Publications
| Title | Abstract | Year(sorted ascending) Filter | PMID Filter |
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| male japanese quails with female brains do not show male sexual behaviors. | during embryonic development, gonadal steroid hormones (androgens and estrogens) are thought to organize the sexual differentiation of the brain in the heterogametic sexes of higher vertebrates (males in mammals, females in birds). brain differentiation of the homogametic sexes is thought to proceed by default, not requiring sex hormones for sex-specific organization. in gallinaceous birds such as the japanese quail, female brain organization is thought to develop via estrogen-dependent demascul ... | 2003 | 12802009 |
| expression of vascular endothelial growth factor isoforms in the japanese quail embryo. | vascular endothelial growth factor (vegf) i s required for vascular development. in the quail, four vegf isoforms formed by alternative splicing, are translated into proteins with 122, 146, 166, and 190 amino acids. vegf isoforms differ biochemically, with variable affinities for heparan sulfate proteoglycans, the extracellular matrix and vegf receptors. there are few data on the functional significance of vegf isoforms. rt-pcr was used to examine isoform expression during quail vascular develop ... | 2003 | 12795335 |
| histological preparation of developing vestibular otoconia for scanning electron microscopy. | the unique nature of vestibular otoconia as calcium carbonate biominerals makes them particularly susceptible to chemical deformation during histological processing. we fixed and stored otoconia from all three otolith endorgans of embryonic, hatchling and adult japanese quail in glutaraldehyde containing either phosphate or non-phosphate buffers for varying lengths of time and processed them for scanning electron microscopy. otoconia from all age groups and otolith endorgans processed in 0.1 m p ... | 2003 | 12763239 |
| temporal and spatial localization of proteoglycan decorin transcripts during the progression of cholesterol-induced atherosclerosis in japanese quail. | the temporal and spatial distribution of decorin transcripts, endothelial cells, and smooth muscle actin-producing cells were determined during the progression of atherosclerosis in the dorsal aortas of japanese quail selected for cholesterol-induced atherosclerosis. the quail were placed on either a control diet or a diet containing 0.5% added cholesterol at approximately 16 weeks of age. dorsal aortas were collected at 2-week intervals for 18 weeks after initiating cholesterol feeding. in situ ... | 2003 | 12745673 |
| dynamics of relative growth rate in japanese quail lines divergently selected for growth and their control. | this study was undertaken to test the hypothesis that relative growth is the same in japanese quail divergently selected for 4-week body weight for 30 generations, and their control. relative growth rate is the increase in body weight per unit of body weight per unit of time, and it represents the efficiency of an animal as a producer of new body mass material. the maximum relative growth rate of the divergent and control lines were observed during the first week. selection for high 4-week body ... | 2003 | 12739845 |
| phenotypic flexibility of structure and function of the digestive system of japanese quail. | organisms adjust their phenotype to fluctuating conditions of the environment and to changing internal demands. we report flexible responses of the gizzard and the small intestine of japanese quail to a high-fibre diet. switching from a standard diet to a high-fibre diet results in a highly significant increase in gizzard size, intestine length, mucosal surface, thickness of the intestinal muscular layer and vascularization of the mucosa. after diet switching, increased or decreased gizzard size ... | 2003 | 12728010 |
| effect of long-term divergent selection on growth characteristics in japanese quail. | the current study was undertaken to examine the effect of long-term selection for 4-wk bw on growth characteristics in divergent lines of japanese quail and their control. growth rate was significantly higher in males than females in all the lines. there was a significant increase in growth rate of the females selected for increased 4-wk bw over the control females, as well as a significant decline in growth rate of males selected for decreased 4-wk bw compared to their control counterparts. it ... | 2003 | 12710471 |
| effect of in ovo leptin administration on the development of japanese quail. | potential changes in the activity of endocrine axes related to growth as a result of leptin administration during embryonic development of birds were evaluated in the japanese quail as a model bird with fast growth and development. on day 5 of incubation, 0.1 microg or 1 microg of recombinant mice leptin in 50 microl of phosphate buffered saline were injected into the albumen of eggs. animals from each group were killed by decapitation on day 0, 2, 5, 7, 14, 21, 28, 35, 42, 49 and 56 of life. pl ... | 2003 | 12678663 |
| effect of selection for growth on onset of sexual maturity in randombred and growth-selected lines of japanese quail. | an experiment was conducted to determine the effect of selection for growth (bw) on the onset of reproduction (first egg) in japanese quail hens from growth-selected (hw) and randombred (r1) lines. the hw line had undergone over 40 generations of selection for increased 4-wk bw and was originally developed from the r1 line. data were collected over two consecutive hatches and summarized by hatch and within lines. body weight at 35 d of age was positively correlated with bw at sexual maturity (fi ... | 2003 | 12619793 |
| genetic characterization of stress responsiveness in japanese quail. 2. analyses of maternal effects, additive sex linkage effects, heterosis, and heritability by diallel crosses. | diallel crosses were used to investigate the genetic inheritance of stress responsiveness through examination of population effects in progeny of randombred (rb) quail and quail selected for reduced (low stress, ls) or exaggerated (high stress, hs) plasma corticosterone (cs) response to brief immobilization. the three genotypes were crossed in a 3 x 3 factorial arrangement of treatments that allowed all possible crosses between rb, ls, and hs males with rb, ls, and hs females. the nine crosses p ... | 2003 | 12580241 |
| genetic characterization of stress responsiveness in japanese quail. 1. analyses of line effects and combining abilities by diallel crosses. | the inheritance of stress responsiveness (line effects and combining abilities) was phenotypically studied in progeny from diallel crosses of randombred (rb) quail and quail selected for exaggerated (high stress, hs) or reduced (low stress, ls) plasma corticosterone (cs) response to brief immobilization. the three genotypes were crossed in a 3 x 3 factorial arrangement of treatments that allowed all possible crosses between rb, ls, and hs males with rb, ls, and hs females. the nine crosses produ ... | 2003 | 12580240 |
