Publications

value of washed sputum gram stain smear and culture for management of lower respiratory tract infections in children.	to date, the technique of washed sputum examinations has not been widely used in the clinical management of lower respiratory tract infections in children. a total of 224 sputum samples from 125 pediatric patients with lower respiratory tract infections were collected for washed sputum gram stain smears and cultures. the results with these methods were compared to find correlation rates. the value of washed sputum cultures was assessed by examining the clinical responses of the patients who rece ...	2004	14991515
augmentin (amoxicillin/clavulanate) in the treatment of community-acquired respiratory tract infection: a review of the continuing development of an innovative antimicrobial agent.	amoxicillin/clavulanate (augmentin) is a broad-spectrum antibacterial that has been available for clinical use in a wide range of indications for over 20 years and is now used primarily in the treatment of community-acquired respiratory tract infections. amoxicillin/clavulanate was developed to provide a potent broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, coverage of beta-lactamase-producing pathogens and a favourable pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic (pk/pd) profile. these factors have contributed t ...	2004	14726431
transferrin-binding protein b of neisseria meningitidis: sequence-based identification of the transferrin-binding site confirmed by site-directed mutagenesis.	a sequence-based prediction method was employed to identify three ligand-binding domains in transferrin-binding protein b (tbpb) of neisseria meningitidis strain b16b6. site-directed mutagenesis of residues located in these domains has led to the identification of two domains, amino acids 53 to 57 and 240 to 245, which are involved in binding to human transferrin (htf). these two domains are conserved in an alignment of different tbpb sequences from n. meningitidis and neisseria gonorrhoeae, ind ...	2004	14729713
antimicrobial resistance in the nasopharyngeal flora of children with acute maxillary sinusitis and maxillary sinusitis recurring after amoxicillin therapy.	to investigate the antimicrobial susceptibility of the organisms isolated from the nasopharynx of children who present with acute maxillary sinusitis (ams) or maxillary sinusitis that recurred (rms) after amoxicillin therapy.	2004	14729759
bro beta-lactamase alleles, antibiotic resistance and a test of the bro-1 selective replacement hypothesis in moraxella catarrhalis.	the hypothesis that bro-1 selectively replaced the bro-2 isoform of the moraxella catarrhalis bro beta-lactamase was tested by examining the temporal distribution, antibiotic resistance and epidemiological characteristics of isolates from a long-term collection at a single locale.	2004	14729761
in vitro activity of abt773, a new ketolide derivative exhibiting innovative microbiological properties against well-characterised antibiotic resistant pathogens in italy.	the in vitro activity of abt773, a new ketolide, was assessed against a collection (518) of well-characterised gram-positive and gram-negative pathogens and compared with that of other appropriate drugs. abt773 was active (mic-90=0.03 mg/l) against the staphylococci tested which included macrolide-resistant but clindamycin susceptible organisms. streptococcus pneumoniae, s. pyogenes and s. agalactiae were also inhibited (mic-90 range: <0.0075-0.5mg/l) irrespective of their antibiotic resistance ...	2004	14732308
protekt 1999-2000: a multicentre study of the antibiotic susceptibility of respiratory tract pathogens in hong kong, japan and south korea.	a multicentre surveillance study performed in the far east during 1999-2000 investigated the in vitro activity of >20 antibacterials against common respiratory pathogens. in hong kong, japan, and south korea, 57.1, 44.5 and 71.5% streptococcus pneumoniae were penicillin-resistant and 71.4, 77.9 and 87.6% were erythromycin-resistant, respectively. overall, >90% of penicillin-resistant strains were also macrolide-resistant. all strains were susceptible to telithromycin. fluoroquinolone-resistant i ...	2004	14732313
analysis of moraxella catarrhalis outer membrane antigens cross-reactive with neisseria meningitidis and neisseria lactamica.	mouse sera against outer membrane proteins from moraxella catarrhalis, neisseria meningitidis and neisseria lactamica, and human sera from both healthy individuals and patients convalescing from meningococcal meningitis were used to identify cross-reactive antigens. mouse anti-n. meningitidis and anti-n. lactamica sera recognized 77, 62 and 32 kda outer membrane antigens in m. catarrhalis strains; on the contrary, the meningococcal porin porb (38-42 kda) was recognized by one of the two anti-m. ...	2004	14734192
distribution and shifting trends of bacterial keratitis in north china (1989-98).	to study the distribution and shifting trends of bacterial keratitis.	2004	14736761
new class of bacterial phenylalanyl-trna synthetase inhibitors with high potency and broad-spectrum activity.	phenylalanyl (phe)-trna synthetase (phe-rs) is an essential enzyme which catalyzes the transfer of phenylalanine to the phe-specific transfer rna (trna(phe)), a key step in protein biosynthesis. phenyl-thiazolylurea-sulfonamides were identified as a novel class of potent inhibitors of bacterial phe-rs by high-throughput screening and chemical variation of the screening hit. the compounds inhibit phe-rs of escherichia coli, haemophilus influenzae, streptococcus pneumoniae, and staphylococcus aure ...	2004	14742205
pharmacokinetics of da-7867, a new oxazolidinone, after intravenous or oral administration to rats: intestinal first-pass effect.	pharmacokinetic parameters of da-7867 were dose independent after both intravenous administration and oral administration (at doses of 1 to 20 mg/kg of body weight) to rats. after oral administration of da-7867 to rats at a dose of 10 mg/kg, approximately 8.27% of oral dose was not absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract, f was 70.8%, and approximately 21.8% of the oral dose was eliminated by the intestine (intestinal first-pass effect).	2004	14742232
host-pathogen interaction during pneumococcal infection in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.	acute exacerbation is a frequent complication of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (copd). recent studies suggested a role for bacteria such as streptococcus pneumoniae in the development of acute exacerbation. for this study, we investigated the following in copd patients: (i) the epidemiology of pneumococcal colonization and infection, (ii) the effect of pneumococcal colonization on the development of exacerbation, and (iii) the immunological response against s. pneumoniae. we cultured spu ...	2004	14742525
