Publications

[aedes (stegomyia) aegypti l. and associated culicidae fauna in a urban area of southern brazil].	some aspects of the ecology of eleven species of culicidae that were found breeding in recipients in an urban area of southern brazil are presented. a great variety of recipients were listed as efficient breeding sites. apparently aedes aegypti has been recently introduced into the region and was limited to two areas of the city. culex quinquefasciatus, cx. coronator, ae. aegypti, ae. fluviatilis e limatus durhamii were the predominant species.	1993	8209165
effect of ivermectin on two filaria-vector pairs. brugia malayi-aedes aegypti; litomosoides sigmodontis-bdellonyssus bacoti.	the effect of ivermectin was studied on two filaria-vector pairs, brugia malayi-aedes aegypti and litomosoides sigmodontis-bdellonyssus bacoti. the rodent hosts, respectively mastomys coucha and meriones unguiculatus, were treated with ivermectin doses of 0.05 mg/kg, or 0.2 mg/kg or 2 mg/kg. batches of vectors were fed on rodents, infected or not, treated or not, from h7 to d43 post-ivermectin. vector survival was observed and dissections were performed to study the filarial development. it appe ...	1993	8215116
effect of a community-based aedes aegypti control programme on mosquito larval production sites in el progreso, honduras.	this paper describes the results of a trial to assess the efficacy in reducing the density of larval production sites of utilizing community involvement in the planning and implementation of an aedes aegypti control programme, in a dengue-endemic city in honduras. in addition to a substantial increase in knowledge about dengue transmission and prevention, a relative reduction in ae. aegypti larval infestation indices was found in those city neighbourhoods where community involvement was utilized ...	1993	8236387
insect blood meal studies using radiosodium 24na and 22na.	rabbits were infused with 3.7 gbq (100 mci) of [24na]na ion in a 100-ml sodium carbonate solution. beta particles were detected using a tennelec counting system; background counts were 1.6 +/- 1 counts per minute (cpm). counts for one nanoliter of blood ranged from 22 to 30 cpm. blood volumes on the mouthparts of tabanids following a 15-sec interrupted feeding were estimated to be 12.5 nl for tabanus fuscicostatus, 10.8 nl for t. nigrovittatus and 6.12 nl for chrysops fuliginosus. estimates of t ...	1993	8245935
oviposition response of aedes aegypti mosquitoes to different concentrations of hay infusion in trinidad, west indies.	ovitraps containing various concentrations of hay infusion and tap water were exposed weekly in the field for 15 wk to determine the oviposition patterns of aedes aegypti. the results showed 10, 20, 60 and 80% hay infusions each attracted similar numbers of ae. aegypti eggs oviposited and egg occurrences. no repellent effect was observed. in another field study, significantly more eggs and egg occurrences were collected from 25 and 50% hay infusions and tap water. the differences in these result ...	1993	8245947
blood-feeding patterns of aedes aegypti (diptera: culicidae) collected in a rural thai village.	aedes aegypti (l.) were collected by aspiration once each week from in and around houses in a rural village in chachoengsao province. thailand, during may 1990 to june 1991. of the 1,230 specimens analyzed with a sandwich elisa, 73% reacted to one or more of the seven hosts which we tested. eighty-eight percent (789/896) of all detectable meals were identified as being from a single host (human). patent multiple meals (double and triple), of which one was always human, were detected in 7% (66/89 ...	1993	8254642
laboratory demonstration of oviposition by aedes aegypti (diptera: culicidae) in covered water jars.	in thailand, ceramic jars (135-200 liters) covered by aluminum lids commonly are used to store water for household use. in laboratory cages, gravid female aedes aegypti (l.) were able to enter and oviposit in a covered water jar. although the aluminum lid was not a complete barrier to gravid females, it reduced the number of eggs oviposited by 77%. a vertically oriented foam rubber ring which was compressed between the lip of the jar and the flange of the lid effectively sealed the jar against o ...	1993	8254646
the gonotrophic status and diel pattern of entry to outdoor oviposition sites of female aedes aegypti (l.) (diptera: culicidae).	experimental observations, made outdoors during the dry and wet seasons in trinidad, confirm earlier findings regarding the diel pattern of entry to ovitraps and oviposition there and the taking of more than one bloodmeal during a single gonotrophic cycle. for 6-h but not for 6-h exposure periods, significantly more eggs were laid in the morning peak during the dry season than during the wet season. at the study site females were encountered singly, and only in ovitraps that contained eggs. with ...	1993	8257237
seasonal abundance of dengue vectors in manila, republic of the philippines.	the dengue vectors aedes aegypti and ae. albopictus were surveyed within the city of manila from august 1985 to july 1987. survey techniques included ovitraps, indoor resting collections, fay traps, and larval surveys. aedes aegypti was the principal container breeder within the residential areas, while ae. albopictus predominated in cemeteries. the ovitrap was very effective in detecting the presence of ae. aegypti, but not in measuring population changes during the year. indoor resting and fay ...	1993	8266245
codon usage patterns in chromosomal and retrotransposon genes of the mosquito anopheles gambiae.	codon usage was compiled for fourteen chromosomal genes and four retrotransposons from the mosquito anopheles gambiae. variation exists among chromosomal genes in the degree of bias. the genes showing the highest bias are probably most highly expressed. in these genes, the base composition at the third codon position is much richer in g + c than is the overall coding sequence. thus, codon usage is biased toward g- or c-ending codons. codon usage in each retrotransposon is quite different, not on ...	1993	8269095
dynamic life table model for aedes aegypti (diptera: culicidae): analysis of the literature and model development.	the container-inhabiting mosquito simulation model (cimsim) is a weather-driven, dynamic life table simulation model of aedes aegypti (l.). it is designed to provide a framework for related models of similar mosquitoes which inhibit artificial and natural containers. cimsim is an attempt to provide a mechanistic, comprehensive, and dynamic accounting of the multitude of relationships known to play a role in the life history of these mosquitoes. development rates of eggs, larvae, pupae, and the g ...	1993	8271242
dynamic life table model for aedes aegypti (diptera: culicidae): simulation results and validation.	the container-inhabiting mosquito simulation model (cimsim) is a weather-driven, dynamic life table simulation model of aedes aegypti (l.) and similar nondiapausing aedes mosquitoes that inhabit artificial and natural containers. this paper presents a validation of cimsim simulating ae. aegypti using several independent series of data that were not used in model development. validation data sets include laboratory work designed to elucidate the role of diet on fecundity and rates of larval devel ...	1993	8271243