| factorial correspondence analysis of fear-related behaviour traits in japanese quail. | factorial correspondence analysis was performed on 341 quails from a f2 cross between two lines divergently selected on the duration of tonic immobility over 29 generations. several fear- or stress-related traits were recorded, i.e. tonic immobility duration, number of inductions needed to induce tonic immobility, open-field behaviour (time spent walking, latency before first movement and number of defecations), asymmetry of tibia lengths and corticosterone concentration after restraint stress. ... | 2003 | 12543484 |
| retinoid metabolism (lrat, reh) in the yolk-sac membrane of japanese quail eggs and effects of mono-ortho-pcbs. | retinoids stored in the avian egg are essential for normal development, however, laboratory and field experiments suggest that they are affected by environmental contaminants. lecithin:retinol acyltransferase (lrat) activity was detected in the microsomal fraction of the yolk-sac membrane of the japanese quail at day 6 of development. lrat activity was maximal at ph 7.0 having apparent kinetic parameters of k(m)=1.35 microm and v(max)=0.21 nmol/mg protein/h and was inhibited by the sulfhydryl mo ... | 2003 | 12524014 |
| effects of oxidant-induced injury on heme oxygenase and glutathione in cultured aortic endothelial cells from atherosclerosis-susceptible and -resistant japanese quail. | recent studies on cultured aortic endothelial cells (aecs) from atherosclerosis-susceptible (sus) and -resistant (res) strains of japanese quail suggest that differences in atherosclerosis susceptibility between res and sus may be due to differences in endothelial heme oxygenase (ho) and antioxidant components. we have now investigated the effects of oxidant-induced injury on ho and glutathione (gsh) in aecs from sus and res quail. we report that cultured aecs from sus and res birds differ in th ... | 2003 | 14674683 |
| adaptability of japanese quail chicks to conditions of simulated weightlessness. | the objective of this study was to evaluate the adaptability of young japanese quail chicks to the simulated weightlessness, represented by hypodynamy. unsexed hatchlings were subjected to hypodynamy on either the first, second or third day of age and reared under these conditions to 21 days of age. during this period, the control quail chicks were housed in a floor box. the effect of hypodynamy on adaptability of chicks was significant (p < 0.001). approximately 75% of all chicks exposed to hyp ... | 2003 | 14631942 |
| the bh (black at hatch) gene that causes abnormal feather pigmentation maps to chromosome 1 of the japanese quail. | japanese quail embryos normally have longitudinal black and brown stripes formed by colored feather buds on their back whereas an autosomal dominant mutation, black at hatch (bh), disrupts this pigmentation pattern by causing overall black and brown coating in heterozygotes and homozygotes, respectively. these phenotypes of the bh mutant embryos suggest that the bh locus plays an important role in the pigment pattern formation of plumage, but its genetic origin, including cloning of the responsi ... | 2003 | 14629723 |
| heme oxygenase and antioxidant status in cultured aortic endothelial cells isolated from atherosclerosis-susceptible and -resistant japanese quail. | we have investigated heme oxygenase (ho) and antioxidant status in the novel isolation and characterization of aortic endothelial cells (aecs) from a random bred wild-type strain (wild) and selectively bred atherosclerosis-susceptible (sus) and -resistant (res) strains of japanese quail. cultured aecs expressed acetylated ldl, and were probed with endothelial and smooth muscle cell specific antibodies to confirm purity of culture. subconfluent monolayers of res aecs had higher ho activity than s ... | 2003 | 14577600 |
| alterations in aortic antioxidant components in an experimental model of atherosclerosis: a time-course study. | antioxidant component alterations in the aorta during atherogenesis were examined in atherosclerosis-susceptible (sus) japanese quail fed a cholesterol-supplemented (0.5% w/w) diet. birds fed a non-supplemented diet provided information on the effects of aging on endogenous antioxidants. one hundred adult sus males were used. birds were sacrificed after 0, 4, 8 and 12 weeks on the diets and were examined for plaque development and corresponding antioxidant component alterations in aorta and myoc ... | 2003 | 14577593 |
| capillarization and vascular endothelial growth factor expression in hypertrophying anterior latissimus dorsi muscle of the japanese quail. | hypertrophy may increase the diffusion distances from capillaries to the interior of the muscle fibers. we hypothesized that capillary proliferation occurs during hypertrophy, which is accompanied by an up-regulation of vascular endothelial growth factor (vegf). hypertrophy of the left anterior latissimus dorsi muscle of japanese quail (2-3 months old) was induced by 1-4 week stretch-overload. capillarization was analyzed in cross-sections stained for atpase. vegf expression was determined with ... | 2003 | 14562754 |
| changes in hydrogen isotope ratios in sequential plumage stages: an implication for the creation of isotope-base maps for tracking migratory birds. | accurate reference maps are important in the use of stable-isotopes to track the movements of migratory birds. reference maps created by the analysis of samples collected from young at the nest site are more accurate than simply referring to naturally occurring patterns of hydrogen isotope ratios created by precipitation cycles. ratios of hydrogen isotopes in the nutrients incorporated early in the development of young birds can be derived from endogenous, maternal sources. base-maps should be c ... | 2003 | 14521279 |
| the effect of endocrine disrupting chemicals on thyroid hormone binding to japanese quail transthyretin and thyroid hormone receptor. | we investigated the effect of endocrine disrupting chemicals (edcs), including medical, industrial, and agricultural chemicals, on 3,3',5-l-[125i]triiodothyronine ([125i]t3) binding to purified japanese quail transthyretin (qttr), a major thyroid hormone-binding protein in plasma, and to the ligand-binding domain of thyroid hormone receptor beta (qtr lbd). scatchard plots of t3 binding to qttr and qtr lbd revealed two classes of binding sites, with kd values of 6.9 and 185 nm, and a single class ... | 2003 | 13129501 |
| zinc supplementation alleviates heat stress in laying japanese quail. | the study was conducted to determine whether zinc supplementation could alleviate the detrimental effects of high ambient temperature (34 degrees c) on egg production, digestibility of nutrients and antioxidant status in laying japanese quail. quail (n = 180; 52 d old) were divided into six groups (n = 30/group) and were fed a basal diet or the basal diet supplemented with 30 or 60 mg of zinc (znso(4). h(2)o)/kg diet. birds were kept at 22 degrees c and 58% relative humidity (rh). at 13 wk of ag ... | 2003 | 12949369 |
| circadian clock genes and photoperiodism: comprehensive analysis of clock gene expression in the mediobasal hypothalamus, the suprachiasmatic nucleus, and the pineal gland of japanese quail under various light schedules. | in birds, the mediobasal hypothalamus (mbh) including the infundibular nucleus, inferior hypothalamic nucleus, and median eminence is considered to be an important center that controls the photoperiodic time measurement. here we show expression patterns of circadian clock genes in the mbh, putative suprachiasmatic nucleus (scn), and pineal gland, which constitute the circadian pacemaker under various light schedules. although expression patterns of clock genes were different between long and sho ... | 2003 | 12933643 |
