Publications

detection of human metapneumovirus in respiratory secretions by reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction, indirect immunofluorescence, and virus isolation in human bronchial epithelial cells.	over two winters in newcastle upon tyne, respiratory secretions, negative by immunofluorescence staining for other respiratory viruses, were tested for the presence of human metapneumovirus (hmpv) by rt-pcr. in the second winter, specimens were also tested by immunofluorescence staining with an anti-hmpv polyclonal rabbit antiserum and immunofluorescence positive specimens were inoculated into a line of human bronchiolar cells, 16hbe140. overall, 55 of 549 (10%) specimens tested were positive fo ...	2006	16847967
twins: a cloning experience.	drawing upon qualitative interviews with monozygotic (identical) twins sharing 100% of their genes, and with dizygotic (fraternal) twins and singletons as control groups, this paper explores what it means to be genetically identical. (the twins interviewed were from the twinsuk register in london.) in the context of the ongoing debate on human reproductive cloning, it examines questions such as: to what extent do identical twins perceive their emotional and physical bond to be a result of their ...	2006	16876924
dignity under threat? a study of the experiences of older people in the united kingdom.	theoretical accounts have offered a general understanding of the social significance and importance of dignity and suggest that older age may threaten dignity by structuring and limiting the opportunities for participation and/or social recognition. micro-sociological research has shown how older people negotiate their identity, in the face of its erosion by the aging body and disability and the domination of health and social care workers. these theoretical approaches inform the study presented ...	2006	16878397
eblv-2 prevalence in the united kingdom as determined by surveillance testing.	five cases of eblv-2 have been detected in the uk since 1996, with all wildlife cases in the daubenton's bat: one on the south coast in sussex in 1996, one in lancashire in 2002, another in 2003, one in surrey in 2004 and a human fatality in angus, scotland, in 2002. as a result of the human case, a seroprevalence study, aimed primarily at the daubenton's bat was conducted in 2003 in scotland and at some sites in england. in scotland, 198 daubenton's, 20 natterer's and 6 pipistrelles were caught ...	2006	16878484
characterisation of ctx-m and ampc genes in human isolates of escherichia coli identified between 1995 and 2003 in england and wales.	ctx-m and ampc genes in human isolates of escherichia coli, their genetic environment and their host plasmids were examined. isolates (n=103) were selected based on resistance (minimum inhibitory concentration (mic)> or =1 microg/ml) to ceftriaxone and cefotaxime. polymerase chain reaction (pcr) and sequencing identified 29 isolates containing bla(ctx-m-15), 1 each of bla(ctx-m-2) (a strain originating from israel) and bla(ctx-m-40), 20 isolates containing bla(cmy-7), 4 bla(cmy-2) and 1 bla(cmy- ...	2006	16879949
arthroderma olidum, sp. nov. a new addition to the trichophyton terrestre complex.	in 1981, four fungal isolates from hair of the european badger (meles meles) were examined by dr phyllis stockdale at the commonwealth mycological institute, kew, and deposited in the uk national collection of pathogenic fungi as an undescribed member of the trichophyton terrestre complex. the present paper formalizes the complete description of a new ascomycete taxon, arthroderma olidum following successful recent attempts to re-isolate the same fungus from the soil of badger holes in south wes ...	2006	16882612
cytokine profiling of pulmonary aspergillosis.	aspergillus fumigatus is ubiquitous and yet causes invasive, chronic and allergic disease of the lung. chronic cavitary pulmonary aspergillosis (ccpa) is a slowly destructive form of pulmonary aspergillosis, without immunocompromise. we hypothesized that ccpa cytokine gene polymorphisms would differ from patients with allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis (abpa) and uninfected controls. we have profiled functional cytokine gene polymorphisms for interleukin (il)-10, il-15, transforming growth ...	2006	16893395
human rights legislation plays an increasingly significant role in health and social care services.		2006	16894921
mister in-between: a case study of masculine identity and health-related behaviour.	the study of young men's health-related behaviour offers an opportunity to examine the links between masculine identity and social behaviour. this article presents a case study of a 19-year-old man living in london, who describes himself as different to his peers on several important dimensions, including his engagement in health-related behaviours. the case study demonstrates the importance of health-related social behaviours such as drinking, drug use, physical activity, sport and sexual behav ...	2006	16908466
inquiries in britain uncover loopholes in drug trials.		2006	16909495
experimental confirmation by sir victor horsley of the relationship between thyroid gland dysfunction and myxedema.	whereas sir victor horsley is well known for his many contributions to neurosurgery, this is not the case for his treatments for both myxedema and cretinism. horsley's research on thyroid physiology was concentrated in the years 1884-1890, while he was director of the brown institute for animals. based upon experimentation with dogs and monkeys as well as some human patients, horsley demonstrated conclusively that removal of the thyroid gland produced tremors, rigidity, and paralysis, which he a ...	2006	16910875
occupational noise exposure and ischaemic heart disease mortality.	to investigate the hypothesis that long term exposure to excessive noise can increase the risk of ischaemic heart disease.	2006	16912090
concentrations of polychlorinated biphenyls in indoor air and polybrominated diphenyl ethers in indoor air and dust in birmingham, united kingdom: implications for human exposure.	polybrominated diphenyl ethers (pbdes) and polychlorinated biphenyls (pcbs) were measured in air (using puf disk passive samplers) in 31 homes, 33 offices, 25 cars, and 3 public microenvironments. average concentrations of sigmabde (273 pg m(-3)) and sigmapcb (8920 pg m(-3)) were an order of magnitude higher than those previously reported for outdoor air. cars were the most contaminated microenvironment for sigmabde (average = 709 pg m(-3)), but the least for sigmapcb (average = 1391 pg m(-3)). ...	2006	16913117
