Publications

mutual suffering: a nurse's story of caring for the living as they are dying.	the aim of this study was to uncover the meaning of the lived experience of mutual suffering in relation to the care of a dying patient. the study took place within an acute medical ward in a district general hospital on the south coast of england as part of a reflective practice development programme. parse's human becoming theory provided a framework for the study and parse's research methodology was adopted. understanding the nature of human relationships within nursing practice is central to ...	2005	16255739
household disposal of pharmaceuticals as a pathway for aquatic contamination in the united kingdom.	pharmaceuticals are produced and used in increasingly large volumes every year. with this growth comes concern about the fate and effects of these compounds in the environment. the discovery of pharmaceuticals in the aquatic environment has stimulated research in the last decade. a wide range of pharmaceuticals has been found in fresh and marine waters, and it has recently been shown that even in small quantities, some of these compounds have the potential to cause harm to aquatic life. the prim ...	2005	16330351
human and animal health: strengthening the link: politics and economics inhibited control of anthrax last century.		2005	16339257
archaeology: life on the costa del cromer.		2005	16355198
resistance to oxyiminocephalosporins mediated by blatem-52 genes in salmonella typhimurium from humans in england and wales.	the emergence of antimicrobial resistance among salmonella is a matter of great public health concern, more so in the case of extended-spectrum cephalosporins, since these antimicrobials are normally regarded as the drugs of choice for complicated cases of infection. this study was designed to determine the occurrence of resistance mediated by the presence of extended-spectrum beta-lactamases (esbl) enzymes belonging to the tem family. only two isolates were detected after analysis of the 278,30 ...	2005	16366860
noise levels in picu: an evaluative study.	high levels of noise in the hospital environment can have an impact on patients and staff increasing both recovery time and stress respectively. when our seven-bedded paediatric intensive care unit (picu) is full, noise levels seem to increase significantly. this study measured noise levels at various times and places within a picu using tenma sound level meter which simulates the subjective response of a human ear. noise levels were often excessive, exceeding international guidelines. staff con ...	2005	16372705
what is ehealth (5): a research agenda for ehealth through stakeholder consultation and policy context review.	in 2003, the national health service in england and wales, despite its large investment in information and communication technology, had not set a national research agenda. the national health service has three main research and development programs: one is the service delivery and organisation program, commissioned in 2003, and the others are two parallel "scoping exercises" to help set a research agenda. this paper reports on one of those projects. a parallel literature review was carried out ...	2005	16403718
the place of 360 degree appraisal within a team approach to professional development.	the role of appraisal within professional development has assumed a higher profile in response to national policies including those relating to clinical governance and workforce development. under the guidance of a service development manager trained in human resource management, a new interprofessional primary care practice team near cambridge defined and implemented a new appraisal system drawing on the principles of 360 degree appraisal. the appraisal system was designed to support the servic ...	2005	15823888
eye anomalies: seasonal variation and maternal viral infections.	eye anomalies, including anophthalmos and microphthalmos (absent eye and small eye), are common features in congenital infection syndromes such as rubella. influenza, coxsackie virus, and parvovirus are less well-established teratogens. we report an ecologic analysis of anophthalmia/microphthalmia prevalence in england in relation to temporal variation in these infections using routine infection data.	2005	15824546
radioguided occult lesion localisation (roll) is available in the uk for impalpable breast lesions.	to test the feasibility and reliability of roll in a district general hospital (dgh) dealing with screening detected breast lesions.	2005	15826415
a regional audit of the use of cox-2 selective non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (nsaids) in rheumatology clinics in the west midlands, in relation to nice guidelines.	whilst all non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (nsaids) can cause adverse gastrointestinal events, cox-2-selective inhibitors (cox-2) may have improved gastrointestinal safety compared with non-selective nsaids (nsnsaids). in 2001, the national institute for clinical excellence (nice) published guidance on the use of the cox-2 agents celecoxib, rofecoxib, meloxicam and etodolac for rheumatoid arthritis (ra) and osteoarthritis (oa). this study aimed to audit the appropriateness of nsaid use in ...	2005	15827035
evidence-based policy making in health care: what it is and what it isn't.	in this paper, i aim to re-establish the meaning and importance of the concept of 'evidence-based policy making' (ebp) in health care. the term ebp is often misunderstood as being either vacuous (who thinks that public policy should not be based on evidence?), unrealistic (the naive product of ivory tower thinking) or conservative (an excuse permanently to delay reform). it need be none of these things. ebp should be thought of as a set of rules and institutional arrangements designed to encoura ...	2005	15831195
