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an update on the hepatitis e virus.there have been recent key advances in the understanding of hepatitis e virus infection. since the early 1980s, when the virus was first discovered, hepatitis e has been described as a disease that is endemic only in the african and asian subcontinents, a disease that is transmitted via the fecal-oral route, and a disease that causes an acute illness that typically resolves, with the exception of the third trimester of pregnancy, when infection can be deadly. we now know that genotype 3 is likel ...201323314803
hepatitis e virus: the current scenario.hepatitis e infection, caused by the hepatitis e virus (hev), is a common cause of acute hepatitis in developing countries with poor sanitation and hygiene. the virus is classified into four genotypes (1-4) with one serotype. genotypes 1 and 2 exclusively infect humans, whereas genotypes 3 and 4 also infect other animals, particularly pigs. in endemic areas, large outbreaks of acute hepatitis caused by viruses of genotype 1 or 2 frequently occur due to fecal-oral transmission, usually through co ...201323313154
hepatitis e virus capsid protein assembles in 4m urea in the presence of salts.the hepatitis e virus (hev) capsid protein has been demonstrated to be able to assemble into particles in vitro. however, this process and the mechanism of protein-protein interactions during particle assembly remain unclear. in this study, we investigated the assembly mechanism of hev structural protein subunits, the capsid protein p239 (aa368-606), using analytical ultracentrifugation. it was the first to observe that the p239 can form particles in 4m urea as a result of supplementation with s ...201323281113
acute pancreatitis complicating acute hepatitis e virus infection: a case report and review.acute pancreatitis complicating fulminant viral hepatitis has been well recognized; however, acute pancreatitis occurring in nonfulminant hepatitis is very rare. the case presented describes moderate pancreatitis in a young male, manifesting during the course of nonfulminant acute hepatitis e infection. the diagnosis of acute viral hepatitis e was confirmed by serology and reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (rt-pcr) to demonstrate hepatitis e virus (hev) rna in both stool and serum. ...201325374721
hepatitis e virus seroprevalence in haemodialysis patients in zanjan province, islamic republic of iran.hepatitis e virus (hev) infection is the most common form of acute hepatitis in adults in endemic regions of asia. in a descriptive, cross-sectional study, anti-hev antibody was measured in patients referred to the 2 haemodialysis centres in zanjan city, islamic republic of iran. among 93 patients with chronic renal failure, mean age 57.0 (sd 18.5) years, antibodies against hev were positive in 25 (26.9%) patients. hev infection was not significantly associated with sex, age, educational level, ...201324975304
clinical implications of chronic hepatitis e virus infection in heart transplant recipients.recent reports have shown that hepatitis e virus (hev) infection can become chronic in solid-organ transplant recipients, but few studies have systematically investigated the clinical consequences of this chronic hev infection in solid-organ transplant (sot) recipients.201323260707
characterization of full genome of rat hepatitis e virus strain from vietnam.we amplified the complete genome of the rat hepatitis e virus (hev) vietnam strain (v-105) and analyzed the nucleotide and amino acid sequences. the entire genome of v-105 shared only 76.8%-76.9% nucleotide sequence identities with rat hev strains from germany, which suggests that v-105 is a new genotype of rat hev.201323260149
hepatitis e virus genotype 4 outbreak, italy, 2011.during 2011, 5 persons in the area of lazio, italy were infected with a monophyletic strain of hepatitis e virus that showed high sequence homology with isolates from swine in china. detection of this genotype in italy parallels findings in other countries in europe, signaling the possible spread of strains new to western countries.201323260079
early secretory pathway localization and lack of processing for hepatitis e virus replication protein porf1.hepatitis e virus (hev) is a positive-strand rna virus and a major causative agent of acute sporadic and epidemic hepatitis. hev replication protein is encoded by orf1 and contains the predicted domains of methyltransferase (mt), protease, macro domain, helicase (hel) and polymerase (pol). in this study, the full-length protein porf1 (1693 aa) and six truncated variants were expressed by in vitro translation and in human hela and hepatic huh-7 cells by using several vector systems. the proteins ...201323255617
altered expressions of peripheral cd11c, cd80, cd83 markers and associations of hla class ii allele and haplotypes in self-limiting hepatitis e infection.hepatitis e virus (hev), the major cause of self limiting viral hepatitis, is associated with a robust humoral, moderate cd4 t cell and ctl response. however, key questions like the probable involvement of hla class ii alleles and peripheral dcs/monocytes in regulating the innate and adaptive immune responses in hepatitis e remain unanswered. one eighty four self- limiting hepatitis e patients and 283 anti-hev negative controls from western india were studied for the distribution of hla class ii ...201323246582
infection with hepatitis e virus in kidney transplant recipients in southeastern france.hepatitis e virus (hev) is an emerging cause of acute hepatitis in europe, particularly in southern france, and hev is a new causative agent of chronic hepatitis and cirrhosis in immunocompromised patients. however, the data regarding hev infection after kidney transplantation are still scarce with respect to the clinical issues that have been raised, and no study has specifically focused on kidney transplant recipients. this study described the clinical features and outcomes of hev infections i ...201323239466