do mothers understand healthy eating principles for low-birth-weight infants?	to describe feeding patterns and mothers' perceptions of desirable feeding practices in low-birth-weight (lbw) infants after hospital discharge in england and to test for the association of inappropriate practices/perceptions with identifiable demographics.	2006	16925874
psychometric properties of two measures of psychological well-being in adult growth hormone deficiency.	psychometric properties of two measures of psychological well-being were evaluated for adults with growth hormone deficiency (ghd): the general well-being index, (gwbi)--british version of the psychological general well-being index, and the 12-item well-being questionnaire (w-bq12).	2006	16553952
characterization of sapoviruses collected in the united kingdom from 1989 to 2004.	a fecal archive containing 115 sapovirus (sav) strains detected in samples collected from 15 outbreaks and 98 sporadic cases of gastroenteritis between 1989 and 2004 in the uk were characterized in order to determine the genomic diversity within sav co-circulating in the human population. strains were characterized by partial sequencing of the genes encoding the rna-dependent rna polymerase (rdrp) region and/or the polymerase/capsid (pol/cap) junction of the open reading frame (orf) 1. overall, ...	2006	16555276
the dental caries experience of 11-year-old children in great britain. surveys coordinated by the british association for the study of community dentistry in 2004 / 2005.	this paper reports the results of standardized clinical caries examinations of 11-year-old children from across england and wales, scotland, isle of man, and jersey in 2004/5. these co-ordinated surveys are the latest in a series which seek to monitor the dental health of children and to assess the delivery of dental services.	2006	16555719
how safe is safer sex? high levels of hsv-1 and hsv-2 in female sex workers in london.	female sex workers in europe have low levels of sexually transmitted infections, attributable to condom use. the aim of this paper is to describe the seroepidemiology of hsv-1 and hsv-2 in female sex workers in london by using a 15-year prospective study of 453 sex workers. the seroprevalence of hsv-1 was 74.4% and independently associated with birth in a 'transitional country' (or 5.4, 95% ci 1.61-18.20). the seroprevalence of hsv-2 was 60% and declined over time; it was also independently asso ...	2006	16569273
from cognition to the system: developing a multilevel taxonomy of patient safety in general practice.	the paper describes the process of developing a taxonomy of patient safety in general practice. the methodologies employed included fieldwork, task analysis and confidential reporting of patient-safety events in five west midlands practices. reported events were traced back to their root causes and contributing factors. the resulting taxonomy is based on a theoretical model of human cognition, includes multiple levels of classification to reflect the chain of causation and considers affective an ...	2006	16717006
vascular endothelial growth factor expression in canine intracranial meningiomas and association with patient survival.	vascular endothelial growth factor (vegf) is a regulator of angiogenesis and vascular permeability. in human patients with meningiomas, increased vegf expression is predictive of postsurgical recurrence. the objectives of this study were to evaluate vegf expression in canine intracranial meningiomas and to determine whether an association between vegf expression and patient survival existed.	2006	16734105
not quite human: infrahumanization in response to collective responsibility for intergroup killing.	the present research examines how awareness of violence perpetrated against an out-group by one's in-group can intensify the infrahumanization of the out-group, as measured by a reduced tendency to accord uniquely human emotions to out-groups. across 3 experiments that used different in-groups (humans, british, white americans) and out-groups (aliens, australian aborigines, and native americans), when participants were made aware of the in-group's mass killing of the out-group, they infrahumaniz ...	2006	16737374
agency criticises drug trial.		2006	16740539
human bite injury in north east england--the impact of alcohol intake on a mode of violent assault.	ninety-two retrospective cases of human bite injury referred to a plastic surgery department are presented. particular emphasis is placed on the relationship of alcohol intake to these injuries, their distribution and subsequent management. a review of the literature is conducted. the human bite is a leisure time injury of the young single male in the north east. it has been shown that there is a clear link to alcohol and in particular weekend drinking. prompt operative intervention and wounds l ...	2006	16749466
patient safety, systems design and ergonomics.	the complexity of the health care environments necessitates an holistic and systematic ergonomics approach to understand the potential for accidents and errors to occur. the health service is also a socio-technical system, and design needs must be met within this context. this paper aims to present the design challenges and emphasises the specialised needs of the health care sector, when dealing with patient safety. it also provides examples of approaches and methods that ergonomists can bring t ...	2006	16753132
the ethics of xenotransplantation: a survey of student attitudes.	xenotransplantation is a burgeoning technology that could provide a solution to the shortage of organs and tissue for transplantation. it does, however, raise many moral and ethical dilemmas. the aim of this study was to evaluate undergraduate university students' knowledge and opinions on the controversial practice. choice of science or arts subjects and gender were also assessed to establish if they were influencing factors. a total of 100 students, 50 science students and 50 arts students, an ...	2006	16756568
colonization of caga-positive helicobacter pylori is significantly greater in infected human males than females. a possible factor in distal gastric cancer gender difference.		2006	16758062
