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not small horses: improving treatments for donkeys. 201324077145
chronic binge-like alcohol consumption in adolescence causes depression-like symptoms possibly mediated by the effects of bdnf on neurogenesis.here we investigated whether changes in neurogenesis and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (bdnf) expression are possible mechanisms involved in the depression-like symptom during the withdrawal/abstinence period after chronic binge-pattern alcohol consumption given the limited number of studies addressing the link between these factors in the adolescent brain. forty-seven male sprague-dawley rats were used in the study and the experimental protocol started when rats were 25-days old. rats were ...201324076087
orexinergic innervation of urocortin1 and cocaine and amphetamine regulated transcript neurons in the midbrain centrally projecting edinger-westphal nucleus.orexin is a neuropeptide that has been implicated in several processes, such as induction of appetite, arousal and alertness and sleep/wake regulation. multiple lines of evidence also suggest that orexin is involved in the stress response. when orexin is administered intracerebroventricular it activates the hypothalamic pituitary adrenal (hpa)-axis, which is the main regulator of the stress response. the hpa-axis is not the only player in the stress response evidence suggests that urocortin 1 (u ...201323958928
effect of donkey seminal plasma on sperm movement and sperm-polymorphonuclear neutrophils attachment in vitro.to evaluate the effect of seminal plasma in endometrial inflammation in donkeys, samples from fresh pure, fresh diluted and frozen-thawed semen of three different jackasses were co-incubated in water bath at 37°c with uterine jennie's secretions collected 6h after artificial insemination with frozen-thawed donkey semen. individual sperm movement parameters using the computerised sperm analysis system (casa) and sperm-polymorphonuclear neutrophils (sperm-pmn) attachment observed in diff-quick sta ...201323891218
comparison of the mechanical hypoalgesic effects of five α2-adrenoceptor agonists in donkeys.pharmacological pain management is necessary under many clinical situations, but in donkeys little information on analgesic drugs is available. this controlled, randomised, crossover, latin-square, operator-blinded study aimed to assess and compare the hypoalgesic effects of intravenously administered saline and five α2-adrenoceptor agonists on mechanical nociceptive thresholds (mnt) in donkeys. areas under the threshold change versus time curve values for 0-30, 30-60, 60-90 and 90-120 minutes p ...201323878192
essential trace elements in milk and blood serum of lactating donkeys as affected by lactation stage and dietary supplementation with trace elements.the aim of this trial was to study the concentration of zinc (zn), iron (fe), copper (cu), manganese (mn), selenium (se), cobalt (co) and iodine (i) in milk and blood serum of lactating donkeys, taking into account the effects of lactation stage and dietary supplementation with trace elements. during a 3-month period, 16 clinically healthy lactating donkeys (martina-franca-derived population), randomly divided into two homogeneous groups (control (ctl) and trace elements (te)), were used to prov ...201323845762
a non-cholinergic neuronal loss in the pedunculopontine nucleus of toxin-evoked parkinsonian rats.the pedunculopontine nucleus (ppn) controls various physiological functions, whilst being deemed a suitable target for low-frequency stimulation therapy for alleviating aspects of parkinson's disease (pd). previous studies showed that the ppn contains mainly cholinergic, γ-aminobutyric acid (gaba)ergic and glutamatergic neurons. here we report on the total number of ppn neurons in laboratory rats, a species frequently used as an experimental model for simulating aspects of human pd. moreover, th ...201323769975
percutaneous approach for sialolith removal in a donkey.salivary duct lithiasis is a condition characterized by the partial or total obstruction ofa salivary gland or its excretory duct due to the formation of sialoliths. a 9-year-old female donkey, belonging to the unique and endangered indigenous breed of donkey in portugal, was diagnosed with a sialolith in the rostral portion of the right parotid duct based on clinical, oral, dental, and radiographic examination results. surgical removal of the sialolith was done through a percutaneous approach.201323757823
neuro-fuzzy controller to navigate an unmanned vehicle.a neuro-fuzzy control method for an unmanned vehicle (uv) simulation is described. the objective is guiding an autonomous vehicle to a desired destination along a desired path in an environment characterized by a terrain and a set of distinct objects, such as obstacles like donkey traffic lights and cars circulating in the trajectory. the autonomous navigate ability and road following precision are mainly influenced by its control strategy and real-time control performance. fuzzy logic controlle ...201323705105
post-ischemic treatment with l-kynurenine sulfate exacerbates neuronal damage after transient middle cerebral artery occlusion.since brain ischemia is one of the leading causes of adult disability and death, neuroprotection of the ischemic brain is of particular importance. acute neuroprotective strategies usually have the aim of suppressing glutamate excitotoxicity and an excessive n-methyl-d-aspartate (nmda) receptor function. clinically tolerated antagonists should antagonize an excessive nmda receptor function without compromising the normal synaptic function. kynurenic acid (kyna) an endogenous metabolite of the tr ...201323685169
postpartum reproductive activities and gestation length in martina franca jennies, an endangered italian donkey breed.the donkey reproductive physiology is still partially known despite the increasing risk of extinction involving several breeds. the present study was designed to describe the postpartum (pp) reproductive performance of an italian endangered breed: the martina franca donkey. to this aim, 52 jennies were monitored to define the foal-heat (fh) and the first and second pp estrus episodes (1st ppe and 2nd ppe). the data indicate that jennies spontaneously recovered reproduction in approximately 10 da ...201323611407
symbolic metal bit and saddlebag fastenings in a middle bronze age donkey burial.here we report the unprecedented discovery of the skeleton of a ritually interred donkey with a metal horse bit in association with its teeth and saddlebag fastenings on its back. this discovery in the middle bronze age iii sacred precinct (1700/1650-1550 bce) at tel haror, israel, presents a unique combination of evidence for the early employment of equid harnessing equipment, both for chariot bridling (horse bit) and pack animals (saddlebags). the ritually deposited donkey with its unique acco ...201323484046