[outbreak of classical fever of dengue caused by serotype 2 in araguaiana, tocantins, brazil].	we report the first outbreak of dengue fever caused by dengue 2 (den 2) in araguaina, tocantins state. four hundred people of 74 families, living at s. joão, araguaina sul and neblina districts were questioned and then bled, in order to obtain sera to test for anti-dengue antibodies. if a person was sick, a small quantity of blood was collected for virus isolation. the main clinical picture of disease was characterized by fever, headache, myalgias, arthralgias and skin rash. were obtained 1,105 ...	1993	8284598
role of the cryivd polypeptide in the overall toxicity of bacillus thuringiensis subsp. israelensis.	the gene encoding the cryivd protein of b. thuringiensis subsp. israelensis crystals was disrupted by in vivo recombination. the toxicity of the cryivd protein-free inclusions was similar to that of the wild-type crystals on anopheles stephensi larvae but was half the wild-type toxicity on culex pipiens and aedes aegypti larvae.	1993	8285695
on the transmissibility of eperythrozoon suis by stomoxys calcitrans and aedes aegypti.	the stable fly, stomoxys calcitrans (linnaeus), and the yellow fever mosquito, aedes aegypti (linnaeus), were utilized to determine their capability to transmit eperythrozoon suis splitter between swine. three groups of each insect in each trial were allowed to feed on a pig previously infected with e. suis and then transferred to susceptible splenectomized pigs. as a control, one group of each insect was fed on a non-infected pig and then transferred to a susceptible pig. stable flies were tran ...	1993	8291187
stable transformation of mosquito cell lines using a hsp70::neo fusion gene.	mosquito cell culture transfection will allow the advancement of genetic studies of these important disease-transmitting insects. towards this end, we report the generation of stably transformed aedes aegypti mos20 cells using a plasmid construct containing the tn5 neo gene, the drosophila melanogaster hsp70 promoter, an sv40 intron and poly adenylation sequence, and a pbr 322 backbone. the apparent frequency of transfection, as measured by transient resistance of cell colonies to geneticin (g41 ...	1993	8293995
[the effect of water temperature on the action of bacterial insecticides against mosquito larvae].	the ld50 logarithm of bacillus thuringiensis and b. sphaericus toxins effects on the larvae of aedes aegypti and culex pipiens is in inverse correlation with the water temperature. the influence of the temperature on the toxins effect on c. pipiens larvae is higher than that for a. aegypti larvae. similarly, b. sphaericus toxin effect depends on the water temperature to a greater measure than that of b. thuringiensis toxin. the authors predict a high efficacy of b. sphaericus-based insecticides ...	1993	8336659
heterogeneity in patterns of malarial oocyst infections in the mosquito vector.	oocyst prevalence and intensity have been recorded in 349 laboratory infections of anopheles stephensi with plasmodium berghei. intensity and prevalence of infection are shown to be predictably related. the structure and heterogeneity in the infections has been analysed with the objective of describing the biological mechanisms by which the observed negative binomial oocyst distributions are generated. the analysis has revealed that the most likely processes lie within the population dynamic eve ...	1993	8341579
genetic maps of the sheep blowfly lucilia cuprina: linkage-group correlations with other dipteran genera.	linkage data and revised genetic maps for 72 autosomal loci in lucilia cuprina are presented. comparison of the linkage relationships of biochemically and morphologically similar mutations in ceratitis capitata, drosophila melanogaster, and musca domestica supports the hypothesis that the major linkage elements have survived relatively intact during evolution of the higher diptera. the relationship of the linkage groups of the mosquito aedes aegypti to these species is less clear.	1993	8349126
unreliable supply of potable water and elevated aedes aegypti larval indices: a causal relationship?	we investigated the hypothesis that a deficient supply of piped water was causing a high prevalence of water storage containers, which in turn, become important aquatic habitats of aedes aegypti in a small town in venezuela. the house (71.2%) and breteau indices (229) were considerably elevated. prevalent positive containers were: metal drums, small disposable containers (bottles, tins, etc.), tires, house plants (flowers in vases and plants in pots with earth) and tanks. most people reported fr ...	1993	8350076
identification of blood meals in aedes aegypti by antibody sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.	a comparative study of 3 elisa protocols was performed for host blood meal identification in aedes aegypti. in the sandwich-b elisa, which used a combination of heavy and heavy+light chain conjugates, specificity was improved to such a degree that conjugates no longer required cross-adsorption with heterologous sera. using the sandwich-b assay, human blood meals in laboratory reared ae. aegypti could be detected longer after feeding (100% at 32 h and 80% at 42 h) than with a direct assay (100% a ...	1993	8350077
[a study on transmission of dengue virus by culex fatigans].	patients with acute dengue fever within 2 days of onset were simultaneously bitten by culex fatigans, aedes aegypti and aedes albopictus, which were fed and incubated in the laboratory. isolation and quantitative assay of dengue virus and transmission experiment were conducted on specimens collected from 3 kinds of mosquitoes at different time. the result showed a positive rate of 5.13% (2/39) and an average viral titer of 2.41 logtcid50, for culex fatigans, which indicates that culex fatigans m ...	1993	8353818
three simple devices for preventing development of aedes aegypti larvae in water jars.	we developed three types of covers that are easily fabricated from plastic screen locally manufactured in thailand. the covers were designed to permit normal use of water jars for drinking, utility water uses, and water storage. tests of the covers in the laboratory and field demonstrated that they could completely prevent successful development of aedes aegypti (l.) in water jars. initial experience in a village setting demonstrated that these devices were readily manufactured and used in a com ...	1993	8357077
temperature-induced refractoriness of aedes aegypti mosquitoes to infection with the filaria brugia pahangi.		1993	8369568
phototoxicity of (1h-indenyl)thiophenes.	the (1h-indenyl)thiophene derivatives 2 and 3 were recently reported to be excellent singlet oxygen sensitizers, comparable to alpha-terthienyl (1). the phototoxicity of these compounds was compared, using human erythrocytes, aedes aegypti mosquito larvae, daphnia magna, and fish (fathead minnows, pimephales promelas). the known ranking of the photooxidation properties was found to be a good predictor of phototoxic properties in erythrocytes and mosquito larvae but not in daphnias. all three com ...	1993	8378432
experimental infection of aedes aegypti (diptera: culicidae) by the oral route with sindbis virus.	the infectivity, dissemination, and transmissibility of wild-type sindbis (sin) virus were studied in aedes aegypti (l). there was an initial decline in the viral titer of whole mosquitoes for 3 d after ingestion of virus, followed by a gradual increase to a maximal level by day 6. immunoperoxidase staining of ae. aegypti for viral antigen showed infection of midgut epithelial cells on day 1, of the fat body by day 3, and of the brain by day 4. by day 5, there was infection of the foregut, hindg ...	1993	8384663