trial of management of borderline and other low-grade abnormal smears (tombola): trial design.	cervical screening reduces the risk of cervical cancer by detecting and treating cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (cin). the management of women with low-grade cervical abnormalities is controversial. two management policies exist: repeat smears in primary care and colposcopy examination. it is not clear which of these is the more effective and efficient. there is also uncertainty as to the most effective and efficient management of women at colposcopy when an area of abnormality is seen on th ...	2006	16765101
locke and botany.	this paper argues that the english philosopher john locke, who has normally been thought to have had only an amateurish interest in botany, was far more involved in the botanical science of his day than has previously been known. through the presentation of new evidence deriving from locke's own herbarium, his manuscript notes, journal and correspondence, it is established that locke made a modest contribution to early modern botany. it is shown that locke had close and ongoing relations with th ...	2006	16769554
apolipoprotein a-v, triglycerides and risk of coronary artery disease: the prospective epic-norfolk population study.	in mouse models, apolipoprotein a-v (apoa-v) exhibits triglyceride (tg)-lowering effects. we investigated the apoa-v/tg relationship and the association of apoa-v with coronary artery disease (cad) risk by determining serum apoa-v levels and genotypes in a nested case-control (n = 1,034/2,031) study. both univariate and multivariate apoa-v levels showed no association with future cad (p = 0.4 and 0.5, respectively). unexpectedly, there was a significant positive correlation between serum apoa-v ...	2006	16769999
parainfluenza type 3 infection post stem cell transplant: high prevalence but low mortality.	parainfluenza type 3 (piv 3) is a well-recognized cause of respiratory illness after stem cell transplantation (sct), with an estimated incidence of 2-7% and a high mortality rate associated with lower respiratory tract infection (lrti). a 12-month retrospective study was undertaken in which 23 positive cases of piv 3 occurred in sct recipients. the frequency of infection was 36.1% in matched unrelated donor sct recipients, 23.8% in sibling allogeneic sct recipients and 2.3% in autologous transp ...	2006	16772104
hpv testing in routine cervical screening: cross sectional data from the artistic trial.	to evaluate the effectiveness of human papillomavirus (hpv) testing in primary cervical screening. this was a cross-sectional study from the recruitment phase of a prospective randomised trial. women were screened for hpv in addition to routine cervical cytology testing. greater manchester, attendees at routine nhs cervical screening programme. in all, 24 510 women aged 20-64 screened with liquid-based cytology (lbc) and hpv testing at entry. hpv testing in primary cervical screening. type-speci ...	2006	16773068
a study of indoor 220rn and 222rn decay product concentrations in the uk.	in order to gain a better understanding of the risk of human exposure to 220rn indoors, measurements of 220rn decay products have been performed in a number of houses in england. the study focused mainly on areas where above-average indoor 220rn concentrations were to be expected because of geological or other factors. thoron (220rn) in room air comes mainly from the building materials, with an additional contribution from soil gas; therefore, 220rn concentrations were examined in relation to bu ...	2006	16473953
sir william withey gull (1816-1890).	william gull, a man of humble origins, became one of the outstanding, polymath physicians of the 19th century, and physician to queen victoria. among several important and original contributions, this paper summarises his work on myxoedema, paraplegia and anorexia nervosa.	2006	16479123
anatomy and embryology in medical education at cambridge university, 1866-1900.	the teaching of anatomy remains controversial to the present day. this paper explores the arguments over its merits in medical and scientific education at one of the ancient universities.	2006	16483324
concepts for risk-based surveillance in the field of veterinary medicine and veterinary public health: review of current approaches.	emerging animal and zoonotic diseases and increasing international trade have resulted in an increased demand for veterinary surveillance systems. however, human and financial resources available to support government veterinary services are becoming more and more limited in many countries world-wide. intuitively, issues that present higher risks merit higher priority for surveillance resources as investments will yield higher benefit-cost ratios. the rapid rate of acceptance of this core concep ...	2006	16507106
rules, safety and the narrativisation of identity: a hospital operating theatre case study.	patient safety has become a health policy priority around the world. acknowledging that 'to err is human' has led to attempts to design systems and rules that limit the capacity for individual discretion and thereby reduce clinical errors. in addition, great emphasis is being placed on the need to eradicate cultures of blame, which are assumed to discourage clinicians from reporting errors, and to establish a 'safety culture', which encourages openness and honesty. these efforts are underpinned ...	2006	16509952
the body as interactive display: examining bodies in a public exhibition.	'body worlds' is an exhibition of human bodies that is currently touring europe, the far east and the usa. the public display of 'real' human bodies has caused public controversy and debate about the moral and educational value of the exhibition. relatively little academic research, however, has been undertaken to explore how visitors see and reflect on the exhibits. in this journal, tony walter recently examined messages people left in the exhibition's comment-books to reveal how people saw the ...	2006	16509954
medical experiments carried out in sheffield on conscientious objectors to military service during the 1939-45 war.		2006	16510534