advances in anti-viral therapeutics.	hepatitis c virus (hcv) and hiv infections are of high economical importance as they have a global impact, high mortality rates and, consequently novel treatments are urgently needed. worldwide, 170 and 34 - 46 million people are infected with hcv and hiv, respectively. hcv and hiv medications constitute the largest antiviral markets today. the efforts in fighting hcv infections are still limited to early clinical development, trying to establish proof-of-concept in man. however, in hiv, there i ...	2005	15833066
the edinburgh electronic veterinary curriculum: an online program-wide learning and support environment for veterinary education.	the edinburgh electronic veterinary curriculum (eevec) is a purpose-built virtual learning support environment for the veterinary medicine program at the university of edinburgh. it is web based and adapted from a system developed for the human medical curriculum. it is built around a set of databases and learning objects and incorporates features such as course materials, personalized timetables, staff and student contact pages, a notice board, and discussion forums. the eevec also contains glo ...	2005	15834819
human t-cell lymphotropic virus antibody prevalence in hiv-1-infected individuals attending a sexual health clinic in south-east london.	human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) and human t-cell lymphotropic virus (htlv) are both retroviruses with similar routes of transmission. a number of reports suggest variable clinical outcomes in hiv and htlv co-infected individuals. there is no published information regarding the prevalence of hiv and htlv co-infection in the uk. we therefore carried out an unlinked anonymised retrospective study to investigate the prevalence of htlv co-infection in hiv infected patients attending a sexual healt ...	2005	15834880
immunomonitoring of renal transplant recipients in the early posttransplant period by sequential analysis of chemokine and chemokine receptor gene expression in peripheral blood mononuclear cells.	we sought to determine whether sequential changes in chemokine ligand/receptor gene expression in the early posttransplant period of human renal allografts can be detected in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (pbmcs) and whether any such changes are predictive of clinical events.	2005	15848520
a new hla-a allele, hla-a*6824, identified in three unrelated individuals.	a novel allele, human leukocyte antigen (hla)-a6824, has been identified in three unrelated individuals of northwestern european origin in a period of less than 4 months, implying that this allele may be quite common in this population. hla-a6824 differs from a*680102 by a single nucleotide change at position 275 in exon 2, which results in a conservative amino acid substitution from lysine to arginine in the peptide-binding groove at codon 68.	2005	15853904
identification of vehicle design requirements for older drivers.	the proportion of older people in the population is rising, as is the proportion of older women driving licence holders. the needs and abilities of older drivers therefore need to be considered in vehicle design. following some initial focus groups an extensive nation-wide postal survey was conducted to ascertain the type and degree of problems associated with automotive design for older drivers and to guide further research into the most appropriate areas. over a thousand questionnaires were re ...	2005	15854568
respiratory illness associated with influenza and respiratory syncytial virus infection.	to estimate excess morbidity during periods of influenza and respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) activity.	2005	15855178
psychological services for people with stroke: compliance with the u.k. national clinical guidelines.	the uk national clinical guidelines for stroke (2000) include recommendations on psychological services. the third national sentinel audit of stroke was completed in 2001-2002.	2005	15859533
the european convention and mental health law in england and wales: moving beyond process?		2005	15862870
genotypic analysis of the earliest known prehistoric case of tuberculosis in britain.	the earliest known case of human tuberculosis in britain dates to the middle period of the iron age, approximately 2,200 years before present. bone lesions on the spine of a male skeleton excavated at tarrant hinton in dorset, united kingdom, show evidence of pott's disease and are supported by molecular evidence of mycobacterium tuberculosis complex dna amplified by is6110 pcr (19). in the present study, we used a further series of sensitive pcr methods to confirm the diagnosis of tuberculosis ...	2005	15872248
characterization of ampc-mediated resistance in clinical salmonella isolates recovered from humans during the period 1992 to 2003 in england and wales.	the increase in ampc-mediated resistance in salmonellae constitutes a serious public health concern, since these enzymes confer resistance to a wide range of beta-lactams. one hundred six isolates were selected from 278,308 salmonella isolates based on resistance to ampicillin and cephalosporins and were subjected to further characterization. nine isolates had a cefoxitin inhibition diameter < or = 17 mm and were proven to be ampc positive by multiplex pcr. sequence analysis revealed the presenc ...	2005	15872253