insecticide susceptibility status of anopheles stephensi, culex quinquefasciatus and aedes aegypti in panaji, goa.	adult and larval insecticidal tests conducted in panaji, goa, revealed that adults of an. stephensi were resistant to ddt (4.0%), dieldrin (0.4%) and malathion (5.0%). the larvae of an. stephensi were also resistant to ddt (2.5 mg/l) and malathion (3.125 mg/l). cx. quinquefasciatus adults were resistant to ddt, dieldrin, malathion and fenitrothion (1.0%), and larvae were highly resistant to ddt but showed low resistance to malathion and fenitrothion (0.125 mg/i). adults of ae. aegypti were resis ...	1993	8405597
effects on toxicity of eliminating a cleavage site in a predicted interhelical loop in bacillus thuringiensis cryivb delta-endotoxin.	when activated by treatment with mosquito (aedes aegypti) gut extract, the bacillus thuringiensis cryivb delta-endotoxin lysed a. aegypti cells in vitro. sds-page and n-terminal sequence determination showed that in addition to removal of the c-terminal half of the molecule, the activated toxin had undergone proteolytic cleavage at two internal regions producing 47-48-kda and 16-18-kda polypeptides. aligning the cryivb protein sequence with the crystallographic structure of the cryiiia toxin sug ...	1993	8405934
dengue in gujarat state, india during 1988 & 1989.	following the reports of epidemics of febrile illness from several rural and urban areas of gujarat state (india) in 1988, epidemiological investigations were carried out and dengue (den) virus activity was demonstrated in large cities such as surat and rajkot as well as several villages in sabarkantha district. two strains of dengue type-2 each were isolated from human sera from surat city and a village in sabarkantha district. six strains of dengue virus were isolated from aedes aegypti mosqui ...	1993	8406637
genetic determinants of host ranges of bacillus sphaericus mosquito larvicidal toxins.	the 51.4-kda-41.9-kda binary toxin produced by different strains of bacillus sphaericus shows differential activity toward culex quinquefasciatus, aedes atropalpus, and aedes aegypti mosquito larvae. the patterns of larvicidal activity toward all three mosquito species and growth retardation in a. aegypti have been shown to be due to the 41.9-kda protein. by using mutant toxins expressed in escherichia coli, insecticidal activity and growth retardation correlated with amino acids centered around ...	1993	8419297
pgs28 belongs to a family of epidermal growth factor-like antigens that are targets of malaria transmission-blocking antibodies.	although pgs28, a 28-kd surface protein of plasmodium gallinaceum oökinetes, was previously thought not to be a target of transmission-blocking antibodies, we found that polyclonal antisera to pgs28 completely blocked parasite infectivity to aedes aegypti mosquitoes. antisera raised against reduced pgs28 were less effective in blocking transmission than were antisera to nonreduced pgs28; thus, the target epitope(s) of transmission-blocking antibodies appears to be conformation dependent. in stag ...	1993	8426118
lessons of aedes aegypti control in thailand.	the incidence of dengue haemorrhagic fever (dhf) in thailand has increased cyclically since the first recognized outbreak in 1958. without an effective vaccine against dengue, and considering the clinical difficulty of treating dhf cases, vector control is needed to prevent dengue transmission. since the establishment of the who aedes research unit in 1964, continued since 1973 as the who collaborating centre at the department of medical research in bangkok, much operational research has been ca ...	1993	8435481
critical review of aedes aegypti control programs in the caribbean and selected neighboring countries.	in recent years the region of the americas has experienced increasing dengue activity with circulation of multiple virus serotypes. associated with this trend has been the occurrence of sporadic dengue hemorrhagic fever (dhf) cases and of dhf epidemics in both the caribbean and latin america. high vector infestation levels persist even though most countries in the caribbean conduct national aedes aegypti control programs and despite the fact that in some instances, expenditures exceed us$5 per c ...	1993	8468568
effects of plant flavonoids and other allelochemicals on insect cytochrome p-450 dependent steroid hydroxylase activity.	the plant flavonoids flavone, chrysin, apigenin, kaempferol, morin, quercetin, myricetin and phloretin were found to inhibit in a dose-dependent manner the cytochrome p-450 dependent ecdysone 20-monooxygenase activity associated with adult female aedes aegypti, wandering stage larvae of drosophila melanogaster, and fat body and midgut from prewandering and wandering stage last instar larvae of manduca sexta. the concentrations of these flavonoids required to elicit a 50% inhibition of the steroi ...	1993	8485518
observations on the breeding habitats of aedes aegypti in calcutta following an episode of dengue haemorrhagic fever.	a year-long (nov. 1990-oct. 1991) search for ae. aegypti larvae was made of all water containers in and around fixed 100 houses at bowbazar area in calcutta following an episode of dhf. out of 10151 containers searched, 615 (6%) were positive. masonry tanks were the major (64.2%) and preferred (17%) breeding sites of ae. aegypti. indoor containers (6.7%) were more conducive to breeding of the vector species than the outdoor ones (3%). breteau index showing wide variation (25 in december '90 to ' ...	1993	8486410
[yellow fever epidemic in the extreme north of cameroon in 1990: first yellow fever virus isolation in cameroon].	some two years ago, suspicious cases of yellow fever (yf) were reported in northern cameroon. a deadly epidemic broke out during the second half of the rainy season (from 15 september to 22 december 1990) with 180 known cases, of which 125 died. the real figures could have been between 5000 and 20,000 cases with between 500 and 1000 deaths. the affected area was within the yellow fever belt, which is situated around latitude 11 degrees north and 14 degrees east. in this mountainous area (altitud ...	1993	8490979
growth and development of brugia pahangi larvae under various in vitro conditions.	in vitro culture methods were utilized to investigate specific nutritional requirements of brugia pahangi larvae. infective third-stage larvae (l3) isolated from aedes aegypti (liverpool) mosquitoes were cultured in nctc 135:imdm (ni) medium plus various types of serum under 5% co2/air and 5% co2/n2 atmospheres. larvae grew, developed, and molted to the fourth stage (l4); however, further growth and differentiation beyond the mid-l4 were minimal. serum supplementation was necessary to induce mol ...	1993	8501596
[the culicidian fauna and its nuisance in kinshasha (zaire)].	a public health study to inventory bloodsucking mosquitoes was conducted in kinshasa and its regions. 20 culicidian species were represented by 7 anopheles, 6 culex, 5 aedes and 2 mansonia. in general, the number of bites/man/night (b/m/n) was in average 141.5 of cx. quinquefasciatus, 60.1 of cx. antennatus, 21.1 of m. africana, 16.3 of an. gambiae and 7.7 of m. uniformis. the nuisance is different from region to other. culex quinquefasciatus is the most abundant and aggressive species in the ur ...	1993	8504267