building in efficacy: developing solutions to combat drug-resistant s. pneumoniae.	the development of our understanding of the pharmacokinetic (pk) and pharmacodynamic (pd) principles that determine antimicrobial efficacy has advanced substantially over the last 10 years. we are now in a position to use pk/pd principles to set targets for antimicrobial design and optimisation so that we can predict eradication of specific pathogens or resistant variants when agents are used clinically. optimisation of pk/pd parameters to enable the treatment of resistant pathogens with oral ag ...	2004	14759230
the yersinia adhesin yada collagen-binding domain structure is a novel left-handed parallel beta-roll.	the crystal structure of the recombinant collagen-binding domain of yersinia adhesin yada from yersinia enterocolitica serotype o:3 was solved at 1.55 a resolution. the trimeric structure is composed of head and neck regions, and the collagen binding head region is a novel nine-coiled left-handed parallel beta-roll. before the beta-roll, the polypeptide loops from one monomer to the rest, and after the beta-roll the neck region does the same, making the transition from the globular head region t ...	2004	14765110
association of presence of aspergillus antibodies with hemoptysis in patients with old tuberculosis or bronchiectasis but no radiologically visible mycetoma.	old tuberculosis and bronchiectasis are the two most important causes of chronic structural changes of lungs in our locality. in the absence of radiologically visible mycetoma, the cause of hemoptysis in these two groups of patients is largely unknown. a 17-month prospective study was carried out to compare the prevalence of aspergillus fumigatus and aspergillus flavus antibodies in hemoptysis patients with old tuberculosis or bronchiectasis but no radiologically visible mycetoma (cases, n = 38) ...	2004	14766834
identification of bordetella pertussis in a critically ill human immunodeficiency virus-infected patient by direct genotypical analysis of gram-stained material and discrimination from b. holmesii by using a unique reca gene restriction enzyme site.	bordetella pertussis was diagnosed in a human immunodeficiency virus-infected patient by a newly developed method in which bacterial dna is amplified directly from sputum gram-stained slides. the validation of the method is described along with an additional new pcr-based assay that can distinguish between b. pertussis and bordetella holmesii.	2004	14766870
[a retrospective analysis of community-acquired pneumonia between 2000 and 2002 in a community hospital].	we previously reported a hospital-based retrospective study on community-acquired pneumonia (cap) at tagami hospital, which was a community hospital, between 1994 and 1997. this study was designed to clarify the etiology of cap diagnosed between 2000 and 2002. we analyzed a total of 124 cases of cap in our hospital during the study period, and compared the results with the previous data. identification of the causative organisms of cap was based on gram staining, the morphology of the colonies, ...	2004	14768367
in vitro activities of the novel cephalosporin lb 11058 against multidrug-resistant staphylococci and streptococci.	lb 11058 is a novel parenteral cephalosporin with a c-3 pyrimidinyl-substituted vinyl sulfide group and a c-7 2-amino-5-chloro-1,3-thiazole group. this study evaluated the in vitro activity and spectrum of lb 11058 against 1,245 recent clinical isolates, including a subset of gram-positive strains with specific resistant phenotypes. lb 11058 was very active against streptococcus pneumoniae. the novel cephalosporin was 8- to 16-fold more potent than ceftriaxone, cefepime, or amoxicillin-clavulana ...	2004	14693518
in vitro pharmacodynamic activities of abt-492, a novel quinolone, compared to those of levofloxacin against streptococcus pneumoniae, haemophilus influenzae, and moraxella catarrhalis.	abt-492 is a novel quinolone with potent activity against gram-positive, gram-negative, and atypical pathogens, making this compound an ideal candidate for the treatment of community-acquired pneumonia. we therefore compared the in vitro pharmacodynamic activity of abt-492 to that of levofloxacin, an antibiotic commonly used for the treatment of pneumonia, through mic determination and time-kill kinetic analysis. abt-492 demonstrated potent activity against penicillin-sensitive, penicillin-resis ...	2004	14693540
peptide deformylase inhibitors as antibacterial agents: identification of vrc3375, a proline-3-alkylsuccinyl hydroxamate derivative, by using an integrated combinatorial and medicinal chemistry approach.	peptide deformylase (pdf), a metallohydrolase essential for bacterial growth, is an attractive target for use in the discovery of novel antibiotics. focused chelator-based chemical libraries were constructed and screened for inhibition of enzymatic activity, inhibition of staphylococcus aureus growth, and cytotoxicity. positive compounds were selected based on the results of all three assays. vrc3375 [n-hydroxy-3-r-butyl-3-(2-s-(tert-butoxycarbonyl)-pyrrolidin-1-ylcarbonyl)propionamide] was iden ...	2004	14693547
in vitro activities of da-7867, a novel oxazolidinone, against recent clinical isolates of aerobic and anaerobic bacteria.	in vitro activities of da-7867, a novel oxazolidinone, were compared to those of linezolid and commonly used antimicrobials. da-7867 had the lowest mic for 90% of the aerobic gram-positive bacterial strains tested, </=0.25 micro g/ml, and it was more potent than linezolid.	2004	14693566
association of clinical signs and symptoms with bacterial findings in acute otitis media.	in acute otitis media (aom), a means of prediction of the bacterial pathogen based on symptoms and signs would be valuable in selecting appropriate antimicrobial treatment. children in the control arm (n=831) in the finnish otitis media vaccine trial were prospectively observed in a study clinic setting from the age of 2 to 24 months. in patients with aom, myringotomy with aspiration was performed, and middle ear fluid samples were cultured for bacterial pathogens. symptoms and signs of respirat ...	2004	14699456
topical ciprofloxacin/dexamethasone otic suspension is superior to ofloxacin otic solution in the treatment of children with acute otitis media with otorrhea through tympanostomy tubes.	to determine the efficacy and safety of topical ciprofloxacin/dexamethasone otic suspension compared with ofloxacin otic solution in the treatment of acute otitis media with otorrhea through tympanostomy tubes (aomt) in pediatric patients.	2004	14702493
adenoviral infections in children: the impact of rapid diagnosis.	adenovirus (adv) infections were difficult to diagnose in the past, and many infections were unrecognized. direct fluorescent assay (dfa) for the rapid diagnosis of adv infection, as part of a viral respiratory panel, became available at primary children's medical center (salt lake city, ut) in december 2000.	2004	14702495
