Publications

activity and substrate specificity of the murine stk2 serine/threonine kinase that is structurally related to the mitotic regulator protein nima of aspergillus nidulans.	we isolated a murine stk2 (mstk2) cdna that is homologous to murine nek1 serine/threonine kinase, a family member related to the cell cycle regulator kinase nima of aspergillus nidulans. structural comparison demonstrated that the kinase domain of mstk2 is highly similar to nima/nek family but the c-terminal region is not similar to any proteins except for human stk2 (hstk2). similarly to nek1, mstk2 is expressed ubiquitously among various organs and is upregulated in the testis. the expression ...	1999	10529384
genetic transformation and mutagenesis of the entomopathogenic fungus paecilomyces fumosoroseus	we have developed a dna-mediated transformation system for the entomopathogenic fungus paecilomyces fumosoroseus based on resistance to the herbicide glufosinate ammonium. the resistance is provided by the bar gene from streptomyces hygroscopicus and is under the control of the aspergillus nidulans trpc promoter and terminator sequences. frequencies of up to 110 transformants/&mgr;g of linearized plasmid dna were obtained aided by the addition of the nuclease inhibitor, aurintricarboxylic acid ( ...	1999	10534416
morphogenesis is coordinated with nuclear division in germinating aspergillus nidulans conidiospores.	germinating aspergillus nidulans conidiospores switch to polarized apical growth following an initial period of isotropic expansion. at the same time, they re-enter the nuclear division cycle. the relationship between spore polarization and nuclear division was investigated by testing the effect of cell cycle inhibitors and temperature-sensitive cell cycle mutations on spore morphogenesis. on rich media, it was found that spore polarization is delayed if completion of the first mitosis is blocke ...	1999	10537196
expression and compartmentation of the glucose repressor cre1 from the phytopathogenic fungus sclerotinia sclerotiorum.	the glucose repressor from the phytopathogenic fungus sclerotinia sclerotiorum is encoded by the cre1 gene. polyclonal antibodies were raised against a fusion protein (gluthathione s-transferase) gst-cre1 in order to study cre1 expression. western blot analyses revealed that cre1 synthesis is regulated by the nature of the extracellular carbon source. high cre1 levels are induced by glucose and remain stable after transfer into pectin medium, suggesting the existence of post-translational mechan ...	1999	10542073
cloning and characterization of the o-methyltransferase i gene (dmta) from aspergillus parasiticus associated with the conversions of demethylsterigmatocystin to sterigmatocystin and dihydrodemethylsterigmatocystin to dihydrosterigmatocystin in aflatoxin biosynthesis.	o-methyltransferase i catalyzes both the conversion of demethylsterigmatocystin to sterigmatocystin and the conversion of dihydrodemethylsterigmatocystin to dihydrosterigmatocystin during aflatoxin biosynthesis. in this study, both genomic cloning and cdna cloning of the gene encoding o-methyltransferase i were accomplished by using pcr strategies, such as conventional pcr based on the n-terminal amino acid sequence of the purified enzyme, 5' and 3' rapid amplification of cdna ends pcr, and ther ...	1999	10543813
structure of the arginase coding gene and its transcript in aspergillus nidulans.	the arginase structural gene (agaa) from aspergillus nidulans has been cloned and characterised. depending on the growth conditions of the mycelium, transcripts of this gene have different 5'ends. these differences could result either from the presence of multiple transcription initiation sites or from differential processing of mrna. the agaa mrna has a long 5'utr with a potentially complex secondary structure. putative arginine binding aptamers were found in this utr suggesting interesting pos ...	1999	10547040
transcriptional activation by gcn4p involves independent interactions with the swi/snf complex and the srb/mediator.	mutations in three subunits of the swi/snf complex and in the med2p subunit of the srb/mediator of pol ii holoenzyme impaired gcn4p-activated transcription of his3 without reducing gcn4p-independent transcription of this gene. recombinant gcn4p interacted with swi/snf and srb/mediator subunits in cell extracts in a manner dependent on the same hydrophobic clusters in the gcn4p activation domain; however, higher concentrations of gcn4p were required for binding to swi/snf versus srb/mediator subu ...	1999	10549298
toxicological assessment of recombinant xylanase x(22) in wine.	toxicological evaluation of xylanase x(22) from aspergillus nidulans expressed in a wine yeast strain was carried out. the safety of the x(22) intake was assessed by digestibility, bioinformatic, and mouse short-term repeated dosing studies, although x(22) shows resistance to proteolytic degradation in the gastrointestinal system, is a minority protein component (<0.5 10(-)(6) %) of the produced wine, and shows no significant amino acid sequence homology to any known food allergens. the 4-week o ...	1999	10564023
checkpoint defects leading to premature mitosis also cause endoreplication of dna in aspergillus nidulans.	the g2 dna damage and slowing of s-phase checkpoints over mitosis function through tyrosine phosphorylation of nimx(cdc2) in aspergillus nidulans. we demonstrate that breaking these checkpoints leads to a defective premature mitosis followed by dramatic rereplication of genomic dna. two additional checkpoint functions, uvsb and uvsd, also cause the rereplication phenotype after their mutation allows premature mitosis in the presence of low concentrations of hydroxyurea. uvsb is shown to encode a ...	1999	10564263
the hxb gene, necessary for the post-translational activation of purine hydroxylases in aspergillus nidulans, is independently controlled by the purine utilization and the nicotinate utilization transcriptional activating systems.	molybdenum-containing enzymes of the hydroxylase class (such as xanthine dehydrogenase, aldehyde oxidase and nicotinate dehydrogenase) require a terminal sulphur atom attached to the molybdenum to hydroxylate their specific substrates. the transulphurylation reaction is carried out in drosophila melanogaster by the product of the ma-i gene. in aspergillus nidulans, the activity of the isofunctional and homologous hxb protein is needed in at least two different metabolic contexts, when the organi ...	1999	10096075
a single amino acid, outside the alcr zinc binuclear cluster, is involved in dna binding and in transcriptional regulation of the alc genes in aspergillus nidulans.	in aspergillus nidulans, the transcriptional activator alcr mediates specific induction of a number of alc genes. the alcr dna-binding domain is a zinc binuclear cluster that differs from the other members of the zn2cys6 family in several respects. of these, the most remarkable is its ability to bind in vitro as a monomer to single sites, whereas only repeated sites (direct or inverted) are necessary and functional in vivo. deletion of the first five amino acids (following the n-terminal methion ...	1999	10096079
specific components of the saga complex are required for gcn4- and gcr1-mediated activation of the his4-912delta promoter in saccharomyces cerevisiae.	mutations selected as suppressors of ty or solo delta insertion mutations in saccharomyces cerevisiae have identified several genes, spt3, spt7, spt8, and spt20, that encode components of the saga complex. however, the mechanism by which saga activates transcription of specific rna polymerase ii-dependent genes is unknown. we have conducted a fine-structure mutagenesis of one widely used saga-dependent promoter, the delta element of his4-912delta, to identify sequence elements important for its ...	1999	10101163