bedside clinical guidelines: the missing link.	clinical guidelines for acute general (adult) medicine, general (adult) surgery, nursing and acute paediatrics, for use at the bedside, were developed over 10 years in north staffordshire. the guidelines have been adopted by 15 other hospitals, all members of the bedside clinical guidelines partnership. the guidelines include advice on clinical management, prescribing aids, and practical procedures. recommendations are validated against published evidence, and provide the 'missing link' between ...	2006	16521365
interactions among polymorphisms in folate-metabolizing genes and serum total homocysteine concentrations in a healthy elderly population.	homocysteine concentrations are influenced by vitamin status and genetics, especially several polymorphisms in folate-metabolizing genes.	2006	16522921
modeling human exposures to air pollution control (apc) residues released from landfills in england and wales.	human exposures to air pollution control (apc) residues released from 6 landfills were modeled and assessed. following a qualitative risk characterisation, direct and indirect exposures were quantified. site-specific air dispersion modeling was conducted for pm(10), pcdds/pcdfs, pb, cd, as and cr(vi) concentrations at the closest residential points of exposure for 4 landfill sites accepting, in total, 75% w/w of the apc residues disposed of in 2000-2001 (uk). inhalation risks, assessed by refere ...	2006	16443274
dr james currie (1756-1805): liverpool physician, campaigner, hydrotherapist and man of letters.	james currie was born and educated in scotland but spent most of his professional life in liverpool, where, as physician to the liverpool infirmary, he campaigned against the unsanitary living conditions in the rapidly growing port. he was an early advocate of water cures for fever and other maladies, on which subject he carried out experiments and published a seminal work. he was a pioneer in the use of the clinical thermometer. he was also an early advocate of the abolition of slavery and a ma ...	2006	16435032
sir william dunn (1833-1912): the man, his trust and his legacy to science and medicine.	william dunn had no direct connections with medicine. he belonged to that victorian generation of scottish pioneers who went overseas to make their fortunes and, yet, devoted their money to numerous charitable purposes, mainly at home in the uk. his family origins were modest; born in paisley, near glasgow on 1 september 1833, he died in 1912 with an estate valued at 1.3 million pounds sterling. his fortune was made from a large worldwide trading empire with roots in south africa, where he emigr ...	2006	16435034
an essay concerning human understanding: how the cerebri anatome of thomas willis influenced john locke.	neurosurgeons are familiar with the anatomic investigations of thomas willis, but his intellectual legacy actually extends into the arena of philosophy. john locke was a student of willis while at oxford, and this essay explores how some of willis's anatomic discoveries might have influenced the ideas locke expressed in his essay concerning human understanding. it also includes historical information about 17th century england and the group of men (including christopher wren and robert boyle) wh ...	2006	16528199
brief communication: identification of the authentic ancient dna sequence in a human bone contaminated with modern dna.	we present a method to distinguish authentic ancient dna from contaminating dna in a human bone. this is achieved by taking account of the spatial distribution of the various sequence families within the bone and the extent of degradation of the template dnas, as revealed by the error content of the sequences. to demonstrate the veracity of the method, we handled two ancient human tibiae in order to contaminate them with modern dna, and then subjected segments of the bones to various decontamina ...	2006	16596603
refusal of interventions to protect the life of the viable fetus--a case-based transatlantic overview.		2006	16602504
sir francis walshe, md frs (1885-1973).	born in ireland, francis martin rouse walshe studied medicine at university college hospital. he subsequently practised there and at the national hospital, queen square, london. early associations with wilfred trotter and sir victor horsley encouraged his career in neurology. walshe pioneered the descriptive analysis of human reflexes in physiological terms. his flare and outstanding brilliance were rewarded when he was appointed physician to the national hospital, queen square in 1921 and at un ...	2006	16607409
prevalence of the lrrk2 g2019s mutation in a uk community based idiopathic parkinson's disease cohort.	the lrrk2 g2019s mutation is the commonest genetic cause of parkinson's disease (pd) identified to date, although estimates of its prevalence in idiopathic disease vary considerably. our objectives were to determine g2019s mutation frequency in an unselected, community based cohort of idiopathic pd cases from the uk and to describe phenotypic characteristics among carriers. the mutation was present in two of 519 cases (0.4%) and none of 887 control individuals. the true prevalence of the mutatio ...	2006	16614029
virological response to highly active antiretroviral therapy is unaffected by antituberculosis therapy.	we compared 156 human immunodeficiency virus (hiv)-infected patients who had tuberculosis with control populations of similar size. of 111 patients with hiv infection and tuberculosis who received highly active antiretroviral therapy (haart) and therapy for tuberculosis concurrently, 92 (83%) achieved or maintained virus loads of <50 copies/ml, and 99 (89%) achieved or maintained a >or=2 log10 reduction in virus load after 6 months. virological response and changes in cd4 cell count were equival ...	2006	16619192
severe cerebral congophilic angiopathy coincident with increased brain aluminium in a resident of camelford, cornwall, uk.	in july 1988, 20 tonnes of aluminium sulphate was discharged by the south west water authority into the drinking water supplied to a large region of north cornwall. up to 20,000 people were exposed to concentrations of aluminium which were 500-3000 times the acceptable limit under european union legislation (0.200 mg/l). although this incident is currently the topic of a government inquiry, nothing is known about its longer-term repercussions on human health. the first neuropathological examinat ...	2006	16627535