| effect of a cranium-directed daily illumination cycle on the laying rhythm in japanese quail. | this study tests the effect on the laying rhythm of a light cycle reaching directly the encephala via a diode in japanese quail maintained in constant darkness. in dd, all the birds expressed their free-running laying rhythm (period close to 25 h). when the diode is switched on 14 h per 24 h cycle, females showed the same organization as in ld with the same laying time. thus, a photoperiodic cycle, where light was only perceived through the skull of the female quail, could synchronize its laying ... | 2003 | 12876889 |
| fasting differentially regulates expression of agouti-related peptide, pro-opiomelanocortin, prepro-orexin, and vasoactive intestinal polypeptide mrnas in the hypothalamus of japanese quail. | research in mammals has established the existence of a neuronal network that lies within the hypothalamus and that regulates energy homeostasis. however, it is unknown whether this system has been evolutionarily conserved. the objective of the present study was therefore to examine the influence of the agouti-related peptide (agrp), pro-opiomelanocortin (pomc), prepro-orexin, and vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (vip) genes on energy balance in birds by quantifying the effect of a 24-h fast on ... | 2003 | 12845520 |
| foraging behavior and physiological changes in precocial quail chicks in response to low temperatures. | we examined whether low ambient temperatures influence foraging behavior of precocial japanese quail chicks and alter the balance between investment in growth and thermogenic function. to test this, one group of chicks was exposed to 7 degrees c and one group to 24 degrees c during foraging throughout the developmental stage. chicks adapted well to the temperatures through a high flexibility in behavior and physiological development. in response to cold, chicks shortened foraging bout lengths tw ... | 2003 | 12834804 |
| effects of microinjection of melatonin into various brain regions of japanese quail on locomotor activity and body temperature. | we previously reported that peripheral administration of melatonin resulted in simultaneous decreases in locomotor activity and body temperature in the japanese quail. to examine the site of these melatonin-induced effects, we performed microinjection of melatonin into various brain regions of the japanese quail. on the basis of the injection site the effects of melatonin were dissociated into four groups: decrease in only body temperature, decrease in only locomotor activity, decrease in both b ... | 2003 | 12821185 |
| aromatase (estrogen synthase) activity in the dorsal horn of the spinal cord: functional implications. | the presence of aromatase (estrogen synthase) in neurons in the dorsal horn of the spinal cord in japanese quail suggests that estrogens produced locally from androgens could control spinal sensory processes including nociception. we used the hot water nociceptive test (54 degrees c) to appraise the long-term effect of an inhibition of aromatization on the foot withdrawal latency in male quail. four weeks after the ablation of their main source of testosterone (testes), castrated males displayed ... | 2003 | 14993059 |
| [peculiarities of eye morphogenesis in embryonic japanese quails developed in microgravity]. | this work is a part of comprehensive research into the effects of space flight on japanese quail ontogenesis. analysis of eye morphogenesis in the embryonic japanese quails developed in microgravity discovered considerable deviations and abnormalities. ocular abnormalities in the embryonic quail were mainly micro-ophthalmic and associated with disproportional growth of the pigmental epithelium and neural retina which resulted in plication and a broken sandwich structure of the retina. | 2003 | 14959621 |
| the hypotrophic axonopathy mutant in japanese quail. | a new behavioral mutant showing either head or body quivering, or both, was found in japanese quail. this trait was characterized by neurofilament deficiency in the axons of the cervical spinal cord and the optic and sciatic nerves and was named "hypotrophic axonopathy." this character was shown to be controlled by an autosomal recessive gene, for which the gene symbol hax was proposed. | 2003 | 1624771 |
| sertoli cell tumors in japanese quail. | testicles were collected from 33 male japanese quails older than 3 years. three of these quails (9.1%) had one or two large neoplastic testicles. these testicles were 2-5 times normal size, round, and firm, with cystic spaces of various sizes. microscopically, there was marked intratubular sertoli cell proliferation and various-sized cystic spaces filled with an eosinophilic vacuolated fluid. microscopic changes in all neoplastic testicles were diagnostic for sertoli cell tumors. | 2003 | 3729877 |
| [prospects for using japanese quail in biological life support systems]. | 2003 | 34060 | |
| white-feathered japanese quail. | 2003 | 5893031 | |
| early embryonic chondrodystrophy in japanese quail. | 2003 | 5708631 | |
| crooked neck dwarfs in japanese quail. | 2003 | 6031681 | |
| morphometry of otoconia in the utricle and saccule of developing japanese quail. | the development of otoconia in the utricular and saccular maculae from initial embryonic formation to adult stages was examined in japanese quails. both the morphology and size of the otoconia were quantified at different developmental stages. it was observed that the otoconia were initially formed on embryologic stage e5 in the saccule and e6 in the utricle. otolith mass areas increased in a sigmoidal growth pattern, with saccular otolith areas being smaller than the utricular mass areas. saccu ... | 2004 | 14759573 |
| daily organization of laying in japanese and european quail: effect of domestication. | in the present study, we aimed to examine the possible effects of domestication on the daily organization of laying in female quail. to achieve this we compared laying patterns in a laboratory strain of japanese quail with those in european quail originating from a wild population. under ld 14:10, the same specific laying window was observed, with ovipositions occurring mainly between 7 h and 15 h after lights on. thus, domestication did not modify the specific daily organization of laying in fe ... | 2004 | 14743518 |
| post-embryonic development of chicks of the japanese quail under conditions of the limited volume. | according to our results, chicks of the japanese quail can survive within the first 10 days of a life under conditions of the limited volume when their mobility is completely limited. however, their development was impaired in comparison with chicks housed in the common cages. besides, the delay in development of chick's plumage has been observed. the analysis of body mass in test groups has shown that practically all chicks were smaller than chicks from control group. it is the result of feed c ... | 2004 | 16237825 |
| an animal model of fetishism. | an animal model of sexual fetishism was developed with male japanese quail based on persistence of conditioned sexual responding during extinction to an inanimate object made of terrycloth (experiments 1 and 3). this persistent responding occurred only in subjects that came to copulate with the terrycloth object, suggesting that the copulatory behavior served to maintain the fetishistic behavior. sexual conditioning was carried out by pairing a conditioned stimulus (cs) with the opportunity to c ... | 2004 | 15500813 |