cloning and characterisation of the saga gene of aspergillus nidulans: a gene which affects sensitivity to dna-damaging agents.	mutations within the saga gene of aspergillus nidulans cause sensitisation to dna-damaging chemicals but have no effect upon spontaneous or damage-induced mutation frequency. the saga gene was cloned on a 19-kb cosmid-derived fragment by functional complementation of a saga1 sagc3 double mutant; subsequently, a fragment of the gene was also isolated on a 3.9-kb genomic subclone. initial sequencing of a small section of the 19-kb fragment allowed the design of primers that were subsequently used ...	1999	10102359
an aureobasidin a resistance gene isolated from aspergillus is a homolog of yeast aur1, a gene responsible for inositol phosphorylceramide (ipc) synthase activity.	the aur1 gene of saccharomyces cerevisiae, mutations in which confer resistance to the antibiotic aureobasidin a, is necessary for inositol phosphorylceramide (ipc) synthase activity. we report the molecular cloning and characterization of the aspergillus nidulans aura gene, which is homologous to aur1. a single point mutation in the aura gene of a. nidulans confers a high level of resistance to aureobasidin a. the a. nidulans aura gene was used to identify its homologs in other aspergillus spec ...	1999	10102364
nimo, an aspergillus gene related to budding yeast dbf4, is required for dna synthesis and mitotic checkpoint control.	the nimo predicted protein of aspergillus nidulans is related structurally and functionally to dbf4p, the regulatory subunit of cdc7p kinase in budding yeast. nimop and dbf4p are most similar in their c-termini, which contain a pest motif and a novel, short-looped cys2-his2 zinc finger-like motif. dna labelling and reciprocal shift assays using ts-lethal nimo18 mutants showed that nimo is required for initiation of dna synthesis and for efficient progression through s phase. nimo18 mutants abrog ...	1999	10194410
alix, a novel mouse protein undergoing calcium-dependent interaction with the apoptosis-linked-gene 2 (alg-2) protein.	alg-2 is a ef hand calcium binding protein with sequence homologies to calmodulin. vito et al have shown that alg-2 expression is required for apoptosis following a number of death stimuli,1 although nothing is known about the effectors which underlie alg-2 function. here we have used alg-2 as bait in a yeast two hybrid screen of a mouse brain cdna library. we found that alg-2 binds to itself and to a novel protein that we call alg-2 interacting protein x, alix. using co-immunoprecipitation expe ...	1999	10200558
isolation, characterization and disruption of the area nitrogen regulatory gene of gibberella fujikuroi.	the gene area-gf, a homologue of the major nitrogen regulatory genes nit-2, area, nre and nut1 of neurospora crassa, aspergillus nidulans, penicillium chrysogenum and magnaporthe grisea, respectively, was cloned from the gibberellin (ga)-producing rice pathogen gibberella fujikuroi. area-gf encodes a protein of 972 amino acid residues which contains a single putative zinc finger dna-binding domain that is at least 98% identical to the zinc finger domains of the homologous fungal proteins. the ar ...	1999	10071216
rapid hypothesis testing with candida albicans through gene disruption with short homology regions.	disruption of newly identified genes in the pathogen candida albicans is a vital step in determination of gene function. several gene disruption methods described previously employ long regions of homology flanking a selectable marker. here, we describe disruption of c. albicans genes with pcr products that have 50 to 60 bp of homology to a genomic sequence on each end of a selectable marker. we used the method to disrupt two known genes, arg5 and ade2, and two sequences newly identified through ...	1999	10074081
the gata factor area is essential for chromatin remodelling in a eukaryotic bidirectional promoter.	the linked niia and niad genes of aspergillus nidulans are transcribed divergently. the expression of these genes is subject to a dual control system. they are induced by nitrate and repressed by ammonium. area mediates derepression in the absence of ammonium and nira supposedly mediates nitrate induction. out of 10 gata sites, a central cluster (sites 5-8) is responsible for approximately 80% of the transcriptional activity of the promoter on both genes. we show occupancy in vivo of site 5 by t ...	1999	10075929
aspergillus fumigatus catalases: cloning of an aspergillus nidulans catalase b homologue and evidence for at least three catalases.	the presence of catalases in the water soluble fractions of three aspergillus fumigatus strains was investigated using non-denaturing and denaturing polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and western analysis. using non-denaturing polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and staining for catalase activity, three separate catalases were identified. an a. fumigatus catalase gene (catb) was cloned from genomic dna using the aspergillus niger catr gene as a probe. polyclonal antibodies were raised to a glutat ...	1999	10076909
identification and linkage mapping of the phsa gene of aspergillus nidulans, where mutation affects growth and pigmentation of colonies in a temperature- and ph-dependent way.	we report the isolation and characterization of a mutant strain of the mold aspergillus nidulans showing an altered response to environmental ph, including a reduction in its ph range for growth and the production of a melanin-like pigment at alkaline ph. we also show that the mutant strain is not detergent-sensitive and that its acid sensitivity is osmotically remediable with 0.5 m nacl or 1.0 m sorbitol. furthermore, the mutant phenotype is temperature-remediable with respect to pigmentation, ...	1999	10077833
nuclear movement in filamentous fungi.	one of the most striking features of eukaryotic cells is the organization of specific functions into organelles such as nuclei, mitochondria, chloroplasts, the endoplasmic reticulum, vacuoles, peroxisomes or the golgi apparatus. these membrane-surrounded compartments are not synthesized de novo but are bequeathed to daughter cells during cell division. the successful transmittance of organelles to daughter cells requires the growth, division and separation of these compartments and involves a co ...	1999	10077853
cloning, characterisation and regulation of the ornithine transaminase (otaa) gene of aspergillus nidulans.	the ornithine transaminase (otaa) gene of aspergillus nidulans has been cloned by transformation of the a. nidulans pro-ota- mutant strain with a cosmid gene library. the otaa gene contains two introns and potentially codes for a 453-aa-long protein. the deduced amino-acid sequence is homologous to known ornithine transaminases from saccharomyces cerevisiae, plasmodium falciparum, vigna aconitifolia, rat, mouse and man, particularly in the pyridoxal phosphate-binding domain. the expression of th ...	1999	10079330
the tama mutants of aspergillus nidulans.		1999	10079333
unique dna binding specificity of the binuclear zinc alcr activator of the ethanol utilization pathway in aspergillus nidulans.	alcr is the transcriptional activator in aspergillus nidulans, necessary for the induction of the alc gene cluster. it belongs to the zn2cys6 zinc cluster protein family, but contains some striking differences compared with other proteins of this group. in this report, we show that no dimerization element is present in the entire alcr protein which occurs in solution as a monomer and binds also to its cognate sites as a monomer. another important feature of alcr is its unique specificity for sin ...	1999	10092669
