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evaluation of bactec mycosis ic/f and plus aerobic/f blood culture bottles for detection of candida in the presence of antifungal agents.clinical practice guidelines recommend performing follow-up cultures for patients with candidemia in order to determine the time when candida is cleared from the bloodstream. since this requires culturing blood samples from patients undergoing antifungal treatment, we evaluated two blood culture bottles (the bactec mycosis ic/f [micf], specifically adapted to the growth of fungi, and the bactec plus aerobic/f [paf], containing resins to inactivate anti-infective agents) for their effectiveness i ...201323985911
effect of different pre-irradiation times on curcumin-mediated photodynamic therapy against planktonic cultures and biofilms of candida spp.the aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of pre-irradiation time (pit) on curcumin (cur)-mediated photodynamic therapy (pdt) against planktonic and biofilm cultures of reference strains of candida albicans, candida glabrata and candida dubliniensis.201323153629
candida species contamination of preservation fluid-outcome of renal transplantation in 6 patients.fungal infections are a rare but important cause of morbidity and mortality in kidney transplantation. fungal contamination of the kidney preservation fluid may, sometimes, be the cause of these infections. however, the clinical consequences of fungal contamination of this fluid are not completely understood and literature on this topic is controversial. the purpose of this study was to determine the incidence of preservation fluid contamination by fungi and its clinical consequences.201323953531
rapid and accurate identification of isolates of candida species by melting peak and melting curve analysis of the internally transcribed spacer region 2 fragment (its2-mca).rapid identification of clinically important yeasts can facilitate the initiation of anti-fungal therapy, since susceptibility is largely species-dependent. we evaluated melting peak and melting curve analysis of the internally transcribed spacer region 2 fragment (its2-mca) as an identification tool for distinguishing between 16 candida spp., i.e. candida albicans, candida bracarensis, candida dubliniensis, candida famata, candida glabrata, candida guilliermondii, candida inconspicua, candida k ...201323142490
1-alkyl-(n,n-dimethylamino)pyridinium bromides: inhibitory effect on virulence factors of candida albicans and on the growth of bacterial pathogens.a homologous series of 1-alkyl-(n,n-dimethylamino)pyridinium bromides, termed compounds 1-11, was synthesized and studied for antibacterial and antifungal activity. of these, compound 8, containing a ten-carbon alkyl chain, showed maximum inhibition against all the tested bacterial strains. the highest antibacterial activity using a disc diffusion method was recorded against mycobacterium smegmatis [zone of inhibition (zoi): 45.75±0.25 mm], followed by escherichia coli, proteus mirabilis, vibrio ...201323118472
clinical isolates and laboratory reference candida species and strains have varying abilities to form biofilms.candida biofilms are a major virulence trait for this yeast. in this study, the biofilm-forming ability of the major medically important clinical and laboratory reference strains was compared. biofilms were quantified using traditional methods, that is, crystal violet (cv), tetrazolium (xtt) reduction and colony-forming unit assays (cfu), and two new methods: an automated cell counter (acc) and biofilm suspension turbidity (bst) method. biofilms could be categorized based on biofilm biomass (hig ...201323927631
possible transmission of candida albicans on an intensive care unit: genotype and temporal cluster analyses.nosocomial transmission of candida spp. has not been fully explored and previous studies have shown conflicting results.201323927923
an in vitro study on the anti-adherence effect of brucea javanica and piper betle extracts towards oral candida.the adherence of candida to mucosal surfaces is the initial step for successful invasive process of the oral cavity. the study aimed to investigate the effect of two plant extracts on the non-specific and specific bindings of oral candida.201323915676
the efficacy and safety of sertaconazole cream (2 %) in diaper dermatitis candidiasis.diaper dermatitis (dd) is an inflammatory irritating condition that is common in infants. most cases are associated with the yeast colonization of candida or diaper dermatitis candidiasis (ddc), and therefore, the signs and symptoms improve with antimycotic treatment. sertaconazole is a broad-spectrum third-generation imidazole derivative that is effective and safe for the treatment for superficial mycoses, such as tineas, candidiasis, and pityriasis versicolor. our goal was to assess the effica ...201323546772
species distribution and virulence factors of candida spp. isolated from the oral cavity of kidney transplant recipients in brazil.although yeasts belonging to the genus candida are frequently seen as commensals in the oral cavity, they possess virulence attributes that contribute for pathogenicity. the aims of the present study were to study the prevalence of candida spp. isolated from the oral cavity of renal transplant recipients and to analyze strains virulence factors. we isolated a total of 70 candida strains from 111 transplant recipients, and candida albicans was the most prevalent species (82.86 %). oral candidiasi ...201323539354
ten-year review of candidemia in a canadian tertiary care centre: predominance of non-albicans candida species.to review the epidemiology and associated risk factors for candidemia at a tertiary care centre, in view of recent reports on the changing epidemiology of bloodstream infection due to candida species.201324421833
determination of candida species nestled in denture fissures.with the growing number of elderly individuals, candida is occasionally recognised as a fungal cause of aspiration pneumonia. in addition, there are numerous investigational reports on oral candidiasis. however, there are currently no reports on candida contamination of denture base materials. this study was conducted to investigate candida species in the oral cavity, denture parts and oral lesions of older/elderly subjects with oral candidiasis. the candida strains were isolated and the species ...201324648980
candida albicans isolates from a malaysian hospital exhibit more potent phospholipase and haemolysin activities than non-albicans candida isolates.this study was aimed at determining the phospholipase and haemolysin activity of candida isolates in malaysia. a total of 37 candida clinical isolates representing seven species, candida albicans (12), candida tropicalis (8), candida glabrata (4), candida parapsilosis (1), candida krusei (4), candida orthopsilosis (1) and candida rugosa (7) were tested. in vitro phospholipase activity was determined by using egg yolk plate assay whereas in vitro haemolysin activity was tested by using blood plat ...201324522136