| seasonal change in luteinizing hormone subunit mrna in japanese quail and effects of short daylength and low temperature. | changes in pituitary mrna levels of lhbeta-subunit (lhbeta) and glycoprotein hormone alpha-subunit (common alpha) were investigated in male japanese quail under natural and laboratory conditions to clarify the mechanisms of seasonal regulation of luteinizing hormone (lh) secretion. in experiment 1, birds were kept in outdoor cages under natural conditions from august for 12 months. both lhbeta and common alpha mrna levels decreased rapidly from august to september, and after a period of low leve ... | 2004 | 15474534 |
| effect of 17beta estradiol and progesterone on the conformation of the chromatin of the liver of female japanese quail during aging. | plasma levels of 17beta estradiol and progesterone were measured by radioimmunoassay in immature, adult and old female japanese quails. the levels of progesterone and the progesterone/estradiol ratio were maximum in adult, egg laying birds. conformation of the chromatin of the liver of birds of various ages before and after administration of steroid hormones was studied by digesting the nuclei with micrococcal nuclease (mnase) and pancreatic deoxyribonuclease i (dnase i) followed by electrophore ... | 2004 | 15374094 |
| age-related and steroid induced changes in the histones of the quail liver. | histones were extracted from the liver of young, adult and old japanese quails. both linker and core histones were found to vary with age. an extra band, h3x, was found between h2a and h4. its level is higher in young and old birds in comparison to that of the adult. h3x shows interesting changes under steroid induction. its level is higher in progesterone administered young birds. in adult and old birds, it is higher in progesterone treated (p) and progesterone primed estradiol administered (p+ ... | 2004 | 15374037 |
| expression of hypothalamic arginine vasotocin gene in response to water deprivation and sex steroid administration in female japanese quail. | arginine vasotocin (avt) is a neurohypophyseal hormone involved in reproductive function and control of osmoregulation in birds. in view of the dual function of avt, the present experiment was designed to observe the effect of water deprivation (wd) and sex steroid [estradiol benzoate (eb) and testosterone propionate (tp)] treatment independently, as well as simultaneously, on the profile/activity of the hypothalamic avt system. wd resulted in a significant increase in plasma osmolality, sodium ... | 2004 | 15277557 |
| dose-dependent cocaine place conditioning and d1 dopamine antagonist effects in male japanese quail. | the dopamine d1 receptor subtype has been implicated in drug reward processes in mammals. two experiments investigated whether dose-dependent differences in cocaine conditioned place preference (cpp) would be obtained in an avian species and whether these cocaine effects were mediated by the dopamine d1 antagonist r(+/-)-sch23390. in experiment 1, male birds were given intraperitoneal injections of 1, 3, 10, or 30 mg/kg of cocaine hydrochloride, paired with a chamber that contained distinct visu ... | 2004 | 15276793 |
| effects of central administration of naloxone during the extinction of appetitive sexual responses. | several studies indicate that opioids are involved in the control of consummatory sexual behavior in male japanese quail. naloxone has been reported to increase copulatory responses. in the current study, the effect of naloxone on appetitive sexual behaviors was assessed during extinction test trials. naloxone was found to substantially reduce appetitive responding, suggesting that opioids differentially affect anticipatory and contact components of sexual behavior. | 2004 | 15265655 |
| retinal target cells of the centrifugal projection from the isthmo-optic nucleus. | although the avian retina has long been known to receive projection from a midbrain nucleus, the isthmo-optic nucleus (ion), the output of its target cells has remained obscure. we labeled the isthmo-optic (io) terminals in the japanese quail retina, by using anterograde transport of fluorescent tracer injected into the ion, and then labeled target cells for these terminals by means of intracellular tracer injection under direct microscopic observation. somata of the io target cells (iotcs) lie ... | 2004 | 15248195 |
| divergent selection for shape of growth curve in japanese quail. 2. embryonic development and growth. | 1. embryonic growth and development were analysed using meat type lines of japanese quail, hg and lg, divergently selected for shape of the growth curve. a total of 1020 embryos of generations 9, 10 or 13 were used for analysis. 2. considerable inter-line differences were observed in the rate of embryonic development. when compared to hg, lg embryos appeared to be developmentally accelerated during the first 42 h of incubation (larger blastoderm diameter, more somites and higher frequency of mor ... | 2004 | 15222413 |
| immediate early gene expression associated with induction of brooding behavior in japanese quail. | certain species can be induced to foster infant or neonatal animals through the process of sensitization. we induced brooding behavior in adult japanese quail through repeated exposure to foster chicks across five 20-min trials. brooding behavior was characterized by a bird allowing chicks to approach and remain underneath its wings while assuming a distinctive stationary crouching posture, preening, and feather fluffing. birds who did not show brooding behavior actively avoided chicks. among th ... | 2004 | 15215038 |
| seasonal morphological changes in the neuro-glial interaction between gonadotropin-releasing hormone nerve terminals and glial endfeet in japanese quail. | in a previous study we showed that photoperiodically generated t3 in the hypothalamus is critical for the photoperiodic response of gonads in japanese quail. the expression of thyroid hormone receptors in the median eminence (me) suggested that photoperiodically generated t3 acts on the me. because thyroid hormone is known to play a critical role in the development and plasticity of the central nervous system, in the present study we have examined ultrastructure of the me in japanese quail kept ... | 2004 | 15178649 |
| influences of social learning on mate-choice decisions. | evidence from both field and laboratory is consistent with the hypothesis that animals can acquire mate preferences by observing the mating behavior of others. it is difficult, however, to distinguish social learning about mates from a host of other social effects on mating that do not produce changes in preferences. examples are drawn from laboratory studies on mate choice in female and male japanese quail that illustrate ways in which social cues influence mating decisions. quail of both sexes ... | 2004 | 15161145 |
