Publications

novel antibacterial class.	we report the discovery and characterization of a novel ribosome inhibitor (nri) class that exhibits selective and broad-spectrum antibacterial activity. compounds in this class inhibit growth of many gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria, including the common respiratory pathogens streptococcus pneumoniae, haemophilus influenzae, staphylococcus aureus, and moraxella catarrhalis, and are nontoxic to human cell lines. the first nri was discovered in a high-throughput screen designed to identif ...	2003	14638491
comparative in vitro susceptibilities and bactericidal activities of investigational fluoroquinolone abt-492 and other antimicrobial agents against human mycoplasmas and ureaplasmas.	we determined in vitro susceptibilities for abt-492 and other antimicrobials against mycoplasma pneumoniae, mycoplasma fermentans, mycoplasma hominis, and ureaplasma species. abt-492 mics were < or =1 microg/ml, and the agent was bactericidal against selected isolates of m. pneumoniae and m. hominis. abt-492 has potential for treatment of infections due to these microorganisms.	2003	14638513
salivary antibodies directed against outer membrane proteins of moraxella catarrhalis in healthy adults.	moraxella catarrhalis is a major mucosal pathogen of the human respiratory tract, but the mucosal immune response directed against surface components of this organism has not been characterized in detail. the aim of this study was to investigate the salivary immunoglobulin a (iga) response toward outer membrane proteins (omp) of m. catarrhalis in healthy adults, the group of individuals least likely to be colonized and thus most likely to display mucosal immunity. unstimulated saliva samples col ...	2003	14638765
human antibodies specific for the high-molecular-weight adhesion proteins of nontypeable haemophilus influenzae mediate opsonophagocytic activity.	the hmw1- and hmw2-like adhesion proteins of nontypeable haemophilus influenzae are expressed by 75% of these strains, and antibodies directed against these proteins are protective in animal models of infection. the purpose of the present study was to define the functional activity of human antibodies specific for these proteins in an in vitro complement-dependent opsonophagocytic assay. human promyelocytic cell line hl-60 served as the source of phagocytic cells, and a commercial preparation of ...	2003	14638776
[bacteria and resistance to antibiotics in acute otitis media in paediatrics, depending on the geographical origin].	epidemiology of the bacteria responsible: acute otitis media (aom) is the most common bacterial infection in childhood below the age of 5 years. bacteria may be isolated from middle ear fluid in about two-thirds of patients. the prevalence of bacteria varies from one country to the next. the most common pathogens recovered are streptococcus pneumoniae, haemophilus influenzae (20-50%) and less frequently moraxella catarrhalis (10%). however, several recent reports suggest an increasing rate of is ...	2003	14663392
the future prospects of oxazolidinones.	the high rates of antimicrobial resistance seen among many gram-positive pathogens means that there is an ongoing need for new antibacterial drugs. currently, several pharmaceutical companies are investigating compounds belonging to a new class of anti-gram-positive agents, the oxazolidinones, one member of which, linezolid, is licensed for clinical use. interest in oxazolidinones is being stimulated by the results of recent trials demonstrating the excellent clinical efficacy of linezolid in a ...	2003	12789613
the in vitro effects of faropenem on lower respiratory tract pathogens isolated in the united kingdom.	faropenem is a new oral penem with a structure different from current beta-lactams including carbapenems. the susceptibility of streptococcus pneumoniae, haemophilus influenzae and moraxella catarrhalis to faropenem, a macrolide, a beta-lactam, a beta-lactam/beta-lactamase inhibitor combination and two fluoroquinolones was investigated. s. pneumoniae was the most susceptible of the three species to faropenem. the mic(90)s of faropenem against m. catarrhalis and h. influenzae were 0.5 and 1 mg/l, ...	2003	12791474
bacteriologic and clinical efficacy of high dose amoxicillin for therapy of acute otitis media in children.	high dose (70 to 90 mg/kg/day) amoxicillin is recommended as first line therapy of acute otitis media (aom) in geographic areas where drug-resistant streptococcus pneumoniae is prevalent. information on the bacteriologic efficacy of high dose amoxicillin treatment for aom is limited.	2003	12792379
can acute otitis media caused by haemophilus influenzae be distinguished from that caused by streptococcus pneumoniae?	previous limited data suggest that acute otitis media (aom) caused by streptococcus pneumoniae can present as a more severe disease than that caused by haemophilus influenzae or moraxella catarrhalis, as expressed by both tympanic membrane and systemic findings.	2003	12799507
sentry antimicrobial surveillance program asia-pacific region and south africa.	the sentry antimicrobial surveillance program was initiated in january 1997 and was designed to monitor the predominant pathogens and antimicrobial resistance for both nosocomial and community-acquired infections globally by using validated, reference-quality identification and susceptibility testing methods performed in a central laboratory. consecutive bacterial or fungal isolates, deemed clinically significant by local criteria, are forwarded to the local reference laboratory from various stu ...	2003	12807276
antibacterial resistance of community-acquired respiratory tract pathogens recovered from patients in latin america: results from the protekt surveillance study (1999-2000).	protekt (prospective resistant organism tracking and epidemiology for the ketolide telithromycin) is a global surveillance study established in 1999 to monitor antibacterial resistance of respiratory tract organisms. thirteen centers from argentina, brazil and mexico participated during 1999-2000; they collected 1806 isolates (streptococcus pneumoniae 518, haemophilus influenzae 520, moraxella catarrhalis 140, staphylococcus aureus 351, s. pyogenes 277). overall, 218 (42.1%) of the s. pneumoniae ...	2003	12807691
molecular analysis of transport and oligomerization of the yersinia enterocolitica adhesin yada.	the yersinia adhesin yada is the prototype of a novel class of bacterial adhesins which form oligomeric lollipop-like structures and are anchored in the outer membrane by the c terminus. for yada, six different regions (r) or domains (d) are predicted from the amino acid sequence: the n-terminal leader sequence, head-d, neck-d, stalk-d, linking-r, and a c-terminal transmembrane region consisting of four beta-strands. to identify structural and functional features of these domains, we performed i ...	2003	12813066