insecticide susceptibility status of certain populations of aedes aegypti mosquito from rural areas of maharashtra state.	ae. aegypti mosquitoes from rural areas of maharashtra state were subjected to insecticide bio-assays. all the populations showed resistance to ddt at larval and adult stages. no resistance to deltamithrin and malathion was detected at any stage. biochemical analysis of these mosquito populations showed that resistance to ddt was probably due to increase in the kinetics of glutathione s-transferase.	1993	8505082
gametogenesis and sporogony of hepatozoon mocassini (apicomplexa: adeleina: hepatozoidae) in an experimental mosquito host, aedes aegypti.	the sexual life cycle of the hemogregarine hepatozoon mocassini was studied in aedes aegypti, an experimental mosquito host, using transmission electron microscopy. gamonts were observed leaving the host snake erythrocyte as early as 30 min after mosquitoes ingested infected blood, and some gamonts had penetrated the gut epithelial cells by this time. six hours post-feeding, gamonts were identified within cells of the abdominal fat body. twenty-four hours post-feeding, gamonts were often entrapp ...	1993	8508167
sustainable urban development and human health: septic tank as a major breeding habitat of mosquito vectors of human diseases in south-eastern nigeria.	septic tank mosquitoes in abia state university okigwe, south-eastern nigeria were studied using exit traps between november 1988 and april 1989. the results were revealing and striking. apart from the common septic tank mosquitoes, culex p. quinquefasciatus, cu. cinereus and aedes aegypti, which have been previously commonly found breeding in ammonia and nitrate-rich waters of latrines and septic tanks, the other species, cu. horridus, cu. tigripes and aedes vittatus, have not been commonly rep ...	1993	8508215
distribution of container-inhabiting aedes larvae (diptera: culicidae) at a dengue focus in thailand.	a thai village with dengue transmission was surveyed for aedes aegypti (l.) and ae. albopictus (skuse) larvae at the end of the rainy season. all containers (1,819) in 186 households were surveyed, recording the presence of larvae, container type, level of water, kind of cover, and location. the number of positive containers was proportional to the total number of containers in a household. standard water jars (approximately 200 liters) contributed 57% and small water jars (< 100 liters) contrib ...	1993	8510120
search for antifungal, molluscicidal and larvicidal compounds from african medicinal plants.	african medicinal plants provide a rich source of biologically-active natural products. by the use of simple bioassays in conjunction with an approach involving bioactivity guided fractionation, it is possible to isolate novel compounds with interesting properties. several hundred plant extracts have been submitted to different screens, including bioautography on tlc plates with the fungi cladosporium cucumerinum and candida albicans. among the other test systems are a bioassay for molluscicidal ...	1993	8510471
cloning and sequencing of the blood meal-induced late trypsin gene from the mosquito aedes aegypti and characterization of the upstream regulatory region.	a 4.1 kb genomic clone of the late trypsin gene from the mosquito aedes aegypti was isolated, mapped and subcloned. a 1.6 kb subclone, corresponding to 1.1 kb of upstream regulatory region and 0.5 kb of coding region, was sequenced. the gene has no introns within the coding region. the 5' end of the mature mrna was mapped using primer extension analysis. a tata box consensus sequence (tataaa) was found at position -31 from the 5' end of the mature mrna. a cluster of five repeat sequences homolog ...	1993	9087537
a comparison of three methods for isolating rna from mosquitoes.	the two most common protocols for rna isolation, chirgwin et al., 1979, and chomczynski & sacchi, 1987, were compared with a protocol using glass powder. the quality of the recovered rna was tested using agarose gels and northern hybridization. with the glass powder protocol, we consistently obtained intact rna, whereas with the other protocols we often obtained degraded rna. using specific radioactive probes, we measured ribosomal rna and trypsin mrna recovered from fed adult aedes aegypti fema ...	1993	9087539
cloning and analysis of the locus for mosquito vitellogenic carboxypeptidase.	vitellogenic carboxypeptidase is a 53 kda yolk protein produced by the fat body of the female mosquito, aedes aegypti, in response to a blood meal. its expression is sex-, stage- and tissue-specific and is identical to that of the major yolk protein, vitellogenin. the gene is intronless and two alleles have been cloned and sequenced, including more than 1.5 kb on both sides of the coding region. a capsite consensus recently identified as an arthropod initiator is present at the start site of tra ...	1993	9087558
education and employment of medical entomologists in aedes aegypti control programmes.	most dengue/dhf endemic countries have facilities for the training of entomologists. however, experience has shown that many of the graduates of such courses remain in the area of research and relatively few are employed in aedes aegypti vector-control programmes. few university courses in medical entomology provide specific training in vector control including such subjects as the organization and administration of vector control programmes and vector-control methods; chemical, biological and e ...	1994	7844845
egg chorion tanning in aedes aegypti mosquito.	the biochemical pathway of egg chorion tanning in the mosquito, aedes aegypti, is described and compared with chorion protein crosslinking in drosophila and silkmoths and the biochemical pathways of cuticular tanning in insects. phenol oxidase, dopa decarboxylase and tyrosine are critical components involved in egg chorion tanning in a. aegypti. tanning of the mosquito egg chorion is initiated following activation of phenol oxidase, which then catalyzes the hydroxylation of tyrosine to dopa and ...	1994	7828027
dopachrome conversion activity in aedes aegypti: significance during melanotic encapsulation of parasites and cuticular tanning.	phenol oxidase (po) and dopachrome conversion enzyme (dce) were partially purified from aedes aegypti larvae by ammonium sulfate fractionation. po from a. aegypti functions in the hydroxylation of monophenols (e.g., tyrosine and tyramine) to their related o-diphenols, and the oxidation of o-diphenols (e.g., l-dopa, dopamine, n-acetyldopamine) to their respective o-quinones. partially purified dce showed high specificity toward dopachrome generated from dopa with the l-configuration. the combined ...	1994	7703986
time to death from starvation and compulsive killing by the larvae of toxorhynchites splendens (diptera: culicidae).	time to death from starvation and compulsive killing without eating of the prey by larvae of toxorhynchites splendens were studied in the laboratory. the first and second instars survived without food for 3 days while third and fourth instars survived for 7.8 and 14 days, respectively. when the corresponding instars of aedes aegypti, anopheles stephensi or culex quinquefasciatus were offered, the number of prey killed but not eaten ranged from 0 to 15 per 40 prey larvae. compulsive killing of ae ...	1994	7887340