a large norwegian family with inherited malignant melanoma, multiple atypical nevi, and cdk4 mutation.	mutations in two loci encoding cell-cycle-regulatory proteins have been shown to cause familial malignant melanoma. about 20% of melanoma-prone families bear a mutation in the cdkn2a locus, which encodes two unrelated proteins, p16ink4a and p14arf. mutations in the other locus, cdk4, are much rarer and have been linked to the disease in only three families worldwide. in the 1960s, a large norwegian pedigree with multiple atypical nevi and malignant melanomas was identified. subsequently, six gen ...	2005	15880589
darwinian criminality theory: a tragic chapter in history.	darwinists once believed that individual human beings occasionally reverted, both physically and mentally, to a prehuman stage of evolutionary development. this person was called an atavistic criminal type. as a result of this belief, the focus in darwinian criminology was on identifying the criminal type who should be imprisoned permanently to protect society, even if the particular offense committed was minor. conversely, if a "non-criminal type" committed even a serious offense, it was an abe ...	2005	15889340
the negative effect of red tape on research.	to describe the kind of the difficulties encountered when seeking research governance approval for a nationwide public health and genetic study-the drug-induced arrhythmia risk evaluation study-in england.	2005	15892170
cdx1 is an important molecular mediator of barrett's metaplasia.	the molecular pathogenesis of barrett's metaplasia (bm) of the esophagus is poorly understood. the change to an intestinal phenotype occurs on a background of esophagitis due to refluxing acid and bile. cdx1, an important regulator of normal intestinal development, was studied as a potential key molecule in the pathogenesis of bm. cdx1 mrna and protein were universally expressed in all samples of bm tested but not in normal esophageal squamous or gastric body epithelia. this tissue-specific expr ...	2005	15894614
patient safety: do nursing and medical curricula address this theme?	in this literature review, we examine to what extent patient safety is addressed within medical and nursing curricula. patient safety is the foundation of healthcare practice and education both in the uk and internationally. recent research and policy initiatives have highlighted this issue. the paper highlights the significance of this topic as an aspect of study in its own right by examining not only the fiscal but also the human costs such events invite. in the united kingdom patient safety i ...	2005	15896418
ethnicity and the need for correction of biochemical and ultrasound markers of chromosomal anomalies in the first trimester: a study of oriental, asian and afro-caribbean populations.	to assess whether there is a need to correct first-trimester biochemical markers (free beta-hcg and pregnancy-associated plasma protein-a (papp-a)) or first-trimester fetal nuchal translucency thickness (nt) in different ethnic groups, when screening for downs syndrome at 11-14 weeks of gestation.	2005	15906426
a tiered risk-based approach for predicting diffuse and point source phosphorus losses in agricultural areas.	implementation of the european union water framework directive requires an assessment of the pressures from human activity, which, combined with information on the sensitivity of the receiving waterbody to the pressures, will identify those water bodies at risk of failing to meet the directive's environmental objectives. part of the process of undertaking the risk assessment for lakes is an assessment of diffuse agricultural phosphorus (p) pressures. three approaches of increasing sophistication ...	2005	15907520
estimating time and out-of-pocket costs incurred by families attending a pediatric cochlear implant programme.	the objectives of this study are to estimate time and out-of-pocket costs incurred by families attending a pediatric cochlear implant programme. in addition, qualitative data examine the intangible costs faced by families.	2005	15911011
comparative genomics of helicobacter pylori isolates recovered from ulcer disease patients in england.	genomic diversity of h. pylori from many different human populations is largely unknown. we compared genomes of 65 h. pylori strains from nottingham, england. molecular analysis was carried out to identify rearrangements within and outside the cag-pathogenicity-island (cag pai) and dna sequence divergence in candidate genes. phylogenetic analysis was carried out based on various high-resolution genotyping techniques.	2005	15916705
do clinical trials improve quality of care? a comparison of clinical processes and outcomes in patients in a clinical trial and similar patients outside a trial where both groups are managed according to a strict protocol.	the conventional view that participants in randomised controlled trials sacrifice themselves for the good of future patients is challenged by increasing evidence to suggest that individual patients benefit from participation in trials.	2005	15933313
psa testing for prostate cancer: an online survey of the views and reported practice of general practitioners in the uk.	the role of prostate specific antigen (psa) testing in the early detection of prostate cancer is controversial. current uk policy stipulates that any man who wishes to have a psa test should have access to the test, provided he has been given full information about the benefits and limitations of testing. this study aimed to determine uk gps' current reported practice regarding psa testing, and their views towards informed decision-making and psa testing.	2005	15946386
mortality in children from influenza and respiratory syncytial virus.	to quantify mortality attributable to influenza and respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) infection in children.	2005	15965143