telithromycin in the treatment of community-acquired pneumonia: a pooled analysis.	the efficacy of telithromycin has been assessed in six phase iii studies involving adults with mild to moderate community-acquired pneumonia (cap) with a degree of severity compatible with oral therapy. patients received telithromycin 800 mg once daily for 7-10 days in three open-label studies (n=870) and three randomized, double-blind, comparator-controlled studies (n=503). comparator antibacterials were amoxicillin 1000 mg three-times daily, clarithromycin 500 mg twice daily and trovafloxacin ...	2003	12814146
[invasive infection with moraxella catarrhalis in two children with lymphatic leukemia and granulocytopenia].	in two young children with leukaemia, a girl and a boy aged 5 and 4 years, respectively, an invasive infection due to moraxella catarrhalis was diagnosed at the time of granulocytopenia. they were treated with antibiotics. the first child developed pneumonia and recovered, the other developed severe septic shock and died. m. catarrhalis is a gram-negative diplococcus, frequently colonising the upper respiratory tract in young children. in childhood this pathogen mainly causes infections such as ...	2003	12822523
the emulsiv filter removes microbial contamination from propofol but is not a substitute for aseptic technique.	to evaluate the ability of the emulsiv filter (ef) to remove extrinsic microbial contaminants from propofol.	2003	12826543
implications for antimicrobial prescribing of strategies based on bacterial eradication.	antimicrobial prescribing in respiratory tract infection is generally empirical. agents that do not eradicate the key bacterial respiratory pathogens (streptococcus pneumoniae, haemophilus influenzae, and moraxella catarrhalis) provide suboptimal therapy. a recent paper developed by a multidisciplinary, multinational group presented a consensus on the principles that should underpin appropriate antimicrobial prescribing. in summary, in order to ensure clinical success and minimize the threat of ...	2003	12839705
tsukamurella conjunctivitis: a novel clinical syndrome.	in this report, we describe the first three cases of tsukamurella conjunctivitis in the literature. all three patients presented with congestion of one eye with small amounts of serous discharge for 1 to 2 days. all three recovered after 10 days of treatment with polymyxin b-neomycin or chloramphenicol eyedrops. sequencing of the 16s rrna genes of the three isolates recovered from the serous discharge of the three patients showed that they were all tsukamurella species. the phenotypic characteri ...	2003	12843095
detection of helicobacter pylori in gastric mucosa of patients with gastroduodenal diseases by pcr-restriction analysis using the rna polymerase gene (rpob).	a novel pcr restriction analysis method using the rna polymerase beta-subunit- coding gene (rpob) was employed to both detect and identify helicobacter pylori in biopsy specimens and culture isolates. the rpob dnas (458 bp) were specifically amplified by pcr with the helicobacter-specific primers (hf and hr). based on the determined rpob sequences of the culture isolates, an h. pylori-specific restriction site, tru9i, was found. h. pylori can be identified by observing two discernible dna fragme ...	2003	12843100
systemic inflammatory responses in children with acute otitis media due to streptococcus pneumoniae and the impact of treatment with clarithromycin.	this pilot study was designed to determine the serum cytokine profile of acute otitis media (aom) due to streptococcus pneumoniae and the impact of clarithromycin (abbott laboratories, inc). serum levels of interleukin-1 beta (il-1 beta), tumor necrosis factor alpha (tnf-alpha), il-6, and il-8 were measured at diagnosis and 3 to 5 days after start of antibiotic treatment in 10 patients (mean age, 18.3 +/- 13.9 months) who had middle ear fluid culture positive for s. pneumoniae. the mean concentr ...	2003	12853412
a prospective study of infections in lung cancer patients admitted to the hospital.	to determine the type of infections occurring in hospitalized patients with lung cancer.	2003	12853512
bacterial lactoferrin-binding protein a binds to both domains of the human lactoferrin c-lobe.	pathogenic bacteria in the family neisseriaceae express surface receptors to acquire iron from the mammalian iron-binding proteins. transferrins and lactoferrins constitute a family of iron-binding proteins highly related in both sequence and structure, yet the bacterial receptors are able to distinguish between these proteins and uphold a strict binding specificity. in order to understand the molecular basis for this specificity, the interaction between human lactoferrin (hlf) and the lactoferr ...	2003	12855724
lower respiratory tract infection in hospitalized children.	the aim of the present study was to investigate the aetiology and antibiotic-resistance patterns of community-acquired lower respiratory tract infection (lrti) in 1999 and compare it with data from 1995 and 1988.	2003	12856747
bacteriology of chronic maxillary sinusitis and normal maxillary sinuses: using culture and multiplex polymerase chain reaction.	although many investigations have been performed on bacteriology of chronic sinusitis and normal sinuses, there still is much discussion. also a new bacterial agent, alloiococcus otitidis determined in the nasopharynx and middle ear specimens can be thought as a causative agent of sinusitis.	2003	12862402
the alexander project 1998-2000: susceptibility of pathogens isolated from community-acquired respiratory tract infection to commonly used antimicrobial agents.	the alexander project is a continuing surveillance study, begun in 1992, examining the susceptibility of pathogens involved in adult community-acquired respiratory tract infections (carti) to a range of antimicrobial agents.	2003	12865398
effect of amoxicillin or clindamycin on the adenoids bacterial flora.	we sought to compare the effect on the adenoid bacterial flora of patients with recurrent otitis media of antimicrobial therapy with amoxicillin (am) or clindamycin (c). patients and methods forty-five children scheduled for elective adenoidectomy participated in a prospective randomized study. they were divided into 3 groups of 15 each to receive either no therapy (control) or 10 days of therapy with am or c. core adenoid tissues was quantitatively cultured for aerobic and anaerobic bacteria.	2003	12869909
serum iga and igg functional antibodies and their subclasses to streptococcus pneumoniae capsular antigen found in two aged-matched cohorts of children with and without otitis media with effusion.	the relationship between acute otitis media and otitis media with effusion (ome) is uncertain and the aetiology of ome is multifactorial. otitis media with effusion may be an inflammatory condition; both bacteria and viral infections could play a part in this inflammation. the four bacteria streptococcus pneumoniae, haemophilus influenza, staphylococcus aureus and branhamella catarrhalis cause 60% of the infections whereas s. pneumoniae accounts for up to 35%. iga provides the dominant surface r ...	2003	12871248