| variation in temperature increases the cost of living in birds. | the effect of temperature variability on laying birds was studied experimentally, using japanese quail. two aspects of temperature variability were investigated: the effects of regular daily variation in temperature, and of a sudden change in temperature. both of these may become more common as a consequence of climate change. these manipulations were carried out at two levels of food supply. energy expenditure increased with higher daily temperature variation, and also after a sudden change in ... | 2004 | 15143140 |
| assessment of a caudal external thoracic artery axial pattern flap for treatment of sternal cutaneous wounds in birds. | to assess the use of a caudal external thoracic artery axial pattern flap to treat sternal cutaneous wounds in birds. | 2004 | 15077694 |
| aromatization of androgens into estrogens reduces response latency to a noxious thermal stimulus in male quail. | we recently demonstrated the presence of estrogen synthase (aromatase) and of estrogen receptors in the dorsal horn (laminae i-ii) throughout the rostrocaudal extent of the spinal cord in male and female japanese quail. the spinal laminae i-ii receive and process abundant sensory information elicited, among others, by acute noxious stimulation of the skin and resulting in rapid, reflex-like withdrawal behavior. in the present study, we demonstrate that systemic treatment with estradiol or testos ... | 2004 | 15047013 |
| circadian expression of clock gene in the optic tectum of japanese quail. | the physiological activity of avian optic tectum (teo) is known to be regulated by the circadian system. in a previous study, we found clock gene expression in the teo of japanese quail. here we report rhythmic expression of the per2 gene in the stratum griseum et fibrosum (sgf) of the teo under a light--dark (ld) cycle, constant darkness (dd), and constant light (ll) conditions. however, light pulse did not affect per2 expression in the teo. these results suggest that light stimulus and melaton ... | 2004 | 15044078 |
| sequential pathology of experimental aflatoxicosis in quail and the effect of selenium supplementation in modifying the disease process. | feeding of aflatoxin b1 @ 1 ppm to 2-week old japanese quail for a period of 8 weeks produced gross and microscopic changes in the liver, skeletal muscles, heart and bursa of fabricius. these included fatty changes, bile duct hyperplasia and lymphoid aggregation in liver; haemorrhages in thigh, breast muscles and myocardium; mild depletion of lymphocytes, cystic degeneration and fibrous tissue proliferation in bursa of fabricius. more or less similar lesions were seen in quail chicks fed on afla ... | 2004 | 15008352 |
| photoinducible phase-specific light induction of cry1 gene in the pars tuberalis of japanese quail. | prolactin (prl) secretion is regulated by photoperiod in mammals and birds. in mammals, the pars tuberalis (pt) in the pituitary is involved in the regulation of photoperiodic regulation of prl secretion. in birds, however, hypothalamic vasoactive intestinal peptide is implicated in prl secretion, and physiological roles of the avian pt remain unknown. in the present study, we show that prl secretion increases under long days and short days with a night interruptive schedule, both of which also ... | 2004 | 14684603 |
| differential effects of testosterone on protein synthesis activity in male and female quail brain. | in japanese quail, testosterone (t) increases the nissl staining density in the medial preoptic nucleus (pom) in relation to the differential activation by t of copulatory behavior. the effect of t on protein synthesis was quantified here in 97 discrete brain regions by the in vivo autoradiographic (14)c-leucine (leu) incorporation method in adult gonadectomized male and female quail that had been treated for 4 weeks with t or left without hormone. t activated male sexual behaviors in males but ... | 2004 | 14706777 |
| photoperiodic regulation of type 2 deiodinase gene in djungarian hamster: possible homologies between avian and mammalian photoperiodic regulation of reproduction. | the molecular mechanisms responsible for seasonal time measurement have yet to be fully described. recently, we used differential analysis to identify that the type 2 iodothyronine deiodinase (dio2) gene is responsible for the photoperiodic response of gonads in japanese quail. it was found that expression of dio2 in the mediobasal hypothalamus is induced by light and that t(3) content in the mediobasal hypothalamus increased under long day conditions. in addition, we showed that intracerebroven ... | 2004 | 14726436 |
| effects of 2 g hypergravity exposure on bobwhite (colinus virginianus) and japanese quail (coturnix coturnix japonica). | we compared reproductive fitness and early postnatal growth of bobwhite (colinus virginianus) and japanese (coturnix coturnix japonica) quail incubated and hatched during 2 g centrifugation. fertilized bobwhite and japanese quail eggs were placed in portable incubators on the 8-ft international space station test bed (isstb) centrifuge at nasa ames research center. the quail eggs were incubated throughout hatching and reared until postnatal day (p)4 at either 1.0, 1.2 or 2.0 g. two days before h ... | 2004 | 16240529 |
| effects of dietary combination of chromium and biotin on egg production, serum metabolites, and egg yolk mineral and cholesterol concentrations in heat-distressed laying quails. | chromium picolinate is used in the poultry diet because of its antistress effects in addition to the fact that the requirement for it is increased during stress. this study was conducted to determine if the negative effects of high ambient temperature (34 degrees c) on egg production, egg quality, antioxidant status, and cholesterol and mineral content of egg yolk could be alleviated by combination of chromium picolinate and biotin (0.6/2.0; diachrome, as formulated by nutrition 21 inc.), in lay ... | 2004 | 15557680 |
| properties of electroretinogram in albino and wild-type japanese quail with special regard to the c-wave. | 2004 | 522340 | |
| transition from embryonic to adult transcription pattern of serotonin n-acetyltransferase gene in avian pineal gland. | the study reports the change of transcription pattern of serotonin n-acetyltransferase gene and melatonin receptor genes during ontogenesis of the avian pineal gland. the rt-pcr technique was used to investigate the expression of the arylalkylamine n-acetyltransferase (aa-nat) and melatonin receptor genes during development of the pineal glands isolated from japanese quail (coturnix coturnix japonica) embryos incubated from 3 days on until hatching (17 days), and in some organs (pineal, brain he ... | 2004 | 14694429 |
| distribution of corticotropin-releasing factor-immunoreactive neurons in the central nervous system of the domestic chicken and japanese quail. | in birds, as in mammals, corticotropin-releasing factor (crf) is present in a number of extrahypothalamic brain regions, indicating that crf may play a role in physiological and behavioral responses other than the control of adrenocorticotropin hormone release by the pituitary. to provide a foundation for investigation of the roles of crf in the control of avian behavior, the distribution of crf immunoreactivity was determined throughout the central nervous system of the domestic chicken (gallus ... | 2004 | 14755536 |