the aspergillus nidulans gata factor srea is involved in regulation of siderophore biosynthesis and control of iron uptake.	a gene encoding a new gata factor from aspergillus nidulans, srea, was isolated and characterized. srea displays homology to two fungal regulators of siderophore biosynthesis: about 30% overall identity to sre from neurospora crassa and about 50% identity to urbs1 from ustilago maydis over a stretch of 200 amino acid residues containing two gata-type zinc finger motifs and a cysteine-rich region. this putative dna binding domain, expressed as a fusion protein in escherichia coli, specifically bi ...	1999	9988696
comparison of gene structures and enzymatic properties between two endoglucanases from humicola grisea.	we have cloned two endoglucanase genes (egl3 and egl4) from a thermophilic fungus, humicola grisea. the coding region of the egl3 gene was interrupted by an intron of 56-bp, and the deduced amino acid sequence of the egl3 gene was 305 amino acids in length and showed 98.4% identity with humicola insolens egv. the coding region of the egl4 gene was also interrupted by an intron of 173-bp, which contains 34 ttc repeated sequence units, and the deduced amino acid sequence of the egl4 gene was 227 a ...	1999	9990729
organisation of the mitochondrial genome of trichophyton rubrum iii. dna sequence analysis of the nadh dehydrogenase subunits 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and the cytochrome b gene.	in this paper, we present the nucleotide sequence of a 9761 nt-long segment of the mitochondrial genome of the dermatophyte trichophyton rubrum that bridges the gap between two previously published segments, making a unique contig that represents approximately 80% of the molecule. the location of all genes on the map is determined except for some trna genes expected to flank the lsu rrna gene not yet sequenced. starting from the 5' end of the present sequence, we recognized the nd5 and nd2 genes ...	1999	10022946
expression of atrc - encoding a novel member of the atp binding cassette transporter family in aspergillus nidulans - is sensitive to cycloheximide.	a new member of the abc superfamily of transmembrane proteins in aspergillus nidulans has been cloned and characterized. the topology of conserved motifs subgroups atrc in the p-glycoprotein cluster of abc permeases, the members of this subfamily, are known to participate in multidrug resistance (mdr) in diverse organisms. alignment results display significant amino acid similarity to afumdr1 and aflmdr1 from aspergillus fumigatus and flavus, respectively. northern analysis reveals that atrc mrn ...	1999	10036328
demonstration of molecular interactions between the murein polymerase pbp1b, the lytic transglycosylase mlta, and the scaffolding protein mipa of escherichia coli.	enlargement of the stress-bearing murein sacculus of bacteria depends on the coordinated interaction of murein synthases and hydrolases. to understand the mechanism of interaction of these two classes of proteins affinity chromatography and surface plasmon resonance (spr) studies were performed. the membrane-bound lytic transglycosylase mlta when covalently linked to cnbr-activated sepharose specifically retained the penicillin-binding proteins (pbps) 1b, 1c, 2, and 3 from a crude triton x-100 m ...	1999	10037771
cytoplasmic dynein and dynactin in cell division and intracellular transport.	since the initial discovery of cytoplasmic dynein, it has become apparent that this microtubule-based motor is involved in several cellular functions including cell division and intracellular transport. another multisubunit complex, dynactin, may be required for most, if not all, cytoplasmic dynein-driven activities and may provide clues to dynein's functional diversity. recent genetic and biochemical findings have illuminated the cellular roles of dynein and dynactin and provided insight into t ...	1999	10047518
thaumatin production in aspergillus awamori by use of expression cassettes with strong fungal promoters and high gene dosage.	four expression cassettes containing strong fungal promoters, a signal sequence for protein translocation, a kex protease cleavage site, and a synthetic gene (tha) encoding the sweet protein thaumatin ii were used to overexpress this protein in aspergillus awamori lpr66, a pepa protease-deficient strain. the best expression results were obtained with the gdha promoter of a. awamori or with the gpda promoter of aspergillus nidulans. there was good correlation of tha gene dosage, transcript levels ...	1999	10049878
organization of the gene cluster for biosynthesis of penicillin in penicillium nalgiovense and antibiotic production in cured dry sausages.	several fungal isolates obtained from two cured meat products from spain were identified as penicillium nalgiovense by their morphological features and by dna fingerprinting. all p. nalgiovense isolates showed antibiotic activity in agar diffusion assays, and their penicillin production in liquid complex medium ranged from 6 to 38 microgram. ml-1. we constructed a restriction map of the penicillin gene cluster of p. nalgiovense and found that the organization of the penicillin biosynthetic genes ...	1999	10049889
identification and characterization of genes required for hyphal morphogenesis in the filamentous fungus aspergillus nidulans.	in the filamentous fungus aspergillus nidulans, germination of an asexual conidiospore results in the formation of a hyphal cell. a key feature of spore germination is the switch from isotropic spore expansion to polarized apical growth. here, temperature-sensitive mutations are used to characterize the roles of five genes (sepa, hypa, podb-podd) in the establishment and maintenance of hyphal polarity. evidence that suggests that the hypa, podb, and sepa genes are required for multiple aspects o ...	1999	10049919
insertion analysis of putative functional elements in the promoter region of the aspergillus oryzae taka-amylase a gene (amyb) using a heterologous aspergillus nidulans amds-lacz fusion gene system.	expression of the taka-amylase a gene (amyb) of aspergillus oryzae is induced by starch or maltose. the a. oryzae amyb gene promoter contains three highly conserved sequences, designated regions i, ii, and iii, compared with promoter regions of the a. oryzae glaa encoding glucoamylase and the agda encoding alpha-glucosidase. to identify the function of these sequences within the amyb promoter, various fragments containing conserved sequences in the amyb promoter were introduced into the upstream ...	1999	10052139
depression of the xylanase-encoding cgxa gene of chaetomium gracile in aspergillus nidulans.	regulation of the chaetomium gracile xylanase a gene (cgxa) was investigated using aspergillus nidulans as an intermediate host. deletion of a 185 bp dna fragment from its promoter region led to higher levels of the cgxa gene expression, indicating that the 185 bp dna fragment contains an element involved in repression of the gene. a nuclear extract was assayed for proteins which bind to the 185 bp dna fragment. a protein designated anrp bound sequence specifically to the dna fragment. the minim ...	1999	10052158
isolation of csm1 encoding a class v chitin synthase with a myosin motor-like domain from the rice blast fungus, pyricularia oryzae.	a gene encoding a chitin synthase with a myosin motor-like domain (csm1) was isolated from pyricularia oryzae using a pcr fragment amplified from a fungal chitin synthase conserved region. the deduced amino acid sequence of csm1 is homologous to that of csma of aspergillus nidulans (65% identity). the putative gene product of csm1 is consisted of the myosin motor-like domain and a chitin synthase domain as in a. nidulans csma. the chitin synthase domain of its c-terminus was also homologous to a ...	1999	9919661