antimicrobial activity of extracts from in vivo and in vitro propagated lamium album l. plants.the antimicrobial activity of 18 different extracts from in vivo and in vitro grown l. album l. plants was evaluated against clinical bacteria and yeasts using the well diffusion method. all the used extracts demonstrated antibacterial activity, whereas only the water extracts from leaves (in vivo) possessed antifungal activity against candida albicans nbimcc 72 and candida glabrata nbimcc 8673 (14 and 20 mm diameter of inhibition zones and mic 10 mg/ml, respectively). the methanol and ethanol e ...201324311888
antifungal susceptibility and growth inhibitory response of oral candida species to brucea javanica linn. extract.candida species have been associated with the emergence of resistant strains towards selected antifungal agents. plant products have been used traditionally as alternative medicine to ease candidal infections. the present study was undertaken to investigate the antifungal susceptibility patterns and growth inhibiting effect of brucea javanica seeds extract against candida species.201324305010
in vitro activities of isavuconazole and comparator antifungal agents tested against a global collection of opportunistic yeasts and molds.isavuconazole is a new broad-spectrum triazole with a favorable pharmacokinetic and safety profile. we report the mic distributions for isavuconazole and 111 isolates of candida (42 candida albicans, 25 candida glabrata, 22 candida parapsilosis, 14 candida tropicalis, and 8 candida krusei isolates), as determined by clinical and laboratory standards institute (clsi) and european committee on antimicrobial susceptibility testing (eucast) broth microdilution (bmd) methods. also, the relative activ ...201323740727
oral microflora and their relation to risk factors in hiv+ patients with oropharyngeal candidiasis.the purpose of this study was to determine the prevalence of oral microflora and association of oral candidiasis and multiple risk factors in hiv(+) patients.201323721997
the yeast anaerobic response element ar1b regulates aerobic antifungal drug-dependent sterol gene expression.saccharomyces cerevisiae ergosterol biosynthesis, like cholesterol biosynthesis in mammals, is regulated at the transcriptional level by a sterol feedback mechanism. yeast studies defined a 7-bp consensus sterol-response element (sre) common to genes involved in sterol biosynthesis and two transcription factors, upc2 and ecm22, which direct transcription of sterol biosynthetic genes. the 7-bp consensus sre is identical to the anaerobic response element, ar1c. data indicate that upc2 and ecm22 fu ...201324163365
epidemiology, species distribution, antifungal susceptibility, and outcome of candidemia across five sites in italy and spain.candidemia has become an important bloodstream infection that is frequently associated with high rates of mortality and morbidity, and its growing incidence is related to complex medical and surgical procedures. we conducted a multicenter study in five tertiary care teaching hospitals in italy and spain and evaluated the epidemiology, species distribution, antifungal susceptibilities, and outcomes of candidemia episodes. in the period of 2008 to 2010, 995 episodes of candidemia were identified i ...201324108614
effects of bovine lactoferrin to oral candida albicans and candida glabrata isolates recovered from the saliva in elderly people.the effects of bovine lactoferrin (blf) on the growth of candida species and on inflammatory cytokine production in gingival keratinocytes, ndusd-1 co-cultured with candida strains were investigated. the results showed that blf at 10 and 100 μg/ml significantly inhibits the growth of two c. albicans strains and two c. glabrata strains isolated from the saliva of elderly people requiring nursing care, respectively. the levels of inflammatory cytokines, interleukin (il)-6, and il-8 in ndusd-1 co-c ...201324077721
comparison of the vitek 2 yeast susceptibility system with clsi microdilution for antifungal susceptibility testing of fluconazole and voriconazole against candida spp., using new clinical breakpoints and epidemiological cutoff values.a commercially available, fully automated yeast susceptibility test system (vitek 2; biomérieux, marcy d'etoile, france) was compared in 3 different laboratories with the clinical and laboratory standards institute (clsi) reference microdilution (bmd) method by testing 2 quality control strains, 10 reproducibility strains, and 425 isolates of candida spp. against fluconazole and voriconazole. reference clsi bmd mic endpoints and vitek 2 mic endpoints were read after 24 hours and 9.1-27.1 hours i ...201323870164
species distribution and antifungal susceptibility of bloodstream fungal isolates in paediatric patients in mexico: a nationwide surveillance study.to establish the species distribution and in vitro susceptibilities of 358 bloodstream fungal isolates from paediatric patients in mexico.201323869052
comparison of the t2dx instrument with t2candida assay and automated blood culture in the detection of candida species using seeded blood samples.as a delay in the diagnosis and treatment of candidemia is associated with increased mortality and healthcare costs, a more rapid method of detection is urgently needed. the t2candida assay is a new rapid diagnostic test, which uses t2 magnetic resonance technology to identify candida spp. directly from whole blood in approximately 3 hours. in this study, the performance of the bactec 9050 using aerobic plus/f blood culture bottles was compared to that of the t2candida assay run on the t2dx inst ...201324135411
carbonic anhydrase regulation and co(2) sensing in the fungal pathogen candida glabrata involves a novel rca1p ortholog.carbon dioxide (co2) is a ubiquitous gas present at 0.0391% in atmospheric air and 5.5% in human blood. it forms part of numerous carboxylation and decarboxylation reactions carried out in every cell. carbonic anhydrases (ca) enhance the hydration of co2 to generate bicarbonate, which is subsequently used in cellular metabolism. in microorganisms, including the yeasts candida albicans and saccharomyces cerevisiae, inactivation of ca leads to a growth defect in air, which is complemented in an at ...201322727373
the effect of silver nanoparticles and nystatin on mixed biofilms of candida glabrata and candida albicans on acrylic.the aim of this study was to compare biofilm formation by candida glabrata and candida albicans on acrylic, either individually or when combined (single and dual species) and then examine the antimicrobial effects of silver nanoparticles and nystatin on these biofilms. candidal adhesion and biofilm assays were performed on acrylic surface in the presence of artificial saliva (as) for 2 h and 48 h, respectively. candida glabrata and c. albicans adherence was determined by the number of colony for ...201322803822