identification of a moraxella catarrhalis outer membrane protein exhibiting both adhesin and lipolytic activities.	the uspa1 and hag proteins have previously been shown to be involved in the ability of the moraxella catarrhalis wild-type strain o35e to bind to human chang and a549 cells, respectively. in an effort to identify novel adhesins, we generated a plasmid library of m. catarrhalis dna fragments, which was introduced into a nonadherent escherichia coli strain. recombinant e. coli bacteria were subsequently enriched for clones that gained the ability to bind to chang and a549 cells, yielding the plasm ...	2003	12874311
in vitro and in vivo activities of novel 2-(thiazol-2-ylthio)-1beta-methylcarbapenems with potent activities against multiresistant gram-positive bacteria.	sm-197436, sm-232721, and sm-232724 are new 1beta-methylcarbapenems with a unique 4-substituted thiazol-2-ylthio moiety at the c-2 side chain. in agar dilution susceptibility testing these novel carbapenems were active against methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus (mrsa) and staphylococcus epidermidis (mrse) with a mic(90) of </=4 micro g/ml. furthermore, sm-232724 showed strong bactericidal activity against mrsa, in contrast to linezolid, which was bacteriostatic up to four times the mic. ...	2003	12878507
selection of resistant streptococcus pneumoniae during penicillin treatment in vitro and in three animal models.	pharmacokinetic (pk) and pharmacodynamic (pd) properties for the selection of resistant pneumococci were studied by using three strains of the same serotype (6b) for mixed-culture infection in time-kill experiments in vitro and in three different animal models, the mouse peritonitis, the mouse thigh, and the rabbit tissue cage models. treatment regimens with penicillin were designed to give a wide range of t(>mic)s, the amounts of time for which the drug concentrations in serum were above the mi ...	2003	12878511
unique biological properties and molecular mechanism of 5,6-bridged quinolones.	we have characterized an early series of 5,6-bridged dioxinoquinolones which behaved strikingly different from typical quinolones. the 5,6-bridged dioxinoquinolones inhibited escherichia coli dna gyrase supercoiling activity but, unlike typical quinolones, failed to stimulate gyrase-dependent cleavable complex formation. analogous unsubstituted compounds stimulated cleavable complex formation but were considerably less potent than the corresponding 5,6-bridged compounds. consistent with a previo ...	2003	12878515
efficacy of single-dose azithromycin in treatment of acute otitis media in children after a baseline tympanocentesis.	children with acute otitis media underwent tympanocentesis and were given a single dose of 30 mg of azithromycin/kg of body weight. at day 28, the overall clinical cure rate was 206 of 242 (85%). clinical cure rates for patients infected with streptococcus pneumoniae (67 of 76; 88%) and haemophilus influenzae (28 of 44; 64%) were consistent with historical rates for the 5-day dosing regimen.	2003	12878537
levofloxacin pharmacokinetics in esrd and removal by the cellulose acetate high performance-210 hemodialyzer.	no published data are available describing the pharmacokinetics of intravenous levofloxacin in patients with end-stage renal disease (esrd). objectives of this study are to determine the pharmacokinetics and dialytic clearance of levofloxacin and develop dosing strategies in these patients.	2003	12900817
possible relationship of pfge patterns of moraxella catarrhalis between hospital- and community-acquired respiratory infections in a community hospital.	we describe a prospective study of molecular analysis of moraxella catarrhalis isolated from a community hospital. our study was designed to investigate the possible relationship of pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (pfge) patterns of m. catarrhalis between hospital- and community-acquired respiratory infections. a nosocomial outbreak of m. catarrhalis was observed between september 2000 and september 2001. during the study period, 40 strains of m. catarrhalis were isolated from a total of 32 pat ...	2003	12906097
changes in genetic types and population dynamics of moraxella catarrhalis in hospitalized children are not associated with an exacerbation of existing disease.	pulsed-field gel electrophoresis typing was performed on a retrospective set of 129 moraxella catarrhalis isolates obtained over a 20 month period from 70 children admitted to, or presenting at, the erasmus university medical center, rotterdam, the netherlands. the mean age of the children (at the end of the study) was 2.5 years, with a range of 6 months to 15 years. fifty-one different m. catarrhalis types were isolated from the hospitalized children, with 31 % (22/70) being infected with two p ...	2003	12909660
bacteriocin-like inhibitory substance (blis) production by the normal flora of the nasopharynx: potential to protect against otitis media?	the normal bacterial flora of the upper airways provides an important barrier to invading pathogens. this study investigated the production of bacteriocin-like inhibitory substances (blis) by streptococci isolated from the nasopharyngeal flora of children who either do or do not experience recurrent acute otitis media (aom). twenty children with recurrent aom and 15 controls were tested. swabs from the nasopharynx were evaluated for streptococci having blis activity against two representative st ...	2003	12909662
in vitro susceptibility of streptococcus pneumoniae, haemophilus influenzae and moraxella catarrhalis: a european multicenter study during 2000-2001.	to assess the current (2001) activity of respiratory fluoroquinolones and comparator agents against respiratory pathogens isolated in european countries.	2003	12925097
in vitro susceptibility of 4903 bacterial isolates to gemifloxacin--an advanced fluoroquinolone.	the in vitro activity of gemifloxacin against over 4900 bacterial isolates was determined by microbroth dilution with interpretation in accordance with nccls guidelines. susceptibility results were compared with those for ciprofloxacin, gatifloxacin, levofloxacin and moxifloxacin. gemifloxacin and the other fluoroquinolones were not affected by either beta-lactamase production or penicillin-resistance in streptococcus pneumoniae. the mic90 values for gemifloxacin were: s. pneumoniae 0.063 mg/l; ...	2003	12927955
the hag protein of moraxella catarrhalis strain o35e is associated with adherence to human lung and middle ear cells.	previous studies have demonstrated that the moraxella catarrhalis surface antigen uspa1 is an adhesin for chang human conjunctival cells. the present report demonstrates that lack of uspa1 expression does not affect the adherence of strain o35e to a549 human lung cells or primary cultures of human middle ear epithelial (hmee) cells. these results imply that another molecule mediates the adherence of m. catarrhalis to these two cell lines. to identify this adhesin, strain o35e was mutagenized wit ...	2003	12933840
