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trichinella spiralis: modulation of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis in da rats.helminth infection has a potent systemic immunomodulatory effect on the host immune response, which also affects the development of autoimmune diseases. we investigated the dose-dependent influence of trichinella spiralis infection on experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (eae). our model of concomitant t. spiralis infection and eae demonstrates that established infection of dark agouti (da) rats with the parasite causes amelioration of the clinical course of induced eae in a dose-dependent ...200818226814
spliced leader trans-splicing in the nematode trichinella spiralis uses highly polymorphic, noncanonical spliced leaders.the trans-splicing of short spliced leader (sl) rnas onto the 5' ends of mrnas occurs in a diverse range of taxa. in nematodes, all species so far characterized utilize a characteristic, conserved spliced leader, sl1, as well as variants that are employed in the resolution of operons. here we report the identification of spliced leader trans-splicing in the basal nematode trichinella spiralis, and show that this nematode does not possess a canonical sl1, but rather has at least 15 distinct splic ...200818256244
serological detection of trichinella spiralis in swine by elisa (enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay) using an excretory-secretory (e/s) antigen.the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) method is recommended for farm surveillance programs and may be useful for epidemiological studies in wildlife or for establishing trichinella-free areas. in this study, our interest was to compare the specificity and the time of seroconversion of excretory-secretory (e/s) antigens prepared from trichinella spiralis. a group of eight pigs was inoculated with 500 t. spiralis larvae per animal, and blood sampling was performed at 3 and 4-day intervals ...200818278585
extended cleavage specificity of mmcp-1, the major mucosal mast cell protease in mouse-high specificity indicates high substrate selectivity.mucosal mast cells are in the mouse predominantly found in the epithelium of the gastrointestinal tract. they express the beta-chymases mmcp-1 and mmcp-2. during nematode infections these intraepithelial mast cells increase in numbers and high amounts of mmcp-1 appear in the jejunal lumen and in the circulation. a targeted deletion of this enzyme leads to decreased ability to expel the intraepithelial nematode trichinella spiralis. a suggested role for mmcp-1 is alteration of epithelial permeabi ...200818313755
comparison of the effects of artemisia vulgaris and artemisia absinthium growing in western anatolia against trichinellosis (trichinella spiralis) in rats.trichinellosis often causing diarrhea and more rarely fever, periorbital edema and myositis in human, is commonly treated with benzimidazole derivatives. the artemisia genus has been found to be effective against a variety of parasites. in the present study, the efficacy against trichinellosis (trichinella spiralis) of artemisia vulgaris and artemisia absinthium was examined for the first time in rats. the results of trichinoscopy and artificial digestion, during the enteral (adult) phase of the ...200818325496
evolution of hedgehog and hedgehog-related genes, their origin from hog proteins in ancestral eukaryotes and discovery of a novel hint motif.the hedgehog (hh) signaling pathway plays important roles in human and animal development as well as in carcinogenesis. hh molecules have been found in both protostomes and deuterostomes, but curiously the nematode caenorhabditis elegans lacks a bona-fide hh. instead a series of hh-related proteins are found, which share the hint/hog domain with hh, but have distinct n-termini.200818334026
mouse mast cell tryptase mmcp-6 is a critical link between adaptive and innate immunity in the chronic phase of trichinella spiralis infection.although the innate immune function of mast cells in the acute phase of parasitic and bacterial infections is well established, their participation in chronic immune responses to indolent infection remains incompletely understood. in parasitic infection with trichinella spiralis, the immune response incorporates both lymphocyte and mast cell-dependent effector functions for pathogen eradication. among the mechanistic insights still unresolved in the reaction to t. spiralis are the means by which ...200818354212
complete validation of a unique digestion assay to detect trichinella larvae in horse meat demonstrates the reliability of this assay for meeting food safety and trade requirements.a tissue digestion assay using a double separatory funnel procedure for the detection of trichinella larvae in horse meat was validated for application in food safety programs and trade. the assay consisted of a pepsin-hcl digestion step to release larvae from muscle tissue and two sequential sedimentation steps in separatory funnels to recover and concentrate larvae for detection with a stereomicroscope. with defined critical control points, the assay was conducted within a quality assurance sy ...200818389700
computational screen for spliceosomal rna genes aids in defining the phylogenetic distribution of major and minor spliceosomal components.the rna molecules of the spliceosome are critical for specificity and catalysis during splicing of eukaryotic pre-mrna. in order to examine the evolution and phylogenetic distribution of these rnas, we analyzed 149 eukaryotic genomes representing a broad range of phylogenetic groups. rnas were predicted using high-sensitivity local alignment methods and profile hmms in combination with covariance models. the results provide the most comprehensive view so far of the phylogenetic distribution of s ...200818390578
evaluation of a rapid elisa technique for detection of circulating antigens of toxoplasma gondii.to evaluate a modified rapid elisa method for detecting cag during toxoplasma gondii infection, we analyzed the specificity and sensitivity of the elisa method by using experimental toxoplasma infection in rabbits and also tested this method in human samples including 5428 serum, 548 cerebrospinal fluid and two breast milk samples. we prepared pcab, and used it for rapid one-step sandwich elisa testing in which an incubation time in the regular elisa procedure was omitted. this method detected c ...200818402600
innate immune response mechanisms in the intestinal epithelium: potential roles for mast cells and goblet cells in the expulsion of adult trichinella spiralis.summarygastrointestinal infection with the nematode trichinella spiralis is accompanied by a rapid and reversible expansion of the mucosal mast cell and goblet cell populations in the intestinal epithelium, which is associated with the release of their mediators into the gut lumen. both goblet cell and mast cell hyperplasia are highly dependent on mucosal t-cells and augmented by the cytokines il-4 and il-13. however, the contribution of both mast and goblet cells, and the mediators they produce ...200818413001