[candida infections in the elderly].candida infections of the skin, mucous membranes as well as of internal organs may be more frequent and more serious in the elderly. there are several biological reasons for this, for example, alterations in the immune system. whereas candida albicans remains the major pathogen, there has been a relative increase of candida glabrata infections. this species is associated with higher mortality. furthermore, c. glabrata is in general less susceptible to fluconazole, so that this drug does not repr ...201322297919
is the incidence of candidemia caused by candida glabrata increasing in brazil? five-year surveillance of candida bloodstream infection in a university reference hospital in southeast brazil.from 2006 to 2010, a retrospective study was conducted in a university referral tertiary care hospital to study the frequency and distribution of candida species in different medical specialties. the use of mechanical ventilation, central venous catheter, and urinary catheter were recorded per 1,000 patient-days and the use of antifungals was calculated using defined daily dose (ddd). a total of 313 episodes were identified and the overall incidence was 0.54 (0.41-0.71) episodes per 1,000 patien ...201322920712
invasive candidiasis in pakistan: clinical characteristics, species distribution and antifungal susceptibility.this study reports for the first time, to our knowledge, descriptive epidemiological data for 188 invasive candida isolates from pakistan, including species identification and antifungal susceptibility against fluconazole, itraconazole, voriconazole, caspofungin, micafungin, anidulafungin and amphotericin. risk factors for invasive candidiasis (ic) were determined for 96 patients from karachi, pakistan. in adults and neonates, candida tropicalis (38 and 36 %, respectively) was the most common sp ...201323105021
oral candida species in head and neck cancer patients treated by radiotherapy.this paper aimed to identify and quantify candida on head and neck irradiated patients with two comparative elderly populations.201323260345
elevated chitin content reduces the susceptibility of candida species to caspofungin.the echinocandin antifungal drugs inhibit synthesis of the major fungal cell wall polysaccharide β(1,3)-glucan. echinocandins have good efficacy against candida albicans but reduced activity against other candida species, in particular candida parapsilosis and candida guilliermondii. treatment of candida albicans with a sub-mic level of caspofungin has been reported to cause a compensatory increase in chitin content and to select for sporadic echinocandin-resistant fks1 point mutants that also h ...201323089748
silver colloidal nanoparticles: effect on matrix composition and structure of candida albicans and candida glabrata biofilms.the aim of this study was to assess the effect of different silver nanoparticles (sn) concentrations on the matrix composition and structure of candida albicans and candida glabrata biofilms.201323231706
a risk factor analysis of healthcare-associated fungal infections in an intensive care unit: a retrospective cohort study.the incidence of fungal healthcare-associated infection (hai) has increased in a major teaching hospital in the northern part of taiwan over the past decade, especially in the intensive care units (icus). the purpose of this study was to determine the factors that were responsible for the outbreak and trend in the icu.201323298156
the telomere capping complex cst has an unusual stoichiometry, makes multipartite interaction with g-tails, and unfolds higher-order g-tail structures.the telomere-ending binding protein complex cst (cdc13-stn1-ten1) mediates critical functions in both telomere protection and replication. we devised a co-expression and affinity purification strategy for isolating large quantities of the complete candida glabrata cst complex. the complex was found to exhibit a 2∶4∶2 or 2∶6∶2 stoichiometry as judged by the ratio of the subunits and the native size of the complex. stn1, but not ten1 alone, can directly and stably interact with cdc13. in gel mobil ...201323300477
susceptibility of multispecies biofilm to photodynamic therapy using photodithazine®this in vitro study evaluated the effect of photodynamic therapy (pdt) on the multispecies biofilm of candida albicans, candida glabrata, and streptococcus mutans. standardized fungal and bacterial suspensions were cultivated appropriately for each species and inoculated in 96-well microtiter plates for mix-biofilm formation. after 48 h of incubation, the biofilms were submitted to pdt (p + l+) using photodithazine® (pdz) at 100, 150, 175, 200, or 250 mg/ml for 20 min and 37.5 j/cm(2) of light-e ...201323912779
cytotoxicity of brazilian plant extracts against oral microorganisms of interest to dentistry.with the emergence of strains resistant to conventional antibiotics, it is important to carry studies using alternative methods to control these microorganisms causing important infections, such as the use of products of plant origin that has demonstrated effective antimicrobial activity besides biocompatibility. therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the antimicrobial activity of plant extracts of equisetum arvense l., glycyrrhiza glabra l., punica granatum l. and stryphnodendron barbatimam ma ...201323945270
determination of isavuconazole susceptibility of aspergillus and candida species by the eucast method.isavuconazole is a novel expanded-spectrum triazole, which has recently been approved by the fda as an orphan drug to treat invasive aspergillosis and is currently being studied in phase iii clinical trials for invasive candidiasis. the susceptibility of relatively few clinical isolates has been reported. in this study, the isavuconazole susceptibilities of 1,237 aspergillus and 2,010 candida geographically diverse clinical isolates were determined by eucast methodology at four european mycology ...201323959309
antimicrobial activities of some euphorbia species.in this study, the antimicrobial activities of methanolic extracts and latex of some euphorbia species used for medical purposes in turkey were investigated. the extracts of euphorbia aleppica l., euphorbia szovitsii fisch.&mey. var. harputensis aznav. ex m. s. khan, euphorbia falcata l. sub. falcata var. falcata, euphorbia denticulata lam., euphorbia macroclada boiss., euphorbia cheiradenia boiss.&hohen, euphorbia virgata waldst.&kit., euphorbia petiolata banks&sol. were prepared with methanol. ...201324311840