[antibiotic resistance and the detection in respiratory tract isolate of moraxella catarrhalis].		2003	12934414
in vitro activities of abt-492, a new fluoroquinolone, against 155 aerobic and 171 anaerobic pathogens isolated from antral sinus puncture specimens from patients with sinusitis.	abt-492 exhibited excellent in vitro activities against all 326 aerobic and anaerobic antral puncture sinus isolates tested with mics (in micrograms per milliliter) at which 90% of the isolates tested were inhibited as follows: haemophilus influenzae, 0.001; moraxella catarrhalis, 0.008; and streptococcus pneumoniae, 0.015. it was four- to sixfold more active than other fluoroquinolones, including against levofloxacin-resistant strains of s. pneumoniae, methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureu ...	2003	12937015
[antimicrobial activities of macrolides against recent clinical isolates, and analysis of resistant mechanisms].	we examined antibacterial activities of 4 kinds of macrolides, erythromycin (em), clarithromycin (cam), azithromycin (azm) and rokitamycin (rkm), against 6 bacterial species of clinical strains isoleted in 2002. bacterial isolates used were each 50 strains of methicillin-susceptible staphylococcus aureus (mssa), streptococcus pyogenes, streptococcus agalactiae, moraxella (branhamella) catarrhalis, haemophilus influenzae and 43 strains of streptococcus pneumoniae. s. agalactiae were derived from ...	2003	12942787
[susceptibility of major pathogens of acute pharyngitis and tonsillitis to levofloxacin and other oral antimicrobial drugs].	a total of 2865 strains of the causative organisms isolated from the patients with acute pharyngitis and tonsillitis at the primary medical institutions were used in this study. the mics of levofloxacin (lvfx) and other oral antimicrobial drugs were determined and evaluated by the nccls guideline. lvfx, cefditoren (cdtr) and cefcapene (cfpn) were potently active against 773 isolates of hemophilus influenzae, the mic50s of lvfx being < or = 0.06 microgram/ml and also the same as the mic90s of lvf ...	2003	12942788
many chemokines including ccl20/mip-3alpha display antimicrobial activity.	previous studies have demonstrated that beta-defensins exhibit chemotactic activity by sharing the chemokine receptor ccr6 with the cc chemokine ligand ccl20/macrophage-inflammatory protein-3alpha (mip-3alpha). structural analysis of ccl20/mip-3alpha revealed that most of the positively charged residues are concentrated at one area of its topological surface, a characteristic considered to be important for the antimicrobial activity of defensins. here, we report that similar to defensins, ccl20/ ...	2003	12949249
molecular cloning and characterization of a 79-kda iron-repressible outer-membrane protein of moraxella bovis.	moraxella bovis expresses an iron-repressible 79-kda outer-membrane protein, irpa. dna and n-terminal amino acid sequence analysis indicate that irpa is closely related to frpb of neisseria meningitidis, feta of neisseria gonorrhoeae and copb of moraxella catarrhalis. the results of manganese mutagenesis and a gel-shift assay suggested that the transcription of irpa is negatively regulated by the ferric uptake regulator. the insertion of an antibiotic resistance cassette into the irpa gene affec ...	2003	12951253
is hydrogen peroxide responsible for the inhibitory activity of alpha-haemolytic streptococci sampled from the nasopharynx?	objective: the inhibitory effect of alpha-haemolytic streptococci (ahs) in vitro on the three commonest otitis media pathogens, streptococcus pneumoniae, haemophilus influenzae and moraxella catarrhalis, was previously investigated. the aim of this study was to determine the mechanism of this inhibitory activity. material and methods/results: when fractions of ahs filtrate were assayed to determine their inhibitory activity after size-exclusion chromatography, the inhibitory activity was found i ...	2003	12953772
biofilm formation by group a streptococci: is there a relationship with treatment failure?	group a streptococcus (gas) is the primary cause of bacterial pharyngitis in children and adults. up to one-third of patients treated for gas pharyngitis fail to respond to antibiotic therapy. the objective of this cohort study was to evaluate gas biofilm formation as a mechanism for antibiotic treatment failure using previously collected gas isolates and penicillin treatment outcome data. the minimum biofilm eradication concentration (mbec) assay device was used to determine the biofilm-forming ...	2003	12958223
evaluation of real-time pcr for detection of and discrimination between bordetella pertussis, bordetella parapertussis, and bordetella holmesii for clinical diagnosis.	pcr is increasingly being used as a diagnostic test for the detection of bordetella pertussis and bordetella parapertussis dna, as it has improved sensitivity and specificity in comparison to conventional techniques. the assay described here uses the two insertion sequences is481 and is1001 for b. pertussis and b. parapertussis, respectively, with detection by molecular beacons. the real-time pcr for is481 detects both b. pertussis and bordetella holmesii, and the real-time pcr for is1001 detect ...	2003	12958235
semiquantitative detection by real-time pcr of aspergillus fumigatus in bronchoalveolar lavage fluids and tissue biopsy specimens from patients with invasive aspergillosis.	a real-time pcr method was developed and used to detect aspergillus fumigatus mitochondrial dna (mtdna) in bronchoalveolar lavage (bal) fluids and tissue biopsy specimens. the analytical sensitivity of the assay was one a. fumigatus conidium per reaction, and the assay was linear at least over 4 orders of magnitude above the detection limit. bal fluids from 66 immunocompromised patients at risk of invasive pulmonary aspergillosis (ipa) and 33 immunocompetent controls and tissue biopsy specimens ...	2003	12958261
comparison and evaluation of real-time pcr, real-time nucleic acid sequence-based amplification, conventional pcr, and serology for diagnosis of mycoplasma pneumoniae.	mycoplasma pneumoniae is a common cause of community-acquired pneumonia and lower-respiratory-tract infections. diagnosis has traditionally been obtained by serological diagnosis, but increasingly, molecular techniques have been applied. however, the number of studies actually comparing these assays is limited. the development of a novel duplex real-time pcr assay for detection of m. pneumoniae in the presence of an internal control real-time pcr is described. in addition, real-time nucleic acid ...	2003	12958270