clinical and bacteriological efficacy of the ketolide telithromycin against isolates of key respiratory pathogens: a pooled analysis of phase iii studies.	a pooled analysis of data from 13 phase iii studies of telithromycin in the treatment of community-acquired pneumonia, acute exacerbations of chronic bronchitis, acute sinusitis or group a beta-haemolytic streptococcal pharyngitis and tonsillitis was undertaken. causative key respiratory tract pathogens (streptococcus pneumoniae, haemophilus influenzae, moraxella catarrhalis, staphylococcus aureus and streptococcus pyogenes) were isolated at entry to the studies from cultures of relevant respira ...	2004	14706083
granulocyte ceacam3 is a phagocytic receptor of the innate immune system that mediates recognition and elimination of human-specific pathogens.	carcinoembryonic antigen-related cell adhesion molecules (ceacams) are used by several human pathogens to anchor themselves to or invade host cells. interestingly, human granulocytes express a specific isoform, ceacam3, that participates together with ceacam1 and ceacam6 in the recognition of ceacam-binding microorganisms. here we show that ceacam3 can direct efficient, opsonin-independent phagocytosis of ceacam-binding neisseria, moraxella, and haemophilus species. ceacam3- but not ceacam6-medi ...	2004	14707113
microbiology of recurrent acute rhinosinusitis.	we undertook to evaluate the microbiology of recurrent acute rhinosinusitis.	2004	14710008
alloiococcus otitidis in acute otitis media.	the bacterium alloiococcus otitidis has been found to be associated with otitis media with effusion (ome). when the culture method is used, its detection rate is low, whereas applying the polymerase chain reaction (pcr) yields significantly higher frequencies. this study was carried out to investigate the incidence of a. otitidis in children with acute otitis media (aom).	2004	14687687
eustachian tube gland tissue changes are related to bacterial species in acute otitis media.	prior investigations have shown that the number of mucus producing goblet cells in the middle ear and eustachian tube (et) mucosa is highly increased during and up to at least six months after experimental acute otitis media (aom) caused by streptococcus pneumoniae (sp). further, the volume of the mucus producing paratubal gland components is increased up to 3 months after the acute infection. these changes may in conjunction with a deteriorated et function predispose a subsequent development of ...	2004	14687693
septic arthritis caused by moraxella catarrhalis associated with infliximab treatment in a patient with undifferentiated spondarthritis.		2004	14672904
bench-to-bedside review: therapeutic options and issues in the management of ventilator-associated bacterial pneumonia.	despite progress in the diagnosis, prevention and therapy for hospital-acquired infections, ventilator-associated pneumonia (vap) continues to complicate the course of a significant proportion of patients receiving mechanical ventilation. mortality rates among patients with vap have been reported to be as high as 72%, and the morbidity associated with vap is also considerable, adding days to the hospital stay and increasing health care costs. appropriate initial antimicrobial therapy for patient ...	2004	15987380
bench-to-bedside review: therapeutic options and issues in the management of ventilator-associated bacterial pneumonia.	despite progress in the diagnosis, prevention and therapy for hospital-acquired infections, ventilator-associated pneumonia (vap) continues to complicate the course of a significant proportion of patients receiving mechanical ventilation. mortality rates among patients with vap have been reported to be as high as 72%, and the morbidity associated with vap is also considerable, adding days to the hospital stay and increasing health care costs. appropriate initial antimicrobial therapy for patient ...	2004	15987380
high prevalence of antibiotic resistance in isolates from the middle meatus of children and adults with acute rhinosinusitis.	the pathogens in acute rhinosinusitis are similar worldwide. an increase in antibiotic resistance has been shown in a large number of studies in recent years. the prevalence of resistance varies greatly in different countries. this study was performed to determine the endemic prevalence of antibiotic resistance in pathogens of acute rhinosinusitis in taiwan.	2004	15706987
[moraxella catarrhalis in chronic and relapsing respiratory tract infections in children].	examination of 700 children with chronic and relapsing respiratory tract infections showed that during the period from 1996 to 2003 moraxella catarrhalis strains were isolated from the sputum of 5.5-9.7% of the patients. the frequency of the emergence was the third after haemophilus influenzae and streptococcus pneumoniae. in healthy children m. catarrhalis was isolated in 2.7% of the cases. the most frequent detection of m. catarrhalis was stated in children under 1 year (4.5%). the antibiotic ...	2004	15727145
[susceptibility of branhamella catarrhalis to antibiotics].	a total of 98 isolates of branhamella catarrhalis were examined for their susceptibility to antibiotics using serial dilution method. nitrocefin test was employed for detection of beta-lactamase activity. it was found that most of the isolates (71%) were resistant to ampicillin. resistance to this antibiotic was accompanied by ability to beta-lactamase production. on the other hand, all isolates were susceptible to amoxicillin + clavulanic acid combination. almost all isolates were susceptible t ...	2004	15773499
a novel plasmid (pemcjh03) isolated from moraxella catarrhalis possibly useful as a cloning and expression vector within this species.	a preliminary screening study of six moraxella catarrhalis isolates from primary school children in the netherlands identified a small 3.5 kb plasmid (pemcjh03), containing four open reading frames, which encoded three mobilizing and one replicase protein. insertion of a kanamycin containing transposon (yielding pemcjh04) allowed selection and isolation of the plasmid in escherichia coli. natural transformation of pemcjh04 into m. catarrhalis was successful for 25% (3/12) of non-isogenic isolate ...	2004	15848230
natural materno-fetal transfer of antibodies to pspa and to psaa.	pspa and psaa are streptococcus pneumoniae surface proteins and potential pneumococcal vaccine antigens. the aim of this study was to characterize the transplacental transfer of antibodies to pspa and to psaa. paired mother and cord blood sera were obtained at delivery from 28 women. concentrations of antibodies against pspa, psaa, tetanus toxoid (vaccine-induced antibodies) and p6-outer membrane protein (omp) of nontypeable haemophilus influenzae were determined by elisa. antibodies to pspa of ...	2004	15008981