antitumour effects of pentapeptide derived from donkey serum albumin both in vitro and in vivo.antitumour effects of pentapeptide (lh) derived from donkey serum albumin hydrolysates were tested against tumour cells both in vitro and in vivo. the mechanism of lh induced tumour cell apoptosis was investigated.201323454170
analysis of serum and cerebrospinal fluid in clinically normal adult miniature donkeys.to establish reference intervals for serum and cerebrospinal fluid (csf) parameters in clinically healthy adult miniature donkeys.201323444916
control of the chewing louse bovicola (werneckiella) ocellatus in donkeys, using essential oils.infestations by lice can be a significant clinical and welfare issue in the management of large animals. the limited range of commercial pediculicides available and the development of resistance have led to the need to explore alternative louse management approaches. the results of in vitro and in vivo trials undertaken to control populations of the donkey chewing louse, bovicola ocellatus (piaget) (phthiraptera: trichodectidae) using the essential oils of tea tree (melaleuca alternifolia) and l ...201323414090
relationship between ultrasound measurements of body fat reserves and body condition score in female donkeys.several methods have been developed to monitor body fat reserves of farm animals and body condition scoring (bcs) is generally assumed to be the most practical. objective methods, such as real time ultrasonography (rtu), are accepted methods for measuring fat reserves in several farm species but there is no published information about the use of rtu to monitor body fat reserves in donkeys. the aim of the present study was to determine the relationship between rtu measurements and bcs in female d ...201323395347
influence of season on testicular morphometry and semen characteristics in martina franca jackasses.as other european donkey breeds, martina franca could be considered an endangered breed because of the population number (48 jackasses and 515 jennies in 2011). to increase donkey population and breed biodiversity preservation, several research projects on donkey reproduction have been performed; however reproductive seasonality has been only partially investigated in jackasses. for this reason the aim of this study was to investigate the effect of seasons and of long (spring to summer; ss) and ...201323218651
thyroid hormone concentrations differ between donkeys and horses.reference intervals for thyroid hormones (th) concentrations have not been previously established for donkeys, leading to potential misdiagnosis of thyroid disease.201322909401
rectal temperature responses of donkeys administered with ascorbic acid and subjected to load carrying (packing) during the harmattan season in nigeria.the aim of the experiment was to evaluate the effect of 4-h load carrying (packing) on donkeys administered with ascorbic acid (aa) during the harmattan season. six donkeys administered orally with ascorbic acid (200 mg/kg) and subjected to packing served as experimental animals, while six others given only distilled water served as control animals. the rectal temperature (rt) of each donkey and dry-bulb temperature (dbt) and relative humidity (rh) of the research pen were recorded at 0600 hours ...201322869338
surgical management of penile and preputial neoplasms in equine with special reference to partial phallectomy.penile and preputial neoplasia in horses occurs infrequently and represents diagnostic and therapeutic challenges. the present study was carried out on a total number of 21 equids (14 stallions and 7 donkeys) suffered from different penile and preputial neoplasia. diagnosis of neoplasms was based up on history of the case, clinical examination as well as histopathological evaluation. animals with penile and preputial neoplasms were underwent local excision and partial phallectomy with a slightly ...201326464915
prevalence of rotavirus and adenovirus associated with diarrhea among displaced communities in khartoum, sudan.diarrheal diseases represent a major worldwide public health problem particularly in developing countries. each year, at least four million children under five years of age die from diarrhea. rotavirus, enteric adenovirus and some bacterial species are the most common identified infectious agents responsible for diarrhea in young children worldwide. this study was conducted to determine prevalence of rotavirus and adenovirus associated with diarrhea among displaced communities in khartoum state, ...201323657114
extensive polymorphism of the major histocompatibility complex dra gene in balkan donkeys: perspectives on selection and genealogy.the major histocompatibility complex (mhc) contains genes important for immune response in mammals, and these genes exhibit high polymorphism and diversity. the dra gene, a member of the mhc class ii family, is highly conserved across a large number of mammalian species, but it displays exceptionally rich sequence variations in equidae members. we analyzed allelic polymorphism of the dra locus in 248 donkeys sampled across the balkan peninsula (albania, bulgaria, croatia, macedonia, greece and m ...201323621397
effects of thermal treatments on donkey milk nutritional characteristics.human breast milk is the best nutritional support to ensure right development and influence immune status of the newborn infant. however, when it is not possible to breast feed it may be necessary to use commercial infant formulas that mimic, where possible, the levels and types of nutrients present in human milk. despite this, some formula-fed infants develop allergy and/or atopic disease compared to breast-fed infants. most infants with cow's milk protein allergy (cmpa) develop symptoms before ...201324365337
donkey, donkey, reflecting light, in the darkness of the night . . . 201324362803
epidemiological and virological investigations of equine influenza outbreaks in ireland (2010-2012).outbreaks of equine influenza (ei) in endemic populations cause disruption and economic loss.201324224821
plasma disposition and milk excretion of eprinomectin following pour-on administration in lactating donkeys. 201323106448
morphological variations of the vallate papillae in some mammalian species.the morpho-structural characteristics of the vallate papillae of the tongue of rat, dog, donkey and buffalo were investigated by macroscopy and their microstructure by light and scanning electron microscopy (sem). the numbers of vallate papillae varied among the different species. in rat, a single vallate papilla surrounded by incomplete groove and an annular fold was observed. taste buds were detected along the entire length of the medial and lateral groove epithelium, but not in the papillary ...201424242871