toxicity of extracts from three tagetes against adults and larvae of yellow fever mosquito and anopheles stephensi (diptera: culicidae).	whole-plant soxhlet extractions for the three tagetes species showed that t. minuta had the greatest biocidal effect on the larvae and adults of aedes aegypti (l.) and anopheles stephensi liston. bioassays of simultaneous steam distillation extractions of the various parts of t. minuta found extracts from the flowers provided ld90s of 4 and 8 ppm against the larvae and 0.4 and 0.45% against the adults of a. aegypti and a. stephensi, respectively. further research on t. minuta floral extracts as ...	1994	7815394
the effect of neemazal on aedes aegypti (diptera: culicidae).	the effect of neemazal (trifolio-m gmbh, lahnau), a neem seed kernel extract, on larvae of aedes aegypti was tested. second, third and fourth instar larvae were reared in water containing different concentrations of neemazal. mortality rates and the stage in which mortality occurred were recorded. the surviving larvae were left in the treated water until adult emergence and the number of eggs laid by the emerged females was recorded in order to evaluate possible fecundity-reducing effect of subl ...	1994	7812312
aquatic safety of lagenidium giganteum: effects on freshwater fish and invertebrates.	eleven freshwater species were exposed to a zoosporeproducing fungus, lagenidium giganteum, with the goal of determining species sensitivity with standard and new test procedures. the tests included standard, 4-day acute exposures of cladocerans (ceriodaphnia dubia, daphnia pulex, and d. magna) and the fathead minnow (pimephales promelas). standard 7-day chronic exposures of c. dubia and a 7-day embryo-larval exposure of p. promelas were also conducted. new, 4-day acute, methods were developed f ...	1994	7806894
functional expression of insecticide-resistant gaba receptors from the mosquito aedes aegypti.	we are interested in cloning insecticide resistance genes from vector mosquitos for use as selectable markers in their genetic transformation. as a first step towards this goal, we here report the functional homomultimeric expression of a gamma-aminobutyric acid (gaba) receptor subunit gene, resistance to dieldrin (rdl), from the yellow fever mosquito aedes aegypti in baculovirus-infected insect cell lines. replacement of alanine296 with a serine leads to approximately 100-fold insensitivity to ...	1994	7704314
toxicity of the blue-green alga oscillatoria agardhii to the mosquito aedes aegypti and the shrimp artemia salina.	the cyanobacterium oscillatoria agardhii 27, which does not produce mammalian neuro- or hepatotoxins, was highly toxic to the larval stages of the yellow fever mosquito aedes aegypti: its 24-h lc50 values against fourth-and second-instar larvae of a. aegypti were 8.7 and 6.1 μg live cells/ml, respectively. the toxin was water-soluble and was partially purified but the chemical nature of the toxic compound(s) is still unknown. aqueous solutions were also toxic to the newborn larvae of the brine s ...	1994	24421123
measurement of flight tone differences between female aedes aegypti and a. albopictus (diptera: culicidae).	mosquito flight tone was amplified and digitally sampled at 20,000 samples per second (hz). resampling of the resulting sound files at 1,000, 5,000, and 10,000 hz allowed comparison of flight tone frequency distributions for males and females of aedes aegypti (l.) and a. albopictus (skuse). frequency distributions for females of the two species did not overlap at sampling rates of 5,000 hz or higher, whereas considerable overlap was observed at the 1,000 hz sampling rate. males of the two specie ...	1994	7966173
comparative repellent properties of certain chemicals against mosquitoes, house flies and cockroaches using modified techniques.	several terpenoids were assessed for their repellent/toxic properties against mosquitoes (aedes aegypti), house flies (musca domestica) and cockroaches (periplaneta americana). impregnated wide mesh netting was used in the case of the dipterans, while treated filtered paper was employed for the bioassays with cockroaches. persistence of the repellent chemicals was studied. doses ranged from 5-20 gm/m2 for the dipterans and 25-100 mg per 4 x 4 cm filter paper for the cockroaches. dimethyl phthala ...	1994	7868839
a device for monitoring and control of mosquitoes by behaviour manipulation.	a trap was designed and fabricated for capturing mosquito larvae based on their behavioural responses to food and light. the larvae upon entering the trap died ultimately due to asphyxiation. maximum success was achieved with aedes aegypti larvae in lesser water volumes. the usefulness of the device for studying the response of mosquito larvae and aquatic organisms to chemicals, baits, light, various stimuli and possible pest/vector monitoring and management in aquatic eco-system is discussed.	1994	7814048
aedes albopictus distribution, abundance, and colonization in lee county, florida, and its effect on aedes aegypti.	in 1992 the known southern limit of aedes albopictus in florida was in lee county. through oviposition surveillance, the distribution of ae. albopictus was determined, and its frequency relative to aedes aegypti and colonization pattern of areas previously occupied by ae. aegypti were examined in lee county. the data collected in the first year of surveillance demonstrate the ability of ae. albopictus to rapidly and preferentially colonize large expanses of rural southwest florida. urban and sub ...	1994	7807083
quantitative sampling of immature aedes aegypti in metal drums using sweep net and dipping methods.	the behavior of aquatic stages of aedes aegypti was evaluated in 200-liter metal drums to develop improved surveillance. when known numbers of larvae recovered with a rectangular net and with a standard dipper were compared, all stages except 1st instar were most numerous in the top 1/3 of the drum. water temperature was the only significant variable affecting the vertical distribution of 4th-instar larvae; light intensity and ph were nonsignificant factors. rust in the water was also thought to ...	1994	7807082
utilization of bloodfed females of aedes aegypti as a vehicle for the transfer of the insect growth regulator pyriproxyfen to larval habitats.	bloodfed female aedes aegypti were exposed to a surface treated with pyriproxyfen at 1.0 g m2 for 30 min and then allowed to lay eggs in cups of water containing 4th-instar larvae. adult emergence from the immatures was highly inhibited, and transmission of pyriproxyfen from the females to the water was revealed. the transfer of the chemical to the water decreased with time before the blood meal. chemical analysis for pyriproxyfen on the exoskeleton of treated females demonstrated the rapid disa ...	1994	7807075
identification of damaged adult female specimens of aedes albopictus and aedes aegypti in the new world.	two introduced species of aedes (stegomyia), aedes albopictus and aedes aegypti, occur in the new world. three characters, easily and simultaneously observed from an anteroventral view, allow for rapid and reliable specific identification of most specimens that lack the characteristic scutal scale patterns. these 3 characters are the presence or absence of pale scales on the clypeus; the presence or absence of a narrow, median line of pale scales on the anterior face of the midfemora; and the pa ...	1994	7528784