seroprevalence of hepatitis e virus in hong kong, 2008-2009.the public health impact of hepatitis e virus (hev) infection varies across the world. an hev vaccine has been recently approved for clinical use in china. population-specific seroprevalence data are essential for cost-effective assessment of vaccination programs. here, a cross-sectional study was performed to provide an update on the local seroprevalence of hev. an archive of serum samples submitted for virological investigation between 2008 and 2009 to a general hospital was used. a total of 4 ...201323239426
validation of an internally controlled multiplex real time rt-pcr for detection and typing of hev genotype 3 and 4.hepatitis e virus (hev) genotypes 1 and 2 are restricted to humans, whereas genotypes 3 (hev 3) and genotype 4 (hev 4) infect humans and a variety of animal species. cross-species infections by animal strains raise potential public health concerns for zoonotic hev transmission. therefore, a real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (rt-qpcr) combining the hev 3-tpye specific rt-qpcr assay with the hev 4-tpye specific assay was developed. furthermore, a heterologous rna, an in vit ...201323850697
seroprevalence of hepatitis e virus infection among swine farmers and the general population in rural taiwan.hepatitis e virus (hev) is an emerging pathogen. we evaluated the seroprevalence of hev infection among swine farmers and the general population in taiwan, a nonendemic country.201323840620
an assessment of hepatitis e virus (hev) in us blood donors and recipients: no detectable hev rna in 1939 donors tested and no evidence for hev transmission to 362 prospectively followed recipients.hepatitis e virus (hev) infection has become relevant to blood transfusion practice because isolated cases of blood transmission have been reported and because hev has been found to cause chronic infection and severe liver disease in immunocompromised patients.201323829163
seroprevalence of hepatitis e virus infection among volunteer blood donors in central province of iran in 2012.hepatitis e virus (hev) is a major public health concern in developing countries. hev transmission occurs primarily by the fecal-oral route. it has also been reported that blood donors are potentially able to cause transfusion-associated hepatitis e in endemic areas. this study aimed to determine the seroprevalence of hev infection among volunteer blood donors in central province of iran in 2012.201323825737
epidemiology and management of chronic hepatitis e infection in solid organ transplantation: a comprehensive literature review.hepatitis e virus (hev) infection has emerged as a global public health issue. although it often causes an acute and self-limiting infection with low mortality rates in the western world, it bears a high risk of developing chronic hepatitis in immunocompromised patients with substantial mortality rates. organ transplant recipients who receive immunosuppressive medication to prevent rejection are thought to be the main population at risk for chronic hepatitis e. therefore, there is an urgent need ...201323813631
acute hepatitis in israeli travelers.acute hepatitis is a well-described cause of morbidity and sporadic mortality in travelers. data regarding the epidemiology of hepatitis in travelers are lacking. the aim of this study is to describe the epidemiology of acute viral hepatitis among travelers returning from tropical countries, with particular attention to enterically transmitted hepatitis.201323809073
hepatitis e virus: an underestimated opportunistic pathogen in recipients of allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation.hepatitis e virus (hev) is increasingly acknowledged as a cause of hepatitis in healthy individuals as well as immunocompromised patients. little is known of hev infection in recipients of allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (allohsct). therefore, we set out to study the incidence and sequelae of hev as a cause of hepatitis in a recent cohort of 328 allohsct recipients. hev rna was tested in episodes of liver enzyme abnormalities. in addition, hev rna and hev serology were assesse ...201323794068
a cross-sectional study of hepatitis e virus infection in pigs in different-sized farms in northern thailand.pigs are an important reservoir of hepatitis e virus (hev) in many countries throughout the world. we evaluated the association between farm size and presence of serum antibodies against hev, as well as other risk factors for infection in pigs raised in nan province, thailand in a cross-sectional study. the sampling frame was a total-population census of all pig herds, stratified into three classes of the farm size according to criteria developed by the nan provincial livestock health office. on ...201323789726
development of a fluorescent microbead-based immunoassay for the detection of hepatitis e virus igg antibodies in pigs and comparison to an enzyme-linked immunoassay.swine hepatitis e virus (hev) is a zoonotic virus and pigs are considered as an important reservoir. swine hev infection is widespread and most pig herds are infected. humans can be infected with swine hev via consumption of undercooked pork or through direct contact with infected pigs. to minimize the risk of zoonotic transmission, sensitive tools to assess the hev infection status of pigs and pork products are needed. the objective of this study was to develop a fluorescent microbead-based imm ...201323773809
identification of european-type hepatitis e virus subtype 3e isolates in japanese wild boars: molecular tracing of hev from swine to wild boars.nucleotide sequences of hepatitis e virus (hev) isolates infecting wild boars in mie prefecture, which is located in the central region of japan and is far from the most prevalent regions of hev infection in japan, were determined and characterised. among 144 serum samples of wild boars captured in mie prefecture, 7 were positive for hev-rna. the nucleotide sequence of nearly the entire genome was determined for 4 of the 7 positive samples. phylogenetic tree analyses indicated that 6 samples wer ...201323770142