detection of mycoplasma pneumoniae by real-time nucleic acid sequence-based amplification.	real-time isothermal nucleic acid sequence-based amplification (rt-nasba) was applied to the detection of mycoplasma pneumoniae. in vitro-generated m. pneumoniae rna was used to assess the sensitivity of the assay. the 95% hit rate was 148 molecules of m. pneumoniae rna in the amplification and 10(4) molecules of in vitro-generated rna after nucleic acid extraction. the sensitivity of the rt-nasba and the conventional nasba assays corresponded to 5 color-changing units (ccu) of m. pneumoniae. in ...	2003	12958290
nasopharyngeal reservoir of bacterial otitis media and sinusitis pathogens in adults during wellness and viral respiratory illness.	the carriage rate of pathogenic bacteria in the nasopharynx (np) was determined using three separate techniques for obtaining samples.	2003	12962190
susceptibility trends of haemophilus influenzae and moraxella catarrhalis against orally administered antimicrobial agents: five-year report from the sentry antimicrobial surveillance program.	the assessment of orally administered antimicrobial susceptibilities of common pathogens that cause community-acquired respiratory tract infections (carti) has become exceedingly important due to the number of office visits for this indication. numerous local, regional and global studies have documented the susceptibilities of haemophilus influenzae, streptococcus pneumoniae, and moraxella catarrhalis, the most common carti pathogens. sentry antimicrobial surveillance program sites in north and ...	2003	12967753
contemporary re-evaluation of the activity and spectrum of grepafloxacin tested against isolates in the united states.	grepafloxacin potency and spectrum of activity were re-evaluated against contemporary pathogens collected from clinical infections in 2001-2002. a total of 995 isolates were tested for grepafloxacin by the reference agar dilution method and these results were compared to those of 25 other antimicrobial agents. grepafloxacin activity remained comparable to that of ciprofloxacin, levofloxacin and gatifloxacin against escherichia coli, klebsiella pneumoniae and enterobacter cloacae (mic(90), 0.03-2 ...	2003	12967754
comparison of moraxella catarrhalis isolates from children and adults for growth on modified new york city medium and potential virulence factors.	initial studies found that moraxella catarrhalis isolates from adults that grew on modified new york city medium (mnyc(+)) that contained antibiotics selective for pathogenic neisseriae differed from strains that did not grow on this medium (mnyc(-)) in their potential virulence properties. it was predicted that higher usage of antibiotics to treat respiratory illness in children might result in higher proportions of mnyc(+) isolates if antibiotics were an important selective pressure for this p ...	2003	12972578
[comparative in vitro activity of ertapenem against aerobic and anaerobic bacteria].	the in vitro activity of ertapenem (mk-0826), a new carbapenem, was studied against 389 aerobic microorganisms (187 enterobacteriaceae, 15 aeromonas spp., 42 staphylococcus spp., 43 streptococcus spp., 15 enterococcus spp., 30 haemophilus spp., 15 moraxella catarrhalis, 12 neisseria gonorrhoeae, 15 pseudomonas aeruginosa and 15 acinetobacter spp.) and 54 anaerobic isolates (15 clostridium spp., 12 peptostreptococcus spp. and 27 fragilis group bacteroides recovered from four spanish hospitals. er ...	2003	12973459
high-dose azithromycin versus high-dose amoxicillin-clavulanate for treatment of children with recurrent or persistent acute otitis media.	infants and young children, especially those in day care, are at risk for recurrent or persistent acute otitis media (aom). there are no data on oral alternatives to high-dose amoxicillin-clavulanate for treating aom in these high-risk patients. in this double-blind, double-dummy multicenter clinical trial, we compared a novel, high-dose azithromycin regimen with high-dose amoxicillin-clavulanate for treatment of children with recurrent or persistent aom. three hundred four children were randomi ...	2003	14506028
in vitro antibacterial potency and spectrum of abt-492, a new fluoroquinolone.	abt-492 demonstrated potent antibacterial activity against most quinolone-susceptible pathogens. the rank order of potency was abt-492 > trovafloxacin > levofloxacin > ciprofloxacin against quinolone-susceptible staphylococci, streptococci, and enterococci. abt-492 had activity comparable to those of trovafloxacin, levofloxacin, and ciprofloxacin against seven species of quinolone-susceptible members of the family enterobacteriaceae, although it was less active than the comparators against citro ...	2003	14506039
activities of a new oral streptogramin, xrp 2868, compared to those of other agents against streptococcus pneumoniae and haemophilus species.	mic methodology was used to test the antibacterial activity of xrp 2868, a new oral combination of two semisynthetic streptogramins, rpr 132552a and rpr 202868, compared to activities of other antibacterial agents against pneumococci, haemophilus influenzae, and haemophilus parainfluenzae. for 261 pneumococci, xrp 2868 and pristinamycin mics were similar, irrespective of penicillin g and erythromycin a susceptibilities (mic at which 50% of isolates were inhibited [mic(50)], 0.25 micro g/ml; mic( ...	2003	14506040
serum voriconazole levels following administration via percutaneous jejunostomy tube.		2003	14506064
vaccines for moraxella catarrhalis and non-typeable haemophilus influenzae.	the development of vaccines against non-typeable haemophilus influenzae and moraxella catarrhalis represents a difficult challenge. both bacteria are mucosal surface pathogens and protection may require a mucosal immune response. in addition, the surface antigens of non-typeable haemophilus influenzae are hypervariable and animal models of infection with these bacteria may not be predictive of human efficacy. vaccine development has focused on conserved surface exposed antigens, including integr ...	2003	14508879
comparative activity of garenoxacin and other agents by susceptibility and time-kill testing against staphylococcus aureus, streptococcus pyogenes and respiratory pathogens.	garenoxacin is a novel des-f(6)quinolone that has shown excellent antimicrobial activity against a wide range of clinically important microorganisms. in this study, its activity was examined, in comparison with that of other antimicrobial agents, by susceptibility and time-kill testing against staphylococcus aureus, streptococcus pyogenes and respiratory pathogens.	2003	14519672
nasopharyngeal flora and drug susceptibility in children with macrolide therapy.	low-dose, long-term administration of macrolides (macrolide therapy) has been used as an effective treatment for chronic respiratory tract diseases. the authors reported on the nasopharyngeal flora in children treated with macrolide therapy.	2003	14520106