biophysical characterization of fungal phytases (myo-inositol hexakisphosphate phosphohydrolases): molecular size, glycosylation pattern, and engineering of proteolytic resistance.	phytases (myo-inositol hexakisphosphate phosphohydrolases) are found naturally in plants and microorganisms, particularly fungi. interest in these enzymes has been stimulated by the fact that phytase supplements increase the availability of phosphorus in pig and poultry feed and thereby reduce environmental pollution due to excess phosphate excretion in areas where there is intensive livestock production. the wild-type phytases from six different fungi, aspergillus niger, aspergillus terreus, as ...	1999	9925554
biochemical characterization of fungal phytases (myo-inositol hexakisphosphate phosphohydrolases): catalytic properties.	supplementation with phytase is an effective way to increase the availability of phosphorus in seed-based animal feed. the biochemical characteristics of an ideal phytase for this application are still largely unknown. to extend the biochemical characterization of wild-type phytases, the catalytic properties of a series of fungal phytases, as well as escherichia coli phytase, were determined. the specific activities of the fungal phytases at 37 degreesc ranged from 23 to 196 u. (mg of protein)-1 ...	1999	9925555
aspergillus nidulans swo mutants show defects in polarity establishment, polarity maintenance and hyphal morphogenesis.	when the spores of filamentous fungi break dormancy, they grow isotropically, adding cell wall material uniformly in every direction. later they switch to polarized growth, with new material added to the tip of an emerging germ tube. to identify genes involved in the synthesis and localization of cell wall material in filamentous fungi, we screened a collection of temperature-sensitive aspergillus nidulans mutants for swollen cells. we have isolated mutants representing eight genes involved in p ...	1999	9927451
molecular characterization of hyma, an evolutionarily highly conserved and highly expressed protein of aspergillus nidulans.	aspergillus nidulans reproduces asexually via uninucleate, haploid spores, which are produced on morphologically differentiated aerial structures, called conidiophores. these consist of four distinct cell types, a foot with a terminally swollen stalk, metulae, phialides and conidiospores. the molecular mechanisms underlying the morphological changes that occur during conidiophore development have been studied by mutant analysis. we have isolated the hym a mutant, in which conidiophore developmen ...	1999	9928930
the protease activity of a calpain-like cysteine protease in saccharomyces cerevisiae is required for alkaline adaptation and sporulation.	abstract saccharomyces cerevisiae has only one putative gene (designated cpl1) for a cysteine protease with a protease domain similar to that of calpain. this gene product shows significant sequence similarity to palbp, a fungal (emericella nidulans) calpain-like protease that is responsible for adaptation under alkaline conditions, both in the protease domain and the domain following the protease domain. cpl1 disruptant strains show impaired growth at alkaline ph, but no obvious growth defects ...	1999	9928935
the aspergillus nidulans glta gene encoding glutamate synthase is required for ammonium assimilation in the absence of nadp-glutamate dehydrogenase.	mutants of aspergillus nidulans lacking nadp-glutamate dehydrogenase activity grow more poorly than wild-type strains on ammonium as a sole nitrogen source. the leaky growth of these mutants is indicative of an alternative pathway of ammonium assimilation and glutamate biosynthesis. we have pcr-amplified a portion of the a. nidulans gene encoding glutamate synthase and used this sequence to inactivate the genomic copy. this gene, designated glta, was found to be dispensable for growth on ammoniu ...	1999	9933358
sequence analysis, overexpression, and antisense inhibition of a beta-xylosidase gene, xyla, from aspergillus oryzae kbn616.	beta-xylosidase secreted by the shoyu koji mold, aspergillus oryzae, is the key enzyme responsible for browning of soy sauce. to investigate the role of beta-xylosidase in the brown color formation, a major beta-xylosidase, xyla, and its encoding gene were characterized. beta-xylosidase xyla was purified to homogeneity from culture filtrates of a. oryzae kbn616. the optimum ph and temperature of the enzyme were found to be 4.0 and 60 degrees c, respectively, and the molecular mass was estimated ...	1999	9872754
extragenic suppressors of loss-of-function mutations in the aspergillus flba regulator of g-protein signaling domain protein.	we showed previously that two genes, fl ba and fada, have a major role in determining the balance between growth, sporulation, and mycotoxin (sterigmatocystin; st) production by the filamentous fungus aspergillus nidulans. fada encodes the alpha subunit for a heterotrimeric g-protein, and continuous activation of fada blocks sporulation and st production while stimulating growth. fl ba encodes an a. nidulans regulator of g-protein signaling (rgs) domain protein that antagonizes fada-mediated sig ...	1999	9872951
basal body duplication in paramecium requires gamma-tubulin.	first discovered in the fungus aspergillus nidulans[1], gamma-tubulin is a ubiquitous component of microtubule organizing centres [2]. in centrosomes, gamma-tubulin has been immunolocalized at the pericentriolar material, suggesting a role in cytoplasmic microtubule nucleation [3], as well as within the centriole core itself [4]. although its function in the nucleation of the mitotic spindle and of cytoplasmic interphasic microtubules has been demonstrated in vitro [5] [6] and in vivo[7] [8] [9] ...	1999	9889124
the two subunits of human molybdopterin synthase: evidence for a bicistronic messenger rna with overlapping reading frames.	molybdoenzymes are ubiquitous and require a prosthetic group called the molybdenum cofactor for activity. we provide evidence here that the two heteromeric subunits (moco1-a and moco1-b) of human molybdopterin synthase, which is involved in the conversion of precursor z to molybdopterin in the molybdenum cofactor biosynthetic pathway, are spe-cified by a single bicistronic mrna with overlapping reading frames. the transcript is in low abundance and shows variable tissue distribution. we propose ...	1999	9889283
cloning and characterization of a eukaryotic pantothenate kinase gene (pank) from aspergillus nidulans.	pantothenate kinase (pank) is the key regulatory enzyme in the coa biosynthetic pathway. the pank gene from escherichia coli (coaa) has been previously cloned and the enzyme biochemically characterized; highly related genes exist in other prokaryotes. we isolated a pank cdna clone from the eukaryotic fungus aspergillus nidulans by functional complementation of a temperature-sensitive e. coli pank mutant. the cdna clone allowed the isolation of the genomic clone and the characterization of the a. ...	1999	9890959
specificity determinants of proteolytic processing of aspergillus pacc transcription factor are remote from the processing site, and processing occurs in yeast if ph signalling is bypassed.	the aspergillus nidulans transcription factor pacc, which mediates ph regulation, is proteolytically processed to a functional form in response to ambient alkaline ph. the full-length pacc form is unstable in the presence of an operational ph signal transduction pathway, due to processing to the relatively stable short functional form. we have characterized and used an extensive collection of pacc mutations, including a novel class of "neutrality-mimicking" pacc mutations having aspects of both ...	1999	9891072