the origins of bion's work.	this study attempts to identify the scientific, philosophical and psychoanalytic origins of bion's work, and includes an organization of these in a comprehensive and synthetic way with the help of a synoptic table. investigation has revealed bion's scientific orientation, fed by classical and modern authors--notably, locke, hume, kant, sylvester and cayley, poincaré, heisenberg, and the german romantics. bion was able to rescue certain transcendent aspects of human, and also of freudian, knowled ...	2006	16635867
criminal prosecutions for hiv transmission: people living with hiv respond.	this paper presents an analysis of responses to the first criminal convictions for hiv transmission in england and wales within a sample of people living with hiv. these findings represent an important contribution to the development of well-informed prosecution policy. the responses were collected during 20 focused group discussions with a community and web-recruited sample of heterosexual african men and women, and gay and bisexual men (n = 125) living with diagnosed hiv in london, manchester ...	2006	16643681
activation of transforming growth factor-beta1 and early atherosclerosis in systemic lupus erythematosus.	the efficiency of activating latent transforming growth factor (tgf)-beta1 in systemic lupus erythematosus (sle) may control the balance between inflammation and fibrosis, modulating the disease phenotype. to test this hypothesis we studied the ability to activate tgf-beta1 in sle patients and control individuals within the context of inflammatory disease activity, cumulative organ damage and early atherosclerosis. an activation index (ai) for tgf-beta1 was determined for 32 patients with sle an ...	2006	16646981
genetic analysis of cryptosporidium from 2414 humans with diarrhoea in england between 1985 and 2000.	the characterization of cryptosporidium using dna extracted from whole faecal samples collected from 2414 humans with diarrhoea in england between 1985 and 2000 where cryptosporidial oocysts were detected using conventional methods is described. characterization was achieved by pcr/rflp and dna sequencing of fragments of the cryptosporidium oocyst wall protein and the 18s rdna genes. cryptosporidium parvum was detected in 56.1 % of cases, cryptosporidium hominis in 41.7 % and a mixture of c. par ...	2006	16687587
the mental capacity act 2005.		2006	16688966
the mental capacity act 2005.	the mental capacity act 2005 covers all decisions on personal welfare including financial matters, relating to people who temporarily or permanently lack mental capacity. this paper outlines the most important provisions of the act and describes some of the implications for healthcare professionals. for example, the act permits advance decisions to refuse healthcare; the appointment of a person to have a lasting power of attorney to act on a person's behalf at some point in the future; the appoi ...	2006	16688976
labeling of medicines and patient safety: evaluating methods of reducing drug name confusion.	we report three experiments evaluating the proposal that highlighting sections of drug names using uppercase ("tall man") lettering and/or color may reduce the confusability of similar drug names.	2006	16696255
preparedness of intensive care units in south-east uk for influenza pandemic.		2006	16698873
infection control practice across europe: results of the epd.	the european practice database (epd) project, developed by the edtna/erca research board, collects data on renal practice at centre level in different european countries. results presented in this paper focus on infection control practice in haemodialysis centres from 8 different european countries or regions following data collection from 2002 up to 2004. the prevalence of hepatitis b (hbv), hepatitis c (hcv), human immune deficiency (hiv) and methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus (mrsa) ...	2006	16700167
1951 influenza epidemic, england and wales, canada, and the united states.	influenza poses a continuing public health threat in epidemic and pandemic seasons. the 1951 influenza epidemic (a/h1n1) caused an unusually high death toll in england; in particular, weekly deaths in liverpool even surpassed those of the 1918 pandemic. we further quantified the death rate of the 1951 epidemic in 3 countries. in england and canada, we found that excess death rates from pneumonia and influenza and all causes were substantially higher for the 1951 epidemic than for the 1957 and 19 ...	2006	16704816
causes underlying the birth-cohort phenomenon of peptic ulcer: analysis of mortality data 1911-2000, england and wales.	since humans have been infected with helicobacter pylori for millennia, it has remained an enigma why the occurrence of gastric and duodenal ulcer rose suddenly during 19th century. the study aim is to present a mathematical model of h. pylori epidemiology that explains the peculiar long-term trends of ulcer disease.	2006	16709617
persistent post-occupational dermatitis: report of five cases.	persistent post-occupational dermatitis is a phenomenon that is well-recognized by occupational dermatologists, but there have been few studies on it. in view of this, we proposed to assess the prevalence of this phenomenon in an english setting and ascertain the characteristics of the patients affected. using modified criteria adapted from previous studies, details of 1100 patients seen in a contact dermatitis clinic were screened. persistent post-occupational dermatitis was diagnosed in 5 pati ...	2006	16710586
[what happened on march 13th at the northwick park hospital in london?].		2006	16711457
[the good and vibrant appeal of the cambridge st. john's college].		2006	16711459
a neurolinguistic model of grammatical construction processing.	one of the functions of everyday human language is to communicate meaning. thus, when one hears or reads the sentence, "john gave a book to mary," some aspect of an event concerning the transfer of possession of a book from john to mary is (hopefully) transmitted. one theoretical approach to language referred to as construction grammar emphasizes this link between sentence structure and meaning in the form of grammatical constructions. the objective of the current research is to (1) outline a fu ...	2006	17129193