regenerative medicine approach to reconstruction of the equine upper airway.airway obstruction is a common cause of poor performance in horses. structural abnormalities (insufficient length, rigidity) can be a cause for the obstruction. currently, there are a few effective clinical options for reconstruction of the equine larynx. a regenerative medicine approach to reconstruction may provide the capability to stabilize laryngeal structures and to encourage restoration of site-appropriate, functional, and host-derived tissue. the purpose of this study was the histopathol ...201424160675
clinical, ultrasonographic, and endocrinological studies on donkey pregnancy.although donkey breeding has gained new interest in the past two decades, knowledge about donkey reproduction is still scarce, particularly on jenny pregnancy. the aim of this study was to describe the ultrasonographic and endocrine profiles of the physiological pregnancy in the jenny. the study was performed on 12 pregnancies of 7 amiata donkeys from day 10 after ovulation to delivery. because three pregnancies, respectively at weeks 42, 44, and 45, were considered pathologic and treated pharma ...201424157228
pedigree and herd characterization of a donkey breed vulnerable to extinction.most donkey and local horse breeds are vulnerable to extinction as mechanization of agriculture progress throughout the world. the present study analyzed the pedigree and herd records of the donkey asinina de miranda breed (ram), identifying genealogical and human factors that may affect the breed genetic diversity in the future and suggesting suitable strategies to breed preservation, early on the conservation program. the breeding rate was very low, with a ratio of foaling/live animals of 0.23 ...201424330770
effect of single layer centrifugation using androcoll-e-large on the sperm quality parameters of cooled-stored donkey semen doses.the aim of this study was to determine the effect of single layer centrifugation (slc) using androcoll-e-large on donkey sperm quality parameters after 24 h of cool-storage. ejaculates were collected from andalusian donkeys and then cooled at 5°c. slc was carried out after 24 h of cool-storage using androcoll-e-large. in the first experiment, all sperm parameters assessed (total and progressive sperm motility, viability, sperm morphology and sperm kinematics vcl, vsl, vap, lin, str, wob, alh and ...201424284302
effect of the season on some aspects of the estrous cycle in martina franca donkey.the martina franca (mf) donkey breed, with 48 jackasses and 515 jennies, is considered an endangered breed according to the data from the monitoring institute for rare breeds and seeds in europe. the knowledge of the estrous cycle characteristics has a great impact for assisted reproduction, especially in endangered species. in this study, the estrous cycle characteristics were investigated in 12 mf jennies throughout the year. estrous cycle, estrous and diestrous lengths, follicular growth and ...201424439127
the range and prevalence of clinical signs and conformation associated with lameness in working draught donkeys in pakistan.lameness is prevalent in working donkeys and has major welfare implications; however, a detailed study of the associated clinical signs is lacking.201424433378
two recessive mutations in fgf5 are associated with the long-hair phenotype in donkeys.seven donkey breeds are recognized by the french studbook. individuals from the pyrenean, provence, berry black, normand, cotentin and bourbonnais breeds are characterized by a short coat, while those from the poitou breed (baudet du poitou) are characterized by a long-hair phenotype. we hypothesized that loss-of-function mutations in the fgf5 (fibroblast growth factor 5) gene, which are associated with a long-hair phenotype in several mammalian species, may account for the special coat feature ...201425927731
ultrasonographic biometry of the eyes of healthy adult donkeys. 201424603466
the influence of various confounding factors on mechanical nociceptive thresholds in the donkey.to evaluate a mechanical nociceptive threshold (mnt) testing device in the donkey, and to investigate the influence of potential confounders on mnts generated.201424576142
igg, iga, and lysozyme in martina franca donkey jennies and their foals.because immune transfer from jenny to donkey foal is mostly unknown, the aim of the present study was to evaluate, from 5 days before to 10 days after foaling, immunoglobulin (ig)g, iga, and lysozyme peripartal concentrations in serum and mammary secretions of 10 healthy, spontaneously foaling martina franca jennies and in serum of their mature, viable, healthy foals, in the first 10 days after birth. the results showed that, in jennies, mammary secretion of igg levels (ranging between 16 and 75 ...201424462298
the effectiveness of faecal removal methods of pasture management to control the cyathostomin burden of donkeys.the level of anthelmintic resistance within some cyathostomin parasite populations has increased to the level where sole reliance on anthelmintic-based control protocols is not possible. management-based nematode control methods, including removal of faeces from pasture, are widely recommended for use in association with a reduction in anthelmintic use to reduce selection pressure for drug resistance; however, very little work has been performed to quantitatively assess the effectiveness of such ...201424460700
analysis of the gut microbiota by high-throughput sequencing of the v5-v6 regions of the 16s rrna gene in donkey.considerable evidence suggests that the gut microbiota is complex in many mammals and gut bacteria communities are essential for maintaining gut homeostasis. to date the research on the gut microbiota of donkey is surprisingly scarce. therefore, we performed high-throughput sequencing of the 16s rrna genes v5-v6 hypervariable regions from gut fecal material to characterize the gut microbiota of healthy donkeys and compare the difference of gut microbiota between male and female donkeys. sixty he ...201424452427
cow's milk allergy: where have we come from and where are we going?since the 1930's the scientific literature on cow's milk protein allergy (cmpa) has accumulated. over the last decade new diagnostic tools and treatment approaches have been developed. the diagnosis of reproducible adverse reactions to cow's milk proteins (cmp), i.e. cmpa, still has to be confirmed by controlled elimination and challenge procedures. advanced diagnostic testing using epitope and microarray technology may in the future improve the diagnostic accuracy of cmpa by determination of sp ...201424450456