the functions of deoxyribonuclease ii in immunity and development.apoptosis, which is usually accompanied by dna degradation, is important not only for the homeostasis of metazoans but also for mammalian development. if dna is not properly degraded in these processes, it can cause diverse diseases, such as anemia, cataracts, and some autoimmune diseases. a large effort has been made to identify these nucleases that are responsible for these effects. in contrast to deoxyribonuclease i (dnase i), deoxyribonuclease ii (dnase ii) has been less well characterized i ...200818419230
[myocarditis caused by trichinella spiralis: a case report].trichinellosis is a cosmopolitan nematodosis which is rare in the developed countries. myocarditis represents the most frequent form of cardiac complications, sometimes lethal. the authors report the observation of a 36-years-old patient admitted for trichinellosis, who presented asymptomatic electrocardiographic modifications and a rise in the troponine i. the magnetic resonance imaging (mri) after gadolinium injection, highlighted an underepicardic late raising rendering the diagnosis of myoca ...200818054346
immunosuppression of th2 responses in trichinella spiralis infection by helicobacter pylori neutrophil-activating protein.the helicobacter pylori neutrophil-activating protein (hp-nap) is able to induce il-12 expression by cells of innate immunity and to shift to t(h)1 human allergen-specific t(h)2 cells in vitro.200818804852
current trends in tissue-affecting helminths.some helminths have by their evolution learnt to systemically invade a host organism, and to select specific organs or host cell types as predilection site to reside, maturate or even proliferate. these parasites needed to develop complex and unique strategies to escape host immune reactions. the present work sheds some light into the strategy developed by three different helminths (echinococcus multilocularis, trichinella spiralis and toxocara conis) to survive in the host organ or host cell, r ...200818814697
trichinella spiralis: nurse cell formation with emphasis on analogy to muscle cell repair.abstract: trichinella infection results in formation of a capsule in infected muscles. the capsule is a residence of the parasite which is composed of the nurse cell and fibrous wall. the process of nurse cell formation is complex and includes infected muscle cell response (de-differentiation, cell cycle re-entry and arrest) and satellite cell responses (activation, proliferation and differentiation). some events that occur during the nurse cell formation are analogous to those occurring during ...200818710582
human dispersal of trichinella spiralis in domesticated pigs.to investigate the human impact on the evolutionary ecology of animal pathogens, we compared genetic diversity of severe foodborne parasites contracted by eating infected pork or wild game. in particular, we characterized trichinella spp. from twenty-eight countries and four continents by genotyping nine microsatellite loci and sequencing one-fifth of the mitochondrial genome. all specimens of trichinella spiralis, a swine parasite that can infect many species of wildlife, were remarkably unifor ...200818718558
eosinophils and trichinella infection: toxic for the parasite and the host?peripheral blood and tissue eosinophilia characterize trichinellosis in humans, and present in addition to the increased total ige levels that occur in many helminth infections. both processes are the consequence of t-helper 2 activation. blood and tissue eosinophilia begins with eosinophilopoiesis in the bone marrow, which is followed by the migration of eosinophils through the circulatory system, the eosinophil infiltration of tissues at the inflammatory foci and, finally, degranulation and ce ...200818722811
cross-sectional study of trichinella spp in pigs in cdr, nepal using pepsin digestion and elisa serology.this epidemiological cross-sectional study was conducted in five major pig-producing districts of cdr, nepal from november 2006 to april 2007. a total of 576 slaughtered pigs were randomly selected and diaphragmatic crus muscles (n = 551), corresponding sera (n = 487) and sera only (n = 25) were collected from them. meat samples were examined by pepsin digestion to evaluate for larvae of trichinella spp. the sera were investigated using elisa to evaluate for antibodies against t. spiralis. the d ...200819058569
mast cell production of il-4 and tnf may be required for protective and pathological responses in gastrointestinal helminth infection.expulsion of the gastrointestinal nematode trichinella spiralis is associated with th2 responses and intestinal inflammation, which correlate with a marked mast cell (mc) response. to address the role of mc-derived cytokines in the induction of protective responses, wbb6f1-kitw/kitw-v (w/w(v)) mice were reconstituted with wild-type, tumor necrosis factor (tnf)-alpha(-/-), or interleukin (il)-4(-/-) bone marrow (bm) prior to infection with t. spiralis. w/w(v) mice reconstituted with tnf-alpha(-/- ...200819079172
[the ability of 67ga scintigraphy to detect trichinella spiralis].to assess the value of (67) ga scintigraphy in the lesions of trichinella spiralis, an animal model was developed. three infected and five healthy animals were enrolled in this study. after the injection of 7.4 mbq (200 micro ci) (67) ga citrate intravenously, static images from whole body were obtained at 24(th), 48 (th) and 72 (nd) hours visual and semiquantitative analyses were performed. in semiquantitative analysis, activity counts were calculated over the whole body, diaphragm, neck muscle ...200818985574
[effect of maternal anti-trichinella antibodies on intestinal worm burden in sucking mice].to observe the transfer route of maternal anti-trichinella antibodies and its effect on intestinal worm expulsion after the sucking mice was infected with t. spiralis.200819288921
effects of ovariectomy and thyroidectomy on course and outcome of trichinella spiralis infection in rat.physiological hormones modulate immune responses and implicate in associated susceptibilities to infections. to clarify these endocrinological effects, the influence of estrogen and thyroid deficiency, due to ovariectomy and thyroidectomy, respectively, on course and outcome of trichinella spiralis infection in rats was studied. while in ovariectomized rats there was significant increase in both adult and muscle larval counts as compared to intact infected rats, in thyroidectomized rats there wa ...200819143118
protective immunity and antibody response of rats infected with trichinella spiralis.to study the protective immunity and antibody (igg, igg1 and igg2a) response against adult and larva infection of t. spiralis korean isolate in rats.200824812814
[identification of six trichinella isolates from china by multiplex pcr].to identify and classify six isolates of swine-originated trichinella from china.200824812807