amoxicillin/clavulanate potassium extended release tablets: a new antimicrobial for the treatment of acute bacterial sinusitis and community-acquired pneumonia.	community-acquired bacterial respiratory tract infections are among the most common health disorders requiring medical care and are associated with substantial morbidity, mortality, and direct and indirect costs. recent increases in the prevalence of antimicrobial resistance have resulted in reduced susceptibility of the most common respiratory tract bacterial pathogens to a number of antimicrobials. amoxicillin/clavulanate potassium extended release (er) tablets (augmentin xr, glaxosmithkline) ...	2003	14521493
[comparative in vitro activity of garenoxacin (bms-284756). sentry program, spain (1999-2000)].	to evaluate the in vitro activity of the new des-fluoro quinolone, garenoxacin (bms-284756), compared to activities of ciprofloxacin, levofloxacin, and gatifloxacin in clinical isolates recovered over 1999 and 2000 within the sentry antimicrobial surveillance program.	2003	14525705
detection of a point mutation associated with high-level isoniazid resistance in mycobacterium tuberculosis by using real-time pcr technology with 3'-minor groove binder-dna probes.	tuberculosis remains one of the leading infectious causes of death worldwide. the emergence of drug-resistant strains of mycobacterium tuberculosis is a serious public health threat. resistance to isoniazid (inh) is the most prevalent form of resistance in m. tuberculosis and is mainly caused by mutations in the catalase peroxidase gene (katg). among high-level inh-resistant isolates (mic > or = 2), 89% are associated with a mutation at codon 315 of katg. there is a need to develop rapid diagnos ...	2003	14532194
real-time pcr assay targets the 23s-5s spacer for direct detection and differentiation of legionella spp. and legionella pneumophila.	a real-time pcr for the abi prism 7000 system targeting the 23s-5s spacer of legionella spp. was developed. simultaneous detection and differentiation of legionella spp. and legionella pneumophila within 90 min and without post-pcr melting-curve analysis was achieved using two taqman probes. in sputum samples from 23 controls and 17 patients with legionellosis, defined by positive culture, urinary antigen testing, or seroconversion, 94% sensitivity and 100% specificity were observed.	2003	14532229
[antibacterial activity of oral cephems against various clinically isolated strains].	we determined the antibacterial activities of oral cephems against isolated from the patients with the respiratory infections, the urinary tract infections, and infections in the obstetrics field of an adult and a child, during the period from 2002 to 2003; streptococcus pyogenes, streptococcus pneumoniae, haemophilus influenzae, branhamella catarrhalis, klebsiella pneumoniae and escherichia coli of 40 strains of each, and peptostreptococcus spp. 22 strains. s. pneumoniae and h. influenzae strai ...	2003	15007876
clonal analysis of streptococcus pneumoniae nonsusceptible to penicillin at day-care centers with index cases, in a region with low incidence of resistance: emergence of an invasive type 35b clone among carriers.	the nasopharyngeal carriage rate of potential respiratory pathogens was studied in 36 index children with a pneumococci nonsusceptible to penicillin (pnsp), in 595 healthy children, and in 123 personnel at 16 day-care centers (dccs) with index cases in the stockholm area, an urban area with a low incidence of antibiotic resistant pneumococci, during the winter of 1997-1998. the spread and clonality of pnsp, haemophilus influenzae and moraxella catarrhalis, were studied by analyzing antibiotic su ...	2003	15008138
middle ear pathogens in otitis-prone children.	a cohort of 191 children with recurrent otitis media and persistent middle ear effusion underwent myringotomy and tubes, at which time middle ear cultures were taken. the indications, fluid type, culture and sensitivity results, and pre- and post-procedure frequency of otitis media were evaluated. sixty-seven percent of the effusions were mucoid in nature, and 24% of cultures grew pathogens, including hemophilus influenzae, streptococcus pneumoniae, moraxella catarrhalis, and staphylococcus aure ...	2003	12693271
concomitant spine infection with mycobacterium tuberculosis and pyogenic bacteria: case report.	a case report of an extremely rare condition describing lumbar spine tuberculosis associated with concurrent pyogenic infection is presented.	2003	12698133
fear of bioterrorism and implications for public health preparedness.	after the human anthrax cases and exposures in 2001, the illinois department of public health received an increasing number of environmental and human samples (1,496 environmental submissions, all negative for bacillus anthracis). these data demonstrate increased volume of submissions to a public health laboratory resulting from fear of bioterrorism.	2003	12702237
comparison of the efficacy and safety of faropenem daloxate and cefuroxime axetil for the treatment of acute bacterial maxillary sinusitis in adults.	in this multicentre, multinational, comparative, double-blind clinical trial, outpatients with both clinical signs and symptoms and radiographic evidence of acute sinusitis were randomly assigned to receive for 7 days either a twice-daily oral regimen of faropenem daloxate (300 mg) or a twice daily oral regimen of cefuroxime axetil (250 mg). among 452 patients considered valid for clinical efficacy, faropenem daloxate treatment was found to be statistically equivalent to cefuroxime axetil (89.0% ...	2003	12709801
current issues in the management of bacterial respiratory tract disease: the challenge of antibacterial resistance.	the worldwide burden of respiratory tract disease is enormous. resistance to penicillins, macrolides, and cephalosporins is now detected among the leading bacterial pathogens that cause respiratory tract infections (rtis)-streptococcus pneumoniae, haemophilus influenzae, and moraxella catarrhalis. the increasing role of atypical/intracellular pathogens (eg, chlamydia pneumoniae, mycoplasma pneumoniae, legionella pneumophila) in rtis, as well as their increase in antibiotic resistance prevalence, ...	2003	14671500
[administration of acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease].	we have to consider the exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease(copd) may be caused not only by infection, but also by acute exacerbation of chronic heart failure, pulmonary embolism, pneumothorax, or other cardiopulmonary complications. because it is characteristic that the exacerbation of copd is often recurensive, the most important thing is the administration during stable status. approximately 40% of pathogens of the acute infectious exacerbation of copd are haemophilus influe ...	2003	14674328
microbiology of otitis media in costa rican children, 1999 through 2001.	because of the increasing number of resistant middle ear pathogens and the impact of the new conjugate streptococcus pneumoniae vaccine, an active surveillance of the microbiology and susceptibility pattern of middle ear pathogens is required.	2003	14688566