hepatitis e virus in scottish blood donors.published prevalence figures for hepatitis e virus (hev) reveal significant regional differences. several studies have reported virus transmission via blood transfusion. the aim of this study was to establish hev seroprevalence and investigate a potential hev rna presence in scottish blood donors.201323763589
[occurrence and geographical distribution of antibodies to hepatitis e virus in wild boars of saxony-anhalt, germany (2011)].hepatitis e virus (hev) may cause acute hepatitis in humans. in industrialised countries, acute hepatitis e generally occurs only sporadically. however, in recent years an increase in the number of reported cases has been observed. concerning autochthonous, non-travel-associated cases, a zoonotic transmission, particularly from the animal reservoirs of domestic pig and wild boar, and via undercooked meat is assumed. meanwhile, hev has been detected in domestic pig holdings as well as in wild boa ...201323758038
hepatitis e virus and porcine-derived heparin. 201323751114
hepatitis e virus genotype 3 strains in domestic pigs, cameroon. 201323751099
rabbit and human hepatitis e virus strains belong to a single serotype.hepatitis e virus (hev) is a zoonotic pathogen and all four established genotypes of hev belong to a single serotype. the recently identified rabbit hev is antigenically and genetically related to human hev. it is unclear whether rabbit hev belongs to the same serotype as human hev. the purpose of this study was to determine the serotypic relationship between rabbit and human hevs. hev orf2 recombinant capsid protein p166 (amino acids 452-617) of four known hev genotypes and rabbit hev were used ...201323742853
hepatitis e outbreak, dadaab refugee camp, kenya, 2012. 201323735820
antibodies to hepatitis e in portuguese mothers and their newborns.the high mortality of pregnant women is one of the main features of hepatitis e virus (hev) infection in endemic countries. with the emergence of genotype 3 hev in industrialized countries, attention should be given to pregnant women from these regions since the effect of genotype 3 hev in pregnancy is not yet known. in this study, archived sera dating from 1993 from mothers with no history of traveling to hev endemic countries and their newborns were tested for anti-hev igg antibodies. four of ...201323722441
cutthroat trout virus as a surrogate in vitro infection model for testing inhibitors of hepatitis e virus replication.hepatitis e virus (hev) is one of the most important causes of acute hepatitis worldwide. although most infections are self-limiting, mortality is particularly high in pregnant women. chronic infections can occur in transplant and other immune-compromised patients. successful treatment of chronic hepatitis e has been reported with ribavirin and pegylated interferon-alpha, however severe side effects were observed. we employed the cutthroat trout virus (ctv), a non-pathogenic fish virus with rema ...201323916729
herbalife hepatotoxicity: evaluation of cases with positive reexposure tests.to analyze the validity of applied test criteria and causality assessment methods in assumed herbalife hepatotoxicity with positive reexposure tests.201323898368
anti hepatitis e virus seropositivity in a group of male blood donors in makkah, saudi arabia.to determine the seropositivity of immunoglobulin-g and immunoglobulin-m to hepatitis e virus in male blood donors in makkah, saudi arabia.201323894892
infectivity of a genotype 4 hepatitis e virus cdna clone by intrahepatic inoculation of laboratory rats.a cdna clone of a genotype 4 swine hepatitis e virus (hev) strain (saas-fx17), identified in shanghai, has been constructed. capped rna transcripts were prepared in vitro and shown to be replication-competent in huh7 cells. sprague-dawley (sd) rats administered the rna transcripts by intrahepatic inoculation developed active infections as evidenced by fecal virus shedding and sero-conversion to anti-hev. the former was first detected between 23 and 30 days post-inoculation (dpi) and persisted un ...201323891307
full-length sequence analysis of hepatitis e virus isolates: showing potential determinants of virus genotype and identity.the complete genome sequence of a genotype 4 strain of hepatitis e virus (ch-yt-hev02) from a patient (in yantai, china) has been determined. phylogenetic analysis showed that ch-yt-hev02 belongs to genotype 4, subtype 4a. however, the phylogenetic analysis indicated that it was most closely related to jko-chisai98c (ab197673) strain, sharing only 91.6% sequence identity with it. judging from the phylogenetic tree based on the full-length nucleotide sequences of all 70 genotype 4 hev isolates re ...201323888309
immunogenicity and safety of hepatitis e vaccine in healthy hepatitis b surface antigen positive adults.a recombinant hepatitis e vaccine, hecolin, has been proven safe and effective in healthy adults. as hepatitis b surface antigen (hbsag) positive individuals have a higher risk of poor prognosis after super-infection with hepatitis e virus (hev), the safety and immunogenicity of hecolin in this population should be assessed. the present study is an extending analysis of data from a large randomized controlled clinical trial of hecolin. healthy participants (n = 14,065) without current or previou ...201323887167
comparison of real-time rt-pcr assays for hepatitis e virus rna detection.hepatitis e virus (hev) is an increasing cause of acute viral hepatitis in developed countries. serological testing alone may fail to diagnose acute infection, especially in immunocompromised patients, which justifies the use of molecular assays for diagnosis. few studies have compared accuracy of hev rna detection assays.201323886501
investigation of hepatitis e outbreak among refugees - upper nile, south sudan, 2012-2013.during the week of july 2, 2012, the deaths of two pregnant women and one child were reported by household mortality surveillance in jamam refugee camp, maban county, upper nile state, south sudan. all were reported to have yellow eyes before death. during july 27-august 3, 2012, three adult males with acute onset jaundice were admitted to the médecins sans frontières (msf) hospital in jamam camp; two died within 4 days of admission. the republic of south sudan ministry of health, united nations ...201323884344