surveillance of influenza-like illness in england and wales during 1966-2006.	we report surveillance data collected since 1966 from a general practice database in england and wales. incidence rates of influenza-like illness (ili) peaked during the winter of 1969/70, and were then followed by a decade of heightened activity. there has since been a gradual downward trend of ili, interspersed with winters of heightened activity; since 1999/2000, the incidence of ili has been at its lowest for 40 years. we argue that the decade following the herald waves of the pandemic could ...	2006	17130657
remembering the evolutionary freud.	throughout his career as a writer, sigmund freud maintained an interest in the evolutionary origins of the human mind and its neurotic and psychotic disorders. in common with many writers then and now, he believed that the evolutionary past is conserved in the mind and the brain. today the "evolutionary freud" is nearly forgotten. even among freudians, he is regarded to be a red herring, relevant only to the extent that he diverts attention from the enduring achievements of the authentic freud. ...	2006	17147221
the influence of previous exposure to environmental mycobacteria on the interferon-gamma response to bacille calmette-guérin vaccination in southern england and northern malawi.	we report a large study of the effect of bcg vaccination on the in vitro 6-day whole blood interferon-gamma (ifn-gamma) response to antigens from eight species of mycobacteria among schoolchildren in south-eastern england, where bacille calmette-guérin (bcg) vaccination is highly protective against pulmonary tuberculosis, and among young adults in northern malawi, where bcg vaccination is not protective. in the uk children, bcg induced an appreciable increase in ifn-gamma response to antigens fr ...	2006	17100757
changing pattern of human listeriosis, england and wales, 2001-2004.	microbiologic and epidemiologic data on 1,933 cases of human listeriosis reported in england and wales from 1990 to 2004 were reviewed. a substantial increase in incidence occurred from 2001 to 2004. ten clusters (60 cases), likely to represent common-source outbreaks, were detected. however, these clusters did not account for the upsurge in incidence, which occurred sporadically, predominantly in patients > or =60 years of age with bacteremia and which was independent of sex; regional, seasonal ...	2006	17073084
cell-free dna levels in pregnancies at risk of sickle-cell disease and significant ethnic variation.	cell-free (cf) dna in maternal circulation is increasingly investigated in pregnancy. this study aimed to determine whether sickle-cell trait women had quantitative differences of cf-dna to controls and if there was an ethnic difference between the cf-dna levels of northern european and african/african-caribbean populations. non-invasive prenatal diagnosis, through quantification of fetal and total cf-dna, was tested in 33 pregnant women at risk of carrying a fetus affected with sickle-cell dise ...	2006	17107357
when reason reigns: madness, passion and sovereignty in late 18th-century england.	in 1788-89, king george iii of great britain became physically and mentally ill. this has been well documented, in contrast to the sudden influx of mentally distressed patients into private asylums of england shortly after the highly publicized illness of the king. as told by political and social commentators during this period, the crisis of the two bodies of the king--as head of state and as a man--represented a significant threat to the stability of the nation. this essay investigates possibl ...	2006	17153472
the relative duties of a man: domestic medicine in england and france, ca. 1685-1740.	although much work is currently being done on early modern women and household medicine and on early modern masculinities, historians have generally overlooked men's roles within the home, particularly with respect to domestic medical activities. using medical consultation letters, this article examines men's roles as domestic caregivers and their medical decision making. during this period, manly self-management and household order were closely linked; an ideal head of household would manage hi ...	2006	17153750
legal requirements for donating and retaining organs: the human tissue act.	the human tissue act 2004 came into force on 1 september 2006 and introduced significant changes in the way human body parts, tissue and organs are removed, stored and used. the act seeks to remedy the poor availability of organs for transplant caused in part by laws that date back to the 17th century and to right the concerns raised by the liverpool children's inquiry that revealed widespread retention of organs by hospitals without permission. in this article richard griffith describes how con ...	2006	17167359
campylobacter jejuni multilocus sequence types in humans, northwest england, 2003-2004.	detailed understanding of the epidemiology of campylobacter is increasingly facilitated through use of universal and reproducible techniques for accurate strain differentiation and subtyping. multilocus sequence typing (mlst) enables discriminatory subtyping and grouping of isolate types into genetically related clonal complexes; it also has the advantage of ease of application and repeatability. recent studies suggest that a measure of host association may be distinguishable with this system. w ...	2006	17176563
commentary: uk perspective on competency to stand trial.	this commentary offers a perspective from another common law jurisdiction, specifically the law in england and wales, where competency to stand trial on a criminal charge is known as fitness to plead. the commentary begins with a discussion on the principle of proportionality evident in health care decisions by way of comparison with the topic in the criminal arena. fitness to plead is an historical legal concept and employs an intellectual test that has evolved very little since its appearance ...	2006	17185475
sympatric ixodes trianguliceps and ixodes ricinus ticks feeding on field voles (microtus agrestis): potential for increased risk of anaplasma phagocytophilum in the united kingdom?	the importance of wild rodents as reservoirs of zoonotic tick-borne pathogens is considered low in the united kingdom because, in studies to date, those parasitized by exophilic ixodes ricinus ticks carry almost exclusively larvae and thus have a minor role in transmission cycles. in a cross-sectional study, 11 (6.7%) of 163 field voles (microtus agrestis) captured at field sites in northern england were pcr-positive for anaplasma phagocytophilum. the voles were found to act as hosts for both la ...	2006	17187576