methods for isolating and analyzing mitotic mutants in aspergillus nidulans.		1999	9891323
a novel 17beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase in the fungus cochliobolus lunatus: new insights into the evolution of steroid-hormone signalling.	17beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (17beta-hsd) from the filamentous fungus cochliobolus lunatus (17beta-hsdcl) catalyses the reduction of steroids and of several o- and p-quinones. after purification of the enzyme, its partial amino acid sequence was determined. a pcr fragment amplified with primers derived from peptide sequences was generated for screening the coch. lunatus cdna library. three independent full-length cdna clones were isolated and sequenced, revealing an 810-bp open reading fr ...	1999	9895285
ancf, the ccaat binding complex of aspergillus nidulans, contains products of the hapb, hapc, and hape genes and is required for activation by the pathway-specific regulatory gene amdr.	ccaat binding factors (cbfs) positively regulating the expression of the amds gene (encoding acetamidase) and two penicillin biosynthesis genes (ipna and aata) have been previously found in aspergillus nidulans. the factors were called ancf and penr1, respectively. deletion of the hapc gene, encoding a protein with significant similarity to hap3p of saccharomyces cerevisiae, eliminated both ancf and penr1 binding activities. we now report the isolation of the genes hapb and hape, which encode pr ...	1999	9858535
transformation with green fluorescent protein of trichoderma harzianum 1051, a strain with biocontrol activity against crinipellis perniciosa, the agent of witches'-broom disease of cocoa.	a plasmid vector for fungal expression of an enhanced, red-shifted variant of the aequoria victoriae green fluorescent protein was constructed by fusion of the egfp gene to the highly expressed aspergillus nidulans gpd promoter and the a. nidulans trpc terminator. this construction was introduced by cotransformation, using benomyl selection, into trichoderma harzianum strain 1051, a strain being evaluated for the biological control of witches'-broom disease of cocoa caused by crinipellis pernici ...	1999	12501389
cloning and functional analysis of the aspergillus oryzae conidiation regulator gene brla by its disruption and misscheduled expression.	we cloned the brla gene from aspergillus oryzae genomic dna using the a. nidulans brla gene as a probe. a 3.1-kb ecori-bali genomic dna fragment was cloned and sequenced. the deduced amino acid sequence revealed 70% identity with a. nidulans brla and contained two c2h2 zinc finger motifs in its carboxyl terminus, and the promoter sequence contained a 43-bp highly conserved region, indicating that the cloned gene was an a. oryzae homologue of a. nidulans brla. disruption of the brla gene by homol ...	1999	16232494
aspergillus oryzae palbory encodes a calpain-like protease: homology to emericella nidulans palb and conservation of functional regions.	we have cloned and sequenced genomic dna of aspergillus oryzae palbory, orthologue of emericella nidulans palb, which encodes a calpain-like protease modulating a signal transduction pathway during alkaline adaptation. the deduced amino acid sequence of palbory is 70.0% identical to palb over its entire length. the regions with high similarity revealed possible domains important for their function. this is the first step towards understanding the alkaline adaptation mechanism of a. oryzae, which ...	1999	16232641
apparent mrna instability in aspergillus nidulans and aspergillus terreus of a heterologous cdna encoding the major capsid antigen of rotavirus.	two expression plasmids designed to produce the rotaviral vp6 protein in aspergillus nidulans and aspergillus terreus have been constructed. in one of these plasmids the inducible a. terreus gla1 glucoamylase gene promoter and gla1 signal sequence are fused to the vp6 cdna to enable induction and extracellular secretion of the final protein product; in the other, the strong, constitutive a. nidulans gpda gene promoter has been employed. a. nidulans and a. terreus transformants containing intact ...	1999	18473559
[genetic analysis and relationship to pathogenicity in botrytis cinerea].	botrytis cinerea is a plant-pathogenic fungus that produces the disease known as grey mould in a wide variety of agriculturally important hosts in many countries. ten strains from different locations collected on different years have been isolated and characterized by several methods (morphological, biochemical, genetical and molecular). results showed that clear morphological differences exist between strains, and showing a relationship between the presence of sclerotia and pathogenicity. the c ...	2000	15762780
[taxonomy and identification of the species involved in nosocomial aspergillosis].	although aspergillus fumigatus is the most common etiological agent of invasive aspergillosis, other aspergillus spp. such as a . flavus, a. niger, a. terreus and a. nidulans (emericella nidulans) among others, have been also implicated. in this article, the taxonomy of the genus aspergillus and the characteristics of the species most frequently isolated from patients with nosocomial aspergillosis are reviewed.	2000	15762792
[two cases of scalp wound colonization and respiratory tract by mycelial fungi].	one case of colonization of a post-traumatic scalp wound by aspergillus nidulans and fusarium solani in a healthy adult patient is discussed. a second case of respiratory colonization by acrophialophora fusispora in a child with cystic fibrosis is presented. both cases are reported to illustrate the need of combined histologic and mycologic studies in evaluating patients in order to distinguish between colonization and invasion.	2000	15762812
inositol phosphoryl transferases from human pathogenic fungi.	the ipc1 gene from saccharomyces cerevisiae, which encodes inositolphosphorylceramide (ipc) synthase, was first identified as a novel and essential gene encoding resistance to the natural product antifungal aureobasidin a (aur1). the formation of ipc in fungi is essential for viability, suggesting inhibitors of ipc1p function would make ideal antifungal drug candidates. homologs of the aur1/ipc1 gene were identified from a number of human pathogenic fungi, candida glabrata, candida krusei, candi ...	2000	10564728
a simple and rapid method for the preparation of a cell-free extract with ccaat-binding activity from filamentous fungi.	a simple and rapid method for the preparation of a cell-free extract with the ccaat-binding activity was established with aspergillus nidulans as a model fungus. proteins were extracted with 6 m guanidine hydrochloride directly from mycelia and renatured by dialysis. this method was found applicable to other filamentous fungi such as aspergillus oryzae and trichoderma viride.	2000	10737212
mutational analysis of tyrosine-191 in the catalysis of cephalosporium acremonium isopenicillin n synthase.	isopenicillin n synthase (ipns) is a key enzyme responsible for the catalytic conversion of delta-(l-alpha-aminoadipoyl)-l-cysteinyl-d-valine (acv) to isopenicillin n in the beta-lactam antibiotic biosynthetic pathway. the aspergillus nidulans ipns crystal structure implicated amino acid residues tyrosine-189, arginine-279, and serine-281 in the substrate-binding of the valine carboxylate portion of acv via hydrogen bonds. in previous reports, we provided mutational evidence for the critical inv ...	2000	10739949