short communication: monitoring nutritional quality of amiata donkey milk: effects of lactation and productive season.milk nutritional characteristics are especially interesting when donkey milk is aimed at consumption by children and the elderly. the aim of this study was to monitor the nutritional quality of amiata donkey milk during lactation and productive season to provide information on the milk characteristics and to study action plans to improve milk yield and quality. thirty-one pluriparous jennies belonging to the same farm were selected. individual samples of milk from the morning milking were taken ...201425200774
use of cholesterol-loaded cyclodextrin in donkey semen cryopreservation improves sperm viability but results in low fertility in mares.the use of cholesterol-loaded cyclodextrin (clc) on semen cryopreservation has been related with better sperm viability in several species; however, the effect on fertility is not known in donkey semen. ejaculates (n = 25) from five donkeys were diluted in s-medium with 0, 1, 2 or 3 mg of clc/120 × 10(6) spermatozoa. semen was frozen, and thawed samples were evaluated by computer-assisted sperm analyser system (casa), supravital test, hyposmotic swelling test and fluorescent dyes to assess the i ...201425124746
behavioural repertoire of working donkeys and consistency of behaviour over time, as a preliminary step towards identifying pain-related behaviours.the donkey has a reputation for stoicism and its behavioural repertoire in clinical contexts is under-reported. lack of understanding of the norms of donkey behaviour and how it may vary over time can compromise use of behavioural measures as indicators of pain or emotional state. the objective of this study was to find out whether the behaviour of working donkeys was influenced by gender, the time of day or differed between days with a view to assessing how robust these measures are for inclusi ...201425076209
comparison of donkey hemogram using the lasercyte hematology analyzer, an impedance system, and a manual method.donkeys are becoming increasingly important worldwide; therefore a reliable and accurate method of diagnosing disease is necessary. flow cytometry-based hematologic analyzers are present in veterinary laboratories, but performance of lasercyte has not been evaluated in donkeys.201425070774
plasma pharmacokinetics, faecal excretion and efficacy of pyrantel pamoate paste and granule formulations following per os administration in donkeys naturally infected with intestinal strongylidae.the plasma disposition, faecal excretion and efficacy of two formulations of pyrantel pamoate in donkeys were examined in a controlled trial. three groups of seven donkeys received either no medication (control) or pyrantel paste or granule formulations at horse dosage of 20mg/kg b.w. (equals 6.94 mg/kg pyr base) of body weight. heparinized blood and faecal samples were collected at various times between 1 and 144 h after treatment. the samples were analysed by high-performance liquid chromatogr ...201425015542
[rapid quantification of total nitrogen and end-point determination of hide melting in manufacturing of donkey-hide gelatin].hide melting presents itself as one of the most critical processes in the production of donkey-hide gelatin. here a nir-based method was established for the rapid analysis of in-process hide melting solutions as well as for end-point determination of this process. near infrared (nir) spectra of hide melting solutions were collected in transflective mode. with the contents of total nitrogen determined by the kjeldahl method as reference values, partial least squares regression (plsr) was employed ...201424956848
myth-busting: donkey dentistry and other stories. 201424923919
chronic pleuropulmonary fibrosis and elastosis of aged donkeys: similarities to human pleuroparenchymal fibroelastosis.donkey pulmonary fibrosis (dpf) is a spontaneous syndrome of aged donkeys with a high prevalence (35%). no previous detailed characterization of dpf has been performed. we sought to determine the similarities between dpf and recognized patterns of human pulmonary fibrosis.201424889435
diurnal and seasonal fluctuations in rectal temperature, respiration and heart rate of pack donkeys in a tropical savannah zone.the study was designed to determine diurnal and seasonal changes in basic physiologic responses of donkeys adapted to the tropical savannah. the rectal temperature (rt), respiratory rate (rr) and heart rate (hr) of six male nubian pack donkeys, and the dry-bulb temperature (dbt), relative humidity and heat index of the experimental site were concurrently recorded hourly, from 06:00 h to 18:00 h (gmt +1), for three days, spread 1 week apart, during the cold-dry (harmattan), hot-dry and humid (rai ...201424834007
blood analysis in newborn donkeys: hematology, biochemistry, and blood gases analysis.the knowledge of reference ranges for hematologic, biochemical, and blood gas parameters in the different species and the influence of breed and age on them is a fundamental tool for the clinician. for this reason, the aim of this study was to evaluate the age-related changes of hematologic and biochemical parameters in martina franca donkey foals during the first 3 weeks of life and of blood gases during the first 24 hours of age. fifteen healthy donkey foals were enrolled; blood samples were c ...201424831574
oviduct binding and elevated environmental ph induce protein tyrosine phosphorylation in stallion spermatozoa.sperm-oviduct binding is an essential step in the capacitation process preparing the sperm for fertilization in several mammalian species. in many species, capacitation can be induced in vitro by exposing spermatozoa to bicarbonate, ca(2+), and albumin; however, these conditions are insufficient in the horse. we hypothesized that binding to the oviduct epithelium is an essential requirement for the induction of capacitation in stallion spermatozoa. sperm-oviduct binding was established by coincu ...201424829033
phonologically driven variability: the case of determiners.speakers usually produce words in connected speech. in such contexts, the form in which many words are uttered is influenced by the phonological properties of neighboring words. the current article examines the representations and processes underlying the production of phonologically constrained word form variations. for this purpose, we consider determiners whose form is sensitive to phonological context (e.g., in english: a car vs. an animal; in french: le chien 'the dog' vs. l'âne 'the donkey ...201424797443