| effectiveness of twenty, twenty-five diazacholesterol, avian gonadotropin-releasing hormone, and chicken riboflavin carrier protein for inhibiting reproduction in coturnix quail. | contraception may provide a useful nonlethal management tool when it is desirable to reduce populations of birds. we tested the efficacy of 20,25 diazacholesterol, and immunization with avian gonadotropin-releasing hormone (agnrh-i) and chicken riboflavin carrier protein (crcp) as contraceptives and investigated their modes of action in coturnix quail (coturnix coturnix japonica). females that were paired with males treated with 20,25 diazacholesterol produced lower percentages of eggs that were ... | 2004 | 14979575 |
| experimental aspergillus fumigatus infection in quails and results of treatment with itraconazole. | this study was performed to investigate (i). the clinical, histopathological and biochemical changes in quails (coturnix coturnix japonica) with experimentally induced aspergillosis; and (ii). the efficiency of itraconazole treatment on these infected birds. a total of 18021-day-old male quails was randomly divided into three groups (control, infected untreated and infected treated), each containing 60. the experimental infection was set by intratracheal inoculation of 0.2 ml inoculum of aspergi ... | 2004 | 14995975 |
| transgene expression in hypertrophied and aged skeletal muscle in vivo by lentivirus delivery. | human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1)-based lentiviral vectors can infect dividing and non-dividing cells. the purpose of this study was to investigate the efficacy of lentiviral transfer of the green fluorescent protein (egfp) gene into post-mitotic quail skeletal muscle and into fibers undergoing hypertrophy and hyperplasia via addition of satellite cell nuclei. | 2004 | 15026989 |
| effects of dose and glycosylation on the transfer of genistein into the eggs of the japanese quail (coturnix japonica). | soy isoflavones have been associated with several beneficial effects of soy in human diets. however, most soy is consumed by livestock in the western countries. it is possible that isoflavones could be transferred and/or accumulated into animal products, which could become additional sources of dietary isoflavones for humans. our objectives were to determine whether dietary isoflavone genistein could be transferred and/or accumulated into the eggs of japanese quail (coturnix japonica) and how th ... | 2004 | 15080653 |
| a first-generation microsatellite linkage map of the japanese quail. | a linkage map of the japanese quail (coturnix japonica) genome was constructed based upon segregation analysis of 72 microsatellite loci in 433 f(2) progeny of 10 half-sib families obtained from a cross between two quail lines of different genetic origins. one line was selected for long duration of tonic immobility, a behavioural trait related to fearfulness, while the other was selected based on early egg production. fifty-eight of the markers were resolved into 12 autosomal linkage groups and ... | 2004 | 15147390 |
| molecular and functional characterization of a vasotocin-sensitive aquaporin water channel in quail kidney. | both mammals and birds can concentrate urine hyperosmotic to plasma via a countercurrent multiplier mechanism, although evolutionary lines leading to mammals and birds diverged at an early stage of tetrapod evolution. we reported earlier (nishimura h, koseki c, and patel tb. am j physiol regul integr comp physiol 271: r1535-r1543, 1996) that arginine vasotocin (avt; avian antidiuretic hormone) increases diffusional water permeability in the isolated, perfused medullary collecting duct (cd) of th ... | 2004 | 15205186 |
| photoperiod-induced changes in cloacal gland physiology and testes weight in male japanese quail selected for divergent adrenocortical responsiveness. | in quail, activation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis has been linked to depression in the hypothalamic-pituitary-testicular axis, and cloacal gland development and foam production are known to be androgen dependent. therefore, photoperiod manipulations that induce gonadal growth (long day) and involution (short day) were used to examine changes in cloacal gland physiology in male quail from lines selected for a reduced (low stress, ls) or exaggerated (high stress, hs) plasma corticost ... | 2004 | 15206629 |
| cloacal gland and testes development in male japanese quail selected for divergent adrenocortical responsiveness. | the time course of sexual development in male quail from lines selected for either a reduced (low stress, ls) or an exaggerated (high stress, hs) plasma corticosterone response to brief restraint was determined. sexual development was assessed by examination of cloacal gland area (carea) and volume (cvol), proportion of individuals that produced cloacal gland foam, and the intensity of cloacal gland foam production (cfp) at 4, 5, 6, 8, 10, 14, and 16 wk of age. these intervals encompass ages dur ... | 2004 | 15206632 |
| a comparative karyological study of the blue-breasted quail (coturnix chinensis, phasianidae) and california quail (callipepla californica, odontophoridae). | we conducted comparative chromosome painting and chromosome mapping with chicken dna probes against the blue-breasted quail (coturnix chinensis, cch) and california quail (callipepla californica, cca), which are classified into the old world quail and the new world quail, respectively. each chicken probe of chromosomes 1-9 and z painted a pair of chromosomes in the blue-breasted quail. in california quail, chicken chromosome 2 probe painted chromosomes 3 and 6, and chicken chromosome 4 probe pai ... | 2004 | 15218246 |
| karyotypic evolution in the galliformes: an examination of the process of karyotypic evolution by comparison of the molecular cytogenetic findings with the molecular phylogeny. | to define the process of karyotypic evolution in the galliformes on a molecular basis, we conducted genome-wide comparative chromosome painting for eight species, i.e. silver pheasant (lophura nycthemera), lady amherst's pheasant (chrysolophus amherstiae), ring-necked pheasant (phasianus colchicus), turkey (meleagris gallopavo), western capercaillie (tetrao urogallus), chinese bamboo-partridge (bambusicola thoracica) and common peafowl (pavo cristatus) of the phasianidae, and plain chachalaca (o ... | 2004 | 15218250 |
| threonine metabolism in japanese quail liver. | in general, threonine is metabolized by reaction catalyzed by threonine-3-dehydrogenase (tdh), threonine dehydratase (th) or threonine aldolase (ta). the activities of these three enzymes were compared in the liver of japanese quails and rats. the animals were fed a standard or threonine rich-diet, or fasted for 3 days. the specific activity of tdh in the liver from quail fed a standard diet was 11 times higher than that in the liver from rats fed a standard diet. the tdh activities in the liver ... | 2004 | 15221503 |
| gonadotropin-inhibitory hormone in gambel's white-crowned sparrow (zonotrichia leucophrys gambelii): cdna identification, transcript localization and functional effects in laboratory and field experiments. | the neuropeptide control of gonadotropin secretion is primarily through the stimulatory action of the hypothalamic decapeptide, gnrh. we recently identified a novel hypothalamic dodecapeptide with a c-terminal leupro-leu-arg-phe-nh2 sequence in the domestic bird, japanese quail (coturnix japonica). this novel peptide inhibited gonadotropin release in vitro from the quail anterior pituitary; thus it was named gonadotropin-inhibitory hormone (gnih). gnih may be an important factor regulating repro ... | 2004 | 15225129 |