the aspergillus nidulans uvsb gene encodes an atm-related kinase required for multiple facets of the dna damage response.	in aspergillus nidulans, uvsb and uvsd belong to the same epistasis group of dna repair mutants. recent observations suggest that these genes are likely to control cell cycle checkpoint responses to dna damage and incomplete replication. consistent with this notion, we show here that uvsb is a member of the conserved family of atm-related kinases. phenotypic characterization of uvsb mutants shows that they possess defects in additional aspects of the dna damage response besides checkpoint contro ...	2000	10747054
identification of aspergillus species using internal transcribed spacer regions 1 and 2.	aspergillus species are the most frequent cause of invasive mold infections in immunocompromised patients. although over 180 species are found within the genus, 3 species, aspergillus flavus, a. fumigatus, and a. terreus, account for most cases of invasive aspergillosis (ia), with a. nidulans, a. niger, and a. ustus being rare causes of ia. the ability to distinguish between the various clinically relevant aspergillus species may have diagnostic value, as certain species are associated with high ...	2000	10747135
a comparative repair study of thymine- and uracil-photodimers with model compounds and a photolyase repair enzyme.	cyclobutane uridine and thymidine dimers with cis-syn-structure are dna lesions, which are efficiently repaired in many species by dna photolyases. the essential step of the repair reaction is a light driven electron transfer from a reduced fad cofactor (fadh ) to the dimer lesion, which splits spontaneously into the monomers. repair studies with uv-light damaged dna revealed significant rate differences for the various dimer lesions. in particular the effect of the almost eclipsed positioned me ...	2000	10747389
in vivo studies of upstream regulatory cis-acting elements of the alcr gene encoding the transactivator of the ethanol regulon in aspergillus nidulans.	the alcr gene of aspergillus nidulans, which encodes the specific transactivator of the ethanol utilization pathway, is positively autoregulated and carbon catabolite repressed. regulation by these two circuits occurs at the transcriptional level via the binding of the two regulators, alcr and crea, to their cognate targets respectively. we demonstrate here that out of two clustered putative alcr repeated consensus sequences, only the palindromic target is functional in vivo. hence, it is solely ...	2000	10760169
characterization of the aspergillus parasiticus major nitrogen regulatory gene, area.	the major nitrogen regulatory gene, area, was cloned from aspergillus parasiticus. it encoded a polypeptide of 864 amino acids which contained a nuclear localization signal (nls), a highly acidic region from positions 497 to 542, a cys-x(2)-cys-x(17)-cys-x(2)-cys dna-binding motif and a conserved carboxy-terminus. electrophoretic mobility shift assays suggested that the a. parasiticus area dna-binding domain fusion protein bound cooperatively to single gata elements in the a. parasiticus niad-ni ...	2000	10760588
a novel nuclear factor, sreb, binds to a cis-acting element, sre, required for inducible expression of the aspergillus oryzae taka-amylase a gene in a. nidulans.	the taka-amylase a gene (taag2) of aspergillus oryzae is inducibly expressed in a. nidulans upon exposure to inducing carbon sources, such as starch and maltose. in order to identify nuclear factor(s) possibly involved in the induction of the taag2 gene, gel mobility shift assays and dnase i footprinting analyses were carried out, and revealed a novel nuclear factor in a. nidulans extracts, which specifically bound to two sites in the taag2 promoter region, -204 to -189 and -182 to -168, which s ...	2000	10778741
on the mechanism by which alkaline ph prevents expression of an acid-expressed gene.	previous work has shown that zinc finger transcription factor pacc mediates the regulation of gene expression by ambient ph in the fungus aspergillus nidulans. this regulation ensures that the syntheses of molecules functioning in the external environment, such as permeases, secreted enzymes, and exported metabolites, are tailored to the ph of the growth environment. a direct role for pacc in activating the expression of an alkaline-expressed gene has previously been demonstrated, but the mechan ...	2000	10779325
using dna-tagged mutagenesis to improve heterologous protein production in aspergillus oryzae.	using dna-tagged mutagenesis to improve heterologous protein production in aspergillus oryzae. fungal genetics and biology 29, 28-37. restriction enzyme-mediated integration (remi) has been employed as a mutagen to generate two insertion libraries in an aspergillus oryzae strain expressing a thermomyces lanuginosus lipase. the remi libraries were created using linearized plasmid containing the a. oryzae pyrg and either bamhi or ecori enzyme. the libraries were screened for lipase production, and ...	2000	10779397
large-scale comparison of fungal sequence information: mechanisms of innovation in neurospora crassa and gene loss in saccharomyces cerevisiae.	we report a large-scale comparison of sequence data from the filamentous fungus neurospora crassa with the complete genome sequence of saccharomyces cerevisiae. n. crassa is considerably more morphologically and developmentally complex than s. cerevisiae. we found that n. crassa has a much higher proportion of "orphan" genes than s. cerevisiae, suggesting that its morphological complexity reflects the acquisition or maintenance of novel genes, consistent with its larger genome. our results also ...	2000	10779483
the analysis of the transcriptional activator prna reveals a tripartite nuclear localisation sequence.	nuclear localisation signals (nlss) have been classified as either mono- or bipartite. genetic analysis and gfp fusions show that the nls of a zn-binuclear cluster transcriptional activator of aspergillus nidulans (prna) is tripartite. this nls comprises two amino-terminal basic sequences and the first basic sequence of the zn-cluster. neither the two amino-terminal basic sequences nor the paradigmatic nucleoplasmin bipartite nls drive our construction to the nucleus. cryosensitive mutations in ...	2000	10788322
aspergillus stea (sterile12-like) is a homeodomain-c2/h2-zn+2 finger transcription factor required for sexual reproduction.	saccharomyces cerevisiae ste12p plays a key role in coupling signal transduction through map kinase modules to cell-specific or morphogenesis-specific gene expression required for mating and pseudohyphal (ph)/filamentous growth (fg). ste12p homologues in the pathogenic yeasts candida albicans and filobasidiela neoformans apparently play similar roles during dimorphic transitions. here we report the isolation and characterization of the first ste12 protein from a true filamentous fungus. aspergil ...	2000	10792717
heterotrimeric g-proteins of a filamentous fungus regulate cell wall composition and susceptibility to a plant pr-5 protein.	membrane permeabilizing plant defensive proteins first encounter the fungal cell wall that can harbor specific components that facilitate or prevent access to the plasma membrane. however, signal transduction pathways controlling cell wall composition in filamentous fungi are largely unknown. we report here that the deposition of cell wall constituents that block the action of osmotin (pr-5), an antifungal plant defense protein, against aspergillus nidulans requires the activity of a heterotrime ...	2000	10792821
ornithine decarboxylase of stagonospora (septoria) nodorum is required for virulence toward wheat.	a knockout strain of stagonospora (septoria) nodorum lacking the single ornithine decarboxylase (odc) allele has been created by targeted gene replacement. a central region of the s. nodorum odc gene was isolated by polymerase chain reaction using degenerate oligonucleotides and used to probe a lambda genomic library. the gene was sequenced and the encoded odc protein sequence was shown to be similar to those from other fungi. the functionality of the s. nodorum odc was confirmed by complementat ...	2000	10799502