etiological agents of lower respiratory tract infections in japanese children.	to investigate the etiology of pediatric community-acquired pneumonia and bronchitis, we conducted a prospective, population-based study covering the total population < 15 years of age in 16 municipalities in hokkaido, japan, during the period of april 2000 to march 2001. chest radiographs were available for all cases (n = 921; 398 as pneumonia and 523 as bronchitis) and paired sera for serologic assays were available for more than half of the cases. the following specimens were also collected: ...	2004	15011754
five-day moxifloxacin therapy compared with 7-day co-amoxiclav therapy for the treatment of acute exacerbation of chronic bronchitis.	in this randomized, non-blinded study, the efficacy and safety of a 5-day course of moxifloxacin (one 400 mg tablet daily) was compared with that of co-amoxiclav (one 625 mg tablet every 8h) for 7 days, for the treatment of acute exacerbations of chronic bronchitis (aecb). a total of 162 patients with clear signs of an acute exacerbation of chronic bronchitis were enrolled. of these, 153 could be studied. seventy-nine patients were randomized in the moxifloxacin arm and 74 in the co-amoxiclav ar ...	2004	15013037
structural basis for host recognition by the haemophilus influenzae hia autotransporter.	haemophilus influenzae is an important human pathogen that initiates infection by colonizing the upper respiratory tract. the h. influenzae hia autotransporter is an adhesive protein that promotes adherence to respiratory epithelial cells. hia adhesive activity resides in two homologous binding domains, called hiabd1 and hiabd2. these domains interact with the same host cell receptor, but bind with different affinities. in this report, we describe the crystal structure of the high-affinity hiabd ...	2004	15029242
the moraxella catarrhalis porin-like outer membrane protein cd is an adhesin for human lung cells.	the outer membrane protein cd (ompcd) of moraxella catarrhalis is an outer membrane protein with several attributes of a potential vaccine antigen. we isolated four transposon mutants of strain o35e on the basis of their reduced binding to a549 human lung cells in microcolony formation assays, and we determined that they contain a transposon in ompcd. we also found that these transposon insertions had pleiotropic effects: mutants grew slower, became serum sensitive, bound approximately 10-fold l ...	2004	15039309
neisseria meningitidis, neisseria lactamica and moraxella catarrhalis share cross-reactive carbohydrate antigens.	carriage of commensal bacteria species is associated with the development of natural immunity to meningococcal disease, with lipo-oligosaccharides (los) of meningococci being one of the main virulence factors associated with severity of meningococcal disease. meningococcal reference strains and isolates from the commensal species neisseria lactamica and moraxella catarrhalis were assessed for the presence of cross-reactive glycoconjugate antigens. binding of human blood group antibodies of the p ...	2004	15040943
fatty acid biosynthesis as a target for novel antibacterials.	the bacterial fatty acid synthesis pathway has significant potential as a target for the development of novel antibacterials. the pathway has been extensively studied in escherichia coli, the crystal structures of the compounds involved are known and homologous genes are readily identified in the genomes of important pathogens. the currently used drugs triclosan and isoniazid are known to target one step in the pathway. other experimental compounds such as thiolactomycin and cerulenin effectivel ...	2004	15043388
eradication of streptococcus pneumoniae in the nasopharyngeal flora of children with acute otitis media after amoxicillin-clavulanate therapy.	nasopharyngeal cultures were obtained from 60 children with acute otitis media before and after treatment with either 45 or 90 mg of amoxicillin (given as amoxicillin-clavulanate) per kg of body weight per day for 10 days. the number of streptococcus pneumoniae isolates in the 45-mg/kg group was reduced from 12 to 6 and was reduced from 14 to 1 (p = 0.0261) in the 90-mg/kg group.	2004	15047558
comparative in vitro activity of telithromycin against macrolide-resistant and -susceptible streptococcus pneumoniae, moraxella catarrhalis and haemophilus influenzae.	the first objective was to investigate the in vitro activity of telithromycin against respiratory tract pathogens in comparison with other antimicrobial agents. the second objective was to identify the influence of the erm(b) and mef(a) genes on the susceptibility of streptococcus pneumoniae to telithromycin.	2004	15056640
comparative study of the in vitro activity of a new fluoroquinolone, abt-492.	the in vitro activity of a new fluoroquinolone, abt-492, was determined.	2004	15056651
moraxella catarrhalis bacteraemia in an immunocompetent patient in lahore, pakistan.		2004	15058742
immunoblot method to detect streptococcus pneumoniae and identify multiple serotypes from nasopharyngeal secretions.	conventional culture techniques are limited in the ability to detect multiple streptococcus pneumoniae serotypes in nasopharyngeal (np) secretions. we developed an immunoblot (ib) method with monoclonal antibodies (mabs) to detect s. pneumoniae and to identify serotypes. np specimens stored in skim milk-tryptone-glucose-glycerol medium were assessed by the ib method and the reference culture method (rm). in the rm, four optochin-sensitive alpha-hemolytic colonies resembling pneumococci were type ...	2004	15071010
effect of moxifloxacin on bacterial pathogenicity factors in comparison with amoxicillin, clarithromycin and ceftriaxone.	moxifloxacin is a recent fluoroquinolone with an antibacterial spectrum encompassing both aerobic gram-negative and gram-positive strains, as well as anaerobic bacteria. in this study the activity of moxifloxacin against streptococcus pneumoniae, staphylococcus aureus, moraxella catarrhalis, haemophilus influenzae, escherichia coli, proteus mirabilis and pseudomonas aeruginosa, and effects of subinhibitory concentrations on bacterial morphology and adhesion properties were compared with those of ...	2004	15077996
haemophilus influenzae: genetic variability and natural selection to identify virulence factors.		2004	15102751
in vitro activities of the beta-lactamase inhibitors clavulanic acid, sulbactam, and tazobactam alone or in combination with beta-lactams against epidemiologically characterized multidrug-resistant acinetobacter baumannii strains.	acinetobacter baumannii is an important nosocomial pathogen usually in the context of serious underlying disease. multidrug resistance in these organisms is frequent. the beta-lactamase inhibitors clavulanic acid, sulbactam, and tazobactam have intrinsic activity against acinetobacter strains. to evaluate their potential therapeutic usefulness, we determined the in vitro activity of ampicillin, sulbactam, ampicillin-sulbactam, cefoperazone, cefoperazone-sulbactam, piperacillin, piperacillin-sulb ...	2004	15105109