caenorhabditis elegans cisred: a catalogue of conserved genomic elements.the availability of completely sequenced genomes from eight species of nematodes has provided an opportunity to identify novel cis-regulatory elements in the promoter regions of caenorhabditis elegans transcripts using comparative genomics. we determined orthologues for c. elegans transcripts in c. briggsae, c. remanei, c. brenneri, c. japonica, pristionchus pacificus, brugia malayi and trichinella spiralis using the waba alignment algorithm. we pooled the upstream region of each transcript in c ...200919151087
development of a real-time pcr assay for the detection of trichinella spiralis in situ.trichinellosis is a widespread zoonotic disease caused by nematodes of the genus trichinella. most human infections are caused by trichinella spiralis, with pig meat being the main source of infection. as a consequence, all countries in the eu inspect slaughtered animals to prevent the distribution of infected meat to consumers. however, trichinella spp. infect nearly all orders of mammals and so wildlife monitoring is often required in regions that want to provide evidence of negligible risk of ...200919153012
eosinophil deficiency compromises parasite survival in chronic nematode infection.immune responses elicited by parasitic worms share many features with those of chronic allergy. eosinophils contribute to the inflammation that occurs in both types of disease, and helminths can be damaged or killed by toxic products released by eosinophils in vitro. such observations inform the widely held view that eosinophils protect the host against parasitic worms. the mouse is a natural host for trichinella spiralis, a worm that establishes chronic infection in skeletal muscle. we tested t ...200919155506
molecular cloning and characterization of heat shock protein 70 from trichinella spiralis.a cdna encoding heat shock protein 70 of trichinella spiralis (ts-hsp70) was identified by immunoscreening the adult t. spiralis cdna library with rabbit antisera against t. spiralis adult extracts. the open reading frame of ts-hsp70 cdna encoded a 623-amino acid peptide with a predicted molecular weight of 68.7kda, which shares a high degree of sequence conservation with hsp70s from other parasites. recombinant ts-hsp70 was expressed in escherichia coli and purified with nickel column chromatog ...200919185561
neither interleukin-4 receptor alpha expression on cd4+ t cells, or macrophages and neutrophils is required for protective immunity to trichinella spiralis.the t helper type 2 (th2) mediated expulsion of the gastrointestinal nematode trichinella spiralis requires interleukin-4 receptor alpha (il-4ralpha) expression on both bone-marrow-derived and non-bone-marrow-derived cells. to more definitively investigate the role of il-4/il-13 responsiveness in the development of protective immunity to t. spiralis, cell-specific il-4ralpha signalling on cd4(+) t cells (lck(cre) il-4ralpha(-/flox)) and macrophages/neutrophils (lysm(cre) il-4ralpha(-/flox)) was ...200919191917
trichinella britovi and trichinella spiralis mixed infection in a horse from poland.trichinella infections in horses continue to represent a health problem and, despite the rarity of infection, it is necessary to continue to control properly horse meat. in 2008, a 10-year-old horse imported from poland to italy for consumption found to have been positive at the digestion test. both trichinella britovi and trichinella spiralis larvae in a proportion of 4:1 were detected in the horse muscles. this is the first report of a mixed trichinella species infection in a horse. the epidem ...200919217211
purinergic contribution to small intestinal afferent hypersensitivity in a murine model of postinfectious bowel disease.increased sensitivity of the afferent innervation of the gastrointestinal tract reportedly underlies symptoms of discomfort and pain in functional bowel disorders. the present investigation aimed to examine whether the purinergic p2x(2) and p2x(3) receptor subunits contribute to the mechanosensitivity of small intestinal afferents in normal mice and in a murine model of postinfectious gut dysfunction. mesenteric afferent nerve activity was recorded in a mouse jejunum preparation maintained in vi ...200919220757
the effect of intestinal trichinellosis on oral bioavailability of albendazole in mice.the effect of trichinella spiralis infection on the pharmacokinetic profile of orally administered albendazol has been investigated in mice during the intestinal phase of the disease. swiss cd-1 mice were orally infected with 300 +/- 50 muscle larvae of t. spiralis and then treated with albendazole (abz) formulated in hydroxy-propyl-beta-cyclodextrins at the dose of 10 mg/kg given orally on days 0, 5, 10 and 22 post-infection (p.i.). blood samples were taken at 0.25, 0.5, 0.75, 1, 5, 6 and 24 h ...200919241092
[comparative study of the protective immunity activated by antigens of adult worms and muscle larvae of trichinella spiralis].to compare the immune protective effects of the mice immunized by antigens derived from adult worms and muscle larvae of trichinella spiralis.200919257982
effect of lactobacillus casei shirota strain intraperitoneal administration in cd1 mice on the establishment of trichinella spiralis adult worms and on iga anti-t. spiralis production.the effect of the intraperitoneal (ip) administration of lactobacillus casei shirota strain (lcs) in cd1 mice on the establishment of trichinella spiralis adult worms (tsaw), and on the generation of intestinal iga anti-t. spiralis after challenge (ac) were evaluated. one hundred and twenty mice were allocated at random into two groups of 60 mice each: treated group (t) and non-treated group (nt). each mouse in t group was inoculated with lcs at days -21, -14, and -7. on day 0 each mouse was cha ...200919269100
vaccination with trichinella spirallis antigens increases cd8+ peripheral t cells and enhances the th2 immune response in leishmania infantum challenged mice.in this study we investigate the effect of trichinella spiralis vaccination on immune responses elicited in balb/c mice challenged subcutaneously with 0.5 x 10 6 of leishmania infantum promastigotes. secretion of specific anti-l. infantum antibodies and changes in the number of cd4+, cd8+ t cell and cd19+ b cells in the peripheral blood were tested for the evaluation of immune responses. immunization with low amounts of t. spiralis antigens induced depression in anti-leishmania specific antibodi ...200919309564
[description of a trichinosis outbreak in the province of salamanca]. 200919750603
suppression of dendritic cell maturation by trichinella spiralis excretory/secretory products.evidence from experimental studies indicates that during chronic infections with certain helminth species a regulatory network is induced that can down-modulate not only parasite-induced inflammation but also reduce other immunopathologies such as allergies and autoimmune diseases. the mechanisms however, and the molecules involved in this immunomodulation are unknown. here, we focus on the effect of trichinella spiralis excretory/secretory antigens (tspes) on the innate immune response by study ...200919751476