| effects of vinclozolin on spermatogenesis and reproductive success in the japanese quail (coturnix coturnix japonica). | in a one-generation reproduction study, the major agricultural fungicide vinclozolin was administered to adult japanese quail for a period of 6 weeks at dietary levels of 125 and 500 ppm. fertility and reproductive performance were not affected up to the highest concentration, although the examination of additional endpoints in the drakes (spermatid count, histology of the testis) provided some evidence of an inhibition of spermatogenesis at both dietary concentrations. likewise, there were no i ... | 2004 | 15253051 |
| mhc class iib gene sequences and expression in quails (coturnix japonica) selected for high and low antibody responses. | two quail lines, h and l, which were developed for high (h) and low (l) antibody production against inactivated newcastle disease virus antigen, were used to examine differences in the organization, structure and expression of the quail mhc class iib genes. four coja class iib genes in the h line and ten coja class iib genes in the l line were identified by gene amplification using standard and long-range pcrs and sequencing of the amplified products. rflp analysis, sequencing and gene mapping r ... | 2004 | 15258705 |
| pasteurellosis in japanese quail (coturnix coturnix japonica) caused by pasteurella multocida multocida a:4. | 2004 | 15311804 | |
| cdna array analysis of japanese quail lines divergently selected for four-week body weight. | decades of divergent selection for 4-wk bw has produced 3 lines of growth-selected japanese quail. p line quail have been selected for >110 generations for 4-wk posthatch bw and are nearly 3-fold larger than the randomly bred control c line. the h line has been selected for high 4-wk bw for 52 generations and the l line has been selected for low 4-wk bw for 54 generations. to identify differentially expressed genes that may play a role in defining the differences in these lines, a dna array cont ... | 2004 | 15384902 |
| isolation of e. coli from foam and effects of fluoroquinolones on e. coli and foam production in male japanese quail. | sexually active male japanese quail (coturnix coutrnix japonica) produce a foamy substance from their cloacal gland. it was postulated that bacteria played an important role in production of foam. the primary objective of this study was to isolate and identify bacteria present in the cloacal foam. the secondary objective was to evaluate the effect of fluoroquinolone treatment on bacterial counts and foam production. healthy adult japanese quail were maintained in individual cages under uniform h ... | 2004 | 15451247 |
| factors considered in using birds for evaluating endocrine-disrupting chemicals. | documented effects on fish and wildlife populations, coupled with evidence from human poisonings, epidemiology, and experimental toxicology, led to the formation of the endocrine disruptor screening program within the us environmental protection agency. the main objectives of the program are to validate and implement the screens and tests that have been proposed for evaluating possible endocrine-disrupting activity of chemicals. an avian two-generation test is one of the recommended higher tier ... | 2004 | 15454685 |
| polymorphism of dopamine receptor d4 exon i corresponding region in chicken. | in stockbreeding, there are indications that behavioral traits of livestock have an effect on breeding and production. if the variation in individual behavior is related to that in neurotransmitter-related genes such as in humans, it would be possible to breed pedigrees composed of individuals having behavioral traits that are useful to production and breeding using selection based on genotypes. in this study, we investigated the exon i region of dopamine receptor d4 (drd4), in which variation i ... | 2004 | 15459452 |
| hydropericardium syndrome in japanese quail (coturnix coturnix japonica). | 2004 | 15461367 | |
| hormonal regulation of brain circuits mediating male sexual behavior in birds. | male sexual behavior in both field and laboratory settings has been studied in birds since the 19th century. birds are valuable for the investigation of the neuroendocrine mechanisms of sexual behavior, because their behavior can be studied in the context of a large amount of field data, well-defined neural circuits related to reproductive behavior have been described, and the avian neuroendocrine system exhibits many examples of marked plasticity. as is the case in other taxa, male sexual behav ... | 2004 | 15488549 |
| the effects of aromatase inhibition on testosterone-dependent conditioned rhythmic cloacal sphincter movements in male japanese quail. | male japanese quail produce a foam that, along with semen, is transferred to the quail hen during copulation. this foam has been reported to increase fertility, prolong sperm motility, and enhance sperm competition. action of the cloacal sphincter muscles in response to visual exposure to a female produces the foam. the rhythmic cloacal sphincter movements (rcsm) responsible for foam production in male quail is elicited by a conditioned stimulus (cs) previously paired with access to a quail hen. ... | 2004 | 15501496 |
| involvement of interaction of zp1 and zpc in the formation of quail perivitelline membrane. | the extracellular matrix surrounding the oocyte before ovulation is called the perivitelline membrane (pl) in avian species. we have previously reported that one of its components, zpc, is produced in ovarian granulosa cells by the stimulation of follicle-stimulating hormone and testosterone. another component, zp1, is synthesized in the liver and might be transported to the surface of the oocyte of the follicles. these glycoproteins are assembled to form a three-dimensional network of coarse fi ... | 2004 | 15503149 |
| aromatase inhibition blocks the expression of sexually-motivated cloacal gland movements in male quail. | in japanese quail (coturnix japonica), activation of appetitive and consummatory aspects of male sexual behavior requires aromatization of testosterone (t) into estrogens. appetitive male sexual behavior (asb) is usually assessed with the use of a learned social proximity procedure. in the present experiment, we investigated the role of estrogens in the activation of an another index of asb, the female-induced activation of rhythmic cloacal sphincter movements (rcsms) that are produced in reacti ... | 2004 | 15518995 |
| effects of long-term dietary lipids on mature bone mineral content, collagen, crosslinks, and prostaglandin e2 production in japanese quail. | this study investigated the effects of long-term dietary lipids on mature bone mineral content, collagen concentration, crosslink levels, bone marrow and ex vivo prostaglandin e2 (pge2) biosynthesis, as well as the relationship of pge2 production to these bone formation parameters. one-month-old male japanese quail were given a basal diet containing 1 of 4 lipid sources: soybean oil (sbo), hydrogenated soybean oil (hsbo), chicken fat (cf), or menhaden fish oil (fo) at 50 g/kg of the diet. at 8 m ... | 2004 | 15554065 |