medical treatment of dementia patients at the end of life: can the law accommodate the personal identity and welfare problems?	this article considers whether two significant philosophical objections to autonomy-based legal approaches to decision-making for incompetent individuals could be accommodated by the law. these philosophical objections are known as the personal identity and welfare problems. the article first sets out the autonomy-based approaches and their objections. next, the present legal position is briefly canvassed in a comparative vein. finally, the article suggests how the personal identity and welfare ...	2006	17190349
prematurity or immaturity?	birth in the human is particularly difficult compared with that in the other primates. bipedalism has evolved over the past 6 or 7 million years, and has resulted in a small pelvis, adapted to the upright posture. in recent millennia, the increasing size of the fetal head at birth has made childbirth difficult. haig has suggested that the mother and fetus do not have identical interests; the baby benefits from being large at birth, while it is easier for the mother to deliver a small baby. many ...	2006	17206981
assessment of factors contributing to changes in the incidence of antimicrobial drug resistance in salmonella enterica serotypes enteritidis and typhimurium from humans in england and wales in 2000, 2002 and 2004.	an investigation into changes in the occurrence of antimicrobial resistance in salmonella enterica serotypes enteritidis and typhimurium from human infection in england and wales in 2000, 2002 and 2004 has shown that the incidence of strains of s. enteritidis with resistance to nalidixic acid coupled with decreased susceptibility to ciprofloxacin has more than doubled between 2000 and 2004, whereas the overall levels of resistance in s. typhimurium have fallen by ca. 25%. in relation to publishe ...	2006	17029756
use of crystal methamphetamine among gay men in london.	to examine the use of crystal methamphetamine (crystal meth) and its association with high-risk sexual behaviour among gay men in london.	2006	17034442
creating a medical english-swedish dictionary using interactive word alignment.	this paper reports on a parallel collection of rubrics from the medical terminology systems icd-10, icf, mesh, ncsp and ksh97-p and its use for semi-automatic creation of an english-swedish dictionary of medical terminology. the methods presented are relevant for many other west european language pairs than english-swedish.	2006	17034649
the health effects of flooding: social research results from england and wales.	this paper presents interview survey data by social scientists using established health measures on the health effects of flooding for residents in 30 locations in england and wales. firstly, it examines the extent to which flooded residents reported suffering physical and psychological health effects during and after the event. secondly, it explores the issue of whether these effects were long-lasting by comparisons with the general population and with those at risk but not flooded. in the stud ...	2006	17036844
determination of the mutation spectrum of the ext1/ext2 genes in british caucasian patients with multiple osteochondromas, and exclusion of six candidate genes in ext negative cases.	we describe here the spectrum and distribution of mutations in the ext1 and ext2 genes in the largest reported british caucasian multiple osteochondromas (mo) population. furthermore, we report for the first time the screening of the ext1 and ext2 promoters, 5'utrs, and 3'utrs, and exclude six potential mo candidate genes in individuals without a detectable mutation within the coding region of ext1 and ext2. the coding exons of ext1 and ext2 were screened in 72 unrelated probands affected with m ...	2006	17041877
the use of human tissue in bone grafting techniques.	the medicines and healthcare products regulatory agency has informed hospitals in england and wales that bone graft material, which may include bone obtained illegally without consent, may have been implanted into a small number of uk patients. this article outlines the technique of bone grafting, examines the normal regulation and safety considerations and highlights the nursing implications surrounding this issue.	2006	17042338
control of arbovirus infections by a coordinated response: west nile virus in england and wales.	although there is no recognized transmission of human arboviral infections in the uk, concerns about the possible spread of west nile virus (wnv) have precipitated coordinated activities around both surveillance and response. the department of health has chaired a uk wnv task force since the end of 2000. this is a multidisciplinary group of senior representatives from agencies and government departments involved in human and animal health, entomology and academic departments. activities include ...	2006	17054715
sharps injuries in uk health care: a review of injury rates, viral transmission and potential efficacy of safety devices.	to review the literature on sharps injuries and occupational bloodborne virus transmission in health care in the uk and the worldwide evidence for injury prevention of sharps safety devices.	2006	17065314
consent for organ and tissue retention in british law in the light of the human tissue act 2004.	the experience from the scandals in hospitals at liverpool and bristol in the uk where retention of tissue and organs was undertaken without the consent of the parents and relatives raised serious concerns regarding the efficacy of the existing human tissue act 1961, in england and the operation of the law by medical practitioners. in the aftermath of these damaging scandals a combination of public distrust and government overreaction has led to the enactment of new legislation, the human tissue ...	2006	17078517
seroprevalence of herpes simplex virus type 2 in multiple sclerosis.	it has been proposed that multiple sclerosis (ms) might be a sexually transmitted disorder. there is evidence that seropositivity to herpes simplex virus type 2 (hsv-2) correlates well with the number of sexual partners. accordingly, a raised overall hsv-2 seroprevalence in ms would lend support to this theory.	2006	17083334