quantitative risk assessment for the annual risk of exposure to trichinella spiralis in imported chilled pork meat from new zealand to singapore.to determine the annual likelihood of exposure to an infectious dose of trichinella spiralis from consuming imported pork meat from new zealand to singapore.200919802040
expulsion of secondary trichinella spiralis infection in rats occurs independently of mucosal mast cell release of mast cell protease ii.our aim was to elucidate the contribution of mucosal mast cells to the effector phase of a secondary immune response to trichinella spiralis. during secondary infection, rats expel 90-99% of t. spiralis first-stage larvae from the intestine in a matter of hours. this phenomenon appears to be unique to rats and has been called rapid expulsion. primary intestinal infection by t. spiralis induces mastocytosis, and mast cell degranulation occurs when challenged rats exhibit rapid expulsion. these ob ...200919812197
[biological properties of the isolate of trichinella spp. from a jackal in the north-caucasian region].the biological properties of the isolate from trichinella from ajackal in the north-caucasian region of the russian federation were studied. the jackal's muscle tissue showed two trichinella species preserving their genetic isolation during 5 passages on mice. oval capsules containing live larvae (on day 90 after infection) in the rat muscles corresponds to the conventional description of the species trichinella spiralis in their morphometric and biological properties. the morphological data, bi ...200919830913
[lifetime diagnosis of trichinosis in experimentally infected laboratory animals].the authors propose a new method for lifetime diagnosis (ltd) of experimental invasion of trichinella spiralis in migratory and muscular phases, which is based on thin-layer microscopy of minor samples of skeletal muscles (weighing 1-1.5 mg) on gradually increased impulse manual compression. the ltd method permits the monitoring of the most important follow-up qualitative and quantitative invasion parameters in each infected animal in normalcy and under the action of specific therapeutic and pre ...200919348315
trichinellosis survey in the wild boar from the toledo mountains in south-western spain (2007-2008): molecular characterization of trichinella isolates by issr-pcr.in spain, trichinellosis represents a public health problem, with an average of five outbreaks per year, wild boar meat being the main source of infection. a trichinellosis survey (2007-2008 hunting campaign) was carried out on wild boars in the toledo mountains (south-western spain, eu) in the context of a surveillance programme on wildlife diseases. a total of 2216 wild boars from different locations of the region were examined. the examination was carried out by veterinarians in the local aba ...200919389268
use of mitochondrial rna genes for the differentiation of four trichinella species by multiplex pcr amplification.until now, four species of the trichinella genus have been identified in europe: trichinella spiralis, t. nativa, t. britovi and t. pseudospiralis. the aim of this work was to establish a sound polymerase chain reaction (pcr)-based method to differentiate these four species using mitochondrial rdna as a reliable genetic marker and to evaluate the sensitivity of this method. full-length dna sequences coding for the small and large mitochondrial rrna (mt-rrns and mt-rrnl) of the four species are d ...200919389269
epithelial stem cell-related alterations in trichinella spiralis-infected small intestine.infection of mice with the parasite trichinella spiralis leads to small intestinal inflammation, characterized by changes in mucosal architecture and subpopulations of epithelial cells. this model has been used to explore changes in the epithelial proliferative cell population and expression of transforming growth factor-beta (tgf-beta).200919397593
[immunodiagnostic value and immune protection of the recombinant ts21 antigen of trichinella spiralis].to study the immunodiagnostic value and immune protection of the recombinant ts21 protein of trichinella spiralis.200919459493
[effect of male trichinella spiralis to female fertility].to study the life span of trichinella spiralis male adult and its effect on female fertility.200919459499
[effect of pregnancy on the immune response against trichinella spiralis infection in mice].to study the effect of pregnancy on the immune response against trichinella spiralis infection in mice.200919459500
molecular taxonomy, phylogeny and biogeography of nematodes belonging to the trichinella genus.studying parasites of the genus trichinella provides scientists of today many advantages. this is a group of zoonotic nematodes that circulates freely among wildlife hosts with one in particular, trichinella spiralis that is exceptionally well adapted to domestic swine. recent reports suggest that human infections from hunted animals are on the rise worldwide and numerous countries still experience problems with t. spiralis in their domestic food supplies. trichinella is a genus whose members ar ...200919460327
evaluation of a western blot and elisa for the detection of anti-trichinella-igg in pig sera.human trichinellosis is a foodborne disease caused by ingestion of infective trichinella muscle larvae via pork or meat of other food animals which are susceptible to this zoonotic parasite. there are new approaches for a risk-oriented meat inspection for trichinella in pigs which are accompanied by monitoring programmes on herd level to control freedom from this parasite. for this purpose, testing schemes utilizing serological tests with a high sensitivity and specificity are required. this stu ...200919473770
trichinellosis acquired in senegal from warthog ham, march 2009.three confirmed and three suspected cases of trichinellosis have been reported in france with onset of symptoms in march 2009, linked to consumption of smoked warthog ham in senegal.200919480811
detection of trichinella spiralis dna in mouse faeces during the early stage of infection.trichinella spiralis is an etiological agent of trichinellosis, a parasitic disease present worldwide, affecting both animals and humans. the infection starts from the intestinal stage which usually lasts a few weeks and develops into the muscle phase when larvae enter the muscle cells and create a nurse cell-larva-complex. in animals, the infection is asymptomatic even if a high number of larvae is ingested. the aim of this work was to develop a sensitive test to monitor the early phase of tric ...200919505512
central role of il-10 as key regulator of inflammation during intestinal trichinellosis in mice.this study characterized some immuno-pathological aspects of intestinal trichinellosis where, the influence of this nematode infection on levels of il-10 mrna expression, nitric oxide (no) and myeloperoxidase (mpo) in intestinal mucosa is going to be studied. four groups of albino mice were infected orally by trichinella spiralis (t. spiralis) larvae and sacrificed on days 3, 6, 14, & 30 post infections (d.p.i.). levels of the previously mentioned parameters were measured in the infected intesti ...200919530608