culekinin depolarizing peptide: a mosquito leucokinin-like peptide that influences insect malpighian tubule ion transport.	a peptide termed culekinin depolarizing peptide (cdp) was isolated from approximately 1.2 million mosquitos (94% culex salinarius). the peptide was isolated on the basis of a rapid myotropic assay that utilized a hindgut preparation from leucophaea maderae and a transepithelial voltage assay that used mosquito malpighian tubules from aedes aegypti. a 15% trifluoroacetic acid extraction from the mosquitos, two solid phase extraction steps, and six hplc steps resulted in the isolation of 9.7 nmol ...	1994	7800855
isolation and identification of three leucokinins from the mosquito aedes aegypti.	three leucokinins were isolated from the mosquito aedes aegypti. the amino acid sequences of the aedes leukokinins 1, 2 and 3 have been determined to be asn-ser-lys-tyr-val-ser-lys-gln-lys-phe-tyr-ser-trp-gly-amide, asn-pro-phe-his-ala-trp-gly-amide and asn-asn-pro-asn-val-phe-tyr-pro-trp-gly-amide, respectively.	1994	8048942
endogenous regulation of the attraction of aedes aegypti mosquitoes.	even when host attractants are present, there are times when endogenous physiological mechanisms prevent female mosquitoes from responding to them and engaging in host-seeking behavior. these times include a brief postemergence period, periods of the day determined by a circadian clock, and following a blood meal before and after eggs develop, which are controlled by nervous and humoral mechanisms. other factors such as age, nutrition, and mating status can further modulate host-seeking behavior ...	1994	8965086
sensory bases of attractancy: morphology of mosquito olfactory sensilla-- a review.	the internal and external ultrastructure of virtually all of the olfactory sensilla of the mosquitoes aedes aegypti and anopheles stephensi have been described. many other mosquitoes have had their olfactory complements partially described. this review summarizes ultrastructural features and suspected biological roles of the small sensilla coeloconica, large sensilla coeloconica, sensilla ampullaceae, grooved pegs and sensilla trichodea of mosquito antennae, and the capitate pegs of mosquito pal ...	1994	8965084
aedes aegypti lipophorin.	the purified lipophorin of aedes aegypti (diptera) is composed of two apolipoproteins: apolipophorin i (m(r)=224,000) and apolipophorin ii (m(r)=73,000). the density of lipophorin is constant during the aedes life-cycle and equal to 1.11 +/- 0.01 g/ml. the amount of lipophorin per animal, during the gonotrophic cycles, increases until 48 hr after blood-feeding and then decreases until there is a new blood intake. the density values and quantification of lipophorin during aedes aegypti gonotrophi ...	1994	11570397
de novo biosynthesis of juvenile hormone iii and i by the accessory glands of the male mosquito.	the role of the male accessory glands (mag) in reproduction was investigated in the mosquito aedes aegypti. mag incubated with [14c]acetate synthesized radioactively labeled jh iii, jh iii bisepoxide and methyl farnesoate. mag incubated with l-[methyl-3h]methionine synthesized [3h]jh iii and a molecule that chromatographed on hplc with jh i. analysis of mag and whole males extract by glass capillary combined gas-chromatography-selected ion monitoring mass spectrometry identified jh iii and i as ...	1994	8205141
triglyceride-rich lipophorin in aedes aegypti (diptera: culicidae).	a lipoprotein was isolated from aedes aegypti (l.) larvae. this lipoprotein resembled the typical lipoprotein responsible for lipid transport in insect hemolymph, also called lipophorin. the mosquito lipophorin had a hydrated density of 1.113 g/ml and contained 49% lipid and 3.2% carbohydrate. in contrast to all other insect species studied thus far, the major lipid component of the mosquito lipophorin was triacylglycerol. the native lipophorin had an apparent molecular weight of 480 kd and cont ...	1994	8057318
analysis of mosquito vitellogenin cdna. similarity with vertebrate phosvitins and arthropod serum proteins.	the cdna coding for vitellogenin of the mosquito aedes aegypti was cloned and sequenced. an immunological analysis of expressed deletions from the 5'-end of the vitellogenin cdna clones using vitellogenin subunit-specific antibodies showed that the small vitellogenin subunit is located at the n terminus and the large one at the carboxy-portion of the pre-provitellogenin. the position of the cleavage between the vitellogenin subunits in the pre-provitellogenin was identified by locating the n ter ...	1994	8158643
a comparative study of leucokinin-immunoreactive neurons in insects.	antisera were raised against leucokinin iv, a member of the leucokinin peptide family. immunohistochemical localization of leucokinin immunoreactivity in the brain of the cockroach nauphoeta cinerea revealed neurosecretory cells in the pars intercerebralis and pars lateralis, several bilateral pairs of interneurons in the protocerebrum, and a group of interneurons in the optic lobe. several immunoreactive interneurons were found in the thoracic ganglia, while the abdominal ganglia contained prom ...	1994	7910521
cold acclimation, diapause, and geographic origin affect cold hardiness in eggs of aedes albopictus (diptera: culicidae).	eggs of five strains of aedes albopictus (skuse) were obtained in both diapause and nondiapause conditions and exposed to various cold acclimation regimes in the laboratory, after which they were subjected to diverse chilling treatments. larvae that survived chilling as eggs survived to the pupal stage. eggs of aedes aegypti (l.) and aedes triseriatus (say) were included as control species. eggs of temperate ae. albopictus were more cold-hardy than eggs of ae. aegypti but less cold-hardy than th ...	1994	8189409
mosquito repellency & toxicity of isomeric n, n-diethyltolylacetamides.	three isomers of n, n-diethyltolylacetamides were synthesized and evaluated against aedes aegypti and culex quinquefasciatus for repellency and with mice for ld50, as an indicator of mammalian toxicity. of these, n, n-diethyl-p-tolylacetamide (depta) showed comparatively better repellency against c. quinquefasciatus. all the compounds showed higher repellency against c. quinquefasciatus than ae. aegypti. in addition, n, n-diethyl-m-tolylacetamide (demta) was found to be least toxic to mice.	1994	8063347
effect of ambrosia maritima on anopheles stephensi and aedes aegypti.	the toxicity of the molluscicidal plant ambrosia maritima l. was evaluated against anopheles stephensi and aedes aegypti. in the larvicidal assays a negligible mortality was observed in both species after application of the dried leaves in the water at concentrations up to 2000 mg/l. when the powdered leaves were applied at the surface of the water, however, up to 38% of the larvae of a. stephensi were killed at 2000 mg/l. virtually no inhibitory effect on the larval growth of both species was n ...	1994	8046947
studies on the inheritance of repellent tolerances in aedes aegypti.	two laboratory strains and 6 inbred strains of aedes aegypti were tested against deet, ethyl hexanediol, dimethyl phthalate, and indalone. reciprocal crosses and backcrosses of 2 inbred strains were tested against deet only. results obtained were compatible with a quantitative genetic model in which the effects of the factors involved were multiplicative. certain inbred strains differed significantly from cognate laboratory and/or inbred strains in tolerance to one or more test materials. herita ...	1994	8014634