no evidence for hepatitis e virus genotype 3 susceptibility in rats. 201323876517
asian musk shrew as a reservoir of rat hepatitis e virus, china. 201323876489
high occurrence of hepatitis e virus in samples from wastewater treatment plants in switzerland and comparison with other enteric viruses.hepatitis e virus (hev) is responsible for many enterically transmitted viral hepatitides around the world. it is currently one of the waterborne diseases of global concern. in industrialized countries, hev appears to be more common than previously thought, even if it is rarely virulent. in switzerland, seroprevalence studies revealed that hev is endemic, but no information was available on its environmental spread. the aim of this study was to investigate -using qpcr- the occurrence and concent ...201323866141
hepatitis e virus infection in two different regions of indonesia with identification of swine hev genotype 3.hepatitis e is an emerging disease with a high incidence globally. few data are available on hepatitis e virus (hev) infection in indonesia. to obtain molecular information on hev infection in two regions of indonesia with different customs and swine breeding conditions, serum samples from 137 swine farm workers, 100 blood donors and 100 swine (27 fecal samples also obtained) in yogyakarta (central java) and from 12 and 64 swine farm workers, 42 and 135 local residents and 89 and 119 swine in tu ...201323865729
chronic hepatitis e virus infection and treatment.it is now well accepted that hepatitis e virus (hev) infection can induce chronic hepatitis and cirrhosis in immunosuppressed patients. chronic genotype-3 hev infections were first reported in patients with a solid-organ transplant. thereafter, cases of chronic hev infection have been reported in patients with hematological disease and in those who are human immunodeficiency virus (hiv)-positive. hev-associated extra-hepatic manifestations, including neurological symptoms, kidney injuries, and h ...201325755487
hepatitis e: epidemiology and natural history.hepatitis e is a disease caused by infection with hepatitis e virus (hev). the virus has four genotypes, named 1 to 4, with one shared serotype. genotypes 1 and 2 infect only humans, whereas genotypes 3 and 4 primarily infect several mammalian animals, with occasional transmission to humans. evidence of infection with hev has been found in most parts of the world, with two distinct epidemiological patterns. in areas with high disease endemicity, primarily developing countries in asia and africa, ...201325755486
acute hepatitis a virus infections in british gurkha soldiers.hepatitis a virus (hav) and hepatitis e virus (hev) infections are endemic in most developing countries, including nepal and afghanistan, and may cause outbreaks in military personnel. previously, more than 99% of new british gurkha recruits were already immune to hav because of prior infection, but this may be declining due to improved living conditions in their countries of origin. acute hav infections have occurred in gurkha soldiers serving in afghanistan, which made them unfit for duty for ...201323720504
genomic copy concentrations of selected waterborne viruses in a slum environment in kampala, uganda.the presence of viruses in a slum environment where sanitation is poor is a major concern. however, little is known of their occurrence and genomic copy concentration in the slum environment. the main objective of this study was to determine the genomic copy concentrations of human adenoviruses f and g, rotavirus (rv), hepatitis a virus (hav), hepatitis e virus (hev) and human adenovirus species a,c,d,e, and f (hadv-acdef) in bwaise iii, a typical slum in kampala, uganda. forty-one samples from ...201323708582
epidemiological and molecular analyses of a non-seasonal outbreak of acute icteric hepatitis e in bangladesh.acute hepatitis due to hepatitis e virus (hev) is endemic in bangladesh, but its epidemiological characteristics and virological features remain obscure. an outbreak of acute icteric hepatitis e occurred in rajshahi, bangladesh during 2010 when 200 patients with visible jaundice visited physicians within a period of 1 month (january-february). clinical and epidemiological data were collected from these patients using questionnaires. nucleic acids were isolated from 15 patients who were selected ...201323703666
hepatitis e virus infection in a liver transplant recipient: delayed diagnosis due to variable performance of serologic assays. 201323701647
chronic hepatitis e infection: risks and controls.very recently, an unusual clinical presentation with an altered natural history associated with hepatitis e virus (hev) infection has emerged in high-income industrialized nations. although hev infection does not develop into chronicity in general, viremia can persist for long periods of time in immunocompromised solid organ, bone marrow and stem cell transplant patients. conceivably, the atypical clinical and virological outcomes in these cases could be related to immunosuppressive chemotherapy ...201323689166
analysis of the complete genome sequences of one swine and two human hepatitis e virus genotype 4 strains isolated in beijing, china.full-length sequences were determined and analyzed for two human (mo and w3) and one swine (w2-5) hepatitis e virus (hev) isolates from beijing, china. the genomes of the three strains were composed of 7242, 7239, 7239 nucleotides, respectively, excluding the poly (a) tails, and were 84% identical to each other. all were classified into genotype 4. sequence analysis shows that the 2 human isolates have up to 91-94% nucleotide identity in full length genome with swine strains isolated in china, w ...201323684630
