partial obstruction of murine small intestine.intestinal obstructions lead to a variety of motility disorders. small intestine smooth muscles undergo dramatic phenotypic changes in response to obstruction, but the underlying molecular mechanisms are unknown. using rt-pcr, chip, re-chip, and western blots, we examined the effect of small bowel mechanical obstruction on smooth muscle gene expression. obstruction caused a transient hyperplasia, followed by a prolonged hypertrophic response of small intestine smooth muscle cells. smooth muscle ...200818557893
novel steroid receptor phyto-modulator compound a inhibits growth and survival of prostate cancer cells.androgen receptor (ar)- and glucocorticoid receptor (gr)- mediated signaling play opposite roles in prostate tumorigenesis: ar promotes prostate carcinoma (pc) development, whereas gr acts as a tumor suppressor. compound a (cpda) is a stable analogue of an aziridine precursor from the african shrub salsola tuberculatiformis botschantzev. it was shown recently that, in model cells, cpda inhibits ar function and strongly enhances anti-inflammatory function of gr. we determined the effects of cpda ...200818559523
differentiation of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells into the smooth muscle lineage by blocking erk/mapk signaling pathway.smooth muscle cells (smcs) are major components of blood vessels and other hollow visceral organs required for tissue engineering of these organs. this study aims to evaluate whether adult bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (bmmscs), multipotent cells, can be converted into smcs. we examined the erk/mapk pathway as it exerts anti-myogenic signals in smcs. undifferentiated bmmscs express most smc marker genes, albeit mainly at low levels, except smooth muscle myosin heavy chain (smmhc), t ...200818564029
risk factors associated with anthrax outbreak in animals in north dakota, 2005: a retrospective case-control study.we identified the risk factors associated with the anthrax outbreak of 2005 in animals in north dakota.200819006977
mitochondrial activity and forward scatter vary in necrotic, apoptotic and membrane-intact spermatozoan subpopulations.in the present study, we have related mitochondrial membrane potential (deltapsim) and forward scatter (fsc) to apoptotic-related changes in spermatozoa. thawed red deer spermatozoa were incubated in synthetic oviductal fluid medium (37 degrees c, 5% co2), with or without antioxidant (100 microm trolox). at 0, 3, 6 and 9 h, aliquots were assessed for motility and were stained with a combination of hoechst 33342, propidium ioide (pi), yo-pro-1 and mitotracker deep red for flow cytometry. the prop ...200818577351
the phylogeny of cetartiodactyla: the importance of dense taxon sampling, missing data, and the remarkable promise of cytochrome b to provide reliable species-level phylogenies.we perform bayesian phylogenetic analyses on cytochrome b sequences from 264 of the 290 extant cetartiodactyl mammals (whales plus even-toed ungulates) and two recently extinct species, the 'mouse goat' and the 'irish elk'. previous primary analyses have included only a small portion of the species diversity within cetartiodactyla, while a complete supertree analysis lacks resolution and branch lengths limiting its utility for comparative studies. the benefits of using a single-gene approach inc ...200818590827
prevalence of yersinia species in healthy free-ranging red deer (cervus elaphus) in norway. 200818603633
transfer of metals to plants and red deer in an old lead mining area in spain.lead mining in the sierra madrona mountains and the valley of alcudia in southern spain began in the 1st millennium b.c., and the area was intermittently exploited up until the end of the 20th century. the degree of contamination by pb, zn, cd, cu, as and se of soil, water and sediment, and the transfer to 13 species of plants, and then to red deer (cervus elaphus) have been studied. mined areas had higher concentrations in stream sediments than control areas. the highest concentrations were obs ...200818625513
adaptation to estradiol deprivation causes up-regulation of growth factor pathways and hypersensitivity to estradiol in breast cancer cells.deprivation of estrogen causes breast tumors in women to adapt and develop enhanced sensitivity to this steroid. accordingly, women relapsing after treatment with oophorectomy, which substantially lowers estradiol for a prolonged period, respond secondarily to aromatase inhibitors with tumor regression. we have utilized in vitro and in vivo model systems to examine the biologic processes whereby long term estradiol deprivation (lted) causes cells to adapt and develop hypersensitivity to estradio ...200818637482