trichinella spiralis: effect of thymus factor x on apoptosis and necrosis in mice.the aim of the study was to determine the effect of thymus factor x (tfx-jelfa) on the percentage of apoptotic and necrotic lymphocytes in the spleen, mesenteric lymph nodes, and muscle tissue of mice infected with 200 larvae of trichinella spiralis. tfx was administered subcutaneously at a dose of 15mg/kg. on days 7, 14, 21, 28, 35, 42, and 60 after infection, apoptotic and necrotic cells were detected by flow cytometry after staining with the annexin v-fluos staining kit. tfx increased the per ...200919555688
in vitro effects of resveratrol on trichinella spiralis.resveratrol, a natural phytoalexin found mainly in grapes, possesses antibacterial, antifungal, and antiviral properties. however, there is no information about its effects on helminths such as trichinella sp. in the present study, we investigated the effects of resveratrol on the viability of trichinella spiralis life stages in vitro. adult forms, newborn larvae (nbl), and muscle larvae (ml) were incubated with resveratrol at concentrations varying from 12.5 to 200 microg/ml. resveratrol showed ...200919562377
transmembrane tumor necrosis factor alpha is required for enteropathy and is sufficient to promote parasite expulsion in gastrointestinal helminth infection.to study the specific role of transmembrane tumor necrosis factor (tmtnf) in protective and pathological responses against the gastrointestinal helminth trichinella spiralis, we compared the immune responses of tnf-alpha/lymphotoxin alpha (ltalpha)(-/-) mice expressing noncleavable transgenic tmtnf to those of tnf-alpha/ltalpha(-/-) and wild-type mice. the susceptibility of tnf-alpha/ltalpha(-/-) mice to t. spiralis infection was associated with impaired induction of a protective th2 response an ...200919564380
histopathology of trichinellosis in wild boar.histopathological study of trichinella constitutes an important knowledge base to understand the pathogenesis of this disease. this study analyses cell response and macroscopic lesions in wild boar for the two species of trichinella present in spain: trichinella spiralis and t. britovi. we carried out both trichinelloscopy and artificial digestion to calculate the parasitic load and relate this to the macroscopic lesions. the results obtained prove a lesser adaptation of t. britovi in wild boar. ...200919632784
cardiac involvement in trichinellosis: a case of left ventricular thrombosis.we report the case of a 42-year-old woman who was admitted to the hospital for fever, chills, nausea, vomiting, fatigue, myalgia, and general muscle weakness. all these symptoms had occurred 3 weeks after the ingestion of inadequately cooked pork meat, subsequently confirmed to be infested with trichinella spiralis. laboratory results showed mild leukocytosis, inflammation, and mild liver and muscle cytolytic syndrome, all suggestive of trichinellosis. echocardiography showed apical hypokinesis ...200919635890
th17 cells influence intestinal muscle contraction during trichinella spiralis infection.trichinella spiralis infection in rodents is a well-known model of intestinal inflammation associated with hypermotility. the aim of the study was to use this experimental model to elucidate if th17 cells are involved in the development of gastrointestinal hypermotility. colonic smooth muscle contractility was investigated in response to acetylcholine. the levels of il-17, il-23 and tgf-beta1 in colon were measured by western blotting. flow cytometric detection of intracellular ifn-gamma/il-4/il ...200919662367
[nematode infections in mice--an experimental model of immunoregulation].there has been a substantial increase in the incidence of autoimmune and allergic diseases in western countries in the past few decades. however, in the geographic area endemic for parasitic helminth infections, such diseases remain relatively rare. it has been hypothesized that helminths may protect against immune disorders that have been observed in urbanized area. studies on rodents infected with nematodes trichinella spiralis, heligmosomoides polygyrus, nippostrongylus brasiliensis and trich ...200919670531
loss of the insulator protein ctcf during nematode evolution.the zinc finger (zf) protein ctcf (ccctc-binding factor) is highly conserved in drosophila and vertebrates where it has been shown to mediate chromatin insulation at a genomewide level. a mode of genetic regulation that involves insulators and insulator binding proteins to establish independent transcriptional units is currently not known in nematodes including caenorhabditis elegans. we therefore searched in nematodes for orthologs of proteins that are involved in chromatin insulation.200919712444
trichinella: differential expression of angiogenic factors in macrophages stimulated with antigens from encapsulated and non-encapsulated species.the newborn larval stage of trichinella spiralis enters the host striated skeletal muscle cell resulting in the formation of the nurse cell. vascular endothelial growth factor (vegf) was detected in cells in the area immediately surrounding the nurse cells. however, no data are available on the antigens involved, the role of other angiogenic factors or the relationship of angiogenesis with nitric oxide (no) production. using macrophage cell culture we study the effect of different trichinella l1 ...200919723522
functional genes and proteins of trichinella spp.research of trichinella proteins has been conducted with emphasis on excretory-secretory (e-s) products of muscle larvae because of two reasons. the first is that it has prominent and narrow specific antigenicity, and the second is that it may play some role in nurse cell formation after being secreted into host muscle cells. proteomic analysis of e-s proteins was further advanced by the aid of new analytical methods such as gene cloning, matrix-assisted laser desorption-ionization time-of-fligh ...200918987885
characterisation of novel protein families secreted by muscle stage larvae of trichinella spiralis.proteins secreted by trichinella spiralis have a potential role in remodelling host skeletal muscle. however, whilst many parasite-secreted proteins have been identified, it has rarely been demonstrated that these are secreted into the nurse cell. using an informatics-based analysis, we have searched the t. spiralis expressed sequence tag (est) datasets for cdnas encoding potential secreted proteins. here we describe the characterisation of three of the top candidates isolated from our analysis, ...200918992250