reproductive isolation between florida strains of aedes aegypti and aedes albopictus.	the dynamics of heterospecific and conspecific mating between florida strains of aedes aegypti and aedes albopictus was examined. in nonchoice experiments where conspecific males were not available, dissection of the spermathecae showed that heterospecific insemination was an infrequent event for both species combinations (10.6% for ae. albopictus with ae. aegypti males, 3.6% for the reciprocal cross). few eggs were produced from heterospecific crosses and all were nonviable. frequency of hetero ...	1994	8014633
comparison of bi-directional fay, omni-directional, cdc, and duplex cone traps for sampling adult aedes albopictus and aedes aegypti in north florida.	we compared the number of aedes albopictus and aedes aegypti females collected in cdc, duplex cone, bi-directional fay, and new omni-directional traps in a series of trials in northern florida during 1992 and 1993. bi-directional fay and omni-directional traps collected significantly more ae. albopictus females than did the other traps tested. the bi-directional fay trap collected significantly more ae. aegypti females than did any other trap. the results of these studies indicate that these tra ...	1994	8014632
toxicity of newly synthesized pyrethroids against the yellow fever mosquito larvae, aedes aegypti (diptera: culicidae).	synthesis of p-substituted benzyl esters of (+/-) cis 2,2-dimethyl-3-(2,2-dichlorovinyl)cyclopropane-carboxylic acid has been reported. (+/-) cis dichlorovinyl acid esters of p-substituted phenols acquired insecticidal activity after introduction of methylene group. the insecticidal activity shown against mosquito larvae a. aegypti by compounds having electron withdrawing groups such as -no2, -cn was substantially higher than that of the compounds having electron-donating groups such as -ch3, -o ...	1994	8045613
polymerase chain reaction diagnostic for cyclodiene insecticide resistance in the mosquito aedes aegypti.		1994	8161855
meiosis and chromosomal effects of thio-tepa in the ovarian cells of aedes aegypti.	the development of meiosis during oogenesis in the normal, and 0.1% thio-tepa (triethylene thiophosphoramide) fed female of aedes aegypti was studied. chromosome preparations were made from adults 24 h after a blood meal. the frequency of various kinds of chromosomal abnormalities was analysed.	1994	8001399
studies on bacillus thuringiensis strains isolated from swedish soils: insect toxicity and production of b. cereus-diarrhoeal-type enterotoxin.	at moderate concentration, 23 of 40 strains of bacillus thuringiensis isolated from sweden were toxic to trichoplusia ni and five were toxic to aedes aegypti. five of the strains were toxic to diabrotica undecimpunctata at high concentration, two were toxic to heliothis virescens at low concentration and five produced thuringiensin (formerly called β-exotoxin). no strain was toxic towards the beet armyworm spodoptera exigua at low concentration. twenty-three of the strains produced a b. cereus-d ...	1994	24421086
an efficient and easy method of infection of mosquito larvae from virus-contaminated cell cultures.	a new method for efficient infection of aedes aegypti larvae by the aedes albopictus densovirus, aapv is described. it consists of placing first or third instar larvae in culture flasks containing a chronically infected mosquito cell line. after 24 or 48 h of exposure to the contaminated culture, the larvae acquired the virus by feeding on infected cells. using this technique, up to 95% of first instar ae. aegypti larvae were found infected by the aapv.	1994	7822456
seasonality, prevalence and pathogenicity of the gregarine ascogregarina taiwanensis (apicomplexa: lecudinidae) in mosquitoes from florida.	aedes albopictus larvae collected in gainesville, fl, were infected with the gregarine ascogregarina taiwanensis. natural prevalence varied from 68 to 100%. eight mosquito species were tested in the laboratory for susceptibility to a. taiwanensis isolated from field-collected ae. albopictus. aedes aegypti, aedes albopictus, and aedes taeniorhynchus became 100% infected in the larval stage, whereas aedes triseriatus was less susceptible; culex quinquefasciatus, culex nigripalpus, culex territans, ...	1994	7807086
an ultrastructural study on the early cellular response to dirofilaria immitis (nematoda) in the malpighian tubules of aedes aegypti (refractory strains).	dirofilaria immitis living in aedes aegypti refractory strains were studied in relation to ultrastructural events in primary cells of malpighian tubules and to defense mechanisms activated by host-cells. when the microfilaria reaches the malpighian cells, its intracellular development is blocked by defense mechanisms activated by the host, resulting in lysis of the outermost cuticle of the parasite without melanin involvement. ultrastructural evidence suggests that lysis is brought about by malp ...	1994	9140500
sialokinin i and ii: vasodilatory tachykinins from the yellow fever mosquito aedes aegypti.	the saliva of the mosquito aedes aegypti has previously been reported to contain a 1400-da peptide with pharmacological properties typical of a tachykinin. in the present study this vasodilator has been purified to homogeneity and found to consist of two peptides: sialokinin i, with the sequence asn-thr-gly-asp-lys-phe-tyr-gly-leu-met-nh2, and sialokinin ii, identical to sialokinin i except for an asp in position 1. these peptides are present in amounts of 0.62 and 0.16 pmol (711 and 178 ng), re ...	1994	8278354
dengue: the risk to developed and developing countries.	dengue viruses are members of the flaviviridae, transmitted principally in a cycle involving humans and mosquito vectors. in the last 20 years the incidence of dengue fever epidemics has increased and hyperendemic transmission has been established over a geographically expanding area. a severe form, dengue hemorrhagic fever (dhf), is an immunopathologic disease occurring in persons who experience sequential dengue infections. the risk of sequential infections, and consequently the incidence of d ...	1994	8146129
larval diet, adult size, and susceptibility of aedes aegypti (diptera: culicidae) to infection with ross river virus.	the relationship of larval nutrition and adult body size to the susceptibility of aedes aegypti (l.) to ross river virus infection was examined. large adult mosquitoes produced by feeding larvae a high-level diet consumed significantly more virus particles than did smaller mosquitoes. however, when a correction for body size was made, smaller mosquitoes were found to consume significantly more virus per unit of body weight. a host viremia of 2.4 log10 pfu/ml failed to infect mosquitoes of any si ...	1994	8158614
control of larval aedes aegypti (diptera: culicidae) by cyclopoid copepods in peridomestic breeding containers.	mesocyclops longisetus (thiébaud), mesocyclops thermocyclopoides harada, mesocyclops venezolanus dussart, and macrocyclops albidus (jurine) were tested for their effectiveness in controlling aedes aegypti (l.) larvae in a variety of containers around homes in el progreso, honduras. all four cyclopoid species killed > 20 larvae per cyclopoid per d under container conditions. m. longisetus was most effective, not only because it was the most voracious predator, but also because it survived best in ...	1994	8158627