microbiological evaluation of bacterial and mycotic seal in implant systems with different implant-abutment interfaces and closing torque values.the aim of this study was to evaluate the possible leakage of 3 species of bacteria (streptococcus sanguinis, fusobacterium nucleatum, and actinomyces odontolyticus) and of candida albicans and candida glabrata in osseointegrated implants with different implant-abutment interface (iai) geometry.201323782848
structural studies and investigation on the activity of imidazole-derived thiosemicarbazones and hydrazones against crop-related fungi.new imidazole derived thiosemicarbazones and hydrazones were prepared by condensation of 4(5)-imidazole carboxaldehyde, 4-(1h-imidazole-1-yl)benzaldehyde and 4-(1h-imidazole-1-yl)acetophenone with a thiosemicarbazide or hydrazide. all compounds were characterized by quantitative elemental analysis, ir and nmr techniques. eight structures were determined by single crystal x-ray diffraction. the antifungal activities of the compounds were evaluated. none of the compounds exhibited significant acti ...201324129274
intestinal agvhd and infection after hematopoietic stem cell transplantation.we aimed to guide clinical nursing by studying the relationship between intestinal acute graft-versus-host disease and intestinal infection after hematopoietic stem cell transplantation.201324077343
synthesis and antifungal activities of miltefosine analogs.miltefosine is an alkylphosphocholine that shows broad-spectrum in vitro antifungal activities and limited in vivo efficacy in mouse models of cryptococcosis. to further explore the potential of this class of compounds for the treatment of systemic mycoses, nine analogs (3a-3i) were synthesized by modifying the choline structural moiety and the alkyl chain length of miltefosine. in vitro testing of these compounds against the opportunistic fungal pathogens candida albicans, candida glabrata, can ...201323891181
synthesis, structure and antifungal activity of thiophene-2,3-dicarboxaldehyde bis(thiosemicarbazone) and nickel(ii), copper(ii) and cadmium(ii) complexes: unsymmetrical coordination mode of nickel complex.the reaction of nickel(ii), copper(ii) chlorides and cadmium(ii) chloride and bromide with thiophene-2,3-dicarboxaldehyde bis(thiosemicarbazone) (2,3btstch2) leads to a series of new complexes: [ni(2,3btstch)]cl, [cu(2,3btstc)], [cdcl2(2,3btstch2)] and [cdbr2(2,3btstch2)]. the crystal structures of the ligand and of [ni(2,3btstch)]cl complex have been determined. in this case, we remark an unusual non-symmetrical coordination mode for the two functional groups: one acting as a thione and the sec ...201323792913
cell wall perturbation sensitizes fungi to the antimalarial drug chloroquine.chloroquine (cq) has been a mainstay of antimalarial drug treatment for several decades. additional therapeutic actions of cq have been described, including some reports of fungal inhibition. here we investigated the action of cq in fungi, including the yeast model saccharomyces cerevisiae. a genomewide yeast deletion strain collection was screened against cq, revealing that bck1δ and slt2δ mutants of the cell wall integrity pathway are cq hypersensitive. this phenotype was rescued with sorbitol ...201323733464
comparison of nucleic acid amplification assays with bd affirm vpiii for diagnosis of vaginitis in symptomatic women.a commercially available, nonamplified, nucleic acid probe-based test system (bd affirm vpiii) was compared with nucleic acid amplification (naa)-based assays for determining the etiology of vaginitis in a cohort of 323 symptomatic women. first, a semiquantitative, multiplexed pcr assay (bv-pcr) and the affirm vpiii gardnerellavaginalis test were compared with a unified bacterial-vaginosis (bv) reference standard incorporating both nugent gram stain scores and amsel clinical criteria. in the eva ...201323985917
detection and characterization of megasatellites in orthologous and nonorthologous genes of 21 fungal genomes.megasatellites are large dna tandem repeats, originally described in candida glabrata, in protein-coding genes. most of the genes in which megasatellites are found are of unknown function. in this work, we extended the search for megasatellites to 20 additional completely sequenced fungal genomes and extracted 216 megasatellites in 203 out of 142,121 genes, corresponding to the most exhaustive description of such genetic elements available today. we show that half of the megasatellites detected ...201323543670
nicotinic acid modulates legionella pneumophila gene expression and induces virulence traits.in response to environmental fluctuations or stresses, bacteria can activate transcriptional and phenotypic programs to coordinate an adaptive response. the intracellular pathogen legionella pneumophila converts from a noninfectious replicative form to an infectious transmissive form when the bacterium encounters alterations in either amino acid concentrations or fatty acid biosynthesis. here, we report that l. pneumophila differentiation is also triggered by nicotinic acid, a precursor of the c ...201323319553
one small step for a yeast--microevolution within macrophages renders candida glabrata hypervirulent due to a single point mutation.candida glabrata is one of the most common causes of candidemia, a life-threatening, systemic fungal infection, and is surpassed in frequency only by candida albicans. major factors contributing to the success of this opportunistic pathogen include its ability to readily acquire resistance to antifungals and to colonize and adapt to many different niches in the human body. here we addressed the flexibility and adaptability of c. glabrata during interaction with macrophages with a serial passage ...201425356907
evaluation of microbial load in oropharyngeal mucosa from tannery workers.animal skin provides an ideal medium for the propagation of microorganisms and it is used like raw material in the tannery and footware industry. the aim of this study was to evaluate and identify the microbial load in oropharyngeal mucosa of tannery employees.201425830072
abdominal candidiasis is a hidden reservoir of echinocandin resistance.fks mutant candida isolates were recovered from 24% (6/25) of abdominal candidiasis patients exposed to echinocandin. candida glabrata (29%) and candida albicans (14%) mutants were identified. multidrug-resistant bacteria were recovered from 83% of fks mutant infections. mutations were associated with prolonged echinocandin exposure (p = 0.01), breakthrough infections (p = 0.03), and therapeutic failures despite source control interventions (100%). abdominal candidiasis is a hidden reservoir for ...201425288081
a seco-laurane sesquiterpene and related laurane derivatives from the red alga laurencia okamurai yamada.a ring-cleaved sesquiterpene, named seco-laurokamurone, four laurane-type sesquiterpenes, laurepoxyene, 3β-hydroperoxyaplysin, 3α-hydroperoxy-3-epiaplysin, and 8,10-dibromoisoaplysin, one laurokamurane-type sesquiterpene, laurokamurene d, and one bisabolane-type sesquiterpene, (5s)-5-acetoxy-β-bisabolene, have been isolated from a re-collection of the red alga laurencia okamurai yamada, together with six other known sesquiterpenes. their structures, including relative configuration, were elucida ...201424731260