a conformational carbohydrate scaffold is present in the short-chain lipopolysaccharides of moraxella catarrhalis.		2004	15108147
photodynamic therapy: a new antimicrobial approach to infectious disease?	photodynamic therapy (pdt) employs a non-toxic dye, termed a photosensitizer (ps), and low intensity visible light which, in the presence of oxygen, combine to produce cytotoxic species. pdt has the advantage of dual selectivity, in that the ps can be targeted to its destination cell or tissue and, in addition, the illumination can be spatially directed to the lesion. pdt has previously been used to kill pathogenic microorganisms in vitro, but its use to treat infections in animal models or pati ...	2004	15122361
antimicrobial activity of innate immune molecules against streptococcus pneumoniae, moraxella catarrhalis and nontypeable haemophilus influenzae.	despite its direct connection to the nasopharynx which harbors otitis media pathogens as part of its normal flora, the middle ear cavity is kept free of these bacteria by as yet unknown mechanisms. respiratory mucosal epithelia, including those of the middle ear and eustachian tube, secrete antimicrobial effectors including lysozyme, lactoferrin and beta defensins-1 and -2. to elucidate the role of these innate immune molecules in the normal defense and maintenance of sterility of respiratory mu ...	2004	15125783
[resistance surveillance of common community respiratory pathogens isolated in china, 2002 - 2003].	to investigate antimicrobial resistance of common community respiratory pathogens isolated in china, 2002 - 2003.	2004	15130324
new real-time pcr assay for rapid detection of methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus directly from specimens containing a mixture of staphylococci.	molecular methods for the rapid identification of methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus (mrsa) are generally based on the detection of an s. aureus-specific gene target and the meca gene. however, such methods cannot be applied for the direct detection of mrsa from nonsterile specimens such as nasal samples without the previous isolation, capture, or enrichment of mrsa because these samples often contain both coagulase-negative staphylococci (cons) and s. aureus, either of which can carry ...	2004	15131143
relationship among peripheral leukocyte counts, etiologic agents and clinical manifestations in acute otitis media.	to analyze the peripheral leukocyte counts of children with acute otitis media (aom) in relation to etiology, age, clinical symptoms and signs, prior antibiotic treatment, previous aom history and pathogen eradication during antibiotic therapy.	2004	15131462
exploration of moraxella catarrhalis outer membrane proteins, cd and uspa, as new carriers for lipooligosaccharide-based conjugates.	moraxella catarrhalis outer membrane proteins, cd and ubiquitous surface protein a (uspa), were used as carriers for m. catarrhalis detoxified lipooligosaccharide (dlos)-based conjugates. our study was designed to investigate the feasibility of cd and uspa as protein carriers for dlos-based conjugates and their possible synergic effects on protection from both anti-los and anti-cd or anti-uspa antibody responses. female balb/c mice were immunized subcutaneously three times with dlos-cd or dlos-u ...	2004	15145454
antibiotics ge23077, novel inhibitors of bacterial rna polymerase. i. taxonomy, isolation and characterization.	ge 23077 factors a1, a2, b1 and b2 are novel antibiotics isolated from fermentation broths of an actinomadura sp. strain. ge23077 antibiotics are cyclic peptides, which inhibit escherichia coli rna polymerase at nm concentrations. both rifampicin-sensitive and rifampicin-resistant polymerases are inhibited, whereas e. coli dna polymerase and wheat germ rna polymerase are substantially not affected. in spite of the potent activity on the enzyme, the antibiotics generally show poor activity agains ...	2004	15152807
gemifloxacin: a new fluoroquinolone.	gemifloxacin is a dual targeted fluoroquinolone with potent in vitro activity against gram-positive, -negative and atypical human pathogens--pathogens considered to be important causes of community-acquired respiratory tract infections. gemifloxacin demonstrates impressive minimal inhibitory concentrations (mic 90 ) values against clinical isolates of streptococcus pneumoniae, haemophilus influenzae, moraxella catarrhalis, chlamydia pneumoniae and legionella spp., with mic 90 values reported to ...	2004	15155113
antimicrobial activities of garenoxacin (bms 284756) against asia-pacific region clinical isolates from the sentry program, 1999 to 2001.	between 1999 and 2001, 16,731 isolates from the asia-pacific region were tested in the sentry program for susceptibility to six fluoroquinolones including garenoxacin. garenoxacin was four- to eightfold less active against enterobacteriaceae than ciprofloxacin, although both drugs inhibited similar percentages at 1 microg/ml. garenoxacin was more active against gram-positive species than all other fluoroquinolones except gemifloxacin. for staphylococcus aureus, oxacillin resistance was high in m ...	2004	15155198
role of transferrin receptor from a neisseria meningitidis tbpb isotype ii strain in human transferrin binding and virulence.	neisseria meningitidis acquires iron through the action of the transferrin (tf) receptor, which is composed of the tf-binding proteins a and b (tbpa and tbpb). meningococci can be classified into isotype i and ii strains depending on whether they harbor a type i or ii form of tbpb. both types of tbpb have been shown to differ in their genomic, biochemical, and antigenic properties. here we present a comparative study of isogenic mutants deficient in either or both tbps from the isotype i strain ...	2004	15155653
pk-pd modelling of the effect of cefaclor on four different bacterial strains.	the effect of cefaclor against relevant bacterial strains was studied by employing a combined in vivo pharmacokinetic (pk)-in vitro pharmacodynamic (pd) approach. for this purpose selected isolates of escherichia coli, moraxella catarrhalis, haemophilus influenzae and streptococcus pneumoniae were exposed in vitro to the interstitial cefaclor profile obtained in vivo in the interstitial space fluid of human tissue after administration of commonly used doses of cefaclor and the change in the numb ...	2004	15164961
antimicrobial susceptibility of haemophilus influenzae, haemophilus parainfluenzae and moraxella catarrhalis isolated from adult patients with respiratory tract infections in four southern european countries. the arise project.	over a 7-month period in 2000-2001, 1213 haemophilus influenzae, 112 haemophilus parainfluenzae and 142 moraxella catarrhalis isolates were recovered from adult patients with respiratory tract infections. patients were from four southern european countries (spain, italy, portugal and greece). the antimicrobial susceptibility of the isolates to 11 antibiotics was determined in a central laboratory. the most active drugs on the basis of mics were levofloxacin, cefditoren, cefotaxime, cefpodoxime a ...	2004	15164972