an outbreak of hepatitis e and high maternal mortality at port sudan, eastern sudan.during 4 months (november 2010-march 2011) of an outbreak of hepatitis e virus (hev), 39 pregnant women presented at port sudan hospital, sudan, with various symptoms of viral hepatitis. the diagnosis of viral hepatitis was confirmed by serology using elisa anti-hev igg and igm. the mean (sd) maternal age and gestational age were 24·0 (4·2) years and 33·6 (3·7) weeks, respectively. eight (20·5%) women were primigravidae. there were 11 (28·2%) maternal deaths, 14 (36·0%) intrauterine fetal deaths ...201323683332
high levels of circulating hmgb1 as a biomarker of acute liver failure in patients with viral hepatitis e.viral hepatitis e clinically ranges between acute self-limiting hepatitis (avh) and acute liver failure (alf). the varied clinical course of the disease possibly thought to be immune-mediated. high-mobility group box 1 (hmgb1) is a non-histone chromosomal nuclear protein with recently discovered pro-inflammatory and immunomodulatory action. its presence in abundance within hepatocytes is thought provoking in patients with hepatitis.201323682703
characterization of hepatitis e virus from sporadic hepatitis cases and sewage samples from vellore, south india.hepatitis e virus (hev) is endemic in india and causes epidemics and sporadic cases. however, the exact transmission route for sporadic hepatitis e remains unclear. this study investigated hev in sporadic hepatitis cases and sewage samples, as sewage is the major source of contamination of water in developing countries.201323677583
an exploratory case control study of risk factors for hepatitis e in rural bangladesh.hepatitis e virus (hev) is the major cause of epidemic and sporadic hepatitis globally. outbreaks are associated with fecal contamination of drinking water, yet the environmental reservoir of hev between epidemics remains unclear. in contrast to neighboring countries, where epidemics and sporadic disease co-occur, hev-endemic communities in rural bangladesh seldom report outbreaks; sporadic hepatitis e is reported from urban and rural areas of the country. besides typical enteric risk factors, o ...201323675410
transmission of hepatitis e virus from rabbits to cynomolgus macaques.the recent discovery of hepatitis e virus (hev) strains in rabbits in the people's republic of china and the united states revealed that rabbits are another noteworthy reservoir of hev. however, whether hev from rabbits can infect humans is unclear. to study the zoonotic potential for and pathogenesis of rabbit hev, we infected 2 cynomolgus macaques and 2 rabbits with an hev strain from rabbits in china. typical hepatitis developed in both monkeys; they exhibited elevated liver enzymes, viremia, ...201323628346
high prevalence of rat hepatitis e virus in wild rats in china.serum samples from a total of 713 wild rats captured in zhanjiang city in china from december 2011 to september 2012 were investigated for the prevalence of rat hepatitis e virus (hev) by exploring rat hev-specific antibodies and rna. by an elisa based on recombinant rat hev-like particles (hev-lps), 23.3% (166/713) of the rats were positive for anti-hev igg, and 8.3% (59/713) were positive for anti-hev igm. the igg-positive rates in rattus norvegicus, bandicota indica, rattus flavipectus, rattu ...201323623690
hepatitis e virus mixed infection in immunocompetent patient.we detected 2 hepatitis e virus (hev) strains in an acutely infected immunocompetent patient. two populations of genotype 3 virus were observed in the hypervariable regions and open reading frames 2 and 3, indicating multiple infection with hepatitis e virus. persons with mixed infections may provide the opportunity for virus recombination.201323621890
use of immuno-dominant epitope derived from genotype 4 as a diagnostic reagent for detecting the antibodies against hepatitis e virus.despite the genotype 4 has become the dominant cause of hepatitis e disease in china, none antigen derived from genotype 4 of hepatitis e virus (hev) was used in current commercial anti-hev immunoassay, and the serological reactivity of antigen derive from genotype 4 is not well-charactered.201323618011
new route for fast detection of antibodies against zoonotic pathogens in sera of slaughtered pigs by means of flow-through chemiluminescence immunochips.the research on fast screening methods for antibodies against zoonotic pathogens in slaughter animals is important for food safety in farming and meat-processing industries. as a proof-of-concept study, antibodies against the emerging zoonotic pathogen hepatitis e virus (hev) and enteropathogenic yersinia spp. were analyzed in parallel using immobilized recombinant antigens (rags) of hev genotypes 1 and 3 and yersinia outer protein d (yopd) on a flow-through chemiluminescence immunochip. these r ...201323611726
hepatitis e virus.hepatitis e virus (hev) is responsible for major outbreaks of acute hepatitis in developing countries where it was first described as a waterborne disease, transmitted by drinking water contaminated with feces. attention was focused on hev in developed countries and its associated diseases in recent years as a result of increasing reports of autochthonous infections. hepatitis e is the zoonotic cause of these acute infections, and mainly in men over 50 years of age. the clinical manifestations a ...201323608595
hepatitis e virus serological testing in kidney transplant recipients with elevated liver enzymes in 2007-2011 in southeastern france.hepatitis e virus (hev) is an emerging cause of acute and chronic hepatitis in europe, particularly in solid organ transplant recipients. anti-hev igg/igm testing in kidney transplant recipients with liver biological disturbances indicated high hev exposure in our geographical area and led to diagnose hev infection in 6% of cases.201323608351
hepatitis e virus in the western world--a pork-related zoonosis.hepatitis e virus (hev) is a common cause of waterborne epidemics of acute hepatitis worldwide, but its natural history, ecology, clinical significance and presentation are entirely different in the developed world, where, apart from the typical travel-associated imported cases, the majority of the observed cases involve older adults with comorbidities or forms of immune compromise who acquire hev genotype 3, mostly through direct or indirect (consumption of meat products) contact with pigs. thu ...201323594199