membership and behavior of ultra-low-diversity pathogen communities present in the gut of humans during prolonged critical illness.we analyzed the 16s rrna amplicon composition in fecal samples of selected patients during their prolonged stay in an intensive care unit (icu) and observed the emergence of ultra-low-diversity communities (1 to 4 bacterial taxa) in 30% of the patients. bacteria associated with the genera enterococcus and staphylococcus and the family enterobacteriaceae comprised the majority of these communities. the composition of cultured species from stool samples correlated to the 16s rrna analysis and addi ...201425249279
identifications of household's spores using mid infrared spectroscopy.exposure to household fungi is very common both inside and outside the house and can cause health issues. the application of fourier transforms mid infrared spectroscopy (ftir) as a screening technique for the detection and identification of household fungi was investigated. early detection and identification of these household pathogens is very important and critical for their control. the current available methods for identification of fungi are time consuming, expensive and not very specific. ...201424434199
[system metabolic engineering strategies for 2,3-butandione production by torulopsis glabrata].we regulated the carbon flux distribution of torulopsis glabrata cctcc m202019, an efficient pyruvate-producing microorganism, for improved 2, 3-butandione production.201425007652
essential oil composition and antimicrobial activities of two closely related species, alpinia mutica roxb. and alpinia latilabris ridl., from peninsular malaysia.the essential oils obtained by hydrodistillation of the unripe and ripe fruits of alpinia mutica roxb. and alpinia latilabris ridl. were analysed by capillary gc and gc-ms. the oils were principally monoterpenic in nature. the unripe and ripe fruit oils of a. mutica were characterized by camphor (21.0% and 15.8%), camphene (16.6% and 10.2%), β-pinene (8.6% and 13.5%), and trans,trans-farnesol (8.0% and 11.2%), respectively. the oils of the unripe and ripe fruits were moderately active against st ...201424987733
metal-based carboxamide-derived compounds endowed with antibacterial and antifungal activity.a series of three bioactive thiourea (carboxamide) derivatives, n-(dipropylcarbamothioyl)-thiophene-2-carboxamide (l(1)), n-(dipropylcarbamothioyl)-5-methylthiophene-2-carboxamide (l(2)) and 5-bromo-n-(dipropylcarbamothioyl)furan-2-carboxamide (l(3)) and their cobalt(ii), copper(ii), nickel(ii) and zinc(ii) complexes (1)-(12) have been synthesized and characterized by their ir,(1)h-nmr spectroscopy, mass spectrometry and elemental analysis data. the crystal structure of one of the ligand, n-(dip ...201423914928
management of recurrent postoperative fungal endophthalmitis.to report the management of recurrent postoperative fungal endophthalmitis (pofe) after failed pars plana vitrectomy (ppv) and antifungal therapy.201424618484
evolution of bacterial consortia in spontaneously started rye sourdoughs during two months of daily propagation.the evolution of bacterial consortia was studied in six semi-solid rye sourdoughs during long-term backslopping at different temperatures. each rye sourdough was started spontaneously in a laboratory (dough yield 200), propagated at either 20°c or 30°c, and renewed daily at an inoculation rate of 1∶10 for 56 days. the changes in bacterial diversity over time were followed by both dgge coupled with partial 16s rrna gene sequencing and pyrosequencing of bar-coded 16s rrna gene amplicons. four spec ...201424748058
metabolic engineering of candida glabrata for diacetyl production.in this study, candida glabrata, an efficient pyruvate-producing strain, was metabolically engineered for the production of the food ingredient diacetyl. a diacetyl biosynthetic pathway was reconstructed based on genetic modifications and medium optimization. the former included (i) channeling carbon flux into the diacetyl biosynthetic pathway by amplification of acetolactate synthase, (ii) elimination of the branched pathway of α-acetolactate by deleting the ilv5 gene, and (iii) restriction of ...201424614328
how often do they have sex? a comparative analysis of the population structure of seven eukaryotic microbial pathogens.the model of predominant clonal evolution (pce) proposed for micropathogens does not state that genetic exchange is totally absent, but rather, that it is too rare to break the prevalent pce pattern. however, the actual impact of this "residual" genetic exchange should be evaluated. multilocus sequence typing (mlst) is an excellent tool to explore the problem. here, we compared online available mlst datasets for seven eukaryotic microbial pathogens: trypanosoma cruzi, the fusarium solani complex ...201425054834
identification of candida glabrata genes involved in ph modulation and modification of the phagosomal environment in macrophages.candida glabrata currently ranks as the second most frequent cause of invasive candidiasis. our previous work has shown that c. glabrata is adapted to intracellular survival in macrophages and replicates within non-acidified late endosomal-stage phagosomes. in contrast, heat killed yeasts are found in acidified matured phagosomes. in the present study, we aimed at elucidating the processes leading to inhibition of phagosome acidification and maturation. we show that phagosomes containing viable ...201424789333
candida nivariensis in comparison to different phenotypes of candida glabrata.the purpose of the study was to establish the prevalence of new candida glabrata complex species: candida nivariensis and candida bracarensis isolated from clinical material, evaluate their phenotypes and the prevalence of gene family encoding extracellular glycosylphosphatidylinositol-linked aspartyl proteases, crucial for c. glabrata virulence. study material included 224 c. glabrata clinical strains. candida glabrata phenotypes were identified using chromagar candida medium. strains were anal ...201425267284
prevalence of candida nivariensis and candida bracarensis in vulvovaginal candidiasis.candida nivariensis and candida bracarensis were isolated from patients with vulvovaginal candidiasis (vvc). candida nivariensis and candida bracarensis were found in presumptive candida glabrata isolates, which were identified using the api candida system. we retrospectively re-examined vaginal presumptive candida glabrata isolates for candida nivariensis and candida bracarensis from january 1, 2003, through december 31, 2012, via detection of the its1 region and the 5.8s ribosomal rna gene. am ...201425118875