functional toll-like receptor 4 mutations modulate the response to fibrinogen.fibrinogen has been implicated in atherosclerosis; in part by activating the lipopolysaccharide (lps) receptor toll-like receptor 4 (tlr4). the fibrinogen-tlr4 signalling pathway remains uncharacterised. in human macrophages fibrinogen stimulated interleukin (il)6 expression and erk (extracellular signal-related kinase) phosphorylation. in hek293-cd14-md2 cells expressing tlr4, fibrinogen induced robust phosphorylation of erk1, p38alpha and jnk and activated transcription factors nfkappab, elk-1 ...200818690351
induction of ovarian follicular wave emergence in wapiti (cervus elaphus).two experiments were done to test the effects of treatments designed to electively induce ovarian follicular wave emergence in wapiti for the purpose of group synchronization. in experiment 1, hinds were assigned randomly to three groups and given saline im (controls; n=5), 5mg of estadiol-17beta im (n=4), or 5mg estradiol-17beta plus 100mg progesterone im (n=5). in experiment 2, hinds were assigned randomly to two groups and given no treatment (controls; n=6), or transvaginal ultrasound-guided ...200818706684
age distribution and seasonal dynamics of abomasal helminths in wild red deer from central spain.a study on age distribution and seasonal dynamics of abomasal helminths in wild red deer was conducted in central spain, by monthly samplings of fawns (<1 yr), subadult (1-2 yr), and adult (>2 yr) animals. both intensity and prevalence of abomasal parasitism were higher in older animals, particularly in males. a bimodal pattern for intensity of infection by gastrointestinal parasites was observed. maximum values attained in winter and summer may be related to variation in climate and the shiftin ...200818576697
epidermal growth factor receptor 1 (egfr1) and its variant egfrviii regulate tata-binding protein expression through distinct pathways.the epidermal growth factor receptor (egfr) family regulates essential biological processes. various epithelial tumors are linked to egfr overexpression or expression of variant forms, such as the egfr1 variant, egfrviii. perturbations in expression of the transcription initiation factor, tata-binding protein (tbp), alter cellular growth properties. here we demonstrate that egfr1 and egfrviii, but not her2, induce tbp expression at a transcriptional level through distinct mechanisms. egfr1 enhan ...200818710943
tnf-alpha/il-1/nf-kappab transduction pathway in human cancer prostate.tnfalpha exerts apoptosis throughout an intracellular transduction pathway that involves the kinase proteins traf-2 (integration point of apoptotic and survival signals), ask1 (pro-apoptotic protein), mek-4 (p38 activator and metastasis suppressor gene), jnk (stress mitogen activated protein kinase) and the transcription factor ap-1. tnfalpha also exerts proliferation by p38 activation, or when traf-2 simultaneously induces the transcription factor nf-kappab by nik. nik and p38 may also be activ ...200818712680
tnf/il-1/nik/nf-kappa b transduction pathway: a comparative study in normal and pathological human prostate (benign hyperplasia and carcinoma).tumour necrosis factor (tnf)-alpha induces death or cell proliferation by activation of nuclear factor (nf)-kappab, also activated by interleukin (il)-1 alpha. the aim was to investigate upstream and downstream components of nik transduction pathway in normal (np), benign prostatic hyperplasia (bph), prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia (pin) and prostatic carcinoma (pc).200818752500
kruppel-like factor 4, elk-1, and histone deacetylases cooperatively suppress smooth muscle cell differentiation markers in response to oxidized phospholipids.phenotypic switching of vascular smooth muscle cells (smcs), such as increased proliferation, enhanced migration, and downregulation of smc differentiation marker genes, is known to play a key role in the development of atherosclerosis. however, the factors and mechanisms controlling this process are not fully understood. we recently showed that oxidized phospholipids, including 1-palmitoyl-2-(5-oxovaleroyl)-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (povpc), which accumulate in atherosclerotic lesions, are po ...200818768922
smad-independent transforming growth factor-beta regulation of early growth response-1 and sustained expression in fibrosis: implications for scleroderma.transforming growth factor-beta (tgf-beta) plays a key role in scleroderma pathogenesis. the transcription factor early growth response-1 (egr-1) mediates the stimulation of collagen transcription elicited by tgf-beta and is necessary for the development of pulmonary fibrosis in mice. here, we report that tgf-beta causes a time- and dose-dependent increase in egr-1 protein and mrna levels and enhanced transcription of the egr-1 gene via serum response elements in normal fibroblasts. the ability ...200818772333
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