seasonal infestation of donkeys by lice: phenology, risk factors and management.a longitudinal study was undertaken over a 21 months period to examine the seasonal abundance of lice infesting donkeys, the risk factors which predispose donkeys to infestation and the effectiveness of louse management. all the lice seen were bovicola (werneckiella) ocellatus. a strong seasonal pattern, which was correlated with mean monthly temperature, was observed with higher prevalence and intensity in the cooler, winter months (october-march). overall infestation in these animals was over- ...201424792748
biotyping of cultivable lactic acid bacteria isolated from donkey milk.the diversity of lactic acid bacteria (lab) species in donkey's milk was analysed by culture-dependent microbial techniques. dominant strains were isolated on agar media generally used for enumerating lab. to enrich the number of acidifying lab present, the milk samples were incubated at 37°c for 24 h (cultured milk samples, cm). one of the cm samples was heat-treated at 63°c for 10 min before incubation at 37°c (heat-treated and cultured milk sample, tcm) to select thermophilic lab. the microfl ...201424749686
donkeys milk feeding in newborn: myths and facts. 201424736921
insulin dysregulation.abnormalities of insulin metabolism include hyperinsulinaemia and insulin resistance, and these problems are collectively referred to as insulin dysregulation in this review. insulin dysregulation is a key component of equine metabolic syndrome: a collection of endocrine and metabolic abnormalities associated with the development of laminitis in horses, ponies and donkeys. insulin dysregulation can also accompany prematurity and systemic illness in foals. causes of insulin resistance are discuss ...201424033478
the contribution of donkeys to human health. 201425319161
induction of ovulation with buserelin in jennies: in search of the minimum effective dose.the aim of this study was to evaluate the minimum dose of buserelin acetate (buserelin) able to induce ovulation between 24 and 48 h from treatment (positive response) in estrous jennies. jennies were studied during a total of 172 estrous cycles: ovarian activity was routinely monitored by ultrasound; when the dominant follicle reached a diameter of 33 ± 1 mm, estrous jennies were treated by subcutaneous administration of different doses of buserelin, 3.3mg (n = 11), 1.5mg (n = 21), 0.8 mg (n = ...201425293536
[discrimination of donkey meat by nir and chemometrics].donkey meat samples (n = 167) from different parts of donkey body (neck, costalia, rump, and tendon), beef (n = 47), pork (n = 51) and mutton (n = 32) samples were used to establish near-infrared reflectance spectroscopy (nir) classification models in the spectra range of 4,000~12,500 cm(-1). the accuracies of classification models constructed by mahalanobis distances analysis, soft independent modeling of class analogy (simca) and least squares-support vector machine (ls-svm), respectively comb ...201425739218
piroplasms in feral and domestic equines in rural areas of the danube delta, romania, with survey of dogs as a possible reservoir.rural areas of romania, particularly the localities covering danube delta, are still not sufficiently explored in terms of epidemiological aspects, despite the large density of domestic animals living in close contact with people and natural environment of the danube delta biosphere reserve. between 2010 and 2012, a survey on equine piroplasmids species was performed in this area, using a total of 178 horses, 15 donkeys and 177 dogs from 18 localities inside and outside the danube delta. none of ...201425468026
a missense mutation in melanocortin 1 receptor is associated with the red coat colour in donkeys.the seven donkey breeds recognised by the french studbook are characterised by few coat colours: black, bay and grey. normand bay donkeys seldom give birth to red foals, a colour more commonly seen and recognised in american miniature donkeys. red resembles the equine chestnut colour, previously attributed to a mutation in the melanocortin 1 receptor gene (mc1r). we used a panel of 124 donkeys to identify a recessive missense c.629t>c variant in mc1r that showed a perfect association with the re ...201425155046
characterization of human auditory brainstem circuits by calcium-binding protein immunohistochemistry.the cochlear nucleus (cn) and superior olivary complex are auditory brainstem centers with essential roles in encoding temporal features of vocalizations, localization of sound sources and descending modulation of the cochlea. numerous neuronal populations, across a multitude of laboratory mammals, have been characterized within these brainstem centers based on cell body morphology, dendritic architecture, afferent/efferent connections and neurochemistry. however, scant details are available for ...201424291726
labeling and use of monoclonal antibodies in immunofluorescence: protocols for cytoskeletal and nuclear antigens.antibodies are widely used to target and label specifically extra- or intracellular antigens within cells and tissues. most protocols follow an indirect approach implying the successive incubation with primary and secondary antibodies. in these protocols the primary antibodies are specifically targeted against the antigen in question and are normally not labeled. the secondary antibodies come from a different species and are in contrast fluorescently labeled. the idea is that the primary antibod ...201424515489
molecular assay to fraud identification of meat products.detection of species fraud in meat products is important for consumer protection and food industries. a molecular technique such as pcr method for detection of beef, sheep, pork, chicken, donkey, and horse meats in food products was established. the purpose of this study was to identification of fraud and adulteration in industrial meat products by pcr-rflp assay in iran. in present study, 224 meat products include 68 sausages, 48 frankfurters, 55 hamburgers, 33 hams and 20 cold cut meats were c ...201424426061
combined alphavirus replicon particle vaccine induces durable and cross-protective immune responses against equine encephalitis viruses.alphavirus replicons were evaluated as potential vaccine candidates for venezuelan equine encephalitis virus (veev), western equine encephalitis virus (weev), or eastern equine encephalitis virus (eeev) when given individually or in combination (v/w/e) to mice or cynomolgus macaques. individual replicon vaccines or the combination v/w/e replicon vaccine elicited strong neutralizing antibodies in mice to their respective alphavirus. protection from either subcutaneous or aerosol challenge with ve ...201425122801