characterisation of yeasts isolated from 'nduja of spilinga.the 'nduja of spilinga protected geographical indication (pgi) is a spreadable italian salami, obtained by using fat (50%), lean of pork (25%), chili pepper (25%) and nacl, stuffed into natural pork casing. its predominant flora is represented by yeasts, reaching at the end of seasoning values of 6 log cfu/g. considering the need to enhance and protect traditional local products, it seemed interesting to carry out a characterisation of yeasts of the 'nduja of spilinga pgi. a total of 127 strains ...201427800341
activity of echinocandins and triazoles against a contemporary (2012) worldwide collection of yeast and moulds collected from invasive infections.in this study, 1717 fungal clinical isolates causing invasive fungal infections were evaluated against nine antifungal agents using clinical and laboratory standards institute (clsi) reference broth microdilution methods. the isolates comprised 1487 candida spp., 109 aspergillus spp., 86 non-candida yeasts (including 52 isolates of cryptococcus neoformans) and 35 rare moulds obtained during 2012 from 72 hospitals worldwide. echinocandin resistance among candida spp. was low, and resistance rates ...201425129315
isavuconazole and nine comparator antifungal susceptibility profiles for common and uncommon candida species collected in 2012: application of new clsi clinical breakpoints and epidemiological cutoff values.the in vitro activity of isavuconazole and nine antifungal comparator agents was assessed using reference broth microdilution methods against 1,421 common and uncommon species of candida from a 2012 global survey. isolates were identified using chromagar, biochemical methods and sequencing of its and/or 28s regions. candida spp. were classified as either susceptible or resistant and as wild type (wt) or non-wt using clsi clinical breakpoints or epidemiological cutoff values, respectively, for th ...201424952015
epidemiology and predictive factors for early and late mortality in candida bloodstream infections: a population-based surveillance in spain.a prospective, multicentre, population-based surveillance programme for candida bloodstream infections was implemented in five metropolitan areas of spain to determine its incidence and the prevalence of antifungal resistance, and to identify predictors of death. between may 2010 and april 2011, candida isolates were centralized to a reference laboratory for species identification by dna sequencing and for susceptibility testing by eucast reference procedure. prognostic factors associated with e ...201424125548
repurposing as a means to increase the activity of amphotericin b and caspofungin against candida albicans biofilms.biofilms of candida species, often formed on medical devices, are generally resistant to currently available antifungal drugs. the aim of this study was to identify compounds that increase the activity of amphotericin b and caspofungin, commonly used antifungal agents, against candida biofilms.201424284780
yeasts isolated from nosocomial urinary infections: antifungal susceptibility and biofilm production.urinary candida infections in the hospital environment are frequent and need to be better understood.201423810785
use of micafungin as a surrogate marker to predict susceptibility and resistance to caspofungin among 3,764 clinical isolates of candida by use of clsi methods and interpretive criteria.due to unacceptably high interlaboratory variation in caspofungin mic values, we evaluated the use of micafungin as a surrogate marker to predict the susceptibility of candida spp. to caspofungin using reference methods and species-specific interpretive criteria. the mic results for 3,764 strains of candida (eight species), including 73 strains with fks mutations, were used. caspofungin mic values and species-specific interpretive criteria were compared with those of micafungin to determine the ...201424153129
candida orthopsilosis fungemias in a spanish tertiary care hospital: incidence, epidemiology and antifungal susceptibility.few studies exist on prevalence of fungemia by candida orthopsilosis, with variable results.201423680638
antifungal application of nonantifungal drugs.candida species are the cause of 60% of all mycoses in immunosuppressed individuals, leading to ∼150,000 deaths annually due to systemic infections, whereas the current antifungal therapies either have toxic side effects or are insufficiently efficient. we performed a screening of two compound libraries, the enzo and the institute for molecular medicine finland (fimm) oncology collection library, for anti-candida activity based on the european committee on antimicrobial susceptibility testing (e ...201424277040
epidemiology of candidaemia and invasive candidiasis. a changing face.invasive candidiasis is a leading cause of mortality. candidaemia is the most common clinical presentation of invasive candidiasis but more that 30% of these infections do not yield positive blood cultures. candida albicans remains the predominant aetiology, accounting for 50% of all cases. however, there has been an epidemiological shift in the last decades. some species of candida different to c. albicans have emerged as an important cause of severe candidaemia as they can exhibit resistance t ...201424270071
the oxidative stress response of the opportunistic fungal pathogen candida glabrata.organisms have evolved different strategies to respond to oxidative stress generated as a by-product of aerobic respiration and thus maintain the redox homeostasis within the cell. in particular, fungal pathogens are exposed to reactive oxygen species (ros) when they interact with the phagocytic cells of the host which are the first line of defense against fungal infections. these pathogens have co-opted the enzymatic (catalases, superoxide dismutases (sods), and peroxidases) and non-enzymatic ( ...201424270068
histatin 5-spermidine conjugates have enhanced fungicidal activity and efficacy as a topical therapeutic for oral candidiasis.oropharyngeal candidiasis (opc) is caused by the opportunistic fungi candida albicans and is prevalent in immunocompromised patients, individuals with dry mouth, or patients with prolonged antibiotic therapies that reduce oral commensal bacteria. human salivary histatins, including histatin 5 (hst 5), are small cationic proteins that are the major source of fungicidal activity of saliva. however, hsts are rapidly degraded in vivo, limiting their usefulness as therapeutic agents despite their lac ...201424247141