[activities of antimicrobial agents against 8,474 clinical isolates obtained from 37 medical institutions during 2000 in japan].	a survey was conducted to determine the antimicrobial activity of fluoroquinolones and other antimicrobial agents against 8,474 clinical isolates obtained from 37 japanese medical institutions in 2000. a total of 25 antimicrobial agents were used, comprising 4 fluoroquinolones, 13 beta-lactams, minocycline, chloramphenicol, clarithromycin, azithromycin, gentamicin, amikacin, sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim, and vancomycin. a high resistance rate of over 85% against fluoroquinolones was exhibited b ...	2003	14692376
[susceptibilities of bacteria isolated from patients with lower respiratory infectious diseases to antibiotics (2001)].	from october 2001 to september 2002, we collected the specimen from 370 patients with lower respiratory tract infections in 16 institutions in japan, and investigated the susceptibilities of the isolated bacteria to various antibacterial agents and antibiotics and patients' characteristics. of 458 strains that were isolated from specimen (mainly from sputum) and assumed to be bacteria causing in inflammation, 456 strains were investigated. the breakdown of the isolated bacteria were: staphylococ ...	2003	14692377
[post-marketing surveillance of antibacterial activities of cefozopran against various clinical isolates--ii. gram-negative bacteria].	as a post-marketing surveillance, the in vitro antibacterial activities of cefozopran (czop), an agent of cephems, against various clinical isolates were yearly evaluated and compared with those of other cephems, oxacephems, carbapenems, monobactams, and penicillins. changes in czop susceptibility among bacteria were also evaluated with the bacterial resistance ratio calculated from the breakpoint mic. twenty-five species (4,154 strains) of gram-negative bacteria were isolated from the clinical ...	2003	14692381
pseudomonal infections in patients with copd: epidemiology and management.	copd is a common disease with increasing prevalence. the chronic course of the disease is characterized by acute exacerbations that cause significant worsening of symptoms. bacterial infections play a dominant role in approximately half of the episodes of acute exacerbations of copd. the importance of pseudomonal infection in patients with acute exacerbations of copd stems from its relatively high prevalence in specific subgroups of these patients, and particularly its unique therapeutic ramific ...	2003	14719985
mucosal immunization against respiratory bacterial pathogens.	bacterial respiratory diseases remain a major cause of morbidity and mortality throughout the world. the young and the elderly are particularly susceptible to the pathogens that cause these diseases. therapeutic approaches remain dependent upon antibiotics contributing to the persistent increases in antibiotic resistance. the main causes of respiratory disease discussed in this review are mycobacterium tuberculosis, corynebacterium diphtheriae, bordatella pertussis, streptococcus pneumoniae, non ...	2003	14711339
morphostructural damage and the inhibition of bacterial adhesiveness of staphylococcus aureus and moraxella catarrhalis induced by moxifloxacin.	the aim of this study was to investigate the ability of moxifloxacin to interfere with the mechanism of bacterial adhesion and disrupt the morphological and structural integrity of bacteria. three staphylococcus aureus and three moraxella catarrhalis strains were grown in the presence of 1/2-1/128 minimum inhibitory concentration (mic) serial dilutions and incubated with human epithelial cells. a significant decrease in adhesion was observed from 1/2 mic to 1/64 mic for s. aureus, and from 1/2 m ...	2003	14998077
activity of oral antibiotics against respiratory tract pathogens in spain.	the aim of this study was to carry out a nationwide survey to assess the susceptibility of clinical isolates of four respiratory pathogens against nine antibiotics. eight spanish centers participated in the study, collecting a total of 977 isolates of streptococcus pneumoniae, streptococcus pyogenes, haemophilus influenzae and moraxella catarrhalis. the susceptibility of s. pneumoniae to penicillin was 37.46% susceptible, 30.43% intermediate and 32.11% resistant. mic(90) of all antibiotics again ...	2003	14961138
capsule shields the function of short bacterial adhesins.	bacterial surface structures such as capsules and adhesins are generally regarded as important virulence factors. here we demonstrate that capsules block the function of the self-recognizing protein antigen 43 through physical shielding. the phenomenon is not restricted to escherichia coli but can occur in other gram-negative bacteria. likewise, we show that other short adhesins exemplified by the aida-i protein are blocked by the presence of a capsule. the results support the notion that capsul ...	2004	14973035
in vitro antibacterial activity of the peptide deformylase inhibitor bb-83698.	bb-83698 is a peptide deformylase inhibitor currently in clinical trials in europe. the purpose of this study was to provide additional susceptibility data from clinical isolates, including drug-resistant strains.	2004	14973152
antimicrobial susceptibility of bacterial pathogens in the oropharynx of healthy school children in turkey.	information on oropharyngeal carriage rates of streptococcus pneumoniae, haemophilus influenzae, streptococcus pyogenes and moraxella catarrhalis and their resistance pattern in healthy school children in turkey is lacking. the present study was undertaken to determine the carriage rates and antimicrobial resistance of these bacterial pathogens in such children aged 6-14 yr in manisa, turkey.	2004	15591635
resistance trends in moraxella catarrhalis (protekt years 1-3 [1999-2002]).		2004	15690686
[molecular characterization of bro beta-lactamases of moraxella catarrhalis strains isolated from carrier children].	nasopharyngeal carriage of moraxella catarrhalis is a risk factor for upper respiratory tract infections and otitis media. in this study, we aimed to characterize bro beta-lactamases of m. catarrhalis strains isolated from 64 children without any symptoms of respiratory disease. gram negative diplococci grown on selective media and which are catalase, oxidase, dnase, nitrate reduction positive, glucose, maltose, sucrose and lactose fermentation negative, were diagnosed as m. catarrhalis. antibio ...	2004	15700658
short-course therapy for acute sinusitis: how long is enough?	this review examines the issues surrounding short-course antibiotic therapy of acute sinusitis. acute bacterial sinusitis is a common community-acquired infection defined as inflammation of one or more paranasal sinuses, most often the maxillary sinus. it is estimated that 0.5-5% of colds are complicated by acute sinusitis. up to 1 in 20 upper respiratory tract infections is complicated by bacterial sinusitis, most often caused by streptococcus pneumoniae, haemophilus influenzae, moraxella catar ...	2004	15606217