| chronic cocaine pretreatment facilitates pavlovian sexual conditioning in male japanese quail. | repeated drug exposure that results in behavioral sensitization has been shown to enhance sex-seeking behaviors in rats as well as facilitate pavlovian excitatory and inhibitory conditioning. in the present experiment, male japanese quail were given repeated presentations of cocaine (10 mg/kg, i.p.) that resulted in increased locomotor activity relative to saline. after a 10-day withdrawal period, subjects received sexual conditioning trials that consisted of presentation of an object conditione ... | 2004 | 15582016 |
| the japanese quail: a model for studying reproductive aging of hypothalamic systems. | during aging, the decline of neuroendocrine, endocrine, and behavioral components of reproduction ultimately leads to reproductive failure. these studies considered both neuroendocrine and behavioral aspects of reproductive aging in japanese quail, using chronological age and reproductive status to separate animals into experimental groups. in study i, age-related changes in the gonadotropin releasing hormone (gnrh-i) system were investigated and a sharp decrease was observed in gnrh-i concentra ... | 2004 | 15582284 |
| the effect of dietary conjugated linoleic acid on egg yolk fatty acids and hatchability in japanese quail. | conjugated linoleic acid (cla) increased the ratio of saturated fatty acids to monounsaturated fatty acids in yolk and caused embryo mortality. our preliminary studies showed that cla had less of an effect on hatchability of quail than chickens. hence, the objective was to determine the effects of dietary cla on quail egg fatty acid content and hatchability. eight male-female japanese quail pairs per group were randomly assigned to diets containing 0 (canola oil; co), 0.25, 0.5, 1, 2, or 3% cla ... | 2004 | 15615015 |
| effect of chronic progesterone injection on egg production in japanese quail. | young laying turkey hens ceased laying and developed a polycystic ovarian follicle (pcof) syndrome 3 wk after injections of progesterone (p4) ceased. it was hypothesized that laying japanese quail chronically injected with progesterone (p4) would respond with reduced or arrested egg production and altered ovarian morphology similar to that seen in turkeys expressing the pcof syndrome, and could thus serve as a model to study the pcof syndrome. to test these hypotheses, 6 trials were conducted wi ... | 2004 | 15615020 |
| lycopene supplementation prevents the development of spontaneous smooth muscle tumors of the oviduct in japanese quail. | leiomyomas (fibroids) are benign tumors of the uterus affecting millions of women. spontaneous leiomyomas of the oviduct are common tumors of the japanese quail (coturnix coturnix japonica), which makes it a good animal model for screening potential agents for testing in the prevention and treatment of human myoma uteri. because dietary intake of lycopene has been associated with a reduced risk of a variety of human cancers, we investigated the effects of lycopene supplementation on the developm ... | 2004 | 15623465 |
| endogenous neuromedin u has anorectic effects in the japanese quail. | neuromedin u (nmu), which is a brain-gut peptide, was first isolated as a smooth-muscle-contracting peptide from the porcine spinal cord in 1985. intracerebroventricular (icv) injection of nmu into rats significantly reduced the food intake during dark period, and increased oxygen consumption, locomotor activity, and body temperature suggested that nmu is an anorectic and catabolic signaling molecule in mammals. in this study, we elucidated the central role of nmu in avian species using japanese ... | 2004 | 15639143 |
| in vitro metabolism of [14c]methoxychlor in rat, mouse, japanese quail and rainbow trout in precision-cut liver slices. | 1. the in vitro metabolism of [14c]methoxychlor (mxc) has been studied using precision-cut liver slices from the sprague-dawley male rat, cd-1 male mouse, we strain male japanese quail and juvenile rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss). the results demonstrated integrated phase i and ii metabolism of mxc and species differences in the metabolic profiles were observed. 2. in rat liver slice preparations, mxc was rapidly metabolized to bis-oh-mxc by sequential o-demethylation followed by subsequent ... | 2004 | 15690762 |
| quail cell lines supporting replication of marek's disease virus serotype 1 and 2 and herpesvirus of turkeys. | marek's disease virus (mdv), a highly cell-associated alphaherpesvirus, can be isolated and propagated in chicken kidney cells (ckc) and chicken or duck embryo fibroblast cells (cef or def, respectively). two recently developed cell lines, cu447 and cu453, developed from methylcholanthrene-induced tumors in japanese quail, were examined for their suitability to propagate the three serotypes of mdv. the mdv strain rb-1b (serotype 1) was passaged for more than 30 passages in cu447 without causing ... | 2004 | 15666861 |
| effect of dietary fumonisin b1 on laying japanese quail. | 1. a 28-d experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects of fumonisin b1 (fb1) on egg production and egg quality of young laying japanese quail fed on fumonisin-contaminated rations. 2. to this end, 128 7-week-old birds were randomly distributed into 4 experimental groups (32 birds per group) and given rations containing 0 (control), 10, 50 and 250mg fb1/kg feed. each treatment consisted of 4 replicates of 8 quail. egg production and egg weight were checked daily. feed consumption and feed con ... | 2004 | 15697020 |
| effects of prolonged administration of aflatoxin b1 and fumonisin b1 in laying japanese quail. | in the present study, 288 8-wk-old japanese quail were randomly distributed into 6 experimental groups (48 birds per group) and fed the following diets for 140 d: 1) 0 (control); 2) 10 mg of fumonisin b1 (fb1); 3) 50 microg of aflatoxin b1 (afb1); 4) 50 microg of afb1 + 10 mg of fb1; 5) 200 microg of afb1; and 6) 200 microg of afb1 + 10 mg of fb1/kg of feed. each treatment consisted of 4 replicates of 12 quail. egg production and individual egg weight were checked daily. feed intake and feed con ... | 2004 | 15615006 |
| maternal corticosterone is transferred to avian yolk and may alter offspring growth and adult phenotype. | many environmental perturbations may elevate plasma corticosterone in laying birds, including disease, poor body condition, high predator density, anthropogenic disturbance, and/or food scarcity. when adverse conditions are not dire enough to dictate foregoing reproduction, maternal corticosterone in egg yolk may phenotypically engineer offspring so as to maximize success under the constraints of the local environment. we tested the hypotheses that corticosterone in avian egg yolk should correla ... | 2004 | 14723888 |
| influence of dietary culture material containing aflatoxin and t(2) toxin on certain serum biochemical constituents in japanese quail. | forty newly hatched unsexed japanese quail (coturnix coturnix japonica) chicks were fed diets containing 3 ppm aflatoxin (af) and 4 ppm t(2) toxin either singly and in combination for 35 days. sera samples were collected from six birds in each group at the end of the trial to study the effect of certain serum biochemical parameters. highly significant (p < 0.01) differences were observed for serum total protein, albumin, globulin, glucose, cholesterol, aspartate transaminase (ast), alanine trans ... | 2004 | 15702271 |