helminth antigen-based strategy to ameliorate inflammation in an experimental model of colitis.inflammatory bowel disease (ibd) is the most common and serious chronic inflammatory condition of the gut. among the distinct t helper (th) cell subsets, a th1 type response is associated predominantly with crohn's disease (cd) while helminth infections generate a strong th2 type response. ibd is most prevalent in developed countries but rare in countries where infections with helminths are common. thus, it has been hypothesized that infection with helminth infection influence the development of ...200919016806
species identification of trichinella isolates from china.two species of trichinella were identified from china by means of pcr amplification of the mitochondrial small subunit ribosomal dna and the expansion segment v region of the ribosomal dna. seven isolates originating from domestic pig and one isolate originating from dog showed identical dna banding pattern to trichinella spiralis, and two isolates from dog showed dna banding pattern identical to trichinella nativa. sequence analysis of the 5s rdna inter-gene spacer region from the ten trichinel ...200919036522
complement membrane attack complex formation and infectivity of trichinella spiralis and t. nativa in rats.rats readily become infected with trichinella spiralis but are more resistant to t. nativa. we infected complement factor c6-deficient (c6-) rats and control (c6+) rats with t. spiralis and t. nativa to compare the effects of membrane attack complex on these parasites in vivo. the 2000 larvae infection dose per rat yielded 652 lpg (larvae per gram) in the c6- group and 608 lpg in the c6+ group with t. spiralis, whereas with t. nativa the corresponding figures were only 1.05 and 1.87 lpg. the dif ...200919038499
trichinella spiralis--a potential anti-tumor agent.murine forestomach carcinoma (cell line mfc), ascitic hepatoma (cell line h22) and sarcoma (cell line s180) solid tumor models were used to test the anti-tumor effect of trichinella spiralis in vivo. mice previously infected by oral administration of 400 viable t. spiralis larvae per mouse for 7 days were grafted with various solid tumor cell lines. other groups of tumor-bearing mice were given caudal vein injection of crude extracts of adult and newborn larvae at 17.5, 35.0 or 70.0 mg kg(-1). t ...200919041180
strain difference in susceptibility to trichinella spiralis infection between dark agouti and albino oxford rats.the influence of host genetics on the susceptibility to primary trichinella spiralis infection has been extensively studied in a mouse model, but has not been clarified for rats. analyses of interstrain and intrastrain genetic variation in response to infectious agents could be beneficial not only for elucidating the genetic basis of host resistance/susceptibility, but for revealing immune response mechanisms as well. the aim of this study was to analyse interstrain differences in worm burdens a ...200919041181
evaluation of the risk of transmission of trichinella in pork production systems in argentina.recently, there has been interest in programs that certify pork production practices that minimize the risk of exposure of pigs to trichinella spiralis. certification might be useful for reducing the risk of human trichinellosis from pork in argentina, but more information is needed on pig production practices and sources of trichinella infection in argentinian pigs. in this study, 21 pig farms were assessed for trichinella infection including some farms using total and partial confinement manag ...200919041182
ring trial among national reference laboratories for parasites to detect trichinella spiralis larvae in pork samples according to the eu directive 2075/2005.to control trichinella spp. infection in the european union, all slaughtered pigs should be tested by one of the approved digestion methods described in eu directive 2075/2005. the aim of the present work was to evaluate, by a ring trial, the sensitivity of the digestion method used at the national reference laboratories for parasites (nrlp). these laboratories are responsible for the quality of the detection method in their own country. of the 27 eu countries, only three (hungary, luxembourg an ...200919041183
nanobodies, a promising tool for species-specific diagnosis of taenia solium cysticercosis.taenia solium cysticercosis is a major helminth zoonosis in developing countries. pigs are the intermediate hosts mediating transmission of infection. specific assays to diagnose living cysts in pigs are lacking. the monoclonal-based antigen detection elisa is genus-specific and cross-reactions with taenia hydatigena hamper the use of this test to screen pigs. we, therefore, aimed to introduce nanobodies, camelid-derived single-domain antibodies specific for t. solium cysticercosis, to develop u ...200919041315
long-term survey on trichinella prevalence in wildlife of slovakia.in slovakia, monitoring the prevalence of trichinella spp. in wildlife was performed since 2000 in the main reservoir animals, the red fox (vulpes vulpes) and wild boar (sus scrofa), using artificial digestion method as recommended by international commission on trichinellosis. the results of investigation performed in 5270 red foxes showed that trichinella infection is widespread across slovakia and prevalence increased significantly from 4.9% in 2000 to 20.5% in 2007. recently, a higher trichi ...200919042089
effect of phytohaemagglutinin-p on apoptosis and necrosis in trichinella spiralis infected mice.flow cytometry analyses were used to evaluate the contribution of apoptotic and necrotic lymphocytes in the selected organs of trichinella spiralis infected mice treated with phytohaemagglutinin-p (pha-p). the tunnel method was used to examine apoptosis in a cryostat section from the jejunum and masseter muscle. cfw mice (groups i and ii) were infected with 200 larvae of t. spiralis. pha-p was administered intravenously at a dose of 10mg/kg 24h prior to infection in group ii mice only. group iii ...200919042090
epidemiological and diagnostic findings during a 16-year-long trichinellosis surveillance in timis county, romania.the main source of trichinellosis in romania is insufficiently cooked pork infected with trichinella spiralis. timis, the largest romanian county, is located in the western part of the country where pork and traditional food prepared from pork are extensively consumed. the objective of the present study was to conduct a retrospective investigation of the incidence of human trichinellosis in timis county over a period of 16 years (1990-2005). the medical records of 521 patients were used as the s ...200919046807
humoral immune response of mice infected with low doses of trichinella spiralis muscle larvae.serological techniques are frequently used to detect parasite status and to monitor epidemiology and disease prevalence in important reservoir hosts of zoonotic diseases. small mammals present the most important link in the epidemiological chain in the spread of trichinellosis. in experimental studies, high infective doses are used to provoke strong immune response of laboratory animals. wild animals, however, could be infected with very low numbers of trichinella larvae. the aim of this work wa ...200919046808