hepatitis e virus infection in latin america: a review.data reported during recent years reveal the complex picture of the epidemiology of hepatitis e virus (hev) infection in latin america. whereas in countries like argentina and brazil is almost identical to the characteristic of most countries from north america and europe, hev in the caribbean and mexico involves the water-borne, non-zoonotic viral genotypes responsible for epidemics in asia and africa. nevertheless, latin america has been considered a highly endemic region for hepatitis e in th ...201323588729
identification of mir-221 and -222 as important regulators in genotype iv swine hepatitis e virus orf3-expressing hek 293 cells.hepatitis e virus (hev) has emerged as an important cause of epidemic and sporadic acute viral hepatitis worldwide, which is a major public health challenge. a better understanding of the interaction between the virus and the host cell would be very helpful for its therapy. swine hev (shev) open reading frame 3 (orf3) is a regulatory protein that alters the activity of selected transcription factors and cytoplasmic signaling pathways. micrornas (mirnas) are potent post-transcriptional regulators ...201323579640
chronic hepatitis e in hiv patients: rapid progression to cirrhosis and response to oral ribavirin.chronic hepatitis e virus infection with rapid progression to cirrhosis is reported in 2 human immunodeficiency virus (hiv)-infected patients with severe immunosuppression. monotherapy with ribavirin led to temporary viral response and marked improvement of liver damage. chronic hepatitis e should be regarded as another opportunistic event within hiv infection.201323575198
a case of undulating fevers and elevated liver tests after pancreas-kidney transplantation.the patient is a 50-year-old caucasian woman with a history of a pancreas and two kidney transplants complicated by chronic rejection of her latest kidney allograft and currently undergoing hemodialysis, who was referred for fever of unknown origin and elevated liver tests. she suffered a self-limited acute diarrheal illness with fever 3 months prior to referral and then experienced a persistent, undulating fever pattern. an exhaustive evaluation involving many consultants was undertaken, but fa ...201323564393
immunopathogenesis of hepatitis e virus infection.the course of hepatitis e virus infection (hev) can vary substantially between different individuals. although most infections take a clinically silent asymptomatic course, a few patients may develop severe hepatitis that can progress to fulminant hepatic failure. in addition, cases of chronic hepatitis e have been described in immunosuppressed patients. the detailed mechanisms leading to different clinical outcomes of hev infection are only partially understood. both viral factors including the ...201323564391
hepatitis e virus infection in immunosuppressed patients: natural history and therapy.interest in hepatitis e virus (hev) infection has increased over the last few years since chronic hev infection was first reported in transplant patients. chronic genotype-3 hev infections have been now reported in patients with a solid-organ transplant, hematology disease, and in those who are human immunodeficiency virus-positive. cases of hev-related cirrhosis have been also reported. furthermore, hev associated extrahepatic manifestations, including neurologic symptoms, kidney injuries, and ...201323564390
autochthonous hepatitis e in developed countries and hev/hiv coinfection.a novel hepatitis virus was long suspected as the cause of outbreaks of unexplained hepatitis with high maternal mortality in asia. an outbreak of unexplained hepatitis in a soviet military camp in afghanistan led one investigator to ingest a pooled fecal extract from affected service personnel. this resulted in the discovery of the hepatitis e virus (hev) in 1983. subsequent studies showed that hev was endemic in large parts of the developing world. its incidence in industrialized nations was i ...201323564389
zoonotic and foodborne transmission of hepatitis e virus.hepatitis e is an important disease in many developing countries of asia and africa with large explosive outbreaks and is also endemic with sporadic or cluster cases of hepatitis in many industrialized countries. the causative agent, hepatitis e virus (hev), is currently classified in the family hepeviridae. thus far, four putative genera of hev representing mammalian, avian, and fish species have been identified and characterized worldwide. within the mammalian hev that infects humans, genotype ...201323564388
hepatitis e: clinical presentation in disease-endemic areas and diagnosis.infection with hepatitis e virus (hev), mostly genotype 1, is endemic in several developing countries. it can be asymptomatic, be associated with acute hepatitis or fulminant hepatic failure, or present as acute-on-chronic liver disease. pregnant women are at particular risk of serious outcomes and death. chronic hev infection has not been reported from these areas. diagnosis of acute hepatitis e depends on detection of igm anti-hev antibodies or hev rna. current assays for igm anti-hev are subo ...201323564387
epidemiology of hepatitis e in low- and middle-income countries of asia and africa.hepatitis e is an acute, viral hepatitis primarily transmitted through the fecal-oral route. the first major epidemic of hepatitis e virus (hev) was reported in 1955 in delhi, india. since that time, numerous epidemics have been reported across the low- and middle-income countries in asia and africa. even in the absence of large-scale outbreaks, hepatitis e is an important cause of clinical hepatitis. serologic studies across asia and africa show a high prevalence of anti-hev antibodies. interes ...201323564386