nosocomial bloodstream infections due to candida spp. in the usa: species distribution, clinical features and antifungal susceptibilities.candida spp. are among the most frequent nosocomial pathogens, contributing significantly to morbidity and mortality. longitudinal data on the epidemiology of candida bloodstream infections (bsis) are still limited. isolates and clinical data from 1218 episodes of candida bsi were prospectively collected from patients in 52 hospitals in the usa between 1998 and 2006. susceptibilities to amphotericin b, flucytosine, fluconazole, posaconazole, voriconazole, anidulafungin, caspofungin and micafungi ...201424182454
micafungin pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic adequacy for the treatment of invasive candidiasis in critically ill patients on continuous venovenous haemofiltration.to explore the pharmacokinetics (pk) and pharmacodynamics (pd) of micafungin in patients undergoing continuous venovenous haemofiltration (cvvh).201424505092
in vitro effect of amphotericin b on candida albicans, candida glabrata and candida parapsilosis biofilm formation.candida spp. biofilm is considered highly resistant to conventional antifungals. the aim of this study was to investigate the in vitro effect of amphotericin b on candida spp. biofilms at different stages of maturation. we investigated the activity of amphotericin b against 78 clinical isolates of candida spp., representing three species, growing as planktonic and sessile cells, by a widely accepted broth microdilution method. the in vitro effect on sessile cell viability was evaluated by mtt re ...201424436013
formulation and in vitro evaluation of coconut oil-core cationic nanocapsules intended for vaginal delivery of clotrimazole.the objective of this work was to propose coconut oil-core nanocapsules prepared from eudragit(®) rs100, a cationic polymer, and to evaluate their potential for vaginal delivery of clotrimazole in candidiasis. nanocapsule suspensions loaded with clotrimazole at 1.0 and 3.0mg/ml were prepared by interfacial deposition of eudragit(®) rs100. the physicochemical characterization showed average diameter lower than 200 nm, low polydispersity index, positive zeta potential (+10.94 to +14.57 mv), acid p ...201424503350
molecular identification and antifungal susceptibility of yeast isolates causing fungemia collected in a population-based study in spain in 2010 and 2011.we report the molecular identifications and antifungal susceptibilities of the isolates causing fungemia collected in the candipop population-based study conducted in 29 spanish hospitals. a total of 781 isolates (from 767 patients, 14 of them having mixed fungemia) were collected. the species found most frequently were candida albicans (44.6%), candida parapsilosis (24.5%), candida glabrata (13.2%), candida tropicalis (7.6%), candida krusei (1.9%), candida guilliermondii (1.7%), and candida lus ...201424366741
antifungal activity of phenolic compounds identified in flowers from north eastern portugal against candida species.to evaluate the antifungal effect of gallic acid, catechin, luteolin and quercetin, phenolic compounds identified from flowers of north eastern portugal, against candida planktonic and biofilm cells.201424571069
propargyl-linked antifolates are dual inhibitors of candida albicans and candida glabrata.species of candida, primarily c. albicans and with increasing prevalence, c. glabrata, are responsible for the majority of fungal bloodstream infections that cause morbidity, especially among immune compromised patients. while the development of new antifungal agents that target the essential enzyme, dihydrofolate reductase (dhfr), in both candida species would be ideal, previous attempts have resulted in antifolates that exhibit inconsistencies between enzyme inhibition and antifungal propertie ...201424568657
impact of therapeutic strategies on the prognosis of candidemia in the icu.to determine the epidemiology of candida bloodstream infections, variables influencing mortality, and antifungal resistance rates in icus in spain.201424557426
invasive candidiasis in intensive care units in china: in vitro antifungal susceptibility in the china-scan study.the objectives of this study were to determine species distribution and in vitro antifungal susceptibility of candida isolates identified in the multicentre china-scan study of invasive candida infection (ici) in intensive care units (icus) across china.201424004860
genome structure and dynamics of the yeast pathogen candida glabrata.the yeast pathogen candida glabrata is the second most frequent cause of candida infections. however, from the phylogenetic point of view, c. glabrata is much closer to saccharomyces cerevisiae than to candida albicans. apparently, this yeast has relatively recently changed its life style and become a successful opportunistic pathogen. recently, several c. glabrata sister species, among them clinical and environmental isolates, have had their genomes characterized. also, hundreds of c. glabrata ...201424528571
dual antifungal properties of cationic antimicrobial peptides polybia-mpi: membrane integrity disruption and inhibition of biofilm formation.with the increasing emergence of resistant fungi, the discovery and development of novel antifungal therapeutics were urgently needed. compared with conventional antibiotics, the limited propensity of amps to induce resistance in pathogens has attracted great interest. in the present study, the antifungal activity and its mechanism-of-action of polybia-mpi, a cationic peptide from the venom of social wasp polybia paulista was investigated. we demonstrated that polybia-mpi could potently inhibit ...201424642357
studies on the possible aetiological role of different candida species in pathogenesis of dentine caries by monitoring the calcium release from tooth particles.an in vitro model has been developed for study of cariogenic potential of different candida species. slices were prepared from the root of extracted healthy teeth. these disks were covered with inert material, only the central hole, i.e. the root canal dentin surface remained uncovered. these preparates with free root dentin surfaces were incubated in sabouraud medium in the presence of six-six candida albicans, candida glabrata, candida tropicalis, candida krusei, candida inconspicua and candid ...201424631750
the development and validation of a rapid genetic method for species identification and genotyping of medically important fungal pathogens using high-resolution melting curve analysis.accurate, rapid and economical fungal species identification has been a major aim in mycology. in this study, our goal was to examine the feasibility of a high-resolution melting curve analysis (hrma) of internal transcribed regions its1 and its2 in ribosomal dna (rdna) for a rapid, simple and inexpensive differentiation of eight clinically relevant candida species (candida albicans, candida glabrata, candida parapsilosis, candida krusei, candida tropicalis, candida guilliermondii, candida dubli ...201424628973