localization of alkali-labile sites in donkey (equus asinus) and stallion (equus caballus) spermatozoa.the presence of constitutive alkali-labile sites (als) has been investigated using a protocol of dna breakage detection-fluorescence in situ hybridization and comet assay in spermatozoa of donkey (equus asinus) and stallion (equus caballus). these results were compared with those obtained using a similar experimental approach using somatic cells. the relative abundance of als was of the order of four times more in spermatozoa than in somatic cells. alkali-labile sites showed a tendency to cluste ...201424182740
computed tomography and sectional anatomy of the head cavities in donkey (equus asinus).the purpose of this study was to describe the computed tomographic (ct) anatomy of normal donkey head cavities to be used as a basis for interpretation of ct images of donkey. six adult donkeys' heads of undetermined sex were used in this study. the donkey heads were divided into three regions-nasal, orbital, and cranial-to show the morphology of the following cavities: nasal cavity, paranasal sinuses, orbital cavity, oral cavity, pharyngeal cavity, especially the guttural pouch, cranial cavity ...201424129705
lack of mitochondrial dna structure in balkan donkey is consistent with a quick spread of the species after domestication.a total of 132 mtdna sequences from 10 balkan donkey populations were analysed to ascertain their regional genetic structure and to contribute to the knowledge of the spreading of the species after domestication. the balkan donkey sequences were compared with those from 40 burkina faso donkeys as an african outgroup to account for possible local balkan scenarios. the 172 sequences gave 62 different haplotypes (55 in balkan donkey). virtually all the analysed populations had haplotypes assigned t ...201423980868
evaluation of cardiorespiratory and biochemical effects of ketamine-propofol and guaifenesin-ketamine-xylazine anesthesia in donkeys (equus asinus).to evaluate the cardiorespiratory and biochemical effects of ketamine-propofol (kp) or guaifenesin-ketamine-xylazine (gkx) anesthesia in donkeys.201424961870
equus asinus papillomavirus (eapv1) provides new insights into equine papillomavirus diversity.we detected a novel papillomavirus (eapv1) from healthy skin and from sun associated cutaneous lesions of an asinara (sardinia, italy) white donkey reared in captivity in a wildlife recovery centre. the entire genome of eapv1 was cloned, sequenced, and characterised. genome is 7467 bp long, and shows some characteristic elements of horse papillomaviruses, including a small untranslated region between the early and late regions and the lack of the retinoblastoma tumour suppressor binding domain l ...201424636161
influence of the cardiac glycoside digoxin on cardiac troponin i, acid-base and electrolyte balance, and haematobiochemical profiles in healthy donkeys (equus asinus).the effect of digoxin administration on the serum concentration of the cardiac troponin i (ctni) has not been reported to date in equidae. this study was therefore designed to evaluate the effect of digoxin on cardiac cell damage in donkeys (equus asinus) as assessed by ctni, acid-base and electrolyte balance and haematobiochemical profiles. ten clinically healthy donkeys were given an iv infusion of digoxin at a dose of 14 μg/kg. blood samples were collected from the donkeys up through 72 h pos ...201424621180
effect of extender and amino acid supplementation on sperm quality of cooled-preserved andalusian donkey (equus asinus) spermatozoa.the main aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of two commercially available liquid stallion semen extenders for the preservation of andalusian donkey semen at 5°c for up to 72h, and to evaluate the effect of amino acid addition on sperm quality of cooled donkey semen. in addition, this study investigated the effect of seasons on semen characteristics of andalusian jackasses. throughout a year, 50 ejaculates were collected from ten adult donkeys and a complete semen evaluation was perfo ...201424602506
hematopoietic effects and mechanisms of fufang e׳jiao jiang on radiotherapy and chemotherapy-induced myelosuppressed mice.fufang e׳jiao jiang (fej), which has been widely used in clinic to replenish qi (vital energy) and nourish blood, is a famous traditional chinese medicine formula made up of colla corii asini (donkey-hide gelatin prepared by stewing and concentrating from the hide of equus asinus linnaeus.), radix codonopsis pilosulae (the root of codonopsis pilosula (franch.) nannf.), radix ginseng rubra (the steamed and dried root of panax ginseng c.a. mey.), fructus crataegi (the fruit of crataegus pinnatifid ...201424534527
[profiles of estrone, estrone sulfate and progesterone in donkey (equus asinus) mares during pregnancy].to gain further data on the hormonal control of pregnancy in the donkey and to obtain reference values for hormonal pregnancy testing.201424518882
speciation with gene flow in equids despite extensive chromosomal plasticity.horses, asses, and zebras belong to a single genus, equus, which emerged 4.0-4.5 mya. although the equine fossil record represents a textbook example of evolution, the succession of events that gave rise to the diversity of species existing today remains unclear. here we present six genomes from each living species of asses and zebras. this completes the set of genomes available for all extant species in the genus, which was hitherto represented only by the horse and the domestic donkey. in addi ...201425453089
ancient dna provides new insight into the maternal lineages and domestication of chinese donkeys.the donkey (equus asinus) is an important domestic animal that provides a reliable source of protein and method of transportation for many human populations. however, the process of domestication and the dispersal routes of the chinese donkey are still unclear, as donkey remains are sparse in the archaeological record and often confused with horse remains. to explore the maternal origins and dispersal route of chinese donkeys, both mitochondrial dna d-loop and cytochrome b gene fragments of 21 s ...201425433485
discovery and comparative analysis of a novel satellite, ec137, in horses and other equids.centromeres are the sites of kinetochore assembly and spindle fiber attachment and consist of protein-dna complexes in which the dna component is typically characterized by the presence of extended arrays of tandem repeats called satellite dna. here, we describe the isolation and characterization of a 137-bp-long new satellite dna sequence from the horse genome (ec137), which is also present, even if less abundant, in the domestic donkey, the grevy's zebra and the burchelli's zebra. we investiga ...201425342230