infection control and the significance of sputum and other respiratory secretions from adult patients with cystic fibrosis.	there is limited data available on the environmental and public health impact of the microbiological hazards associated with sputa from patients with cystic fibrosis [cf]. pseudomonas aeruginosa, burkholderia cenocepacia (formerly burkholderia cepacia genomovar iii), staphylococcus aureus and stenotrophomonas maltophilia are bacterial pathogens which are commonly found in the sputum of cf patients. a study was performed to ascertain the amount of sputum produced relating to microbial loading, as ...	2004	15175107
antimicrobial resistance among pediatric respiratory tract infections: clinical challenges.	considerable development of antimicrobial resistance has occurred in the major pediatric bacterial pathogens, streptococcus pneumoniae, haemophilus influenzae, and moraxella catarrhalis. however, most of the respiratory infections that children suffer are viral and self-limiting, and only a small percentage of them will develop secondary bacterial infections with the pathogens listed. the challenge for rational antibiotic use is to determine which patients can be treated conservatively and which ...	2004	15175991
susceptibility of streptococcus pneumoniae, haemophilus influenzae, and moraxella catarrhalis to 17 oral antimicrobial agents based on pharmacodynamic parameters: 1998-2001 u s surveillance study.	pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic parameters were used to interpret susceptibility data for the oral agents tested in a clinically meaningful way. among s pneumoniae isolates, >99% were susceptible to respiratory fluoroquinolones, 91.6% to amoxicillin, 92.1% to amoxicillin/clavulanic acid (95.2% at the extended-release formulation breakpoint), 90.6% to clindamycin, 80.4% to doxycycline, 71.0% to azithromycin, 72.3% to clarithromycin, 71.8% to cefprozil and cefdinir, 72.6% to cefuroxime axetil, 66. ...	2004	15177851
gemifloxacin: a new fluoroquinolone approved for treatment of respiratory infections.	to evaluate the microbiology, pharmacokinetic parameters, drug interactions, and results of the available clinical trials of gemifloxacin for the treatment of community-acquired pneumonia (cap) and acute exacerbation of chronic bronchitis (aecb).	2004	15187209
doripenem (s-4661), a novel carbapenem: comparative activity against contemporary pathogens including bactericidal action and preliminary in vitro methods evaluations.	to investigate the potency of doripenem, a broad-spectrum carbapenem characterized by a wider spectrum of activity combining antimicrobial and bactericidal features of imipenem and meropenem.	2004	15190031
antimicrobial susceptibility to levofloxacin and other antibacterial agents among common respiratory pathogens-a brazilian perspective from the global surveillance initiative 2001-2002.	the global (global landscape on bactericidal activity of levofloxacin) surveillance programme monitored antimicrobial susceptibility patterns of the key respiratory tract pathogens streptococcus pneumoniae, haemophilus influenzae and moraxella catarrhalis collected in brazil during 1997-1998, 1999-2000 and 2001-2002. penicillin and azithromycin resistance among s. pneumoniae strains increased from 1997-1998, reaching 7.9% and 9.5%, respectively, in 2001-2002. although decreasing by 4.9% since th ...	2004	15191379
[detection of los-specific antibody-secreting cells by elispot assay].	to detect dynamically the response of specific antibody-secreting cells elicited by a detoxified-lipooligosaccharide-cross-reactive mutant (dlos-crm) of diphtheria toxin conjugate vaccine for moraxella catarrhalis (m.cat).	2004	15193241
identification and characterization of outer membrane proteins g1a and g1b of moraxella catarrhalis.	moraxella catarrhalis is an important cause of otitis media, sinusitis, and lower respiratory tract infections in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. the purified outer membrane of m. catarrhalis contains a 29 kda band, previously named outer membrane protein g1 (omp g1). polyclonal antiserum to the omp g1 band was used to screen a genomic lambda phage library and the gene for omp g1a was cloned and sequenced. analysis of outer membrane by isoelectric focusing and amino-terminal ...	2004	15193378
antimicrobial selection for community-acquired lower respiratory tract infections in the 21st century: a review of gemifloxacin.	community-acquired lower respiratory tract infections (lrtis) are more prevalent in the elderly than in children and younger adults and form a significant proportion of all consultations and hospital admissions in this older age group. furthermore, in a world of increasing life expectancy the trend seems unlikely to be reversed. antimicrobial treatment of community-acquired pneumonia (cap) must cover streptococcus pneumoniae, haemophilus influenzae and moraxella catarrhalis, and in many circumst ...	2004	15194123
ménage à trois of bacterial and viral pulmonary pathogens delivers coup de grace to the lung.		2004	15196237
diagnosis of atypical pathogens in patients hospitalized with community-acquired respiratory infection.	the object of our study was to determine the proportion of atypical respiratory pathogens among patients hospitalized with a community-acquired respiratory infection. from september 1997 to may 1999, 159 patients (57% male, median age 55, range 1-88 y) admitted to 3 regional hospitals for a community acquired respiratory infection, were enrolled in the study. microbiological diagnosis for the atypical pathogens mycoplasma pneumoniae, chlamydia pneumoniae, and legionella pneumophila was performed ...	2004	15198183
pneumocystis jirovecii dihydropteroate synthase genotypes in immunocompetent infants and immunosuppressed adults, amiens, france.	to date, investigations of pneumocystis jirovecii circulation in the human reservoir through the dihydropteroate synthase (dhps) locus analysis have only been conducted by examining p. jirovecii isolates from immunosuppressed patients with pneumocystis pneumonia (pcp). our study identifies p. jirovecii genotypes at this locus in 33 immunocompetent infants colonized with p. jirovecii contemporaneously with a bronchiolitis episode and in 13 adults with pcp; both groups of patients were monitored i ...	2004	15200857
evolutionary and functional relationships among the nontypeable haemophilus influenzae hmw family of adhesins.	nontypeable haemophilus influenzae (nthi) is a common cause of localized respiratory tract disease and initiates infection by colonizing the nasopharynx. approximately 75 to 80% of nthi clinical isolates produce proteins that belong to the hmw family of adhesins, which are believed to facilitate colonization. the prototype hmw adhesins are designated hmw1 and hmw2 and were identified in nthi strain 12. hmw1 and hmw2 are 71% identical and 80% similar overall, yet display differing cellular bindin ...	2004	15205423