promising results of cranberry in the prevention of oral candida biofilms.in the context of dental caries prevention by natural foodstuff sources, antifungal and antibiofilm activities of dry commercial extracts of cranberry fruit (vaccinium macrocarpon aiton) and two other red fruits (vaccinium myrtillus l. and malpighia punicifolia l.) were assessed on candida albicans and candida glabrata yeasts. when added to the culture medium, the cranberry extract displayed a significant anti-adhesion activity against candida spp. when used at low concentrations. in addition, t ...201424623607
multi-drug resistant oral candida species isolated from hiv-positive patients in south africa and cameroon.candida species are a common cause of infection in immune-compromised hiv-positive individuals, who are usually treated with the antifungal drug, fluconazole, in public hospitals in africa. however, information about the prevalence of drug resistance to fluconazole and other antifungal agents on candida species is very limited. this study examined 128 candida isolates from south africa and 126 cameroonian candida isolates for determination of species prevalence and antifungal drug susceptibility ...201424726686
impact of new antifungal breakpoints on antifungal resistance in candida species.we reviewed our antifungal susceptibility data for micafungin, anidulafungin, fluconazole, and voriconazole against candida species and compared resistance rates determined by the previous and recently revised clsi antifungal breakpoints. with the new breakpoints, resistance was significantly increased for micafungin (from 0.8% to 7.6%), anidulafungin (from 0.9% to 7.3%), and voriconazole (from 6.1% to 18.4%) against candida glabrata. resistance was also increased for fluconazole against candida ...201424403302
an emerging issue of mixed yeast cultures.different yeast species have different susceptibilities to commonly prescribed antifungal drugs. thus, it is important to accurately determine the species of pathogenic yeasts, especially when more than one species are in a specimen.201423523053
[oral candida species distribution in patients receiving radiotherapy for head and neck cancer].to investigate the distribution of oral candida species in head and neck cancer (hnc) patients treated with radiation therapy, and provide the basis for planning of clinical preventive measures.201425543608
[trend of susceptibility testing of clinical isolates of candida species from aseptic samples in hospitals in saitama prefecture].we investigated the susceptibility of candida species from clinical aseptic samples, including blood, at some hospitals in saitama prefecture. candida spp. detected from aseptic samples in the 6 institutes in saitama prefecture from november 2007 to july 2011 were studied. the number of isolates was 85, which are 43 (50.6%) of candida albicans, 24 (28.2%) of candida parapsilosis, 5 (5.9%) of candida glabrata, 5 (5.9%) of candida tropicalis, 4 (4.7%) of candida guilliermondii, 2 (2.4%) of candida ...201425507301
[catheterization and fungal infection risk in the university hospital of tlemcen: epidemiology and susceptibility to antifungals].fungal infections are a major cause of morbidity and mortality, and are frequently associated with the implantation of vascular catheters, especially in immune-compromised patients. unfortunately, the therapeutic arsenal available for the treatment of these infections, caused generally by the yeasts of the genus candida is still limited because of the toxicity and/or of the emergence of resistance against some antifungal agents. that is why we have undertaken this study, which is to determine th ...201425442921
in vitro susceptibility profile of 200 recent clinical isolates of candida spp. to topical antifungal treatments of vulvovaginal candidiasis, the imidazoles and nystatin agents.topical antifungal treatment of vulvovaginal candidiasis is widely recommended. the most commonly recommended topical antifungals (the imidazoles clotrimazole, miconazole and econazole and the polyene nystatin) have been on the market for more than 30 years. there are only a few recent data available on the susceptibility of different candida species to these antifungals, especially of non-albicans candida species which appear to be less responsive to treatment with imidazoles. the study aimed t ...201425442913
[trend of susceptibility testing of clinical isolates of candida species from aseptic samples in hospitals in saitama prefecture].we investigated the susceptibility of candida species from clinical aseptic samples, including blood, at some hospitals in saitama prefecture. candida spp. detected from aseptic samples in the 6 institutes in saitama prefecture from november 2007 to july 2011 were studied. the number of isolates was 85, which are 43 (50.6%) of candida albicans, 24 (28.2%) of candida parapsilosis, 5 (5.9%) of candida glabrata, 5 (5.9%) of candida tropicalis, 4 (4.7%) of candida guilliermondii, 2 (2.4%) of candida ...201425420317
in vitro antimicrobial activity of an experimental dentifrice based on ricinus communis.this study evaluated the antimicrobial activity of a ricinus communis-based experimental dentifrice for denture hygiene against the following standard strains: staphylococcus aureus, escherichia coli, streptococcus mutans, enterococcus faecalis, candida albicans and candida glabrata. the minimum inhibitory concentration (mic) assay was performed with r. communis in pure oil at 2.5%. only e. coli was not inhibited by r. communis, but the mic (0.0781%) was effective against the other microorganism ...201425252252
prevalence and risk factors of tinea capitis and tinea pedis in school children in turkey.to evaluate the prevalence and risk factors of tinea capitis and tinea pedis in school children in turkey.201425272535
eukaryote culturomics of the gut reveals new species.the repertoire of microeukaryotes in the human gut has been poorly explored, mainly in individuals living in northern hemisphere countries. we further explored this repertoire using pcr-sequencing and culture in seven individuals living in four tropical countries. a total of 41 microeukaryotes including 38 different fungal species and three protists were detected. four fungal species, davidiella tassiana, davidiella sp., corticiaceae sp., and penicillium sp., were uniquely detected by culture; 2 ...201425210972
fluconazole resistance patterns in candida species that colonize women with hiv infection.the women's interagency hiv study was established in 1993 to study the natural history of hiv disease among women in the united states. it currently has enrolled 2,895 women testing positive for hiv infection and 972 women without hiv infection recruited from 6 national metropolitan locations. the clinical database information collected for each hiv-positive individual included cd4 cell counts, viral load, and antiviral treatment to evaluate hiv prognosis and related conditions in women.201425352939
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