micro-environmental conditions modulate protein secretion and infectivity of the trichinella spiralis l1 larva.after digestion of infected meat the free l1 of trichinella spp. penetrate the intestinal mucosa where they moult to the mature adult stage. we have used proteomics to identify changes in protein secretion during in vitro culture of free t. spiralis muscle larvae under different environmental conditions, and to correlate these changes with their infectivity in mice. muscle larvae were cultured in different media (rpmi-1640, c-199 and hbss) under conditions of anaerobiosis, microaerobiosis and in ...200919046809
identification of spanish trichinella isolates by issr-pcr: intra-specific variability of trichinella britovi.in the present work, we investigated genetic variability of the spanish trichinella isolates by issr-pcr (inter-simple sequence repeat polymerase chain reaction), a technique that is being successfully used to study diversity among related populations. we recovered a total of 43 isolates from different host and geographic localization and identified them by molecular techniques (rapd and multiplex-pcr) and by western blot with monoclonal antibodies us5 and us9. nineteen (44.2%) out of 43 were id ...200919046813
integrating genomics and phylogenetics in understanding the history of trichinella species.in 2004, funding was received by washington university's genome sequencing center through nhgri, to completely sequence several nematode genomes as part of a holistic effort to advance our understanding of the human genome and evolution within the metazoa. trichinella spiralis was among this group of worms because of its strategic location at the base of the phylum nematoda, and the belief that extant species represented an ancient divergent event that occurred as early as the paleozoic. at the ...200919046815
cloning and analysis of a trichinella pseudospiralis muscle larva secreted serine protease gene.nematode parasites of the genus trichinella are intracellular and distinct life cycle stages invade intestinal epithelial and skeletal muscle cells. within the genus, trichinella spiralis and trichinella pseudospiralis exhibit species-specific differences with respect to host-parasite complex formation and host immune modulation. parasite excretory-secretory (es) proteins play important roles at the host-parasite interface and are thought to underpin these differences in biology. serine protease ...200919054614
evaluation of three immunoserological techniques in the detection of porcine trichinellosis.three immunoserological tests (ist) used for the detection of porcine trichinellosis, immunofluorescence (if), enzyme-inmunoanalysis (eia), and western blot (wb), were compared. three groups of animals were analyzed: group 1, animals naturally infected with parasite burdens (pb) of <1 muscle larvae (ml)/g (n=18); group 2, animals naturally infected with pb of > or =2ml/g (n=23); group 3, animals raised and home-slaughtered on farms in argentina (n=59). animals from groups 1 and 2 were identified ...200919054617
synanthropic trichinella infection in finland.the first three human trichinellosis cases in finland were recorded around 1890, and altogether eight cases were registered until 2008. the first infected finnish swine was found in 1954. from the early 1980s, an increasing trend in the number of infected swine was seen, with the highest number registered in 1996, after which a decrease has been observed. infected pigs were found yearly until 2004. since 1954, all slaughtered pigs have been tested for trichinella, regardless of subsequent export ...200919054618
trichinella pseudospiralis in pig from croatia.trichinella spiralis and trichinella britovi are species that are frequently found in domestic pigs and various sylvatic animals in croatia. during routine trichinoscopy, non-encapsulated larvae were detected in the muscle tissue of a domestic pig. artificial digestion revealed a larvae burden of 602 muscle larvae per gram of tissue. tissue section analysis confirmed the presence of non-encapsulated larvae. multiplex pcr identified the larvae as t. pseudospiralis. this observation is consistent ...200919054619
differential activation of mast cells by antigens from trichinella spiralis muscle larvae, adults, and newborn larvae.mast cell (mc) hyperplasia and activation are prominent features in trichinella spiralis infection. indeed a temporal correlation has been shown between the kinetics of intestinal mastocytosis, release of inflammatory mediators from mc, and adult worm loss, which constitutes a major component of the defense against t. spiralis infection. it is well known that during the intestinal phase of trichinellosis, muscle larvae (ml) and adult worms (ad) enter into contact with the host; however, interact ...200919054621
synaptic plasticity: the new explanation of visceral hypersensitivity in rats with trichinella spiralis infection?synaptic plasticity plays an important role in affecting the intensity of visceral reflex. it may also be involved in the development of visceral hypersensitivity. the aim of this study was to investigate the role of synaptic plasticity on visceral hypersensitivity of rats infected by trichinella spiralis.200919058006
trichinellosis in wolves from croatia.the aim of the present study was to investigate the prevalence of trichinella infection in wolves (canis lupus) in a 17,468 km(2) area in croatia. muscle samples were collected from 67 wolves between 1996 and 2007 and analyzed by artificial digestion. muscle larvae were detected in 21 wolves (31%) and genotyped by multiplex pcr. trichinella britovi was the predominant species confirmed in 90% (19 wolves) while trichinella spiralis was detected in 9% (2 wolves). the presence of the so called "dom ...200919081193
prevalence of trichinella spp. in north spain wild fauna and new variety of trichinella britovi identification.trichinella spiralis and trichinella britovi live in apparent sympatry among wild fauna of the iberian peninsula. in the present study 105 trichinella isolates from wild mammals were typed by inter-sequence simple repeat pcr (issr-pcr). all isolates identified as t. spiralis were indistinguishable from the iss48 reference strain. among those belonging to t. britovi, four variations were clearly distinguishable; two of them, iss11 c-76 and iss86 mon, had been previously detected while the iss2 re ...200919084339
identification of antigenic genes in trichinella spiralis by immunoscreening of cdna libraries.genes encoding antigens of adult worm, newborn larvae and muscle larvae of trichinella spiralis were identified by immunoscreening their corresponding cdna libraries. the cdna libraries of t. spiralis adult (3 day old, ad3) and newborn larvae (nbl) were screened using the serum of a pig infected with 20,000 muscle larvae (ml) at 26 days post-infection (dpi). fifty-two positive clones representing 18 unique genes were obtained from the ad3 cdna library. the deduced amino acid sequences of 8 cdnas ...200919091476