trophoblastic reminiscences.	development of the radioimmunoassay in the 1950s and early '60s largely eliminated early problems with human chorionic gonadotropin and permitted the u.k. to offer a national service for gestational trophoblastic disease (gtd) patients. in 1973 a voluntary registration scheme for patients with hydatidiform mole (hm) opened at 3 u.k. locations. the charing cross centre has followed > 35,000 women with hm, and 2,500 have undergone treatment for various forms of gtd. all treated patients are follow ...	2006	17086815
visual sharpness contingency in recognition memory for orientation: mnemonic illusion suppressed by sensory signature.	a striking finding about human memory is that people's level of accuracy in remembering the orientation of heads on coins is often not simply at the chance level but significantly below it. however, s. w. kelly, a. m. burton, t. kato, and s. akamatsu (2001) reported that this is not so when two-alternative forced-choice visual recognition is employed. the kelly et al. result could not be replicated here with a copy of their stimuli. however, the result was successfully replicated with newly crea ...	2006	17087571
introducing hpv triage into the english cervical cancer screening program: consequences for participation.	to predict the likely impact of adding human papillomavirus (hpv) triage for minor abnormalities on participation in the english cervical cancer screening program.	2006	17000609
prisons and health reforms in england and wales.	prison health in england and wales has seen rapid reform and modernization. previously it was characterized by over-medicalization, difficulties in staff recruitment, and a lack of professional development for staff. the department of health assumed responsibility from her majesty's prison service for health policymaking in 2000, and full budgetary and health care administration control were transferred by april 2006. as a result of this reorganization, funding has improved and services now rela ...	2006	17008562
charles dickens: the man, medicine, and movement disorders.	nineteenth-century victorian novelists played an important role in developing our understanding of medicine and illness. with the eye of an expert clinician, charles dickens provided several detailed accounts of movement disorders in his literary works, many of which predated medical descriptions. his gift for eloquence, imagery, and precision attest not only to the importance of careful clinical observation, but also provide an insightful and entertaining perspective on movement disorders for m ...	2006	17015015
parl leu262val is not associated with fasting insulin levels in uk populations.	parl, the gene encoding presenilins-associated rhomboid-like protein, maps to chromosome 3q27 within a quantitative trait locus that influences components of the metabolic syndrome. recently, an amino acid substitution (leu262val, rs3732581) in parl was associated with fasting plasma insulin levels in a us white population (n=1031). this variant was also found to modify the positive association between age and fasting insulin. the aim of this study was to test whether these findings could be rep ...	2006	17019603
heterogeneity of ubiquitin pathology in frontotemporal lobar degeneration: classification and relation to clinical phenotype.	we have investigated the extent and pattern of immunostaining for ubiquitin protein (ubq) in 60 patients with frontotemporal lobar degeneration (ftld) with ubiquitin-positive, tau-negative inclusions (ftld-u), 37 of whom were ascertained in manchester uk and 23 in newcastle-upon-tyne, uk. there were three distinct histological patterns according to the form and distribution of the ubq pathology. histological type 1 was present in 19 patients (32%) and characterised by the presence of a moderate ...	2006	17021754
bioaccessible arsenic in the home environment in southwest england.	samples of household dust and garden soil were collected from twenty households in the vicinity of an ex-mining site in southwest england and from nine households in a control village. all samples were analysed by icp-ms for pseudo-total arsenic (as) concentrations and the results show clearly elevated levels, with maximum as concentrations of 486 microg g(-1) in housedusts and 471 microg g(-1) in garden soils (and mean concentrations of 149 microg g(-1) and 262 microg g(-1), respectively). arse ...	2006	17023026
effectiveness analyses may underestimate protection of infants after group c meningococcal immunization.	group c meningococcal conjugate-vaccine effectiveness in the united kingdom declines from ~90% in the first year to 0% between 1 and 4 years after immunization in infants immunized at 2, 3, and 4 months of age and to 61% in toddlers given a single dose. confidence intervals are wide, and the extent of protection is uncertain.	2006	16779730
does long-term gh replacement therapy in hypopituitary adults with gh deficiency normalise quality of life?	to determine whether impaired quality of life (qol) in adults with gh deficiency (ghd) is reversible with long-term gh therapy and whether the responses in qol dimensions differ from each other.	2006	16793956
wilfred trotter: surgeon, philosopher.	there is no significant biography that records the accomplishments of sir wilfred trotter, who was a general surgeon in its pure sense at a time when surgical specialization was in its infancy. trotter was born in the 1870s in england. despite being bedridden during his childhood with a musculoskeletal condition he was able to study medicine at london university, and eventually became professor and chair of surgery at the university college hospital, a position he held until his death in novembe ...	2006	16948887
[the representation of madness in william shakespeare's characters].	shakespeare is one of the great creators of human characters of the 16(th) century. like for many of his contemporaries madness was a central topic of his work. the first part of this paper discusses the sociocultural environment and the semantic field of madness in the elizabethan age, which forms the background for shakespeare's characters. in the second part we try to analyze the clinical pictures of the fictive characters of othello, hamlet, lear and macbeth. while we find melancholy, delusi ...	2006	16957981