real-time multiplex pcr assay for detection of brucella spp., b. abortus, and b. melitensis.	the identification of brucella can be a time-consuming and labor-intensive process that places personnel at risk for laboratory-acquired infection. here, we describe a real-time pcr assay for confirmation of presumptive brucella isolates. the assay was designed in a multiplex format that will allow the rapid identification of brucella spp., b. abortus, and b. melitensis in a single test.	2004	15004098
iron transport systems in neisseria meningitidis.	acquisition of iron and iron complexes has long been recognized as a major determinant in the pathogenesis of neisseria meningitidis. in this review, high-affinity iron uptake systems, which allow meningococci to utilize the human host proteins transferrin, lactoferrin, hemoglobin, and haptoglobin-hemoglobin as sources of essential iron, are described. classic features of bacterial iron transport systems, such as regulation by the iron-responsive repressor fur and tonb-dependent transport activi ...	2004	15007100
acute sinusitis in children: diagnosis and management.	acute sinusitis is a common problem in children that is often overlooked. the pathophysiology is related to obstruction of the sinus ostia and mucociliary dysfunction. the predominant pathogens include streptococcus pneumoniae, haemophilus influenzae, and moraxella catarrhalis. the diagnosis of acute sinusitis is based on persistent or severe upper respiratory tract symptoms. the routine use of roentgenograms to confirm the diagnosis of uncomplicated sinusitis is not recommended for children 6 y ...	2004	15007290
population pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of garenoxacin in patients with community-acquired respiratory tract infections.	garenoxacin (t-3811me, bms-284756) is a novel, broad-spectrum des-f(6) quinolone currently under study for the treatment of community-acquired respiratory tract infections. this analysis assessed garenoxacin population pharmacokinetics and exposure-response relationships for safety (adverse effects [ae]) and antimicrobial activity (clinical cure and bacteriologic eradication of streptococcus pneumoniae and the grouping of haemophilus influenzae, haemophilus parainfluenzae, and moraxella catarrha ...	2004	15561855
pharmacokinetics in animals and humans of a first-in-class peptide deformylase inhibitor.	bb-83698, a potent and selective inhibitor of peptide deformylase, was the first compound of this novel antibacterial class to progress to clinical trials. single- and/or multiple-dose studies with doses ranging from 10 to 50 mg of bb-83698/kg of body weight were done with mice, rats, and dogs. intravenous pharmacokinetics were characterized by low to moderate clearances and moderate volumes of distribution for all species. in dogs, but not in rodents, central nervous system (cns) effects were d ...	2004	15561864
in vitro activities of tigecycline against clinical isolates from shanghai, china.	to evaluate the in vitro activity of tigecycline, the minimum inhibitory concentrations (mics) of tigecycline against 1,201 strains of recent clinical isolates from 10 hospitals in shanghai, china were determined and compared with selected comparators. results showed that tigecycline had broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity. it was highly active against gram-positive cocci, including methicillin-resistant staphylococcus spp., penicillin-intermediate streptococcus pneumoniae, enterococcus faecal ...	2004	15582300
detection of the bacillus anthracis gyra gene by using a minor groove binder probe.	identification of chromosomal markers for rapid detection of bacillus anthracis is difficult because significant chromosomal homology exists among b. anthracis, bacillus cereus, and bacillus thuringiensis. we evaluated the bacterial gyra gene as a potential chromosomal marker for b. anthracis. a real-time pcr assay was developed for the detection of b. anthracis. after analysis of the unique nucleotide sequence of the b. anthracis gyra gene, a fluorescent 3' minor groove binding probe was tested ...	2004	14715750
use of real-time pcr to resolve slide agglutination discrepancies in serogroup identification of neisseria meningitidis.	neisseria meningitidis is a leading cause of bacterial meningitis and septicemia in children and young adults in the united states. rapid and reliable identification of n. meningitidis serogroups is crucial for judicious and expedient response to cases of meningococcal disease, including decisions about vaccination campaigns. from 1997 to 2002, 1,298 n. meningitidis isolates, collected in the united states through the active bacterial core surveillance (abcs), were tested by slide agglutination ...	2004	14715772
survival of streptococcus pneumoniae, haemophilus influenzae, and moraxella catarrhalis frozen in skim milk- tryptone-glucose-glycerol medium.	in stgg (skim milk, tryptone, glucose, glycerol) medium at -80 degrees c, streptococcus pneumoniae, haemophilus influenzae, and moraxella catarrhalis isolates survived for at least 3 years, and the same species have survived in nasopharyngeal swabs for at least 1.5 years. at -20 degrees c, s. pneumoniae and m. catarrhalis survived for 1.5 years, but h. influenzae survived for only 2 months.	2004	14715793
[prevalence of bacteria in children with otitis media with effusion].	1) to determine the prevalence of streptococcus pneumoniae, haemophilus influenzae and moraxella catarrhalis in middle ear effusions of children with otitis media with effusion undergoing myringotomy; 2) to compare the results obtained by culture and pcr; and 3) to determine the susceptibility of bacterial isolates to penicillin.	2004	14978548
new developments in antibacterial choice for lower respiratory tract infections in elderly patients.	elderly patients are at increased risk of developing lower respiratory tract infections compared with younger patients. in this population, pneumonia is a serious illness with high rates of hospitalisation and mortality, especially in patients requiring admission to intensive care units (icus). a wide range of pathogens may be involved depending on different settings of acquisition and patient's health status. streptococcus pneumoniae is the most common bacterial isolate in community-acquired pn ...	2004	14979735
interactions between penicillin-binding proteins (pbps) and two novel classes of pbp inhibitors, arylalkylidene rhodanines and arylalkylidene iminothiazolidin-4-ones.	several non-beta-lactam compounds were active against various gram-positive and gram-negative bacterial strains. the mics of arylalkylidene rhodanines and arylalkylidene iminothiazolidin-4-ones were lower than those of ampicillin and cefotaxime for methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus mi339 and vancomycin-resistant enterococcus faecium ef12. several compounds were found to inhibit the cell wall synthesis of s. aureus and the last two steps of peptidoglycan biosynthesis catalyzed by ether- ...	2004	14982790