molecular virology of hepatitis e virus.hepatitis e virus (hev) is the causative agent of hepatitis e. it is a nonenveloped virus with a ∼7.2 kilobases positive-stranded rna genome. the molecular virology of hev is getting better understood with the development of replicons and in vitro infection systems, and the discovery of related viruses that infect animal species other than humans. this review focuses on the virology of hev and updates the current knowledge on the hev genome and its constituent proteins--orf1, orf2, and orf3, and ...201323564385
foreword. hepatitis e virus. 201323564384
serological investigation for hepatitis e virus infection in the patients with chronic maintenance hemodialysis from southwest of iran.a global distribution has been shown for hepatitis e virus (hev) infection. although the fecal-oral was considered as the primary infection route, there is controversial evidence for increased risk of the infection and consequent problems in patients on maintenance hemodialysis (hd) with suppressed immunity. the aim is to find if the prevalence of anti-hev igg, in patients with maintenance hd is higher than normal population in southwest of iran.201323559759
a novel indirect immunofluorescence test for the detection of igg and iga antibodies for diagnosis of hepatitis e virus infections.hepatitis e virus (hev) causes epidemic infections in regions of poor hygiene in the developing world. over the last years, however, increasing numbers of autochthonous infections in industrialized countries have been described, leading to new interest in this pathogen. currently available serological test formats to detect igg and igm antibodies are mainly based on bacterially expressed orf2 and orf3 antigens and often give ambiguous results. the objective of this study was the development of a ...201323557668
[molecular detection of hepatitis e virus in pig livers destined for human consumption in the state of nuevo leon, mexico].molecular detection of hev in pig livers destined for human consumption in nuevo leon, mexico.201323546411
performance of two commercial assays for detecting hepatitis e virus rna in acute or chronic infections.we assessed the performance of the ceeram and altona assays, the first two commercially available hepatitis e virus (hev) rna assays, using serial dilutions of 4 hev-positive reference samples (genotypes 3a, 3c, 3e, and 3f). both assays provided good analytical sensitivity and high reproducibility for detecting genotype 3 hev rna.201323515544
an essential rna element resides in a central region of hepatitis e virus orf2.hepatitis e virus (genus hepevirus, family hepeviridae) is one of the most important causes of acute hepatitis in adults, particularly among pregnant women, throughout asia and africa where mortality rates can be 20-30 %. hepatitis e virus has a single-stranded positive-sense rna genome that contains three translated orfs. the two 3' orfs are translated from a subgenomic rna. functional rna elements have been identified in and adjacent to the genomic 5' and 3' utrs and in and around the intergen ...201323515023
analysis of antiviral response in human epithelial cells infected with hepatitis e virus.hepatitis e virus (hev) is a major cause of enterically transmitted acute hepatitis in developing nations and occurs in sporadic and epidemic forms. the disease may become severe with high mortality (20%) among pregnant women. due to lack of efficient cell culture system and small animal model, early molecular events of hev infection are not yet known. in the present study, human lung epithelial cells, a549, were infected with hev to monitor expression levels of genes/proteins in antiviral pathw ...201323671700
genotype 4 hepatitis e virus in france: an autochthonous infection with a more severe presentation.among hepatitis e virus (hev) infections diagnosed in 2011 by the french reference centre for hev, 9 were due to genotype 4, which until recently was limited to asia. sequences from autochthonous cases formed a single cluster very similar to belgian swine sequences. clinical presentation differed from genotype 3 infections.201323667262
how should hepatitis e virus infection be defined in organ-transplant recipients? 201323659713
world health organization international standard to harmonize assays for detection of hepatitis e virus rna.nucleic acid amplification technique-based assays are a primary method for the detection of acute hepatitis e virus (hev) infection, but assay sensitivity can vary widely. to improve interlaboratory results for the detection and quantification of hev rna, a candidate world health organization (who) international standard (is) strain was evaluated in a collaborative study involving 23 laboratories from 10 countries. the is, code number 6329/10, was formulated by using a genotype 3a hev strain fro ...201323647659
low seroprevalence of hepatitis e virus infection in pregnant women in yunnan, china. 201324055390
the clinical course of hepatitis e virus infection in patients of a tertiary dutch hospital over a 5-year period.hepatitis e virus (hev) has long been known as a major cause of acute hepatitis in developing countries with occasional travel-related cases in developed countries, most of them belonging to genotype 1. currently, genotype 3 hev is recognized as an emerging public health issue in developed countries and can cause a chronic hepatitis in immunocompromised patients.201324055152
[acute, chronic and fulminant hepatitise: seven years of experience (2004-2011)].to study the clinical and epidemiological profiles of in 43cases of acute hepatitis, 5cases of fulminant hepatitis, and one of chronic hepatitis due to hepatitis e virus (hev), detected over a 7-year period.201323642282
hepatitis e virus infection.the spectrum of hepatitis e virus (hev) infection has changed over the past 2 years, especially in the developed world. herein, we review the progress made in studying the epidemiology, hepatic, and extrahepatic manifestations, and the treatment of hev infection, over the past 2 years.201323507918
the prevalence of hepatitis e virus in al-sadr city - baghdad.hepatitis e is an inflammation of the liver caused by hepatitis e virus (hev) infection. iraq is one of the asian countries with high incidence and prevalence of hepatitis. because of the hev outbreak that occurred in al-sadr city/baghdad, the present study aimed to determine the prevalence of hev in this city.201323505915