cefdinir: a review of its use in the management of mild-to-moderate bacterial infections.	cefdinir (omnicef) is an oral third-generation cephalosporin with good in vitro activity against many pathogens commonly causative in community-acquired infections. the drug provides good coverage against haemophilus influenzae, moraxella catarrhalis and penicillin-susceptible streptococcus pneumoniae, the most common respiratory tract pathogens. cefdinir is stable to hydrolysis by commonly occurring plasmid-mediated beta-lactamases and retains good activity against beta-lactamase-producing stra ...	2004	15212560
mucosal vaccination against serogroup b meningococci: induction of bactericidal antibodies and cellular immunity following intranasal immunization with nada of neisseria meningitidis and mutants of escherichia coli heat-labile enterotoxin.	conjugated polysaccharide vaccines protect against serogroup c meningococci. however, this approach cannot be applied to serogroup b, which is still a major cause of meningitis. we evaluated the immunogenicity of three surface-exposed proteins from serogroup b neisseria meningitidis (app, nhha, and nada) identified during whole-genome sequencing. mice were immunized intranasally with individual proteins in the presence of wild-type escherichia coli heat-labile enterotoxin (ltwt), ltr72, a partia ...	2004	15213150
selection of resistance of telithromycin against haemophilus influenzae, moraxella catarrhalis and streptococci in comparison with macrolides.	the in vitro abilities of telithromycin, azithromycin and clarithromycin to select for resistance were compared by testing isolates of haemophilus influenzae, moraxella catarrhalis, streptococcus pneumoniae and beta-haemolytic streptococci.	2004	15215227
immunization with the truncated adhesin moraxella catarrhalis immunoglobulin d-binding protein (mid764-913) is protective against m. catarrhalis in a mouse model of pulmonary clearance.	most moraxella catarrhalis isolates express the outer membrane protein mid. in addition to its specific affinity for immunoglobulin d, mid functions as an adhesin and binds to human epithelium. the adhesive part is localized within mid(764-913). two mid-deficient m. catarrhalis isolates were constructed and examined in a mouse model of pulmonary clearance. m. catarrhalis devoid of mid was cleared more efficiently, compared with the wild-type counterparts. furthermore, mice immunized with mid(764 ...	2004	15216472
use of oral cephalosporins in the treatment of acute otitis media in children.	the selection of the most effective antimicrobial to treat acute otitis media (aom) has become more difficult in recent years because of increasing antibiotic resistance among all aom pathogens. resistance of streptococcus pneumoniae to penicillin as well as amoxicillin ranges from 30 to 55% in the usa. currently, 40-55% of haemophilus influenzae and 90-100% of moraxella catarrhalis are resistant to penicillin because of the production of beta-lactamases. this review discusses the availability o ...	2004	15225855
[bacterial conjunctivitis: most prevalent pathogens and their antibiotic sensitivity].	bacterial conjunctivitis is a self-limiting process, but topical antibiotic treatment is recommended to eradicate the pathogen and reduce symptom duration. since this treatment is usually empirical and prior cultures are not normally taken, the etiological agents involved in the process are unknown.	2004	15228931
activity of telithromycin against key pathogens associated with community-acquired respiratory tract infections.	to investigate the correlation between in vitro susceptibility of isolates and clinical outcomes with telithromycin in respiratory tract infections.	2004	15236918
quantitative analysis of diverse lactobacillus species present in advanced dental caries.	our previous analysis of 65 advanced dental caries lesions by traditional culture techniques indicated that lactobacilli were numerous in the advancing front of the progressive lesion. production of organic acids by lactobacilli is considered to be important in causing decalcification of the dentinal matrix. the present study was undertaken to define more precisely the diversity of lactobacilli found in this environment and to quantify the major species and phylotypes relative to total load of l ...	2004	15243071
in vitro activity of tigecycline (gar-936) tested against 11,859 recent clinical isolates associated with community-acquired respiratory tract and gram-positive cutaneous infections.	tigecycline is a novel 9-t-butylglycylamido derivative of minocycline that has demonstrated activity against a variety of bacterial pathogens, including resistant isolates, during preclinical studies. in vitro activities of tigecycline and comparators were tested against 11,859 recent (2000 and 2002) bacterial strains recovered from patients in 29 countries with community-acquired respiratory tract disease (3,317 gram-positive and -negative strains) and skin and soft tissue infections (8,542 gra ...	2004	15246511
clinical and bacteriological efficacy and safety of 5 and 7 day regimens of telithromycin once daily compared with a 10 day regimen of clarithromycin twice daily in patients with mild to moderate community-acquired pneumonia.	this study was conducted to investigate the potential equivalence in clinical efficacy and assess safety of a 5 or 7 day regimen of oral telithromycin (800 mg once daily) and a 10 day regimen of oral clarithromycin (500 mg twice daily) in treating community-acquired pneumonia (cap). bacteriological efficacy was also compared.	2004	15269191
antibacterial resistance of community-acquired respiratory tract pathogens recovered from patients in germany and activity of the ketolide telithromycin: results from the protekt surveillance study (1999-2000).	the prospective resistant organism tracking and epidemiology for the ketolide telithromycin (protekt) longitudinal global surveillance study examines the antibacterial susceptibility of community-acquired respiratory pathogens.	2004	15272227
in vitro activities of me1036 (cp5609), a novel parenteral carbapenem, against methicillin-resistant staphylococci.	me1036, formerly cp5609, is a novel parenteral carbapenem with a 7-acylated imidazo[5,1-b]thiazole-2-yl group directly attached to the carbapenem moiety of the c-2 position. the present study evaluated the in vitro activities of me1036 against clinical isolates of gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. me1036 displayed broad activity against aerobic gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. unlike other marketed beta-lactam antibiotics, me1036 maintained excellent activity against multiple-dr ...	2004	15273088