a survey of nematode smy rnas.smy rnas are a family of approximately 70-90 nt small nuclear rnas found in nematodes. in c. elegans, smy rnas copurify in a small ribonucleoprotein (snrnp) complex related to the sl1 and sl2 snrnps that are involved in nematode mrna trans-splicing. here we describe a comprehensive computational analysis of smy rna homologs found in the currently available genome sequences. we identify homologs in all sequenced nematode genomes in class chromadorea. we are unable to identify homologs in a more d ...200919106623
validation of a western blot for the detection of anti-trichinella spp. antibodies in domestic pigs.trichinellosis is a zoonotic disease in humans caused by trichinella spp. according to international regulations and guidelines, serological surveillance can be used to demonstrate the absence of trichinella spp. in a defined domestic pig population. most enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) tests presently available do not yield 100% specificity, and therefore, a complementary test is needed to confirm the diagnosis of any initial elisa seropositivity. the goal of the present study was to ...200919130084
trichinella species circulating among wild and domestic animals in romania.trichinellosis is one of the most important zoonotic diseases in romania. even though the disease is a serious public health concern, only a limited number of trichinella isolates have been identified at the species level; in the past, all larvae were assumed to be trichinella spiralis. the present study was conducted to identify trichinella spp. circulating among wild and domestic animals in romania, using pcr-based methods. trichinella spp. larvae originating from 54 wild and 23 domestic mamma ...200919059726
trichinella spp. infection in horses of romania: serological and parasitological survey.herbivorous animals are usually, by virtue of their diet, outside the major transmission cycles of trichinella spp. however, since 1975, the year of the first report of human trichinellosis caused by the consumption of infected horse meat, the domestic horse has appeared as a novel vector of trichinella spp. infection to humans, with 15 outbreaks documented in france and italy. romania, one of the main countries exporting horses into the european union (eu), experienced a dramatic increase of tr ...200919062194
report of trichinella spiralis in a red fox (vulpes vulpes) in northern ireland.no systematic studies of the occurrence of trichinella in wildlife have been carried out in northern ireland (ni) in recent years, and the last reports of trichinellosis in livestock and human outbreaks in ni date back to 1979 and 1945, respectively. in this study, covering the period 2003/2004 and 2007/2008, a total of 443 red foxes (vulpes vulpes) were collected throughout the country and screened for trichinellosis using a modified muscle digest method. one examined animal was found to be inf ...200919070433
immunity to trichinella spiralis muscle infection.trichinella spiralis larvae establish chronic infections in skeletal muscles of immunocompetent hosts. muscle infection is crucial to transmission and survival of the parasite in nature. chronic infections by this highly immunogenic parasite are associated with modulation or escape from potentially destructive immune responses. this review summarizes our current knowledge of immunity to muscle infection with t. spiralis.200919070961
influence of different processing procedures on the reproductive capacity of trichinella spiralis in pork meat.the aim of this work was to determine the influence of different processing procedures and preparations on the viability and infectivity of trichinella spiralis ml. the muscles of limbs tongue and masseters of pigs experimentally infected were collected, splitted to pieces, and pooled. five batches were used for the following processing procedures: (1) seasoning with "adobo", commercially acquired chilli and several other spices, (2) "wet-curing" by immersion of meat pieces in 3% brine during 24 ...200918759065
hypoglycaemia induced by trichinella infection is due to the increase of glucose uptake in infected muscle cells.the present study investigates how trichinella infection induces host hypoglycaemia and explores a potential relationship between infection and the insulin signalling pathway. the results showed that mice infected with trichinella spiralis or trichinella pseudospiralis exhibited a temporary decrease in blood glucose level between 8 and 28 days p.i. and the kinetics of the glucose levels corresponded to the process of muscle larval growth and development. histochemical results showed that glycoge ...200918838075
characterisation of effector mechanisms at the host:parasite interface during the immune response to tissue-dwelling intestinal nematode parasites.the protective immune response that develops following infection with many tissue-dwelling intestinal nematode parasites is characterised by elevations in il-4 and il-13 and increased numbers of cd4+ t cells, granulocytes and macrophages. these cells accumulate at the site of infection and in many cases can mediate resistance to these large multicellular pathogens. recent studies suggest novel potential mechanisms mediated by these immune cell populations through their differential activation an ...200918804113
hosts and habitats of trichinella spiralis and trichinella britovi in europe.trichinella spiralis and trichinella britovi are the two most common species of trichinella circulating in europe. based on data provided to the international trichinella reference centre over the past 20 years (data referring to 540 isolates of t. spiralis and 776 isolates of t. britovi), we describe the host species and habitat characteristics for these two pathogens in europe. a geographical information system was constructed using administrative boundaries, a corine land cover (clc) map, and ...200918708065
intestinal epithelial cell secretion of relm-beta protects against gastrointestinal worm infection.th2 cells drive protective immunity against most parasitic helminths, but few mechanisms have been demonstrated that facilitate pathogen clearance. we show that il-4 and il-13 protect against intestinal lumen-dwelling worms primarily by inducing intestinal epithelial cells (iecs) to differentiate into goblet cells that secrete resistin-like molecule (relm) beta. relm-beta is essential for normal spontaneous expulsion and il-4-induced expulsion of nippostrongylus brasiliensis and heligmosomoides ...200919995957
survival of north american genotypes of trichinella in frozen pork.north american genotypes of trichinella spiralis (t-1), trichinella nativa (t-2), trichinella pseudospiralis (t-4), trichinella murrelli (t-5), and trichinella t-6 were examined for susceptibility to freezing in pork using time-temperature combinations that have been proven to inactivate t. spiralis. infections were established in 3-month-old pigs of mixed sex and breed by oral inoculation of 10,000 muscle larvae (ml) (all genotypes, rodent-derived ml), 20,000 ml (t-1, t-4, and t-5; cat-derived ...200920003740
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