hepatitis e virus infection in a liver transplant recipient in the united states: a case report.chronic infection with hepatitis e virus (hev) has recently been recognized in immunocompromised or immunosuppressed individuals.201323498824
ribavirin treatment of acute and chronic hepatitis e: a single-centre experience.the role of ribavirin for treatment of severe acute or chronic hepatitis e virus (hev) infection is not well defined.201323489973
risk of zoonotic transmission of hev from rabbits.hepatitis e virus strains from rabbits indicate that these mammals may be a reservoir for hevs that cause infection in humans. further issues remain to be clarified, including whether the genotype of rabbit hev differs from human and swine hev genotype 3 and whether rabbit hev can infect human and other animals. hev was found in farmed rabbits in several geographic areas of china, in usa and more recently in france. the prevalence of antibodies against hev was 36%, 57% and 55% in rabbits from vi ...201323474012
the hepatitis e virus capsid c-terminal region is essential for the viral life cycle: implication for viral genome encapsidation and particle stabilization.although the c-terminal 52 amino acids (c52aa) of hepatitis e virus (hev) capsid are not essential for morphology, the c52aa-encoding region is required for replication. transfection of a c52aa knockdown mutant showed transient growth, and the earliest population included a majority of noninfectious (possibly empty) particles and a minority of infectious particles with c-terminal capsid degradation. finally, the complete revertant was generated reproducibly. c52aa is essential for the viral life ...201323468481
hepatitis e virus seroprevalence among men who have sex with men, united kingdom. 201323460994
pathobiology of hepatitis e: lessons learned from primate models.like the other hepatitis viruses, hepatitis e virus (hev) has been difficult to study because of limitations in cell culture systems and small animal models. much of what we know has come from epidemiological studies in developing countries and, more recently, in industrialized countries. however, the epidemiology is very different in these two settings: hepatitis e in developing countries is epidemic as well as sporadic, principally water-borne, most likely to cause disease in older children an ...201326038457
the simultaneous occurrence of human norovirus and hepatitis e virus in a norway rat (rattus norvegicus).wild rats can be reservoirs and vectors for several human pathogens. an initial rt-pcr screening of the intestinal contents of norway rats trapped in the sewer system of copenhagen, denmark, for caliciviruses revealed the presence of a human norovirus in one of 11 rodents. subsequent phylogenetic analysis of the ~4.0-kb 3'-terminus of the norovirus genome resulted in the identification of a recombinant gi.b/gi.6 strain. the simultaneous detection of hepatitis e virus-like particles in the feces ...201323443935
serological evidence for a hepatitis e virus-related agent in goats in the united states.hepatitis e virus (hev) causes an important public health disease in many developing countries and is also endemic in some industrialized countries. in addition to humans, strains of hev have been genetically identified from pig, chicken, rat, mongoose, deer, rabbit and fish. while the genotypes 1 and 2 hev are restricted to humans, the genotypes 3 and 4 hev are zoonotic and infect humans and other animal species. as a part of our ongoing efforts to search for potential animal reservoirs for hev ...201322909079
frequent detection and characterization of hepatitis e virus variants in wild rats (rattus rattus) in indonesia.one hundred sixteen rats (rattus rattus) captured in indonesia from 2011 to 2012 were investigated for the prevalence of hepatitis e virus (hev)-specific antibodies and hev rna. using an elisa based on hev genotype 4 with an ad hoc cutoff value of 0.500, 18.1 % of the rats tested positive for anti-hev igg. by nested rt-pcr, 14.7 % of the rats had rat hev rna, and none were positive for hev genotype 1-4. a high hev prevalence among rats was associated with lower sanitary conditions in areas with ...201322983110
seroprevalence of hepatitis e virus in humans and geographically matched food animals in egypt.the aim of current study was to investigate the epidemiology of hepatitis e virus (hev) in humans and geographically matched food animals as a novel zoonotic assessment in egypt. blood samples were collected from patients who had a history of jaundice and attended to fever and general hospitals. animal blood samples were collected from cows, buffaloes, sheep and goats convenient to hev seropositive humans. enzyme immuno assay (eia) protocol was used to determine igg anti-hev. sex and pregnancy w ...201322812407
severe bilateral amyotrophic neuralgia associated with major dysphagia secondary to acute hepatitis e.several acute neurological syndromes can be triggered by immune events. hepatitis e virus (hev), an emerging infectious disease, can be one of these triggers.201324555112
[primary risk factors of hepatitis e virus infection:a meta-analysis].to analyze the main risk factors of hepatitis e virus infection.201324529277
development of a novel enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay to detect anti-igg against swine hepatitis e virus.swine hepatitis e virus (hev) is widespread throughout pigs in both developing and industrialized countries. this virus is an important zoonotic agent and a public concern worldwide. infected pigs are asymptomatic, so diagnosing swine hev relies on detection of the virus or antibodies against the virus. however, several obstacles need to be overcome for effective and practical serological diagnosis. in this study, we developed an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) that used a purified rec ...201324421718
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