strategies developed by bacteria and virus for protection from the human complement system.	the complement system is an important part of innate immunity providing immediate protection against pathogens without a need for previous exposure. its importance is clearly shown by the fact that patients lacking complement components suffer from fulminant and recurring infections. complement is an explosive cascade, and in order to control it there are inhibitors present on every human cell and also circulating in blood. however, many infectious agents have developed strategies to prevent cle ...	2004	15276914
use of tuf sequences for genus-specific pcr detection and phylogenetic analysis of 28 streptococcal species.	a 761-bp portion of the tuf gene (encoding the elongation factor tu) from 28 clinically relevant streptococcal species was obtained by sequencing amplicons generated using broad-range pcr primers. these tuf sequences were used to select streptococcus-specific pcr primers and to perform phylogenetic analysis. the specificity of the pcr assay was verified using 102 different bacterial species, including the 28 streptococcal species. genomic dna purified from all streptococcal species was efficient ...	2004	15297518
detection of haemophilus influenzae type b by real-time pcr.	a real-time pcr assay targeting the capsulation locus of haemophilus influenzae type b (hib) was developed. the linear detection range was from 1 to 10(6) microorganisms per reaction mixture. no h. influenzae other than hib or any other control bacteria typically found in the upper respiratory tract was detected.	2004	15297536
nasopharyngeal pathogens in children with acute otitis media in a low-antibiotic use country.	acute otitis media (aom) is one of the most common diseases of childhood. knowledge, of which bacteria are the most common pathogens in aom and their susceptibilities towards antibiotics, is essential for the reasonable empiric treatment. with rapidly increasing frequencies of antibiotic resistance surveillance of the common etiologic pathogens has become pertinent. the purpose of this paper is to present the bacteriological findings and antibiotic susceptibilities, in cultures from nasopharynge ...	2004	15302145
evaluation of restriction endonuclease analysis of bro beta-lactamases in clinical and carrier isolates of moraxella catarrhalis.	a rapid increase in the prevalance of beta-lactamase producing m. catarrhalis isolates has highlighted its pathogenic potential. in this study, we aimed to detect the bro beta-lactamases of our clinical (n = 32) and carrier (n =32) strains of moraxella catarrhalis and compare the relationship of the enzyme type in assesment of mic results of the antibiotics tested. bro beta-lactamases were differentiated by restriction endonuclease analysis. antibiotic susceptibility was performed by the agar di ...	2004	15307563
reduction of nasal colonization of nontypeable haemophilus influenzae following intranasal immunization with rlp4/rlp6/uspa2 proteins combined with aqueous formulation of rc529.	nontypeable haemophilus influenzae (nthi) and moraxella catarrhalis are common causative agents of human mucosal infections. to formulate a mucosal vaccine against these pathogens, recombinant lipidated p4 (rlp4) and p6 (rlp6) proteins of nthi and ubiquitous cell surface protein a (uspa) of m. catarrhalis were used for active immunization experiments in a mouse nasal challenge model. balb/c mice were immunized intranasally with these proteins formulated with a chemically synthesized adjuvant, rc ...	2004	15308371
comparative antimicrobial susceptibility of respiratory tract pathogens.	bacterial respiratory tract infections (rtis), whether primary or subsequent to viral infection, are a frequent cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. treatment of these infections is most often empirical. therefore, an antimicrobial's antibacterial spectrum must include the most likely pathogens: streptococcus pneumoniae, the most frequent cause of community-acquired pneumonia (cap), haemophilus influenzae, moraxella catarrhalis, and staphylococcus aureus, as well as atypicals such as myco ...	2004	15319548
antibiotic susceptibility of acute otitis media pathogens in otitis-prone belgian children.	a regional surveillance study was carried out in children with recurrent acute otitis media (aom) to determine the antimicrobial susceptibility of three common aom pathogens. susceptibility to relevant antimicrobial agents was determined on 149 streptococcus pneumoniae, 246 haemophilus influenzae and 119 moraxella catarrhalis strains isolated between january 1999 and january 2002, either from the nasopharynx or middle ear of 74 children with recurrent aom, the majority (77%) being otitis-prone. ...	2004	15322870
double-blind, randomized study of the efficacy and safety of oral pharmacokinetically enhanced amoxicillin-clavulanate (2,000/125 milligrams) versus those of amoxicillin-clavulanate (875/125 milligrams), both given twice daily for 7 days, in treatment of bacterial community-acquired pneumonia in adults.	this randomized, double-blind, noninferiority trial was designed to demonstrate that pharmacokinetically enhanced amoxicillin-clavulanate (2,000/125 mg) was at least as effective clinically as amoxicillin-clavulanate 875/125 mg, both given twice daily for 7 days, in the treatment of community-acquired pneumonia in adults. in total, 633 clinically and radiologically confirmed community-acquired pneumonia patients (intent-to-treat population) were randomized to receive either oral amoxicillin-clav ...	2004	15328092
the mef(a) gene predominates among seven macrolide resistance genes identified in gram-negative strains representing 13 genera, isolated from healthy portuguese children.	of the 176 randomly selected, commensal, gram-negative bacteria isolated from healthy children with low exposure to antibiotics, 138 (78%) carried one or more of the seven macrolide resistance genes tested in this study. these isolates included 79 (91%) isolates from the oral cavity and 59 (66%) isolates from urine samples. the mef(a) gene, coding for an efflux protein, was found in 73 isolates (41%) and was the most frequently carried gene. the mef(a) gene could be transferred from the donors i ...	2004	15328110
beta-lactamase-producing nontypeable haemophilus influenzae fails to protect streptococcus pneumoniae from amoxicillin during experimental acute otitis media.	acute otitis media (aom) is the most common reason for outpatient antimicrobial therapy. mixed infections pose a potential problem, since the first-line drug used for the treatment of aom, amoxicillin, can be neutralized by beta-lactamase-producing pathogens of the upper respiratory tract. to study the effects of a 5-day course of amoxicillin on a mixed middle ear infection, rats were challenged with streptococcus pneumoniae alone or in combination with beta-lactamase-producing nontypeable haemo ...	2004	15328122