the crystal structure and active site location of isocitrate lyase from the fungus aspergillus nidulans.	isocitrate lyase catalyses the first committed step of the carbon-conserving glyoxylate bypass, the mg(2+)-dependent reversible cleavage of isocitrate into succinate and glyoxylate. this metabolic pathway is an inviting target for the control of a number of diseases, because the enzymes involved in this cycle have been identified in many pathogens including mycobacterium leprae and leishmania.	2000	10801489
the nima-related kinase x-nek2b is required for efficient assembly of the zygotic centrosome in xenopus laevis.	nek2 is a mammalian cell cycle-regulated serine/threonine kinase that belongs to the family of proteins related to nima of aspergillus nidulans. functional studies in diverse species have implicated nima-related kinases in g(2)/m progression, chromatin condensation and centrosome regulation. to directly address the requirements for vertebrate nek2 kinases in these cell cycle processes, we have turned to the biochemically-tractable system provided by xenopus laevis egg extracts. following isolati ...	2000	10806108
cloning and characterization of avfa and omtb genes involved in aflatoxin biosynthesis in three aspergillus species.	the biosynthesis of aflatoxins (b(1), g(1), b(2), and g(2)) is a multi-enzyme process controlled genetically by over 20 genes. in this study, we report the identification and characterization of the avfa gene, which was found to be involved in the conversion of averufin (avf) to versiconal hemiacetal acetate (vha), in aspergillus parasiticus and a. flavus; a copy of avfa gene was also cloned from a non-aflatoxin producing strain a. sojae. complementation of an averufin-accumulating, non-aflatoxi ...	2000	10806361
interaction of human phagocytes with pigmentless aspergillus conidia.	a defect in the pksp gene of aspergillus fumigatus is associated with the loss of conidial pigmentation, a profound change of the conidial surface structure, and reduced virulence. the structural change of the conidial surface structure was not observed in similar a. nidulans wa mutants. our data indicate that the pigment of both species is important for scavenging reactive oxygen species and for protection of conidia against oxidative damage.	2000	10816538
taf-containing and taf-independent forms of transcriptionally active tbp in vivo.	transcriptional activity in yeast strongly correlates with promoter occupancy by general factors such as tata binding protein (tbp), tfiia, and tfiib, but not with occupancy by tbp-associated factors (tafs). thus, tbp exists in at least two transcriptionally active forms in vivo. the taf-containing form corresponds to the tfiid complex, whereas the form lacking tafs corresponds to tbp itself or to some other tbp complex. heat shock treatment altered the relative utilization of these tbp forms, w ...	2000	10818000
a spindle pole body-associated protein, snad, affects septation and conidiation in aspergillus nidulans.	the nuda1 mutation in the cytoplasmic dynein heavy chain gene inhibits nuclear migration, colony growth and asexual sporulation (conidiation) in the filamentous fungus aspergillus nidulans. it also alters the location of the first cell division event (septation) and prevents nucleation of tip cells. we showed previously that a suppressor of nuda1, snad290, partially reversed the nuclear migration defect and partially restored colony growth. we have now demonstrated that the snad290 mutation also ...	2000	10821171
ambient ph signalling in ascomycetous yeasts involves homologues of the aspergillus nidulans genes palf and paih.	in yarrowia lipolytica, the transcription factor rim101p mediates both ph regulation and control of mating and sporulation. like its homologues pacc of aspergillus nidulans and rim101p of saccharomyces cerevisiae, y1rim101p is activated by proteolytic c-terminal processing, which occurs in response to a signal transduced by a pathway involving several pal gene products. we report here the cloning and sequencing of two of these genes, pal2 and pal3. pal2 encodes a putative 632-residue protein wit ...	2000	10821185
amino acid residues n450 and q449 are critical for the uptake capacity and specificity of uapa, a prototype of a nucleobase-ascorbate transporter family.	specific carrier-mediated transport of purine and pyrimidine nucleobases across cell membranes is a basic biological process in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes. recent in silico analysis has shown that the aspergillus nidulans (uapa, uapc) and bacterial (pbux, uraa, pyrp) nucleobase transporters, and a group of mammalian l-ascorbic acid transporters (svct1 and svct2), constitute a unique protein family which includes putative homologues from archea, bacteria, plants and metazoans. the constructi ...	2000	10824738
ami1, an orthologue of the aspergillus nidulans apsa gene, is involved in nuclear migration events throughout the life cycle of podospora anserina.	the podospora anserina ami1-1 mutant was identified as a male-sterile strain. microconidia (which act as male gametes) form, but are anucleate. paraphysae from the perithecium beaks are also anucleate when ami1-1 is used as the female partner in a cross. furthermore, in crosses heterozygous for ami1-1, some crozier cells are uninucleate rather than binucleate. in addition to these nuclear migration defects, which occur at the transition between syncytial and cellular states, ami1-1 causes abnorm ...	2000	10835387
conidial germination in aspergillus nidulans requires ras signaling and protein synthesis.	the dormant spores of aspergillus nidulans become competent for growth and nuclear division in a process called conidial germination. to analyze the molecular details of conidial germination, we developed a genetic screen in which we identified spore germination-deficient mutants that are blocked in this process at the restrictive temperature. these mutants defined eight genes, of which we identified five. four of the five were directly involved in translation and protein folding, and the fifth ...	2000	10835388
dynamics of cytoplasmic dynein in living cells and the effect of a mutation in the dynactin complex actin-related protein arp1.	cytoplasmic dynein is a minus-end-directed microtubule motor that participates in multiple cellular activities such as organelle transport and mitotic spindle assembly [1]. to study the dynamic behavior of cytoplasmic dynein in the filamentous fungus aspergillus nidulans, we replaced the gene for the cytoplasmic dynein heavy chain, nuda, with a gene encoding a green fluorescent protein (gfp)-tagged chimera, gfp-nuda. the gfp-nuda fusion protein is fully functional in vivo: strains expressing onl ...	2000	10837229
structure-function analysis of nadph:nitrate reductase from aspergillus nidulans: analysis of altered pyridine nucleotide specificity in vivo.	nitrate reductase (nar) catalyses the reduction of nitrate to nitrite via a two-electron transfer. in fungi, the electron donor for nar is nadph whereas plants can have two enzymes, nadh:nar and a bispecific nad(p)h:nar. pcr mutagenesis was employed to introduce mutations into the niad gene of aspergillus nidulans in order to identify residues involved in co-enzyme specificity. the niad3000 mutation (niad t813d, k814q) altered co-enzyme specificity: the new enzyme had high levels of nadh:nar act ...	2000	10846218