effect of post-thaw addition of seminal plasma on motility, viability and chromatin integrity of cryopreserved donkey jack (equus asinus) spermatozoa.pregnancy rates in donkeys after artificial insemination with cryopreserved semen are still low, compared to the horse species. addition of autologous seminal plasma to frozen-thawed semen appeared to improve pregnancy rates. the aims of this study were to evaluate (1) sperm motility and plasma membrane integrity after thawing (t0) and after one and 2 h (t1 and t2) of post-thaw incubation in either 0% (sp0) or 70% (sp70) autologous seminal plasma and (2) sperm motility, plasma membrane integrity ...201425256158
zoonoses from pets horses, donkeys and mules: with special references to egypt.a zoonosis is an animal disease that is transmissible to humans. humans are usually an accidental host that acquires disease through close contact with an infected animal, who may or may not be symptomatic. children are at highest risk for infection because they are more likely to have close contact with pets. pets are responsible for transmission of an extensive array of bacterial, fungal, and parasitic zoonotic pathogens. the route of transmission can be through the saliva (e.g., bites or cont ...201424961014
spatial characterization of leptospira spp. infection in equids from the brejo paraibano micro-region in brazil.the present study, the first to spatially characterize leptospira spp. infection among equids in the brejo paraibano micro-region of the paraiba state in the northeast of brazil, investigated 257 animals in 26 farms properties. serum samples from 204 horses, 46 mules and seven donkeys were serologically diagnosed using the microscopic agglutination test (mat). the distribution of leptospira spp. was studied by employing specific antigens from 24 different leptospira serovars. all farms were geor ...201424893023
luteoprotective role of equine chorionic gonadotropin (ecg) during pregnancy in the mare.the effects of repeated cloprostenol administration were compared in mares impregnated by horses and mares impregnated by donkeys in order to assess the role of ecg on the development of pregnancy-associated resistance to the luteolytic and abortifacient effects of pgf2α. eleven mares impregnated by donkey (mule pregnancy) and 9 mares impregnated by horse (horse pregnancy) were used. six mares with mule pregnancy and four with horse pregnancy were injected with cloprostenol (0.25 mg) when they w ...201424617452
prevalence of cutaneous pathological conditions and factors associated with the presence of skin wounds in working equids in tropical regions of veracruz, mexico.a wide spectrum of welfare issues is encountered on working equids. the objectives of this study were: (i) to determine the prevalence of cutaneous lesions in working equids in tropical regions of the north-central of veracruz state, mexico, (ii) to identify the most prevalent cutaneous pathological conditions in this population of working equids, and (iii) to identify risk factors associated to the presence of work-related skin wounds. a number of 467 working equids presented for treatment at d ...201424488621
helping working equidae and their owners in developing countries: monitoring and evaluation of evidence-based interventions.there are an estimated 112 million equidae (horses, donkeys, mules) in the developing world, providing essential resources for their owners' livelihoods and well-being. the impoverished situation of their owners and the often harsh conditions in which they work mean that the animals' welfare is a cause for concern. a number of equine non-governmental organisations (ngos) operate within working equid communities providing veterinary care, education and training programmes aimed at improving equin ...201424269105
inter-laboratory ring trials to evaluate serological methods for dourine diagnosis.to evaluate the reproducibility of routine serological methods to detect trypanosoma equiperdum antibodies in equine sera, two inter-laboratory ring trials were organized involving 22 european and 4 non-european reference laboratories for dourine. the serological methods were the complement fixation test (cft; 25 laboratories) and the indirect fluorescent antibody test (ifat; 4 laboratories). three of the laboratories applied both these methods. the sample panels were composed of sera that were ...201425015543
molecular detection of equine trypanosomes in the sudan.equine trypanosomosis (et) is a protozoan disease affecting equines in many parts of the world. we examined 509 samples collected from geographically distinct regions in eastern, central and western sudan to estimate the endemicity of et using the generic its1-pcr diagnostic methods. results revealed that horses and donkeys were infected by trypanosoma brucei subgroup, trypanosoma vivax, trypanosoma simiae and trypanosoma congolense. the prevalence of trypanosoma spp. was higher in horses (12.7% ...201424439848
concentrations of trace elements in american alligators (alligator mississippiensis) from florida, usa.concentrations of 28 trace elements (li, mg, al, v, cr, mn, fe, co, ni, cu, zn, ga, as, se, rb, sr, mo, ag, cd, in, sn, sb, cs, tl, hg, pb, and bi) in the livers of juvenile and adult american alligators inhabiting two central florida lakes, lake apopka (la), and lake woodruff national wildlife refuge (lw) and one lagoon population located in merritt island national wildlife refuge (minwr; nasa), were determined. in juveniles from minwr, concentrations of nine elements (li, fe, ni, sr, in, sb, h ...201424698170
a review of domestic animal diseases within the pacific islands region.the pacific island countries and territories (picts) are reported to be free of the most serious infectious livestock diseases which are prevalent in other parts of the globe, such as highly pathogenic avian influenza, foot and mouth disease or rabies. yet there is a lack of scientifically based evidence to confirm this animal health status. this paper reviews what has been published on diseases of domestic animals in the pacific islands region with a particular focus on data from the last 20 ye ...201424388793
astragalus mongholicus regulate the toll-like-receptor 4 meditated signal transduction of dendritic cells to restrain stomach cancer cells.according to the traditional view, we depend on three methods to treat tumors; surgery, chemotherapy and radiotherapy. however, these methods have its own limitations in application. traditional chinese medicine (tcm) is one of the oldest healing systems. astragalus mongholicus (ams) that is the common herbal medicine, the biggest part of tcm, have been proved to be effective in treating cancers from lots of clinical cases. however, we have not fully understood the anti-tumor mechanism of ams, a ...201425371568