plasmodium gallinaceum: differential lysis of two developmental stages of malaria sporozoites by the alternative pathway of complement.	during sporogonic development of plasmodium gallinaceum in the mosquito vector, two developmentally distinct sporozoite stages can be isolated. sporozoites obtained from oocysts in abdomens of mosquitoes 10 days after an infective blood meal are poorly infectious to the vertebrate host (chicken); days later, sporozoites isolated from mosquito salivary glands are highly infectious. in a first step toward understanding the physiologic basis of this developmentally regulated infectivity to the vert ...	1994	8162961
the design of a community-based health education intervention for the control of aedes aegypti.	this report describes the process used to develop locally appropriate educational materials and to implement the education component of a community-based aedes aegypti control program in merida, yucatan, mexico. the process is broken into five stages: formative research, developing recommendations for behavior change, development of educational messages, development and production of educational materials, and distribution of the materials. appropriate terminology and taxonomies for dengue were ...	1994	8166346
complete nucleotide sequence and genomic organization of the aedes albopictus parvovirus (aapv) pathogenic for aedes aegypti larvae.	we have cloned the replicative form of the aedes albopictus parvovirus (aapv) genome and determined the complete sequence of the viral strand. the sequence is 4176 nucleotides (nt) in length. the first 134 nt at the 3' end and the terminal 182 nt at the 5' end of the viral (minus) strand can both generate by folding and annealing of complementary sequences a typical terminal t-shaped structure although they differ in their sequence. three large open reading frames (orfs), each one in a different ...	1994	8178459
inhibition of mouse parenchymal cells proliferation by mosquito larvae extract.	as it is known, some cell populations of mosquito aedes aegypti larvae do not proliferate. this fact suggests the existence of some mitosis inhibiting factor. we have assayed the effect of mosquito larvae crude extract on 85 c3hs young male mice (25 +/- 1 days old) and the effect of the dialyzed fraction of the same extract on 47 partially hepatectomized c3hs adult male mice. the injection was performed at 16:00 hour (before the raising of the dnas curve) and the controls were made at 08:00/16, ...	1994	7873990
use of the "cdc backpack aspirator" for surveillance of aedes aegypti in san juan, puerto rico.	we constructed a battery-powered backpack aspirator to collect adult aedes aegypti mosquitoes. this simple, easily constructed aspirator facilitates the indoor collection of this important vector species. the collections made with the aspirator provide useful information about the biology and behavior of ae. aegypti that can be used in education and vector control programs and in the evaluation of ultra-low volume insecticide spray programs directed against this species. the cost for constructio ...	1994	8014622
protozoan-enhanced toxicity of bacillus thuringiensis var. israelensis delta-endotoxin against aedes aegypti larvae.	the toxicity of bacillus thuringiensis var. israelensis (bti) in mosquito larvae was enhanced by encapsulation in the protozoan tetrahymena pyriformis. aedes aegypti larvae which fed on t. pyriformis loaded with bti died about three times faster than when fed on the same concentrations of bti alone due to ingestion of higher toxin concentrations, reflected by shorter death times of exposed populations. the best larvicidal activities were achieved at ratios of cell/spore numbers in the range of 1 ...	1994	8021522
community-based integrated control of aedes aegypti: a brief overview of current programs.	dengue viruses are maintained in endemic transmission cycles in tropical urban areas where epidemics periodically occur. until about 30 years ago, there were long intervals (10-40 years) between epidemics but they are now occurring in many areas at 3-5-year intervals. these epidemics are most likely caused by virus strains with different epidemic potential. accompanying this increased frequency in epidemic activity has been a change in the disease pattern with cases of the severe form of dengue ...	1994	8024084
purification of an insect defensin from the mosquito, aedes aegypti.	using a new, sensitive assay of bacterial growth inhibition, inducible antibacterial activity has been identified in the haemolymph of the mosquito, aedes aegypti following inoculation with bacteria or with microfilariae of the filarial nematode brugia pahangi, but not after inoculation with sterile culture medium. a lower level of antibacterial activity has also been observed in untreated individual mosquitoes. following bacterial inoculation, a basic, inducible antibacterial peptide has been d ...	1994	8025559
frequent occurrence of ige and igg4 antibodies against saliva of aedes communis and aedes aegypti mosquitoes in children.	we examined the prevalence of ige and igg4 class antibodies to the saliva of aedes communis and aedes aegypti mosquitoes in the sera of three groups of exposed children using a sensitive immunoblot method. the frequencies of ige antibodies to the major 36-kd a. communis and a. aegypti saliva antigens ranged from 82 to 90% in the 20 finnish, 17 kenyan, and 20 mexican children. the corresponding igg4 antibody frequencies were 85, 41, and 20%, respectively. the nonexposed 20 icelandic children did ...	1994	8038615
use of randomly amplified polymorphic dna amplified by polymerase chain reaction markers to estimate the number of aedes aegypti families at oviposition sites in san juan, puerto rico.	we report the application of a molecular genetic technique to estimate the number of full-sibling families of aedes aegypti contained in oviposition traps. randomly amplified polymorphic dna amplified by the polymerase chain reaction markers were used to estimate the numbers and sizes of families in traps at field locations in san juan, puerto rico. forty-nine presumptive loci were amplified with five primers in a total of 813 individuals from 26 sites. the average family size was 10.95, but the ...	1994	8059920
filaria vector competence of some anopheles species.	the filaria vector competence of anopheles stephensi was compared with brugia-susceptible aedes aegypti liverpool strain, an. gambiae badagry lagos strain and an. dirus perlis malaysia strain. an. stephensi ingested more brugia pahangi microfilariae, had the highest infectivity rate and yielded more infective mosquitoes than the other two anopheline species. the overall vector competence of an. stephensi was 0.13 times that of ae. aegypti, 0.62 times that of an. gambiae and 2.17 times that of an ...	1994	8066378
mutagenesis of two surface-exposed loops of the bacillus thuringiensis cryic delta-endotoxin affects insecticidal specificity.	site-directed mutagenesis was used to determine the role of two surface-exposed loops (gly-317-phe-320 and gln-374-pro-377) in the insecticidal specificity of the bacillus thuringiensis cryic delta-endotoxin. mutant toxins were generated by pcr using degenerate oligonucleotide primers, and expressed in escherichia coli. more than 50 mutant toxins were screened for toxicity to the lepidopteran spodoptera frugiperda sf9 cell line using an in vitro lawn assay. a panel of these mutant toxins, which ...	1994	8093015