confocal microscopy of fm4-64 as a tool for analysing endocytosis and vesicle trafficking in living fungal hyphae.	confocal microscopy of amphiphilic styryl dyes has been used to investigate endocytosis and vesicle trafficking in living fungal hyphae. hyphae were treated with fm4-64, fm1-43 or tma-dph, three of the most commonly used membrane-selective dyes reported as markers of endocytosis. all three dyes were rapidly internalized within hyphae. fm4-64 was found best for imaging the dynamic changes in size, morphology and position of the apical vesicle cluster within growing hyphal tips because of its stai ...	2000	10849201
the aspergillus nidulans crec gene involved in carbon catabolite repression encodes a wd40 repeat protein.	expression of many microbial genes required for the utilisation of less favoured carbon sources is carbon catabolite repressed in the presence of a preferred carbon source such as d-glucose. in aspergillus nidulans, crec mutants show derepression in the presence of d-glucose of some, but not all, systems normally subject to carbon catabolite repression. these mutants also fail to grow on some carbon sources, and show minor morphological impairment and altered sensitivity to toxic compounds inclu ...	2000	10852476
cloning and expression of the s-adenosylmethionine decarboxylase gene of neurospora crassa and processing of its product.	s-adenosylmethionine decarboxylase (adometdc) catalyzes the formation of decarboxylated adometdc, a precursor of the polyamines spermidine and spermine. the enzyme is derived from a proenzyme by autocatalytic cleavage. we report the cloning and regulation of the gene for adometdc in neurospora crassa, spe-2, and the effect of putrescine on enzyme maturation and activity. the gene was cloned from a genomic library by complementation of a spe-2 mutant. like other adometdcs, that of neurospora is d ...	2000	10852489
tagging of genes involved in multidrug resistance in aspergillus nidulans.	we have used a plasmid containing the neurospora crassa pyr4 gene to transform an aspergillus nidulans pyrg89 mutant strain in the presence of bam-hi, and isolated multidrug-sensitive mutants among the transformants. using this approach, we hoped to identify genes whose products are important for drug resistance by analyzing gene disruptions that alter the drug sensitivity of the cell. about 1300 transformants isolated following transformation were screened for sensitivity to drugs or various st ...	2000	10852493
mutation of a putative ampk phosphorylation site abolishes the repressor activity but not the nuclear targeting of the fungal glucose regulator cre1.	in filamentous ascomycetes, glucose repression is mediated by cre1, a zinc-finger protein related to miglp from yeast. five putative ampk phosphorylation motifs identified in the glucose repressor from the phytopathogenic fungus sclerotinia sclerotiorum were mutated in a gfp::cre1 translational fusion. complementation experiments in aspergillus nidulans and fluorescence microscopy analyses showed that mutation of one site (ser266) abolishes the repressor activity of the fusion protein but not it ...	2000	10853770
cloning and heterologous expression of solorina crocea pyrg.	a pyrg gene, encoding orotidine 5'-monophosphate decarboxylase, was cloned from a phage library derived from the lichen solorina crocea. phylogenetic analysis and a survey of geographically well-separated specimens were used to verify that the gene represented the fungal component of the lichen. both coding and upstream sequences of s. crocea pyrg exhibited features typical of fungal genes. a 132-bp intron interrupting the coding region between nucleotides 157 and 288 was confirmed by rt-pcr and ...	2000	10853771
molecular and physiological aspects of aflatoxin and sterigmatocystin biosynthesis by aspergillus tamarii and a. ochraceoroseus.	until recently, only three species (aspergillus flavus, a. parasiticus and a. nomius) have been widely recognized as producers of aflatoxin. in this study we examine aflatoxin production by two other species, a. tamarii and a. ochraceoroseus, the latter of which also produces sterigmatocystin. toxin-producing strains of a. tamarii and a. ochraceoroseus were examined morphologically, and toxin production was assayed on different media at different ph levels using thin layer chromatography and a d ...	2000	10855723
distinctive properties of the catalase b of aspergillus nidulans.	aspergillus nidulans catalase b (catb) was purified to homogeneity and characterized as a hydroperoxidase which resembles typical catalases in some physicochemical characteristics: (1) it has an apparent molecular weight of 360000 and is composed of four glycosylated subunits, (2) it has hydrophobic properties as revealed by extractability in ethanol/chloroform and binding to phenyl-superose, and (3) it has an acidic isoelectric point at ph 3. 5. also catb exhibits some distinctive properties, e ...	2000	10858500
the human tfiid components taf(ii)135 and taf(ii)20 and the yeast saga components ada1 and taf(ii)68 heterodimerize to form histone-like pairs.	it has been previously proposed that the transcription complexes tfiid and saga comprise a histone octamer-like substructure formed from a heterotetramer of h4-like human htaf(ii)80 (or its drosophila melanogaster dtaf(ii)60 and yeast [saccharomyces cerevisiae] ytaf(ii)60 homologues) and h3-like htaf(ii)31 (dtaf(ii)40 and ytaf(ii)17) along with two homodimers of h2b-like htaf(ii)20 (dtaf(ii)30alpha and ytaf(ii)61/68). however, it has not been formally shown that htaf(ii)20 heterodimerizes via it ...	2000	10594036
the rational design of semisynthetic peroxidases.	a semisynthetic peroxidase was designed by exploiting the structural similarity of the active sites of vanadium dependent haloperoxidases and acid phosphatases. incorporation of vanadate ion into the active site of phytase (e.c. 3.1.3.8), which mediates in vivo the hydrolysis of phosphate esters, leads to the formation of a semisynthetic peroxidase, which catalyzes the enantioselective oxidation of prochiral sulfides with h(2)o(2) affording the s-sulfoxide, e.g. in 66% ee at 100% conversion for ...	2000	10581439
on how a transcription factor can avoid its proteolytic activation in the absence of signal transduction.	in response to alkaline ambient ph, the aspergillus nidulans pacc transcription factor mediating ph regulation of gene expression is activated by proteolytic removal of a negative-acting c-terminal domain. we demonstrate interactions involving the approximately 150 c-terminal pacc residues and two regions located immediately downstream of the dna binding domain. our data indicate two full-length pacc conformations whose relative amounts depend upon ambient ph: one 'open' and accessible for proce ...	2000	10675341
the presence of gsi-like genes in higher plants: support for the paralogous evolution of gsi and gsii genes.	glutamine synthetase type i (gsi) genes have previously been described only in prokaryotes except that the fungus emericella nidulans contains a gene (flug) which encodes a protein with a large n-terminal domain linked to a c-terminal gsi-like domain. eukaryotes generally contain the type ii (gsii) genes which have been shown to occur also in some prokaryotes. the question of whether gsi and gsii genes are orthologues or paralogues remains a point of controversy. in this article we show that gsi ...	2000	10684345
molecular characterization of ubiquitin genes from aspergillus nidulans: mrna expression on different stress and growth conditions.	we are interested in studying the ubiquitin (ubi) gene expression during different stress and growth conditions in the filamentous fungus aspergillus nidulans. here, we report the cloning of a cdna clone that corresponds to a gene, ubi1, that encodes a carboxyl extension protein from a. nidulans. this cdna corresponds to a gene that encodes a protein that showed high homology to other polyubiquitin and cep-80 genes at the n- and c-terminus, respectively. we characterize the mrna expression of th ...	2000	10684969