a histomorphological analysis of human and non-human femora.histology is used to describe post-mortem bone alterations, trauma, pathology and age estimation and to separate human and non-human bones. many scholars are however not familiar with the intricate and variable microstructure of bone, and due to the complex nature of some classification systems, bone histomorphology is often incorrectly described or identified. little information is available on the histomorphology of non-human bones found in southern africa, and therefore, the aim of this study ...201423604414
the association between childhood environmental exposures and the subsequent development of crohn's disease in the western cape, south africa.environmental factors during childhood are thought to play a role in the aetiolgy of crohn's disease (cd). however the association between age at time of exposure and the subsequent development of cd in south africa is unknown.201425514591
transport characteristics of urea transporter-b.ut-b represents the major urea transporter in erythrocytes, in addition to being expressed in kidney descending vasa recta, brain, spleen, ureter, bladder, and testis. expression of urea transporter ut-b confers high urea permeability to mammalian erythrocytes. erythrocyte membranes are also permeable to various urea analogues, suggesting common transport pathways for urea and structurally similar solutes. ut-b is highly permeable to urea and the chemical analogues formamide, acetamide, methylur ...201425298342
hypoallergenic properties of donkey's milk: a preliminary study.cow's milk protein allergy (cmpa) is an abnormal immunological response to cow milk proteins, which results in ige-mediated reactions. the therapeutic strategy to respond to cmpa envisages the total elimination of milk or the administration of cow's milk substitutes. for this reason the use of milk from other mammalian species was tested. among them, donkey's milk proved to be the best alternative in feeding infants affected by cmpa, since its chemical composition is comparable to human milk. in ...201424981912
increasing incidence of hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome could be associated with livestock husbandry in changchun, northeastern china.since the end of the 1990s, the incidence of hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (hfrs) has been increasing dramatically in changchun, northeastern china. however, it is unknown which, and how, underlying risk factors have been involved in the reemergence of the disease.201424894341
isoelectric focusing and elisa for detecting adulteration of donkey milk with cow milk.donkey milk has been recently revalued intensely due to its nutritional properties. moreover, donkey milk has been proposed as an effective alternative food for some infants with cow milk allergy. two fast analytical methods were proposed to detect the fraudulent practice of blending cow milk to donkey milk. detection of cow αs1-casein bands along the profiles of experimental donkey-cow milk mixtures analyzed by isoelectric focusing was adequate to estimate cow milk used as adulterant of donkey ...201424892189
persistence of α-cypermethrin residues in milk of lactating donkeys (equus asinus) using uhplc-ms/ms.the aim of this study was to measure the persistence of residues of the pyrethroid insecticide α-cypermethrin (acyp) in the milk of lactating donkeys following pour-on treatment. milk was collected from animals (n = 7) before the treatment and at 12, 24, 36, 48, 60, 72 and 84 h post-treatment. the last sampling was taken 7 days post-treatment (168 h). milk samples were analysed by ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry (uhplc-ms/ms). the analytical metho ...201424806743
a review of the tabanus semiargenteus-subgroup as part of the tabanus bovinus species-group (diptera: tabanidae) with the description of two new species for science.the semiargenteus-subgroup of the tabanus bovinus species group is reviewed. the known distribution area of the three previously known species could be significantly increased. t. semiargenteus olsufjev, 1937 was for the first time recorded from syria and iran, t. olsufjevi hauser, 1960 from iraq and iran and t. sarbazensisježek, 1990 from lebanon, syria, turkey and iraq. two new species are described from this region, tabanus beieri sp. nov. and t. lintzeni sp. nov. the male of t. sarbazensis i ...201424799180
new perspectives in the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (raas) i: endogenous angiotensin converting enzyme (ace) inhibition.angiotensin-converting enzyme (ace) inhibitors represent the fifth most often prescribed drugs. ace inhibitors decrease 5-year mortality by approximately one-fifth in cardiovascular patients. surprisingly, there are reports dating back to 1979 suggesting the existence of endogenous ace inhibitors, which endogenous inhibitory effects are much less characterized than that for the clinically administered ace inhibitors. here we aimed to investigate this endogenous ace inhibition in human sera. it w ...201424691160
variation in mitochondrial minichromosome composition between blood-sucking lice of the genus haematopinus that infest horses and pigs.the genus haematopinus contains 21 species of blood-sucking lice, parasitizing both even-toed ungulates (pigs, cattle, buffalo, antelopes, camels and deer) and odd-toed ungulates (horses, donkeys and zebras). the mitochondrial genomes of the domestic pig louse, haematopinus suis, and the wild pig louse, haematopinus apri, have been sequenced recently; both lice have fragmented mitochondrial genomes with 37 genes on nine minichromosomes. to understand whether the composition of mitochondrial mini ...201424690192
bovine calves as ideal bio-indicators for fluoridated drinking water and endemic osteo-dental fluorosis.relative susceptibility to fluoride (f) toxicosis in the form of osteo-dental fluorosis was observed in an observational survey of 2,747 mature and 887 immature domestic animals of diverse species living in areas with naturally fluoridated (>1.5 ppm f) drinking water. these animals included buffaloes (bubalus bubalis), cattle (bos taurus), camels (camelus dromedarius), donkeys (equus asinus), horses (equus caballus), goats (capra hircus), and sheep (ovis aries). of these mature and immature anim ...201424671615
characterization of the biological properties and complete genome sequence analysis of a cattle-derived rabies virus isolate from the guangxi province of southern china.in this study, a street rabies virus isolate, gxhxn, was obtained from the brain of one rabid cattle in guangxi province of southern china. to characterize the biological properties of gxhxn, we first evaluated its pathogenicity using 4-week-old adult mice. gxhxn was highly pathogenic with a short incubation period and course of disease. its ld50 of 10(-6.86)/ml is significantly higher than the ld50 of 10(-5.19)/ml of gxn119, a dog-derived rabies virus isolate. it also displayed a higher neurotr ...201425142164
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