prospective first-trimester screening for trisomy 21 in 30,564 pregnancies.	this study was undertaken to evaluate the performance of a 1-stop clinic for first-trimester assessment of risk (oscar) for trisomy 21 by a combination of maternal age, fetal nuchal translucency (nt) thickness, and maternal serum-free ss- human chorionic gonadotrophin (hcg) and pregnancy-associated plasma protein-a (papp-a).	2005	15970804
the impact of high risk human papillomavirus testing in an inner london colposcopy clinic.	this is an audit of a new technique to improve the colposcopy service. samples were tested for high risk hpv dna using digene hybrid capture ii. sixty-four percent of the sampled women under 30 had detectable high risk hpv dna, decreasing to 44% in 30--39 year olds and to 27% in women over 40. high risk hpv prevalence increased with severity of cytology, although 22% with normal colposcopy had detectable high risk hpv. of those women treated for cervical dysplasia, 83% had detectable high risk h ...	2005	15977240
genotoxicity of size-fractionated samples of urban particulate matter.	urban particulate matter (upm) includes particles of size smaller than 10 microm (pm10), which may impact on human respiratory and cardiovascular health. it has been reported previously that pm10 can induce dna damage. we have collected size-fractionated pm10 at the roadside and measured the induction of dna damage by different-sized upm using the alkaline comet assay and the plasmid strand-break assay. we found that foil disks were more suitable for collecting upm than quartz fiber filters, as ...	2005	15662658
a systems analysis of the ladbroke grove rail crash.	on 5 october 1999, near london paddington station, two trains collided on a main line near ladbroke grove. the immediate "human error" that preceded this crash was a signal passed at danger (spad). thirty-one people lost their lives and many more were injured. the crash prompted an extensive multi-disciplinary investigation and hearing to identify the factors that contributed to the signal passed at danger event. this included the involvement of psychologists to consider the human factors "respo ...	2005	15667809
mutation analysis of pouf-1, prop-1 and hesx-1 show low frequency of mutations in children with sporadic forms of combined pituitary hormone deficiency and septo-optic dysplasia.	mutations in the genes encoding the transcription factors prop1 and pouf-1 (pit-1) have been reported as common causes of combined pituitary hormone deficiency (cphd), and hesx1 mutations have been identified in children with septo-optic dysplasia (sod). there are few data on uk children. we have performed mutation analysis in a large cohort of affected children within the west midlands region to assess the feasibility of a screening strategy for molecular diagnosis in cphd and sod.	2005	15670191
william cowper and his decorated copperplate initials.	william cowper was an 18th-century london surgeon/anatomist who made important contributions to several medical disciplines. he achieved lasting fame for describing the bulbourethral glands and lasting infamy for pirating plates for his anatomical atlas, the anatomy of humane bodies. cowper wrote the books and papers that taught the forerunners of today's surgeons and anatomists. his most famous pupil, the great surgeon william cheselden, was one of the teachers of john hunter, the founder of mo ...	2005	15672355
ernest henry starling (1866-1927): the scientist and the man.	the pre-eminent achievements of the english physician and physiologist ernest henry starling were his quantitative explanation of the transcapillary transport of fluid, the discovery of the first hormone, secretin, and his formulation of the law of the heart. in some ways starling was an outsider and he was the centre of several scientific and social controversies. however, throughout his life he stressed fundamental scientific attitudes and ideas with remarkable persistence and power, although ...	2005	15682229
epidemiology of double aneuploidies involving chromosome 21 and the sex chromosomes.	the chance of two chromosome abnormalities occurring in one conceptus is very small. however, some authors have suggested that double aneuplodies (das) might be more common than the product of their individual frequencies. the nonrandomness of such da events was considered to be evidence that nondisjunction (ndj) may be genetically determined. data collected from the national down syndrome cytogenetic register (ndscr) in england and wales and from the literature indicate that the frequencies of ...	2005	15704133
the effects of the 1918-1919 influenza pandemic on infant and child health in derbyshire.		2005	15730129
perceptions of dissection by students in one medical school: beyond learning about anatomy. a qualitative study.	the practice of dissection, as part of undergraduate medical education, has recently resurfaced in the public eye. this paper focuses on a number of important learning outcomes that were reported by year 1-5 medical students in a british medical school, during the dissection sessions in the first 2 years of their training, as part of a wider qualitative research project into undergraduate medical education.	2005	15733168
are hiv/aids services in leeds, uk, able to meet the needs of asylum seekers?	the yorkshire and humberside region of england ranks second only to london for reception of those seeking asylum in the uk. human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) prevalence amongst asylum seekers is likely to mirror that in the country of origin. in 2001, the city of leeds received 1100 asylum seekers, including dependents. many of these were from areas with high seroprevalence of hiv, and hiv-infected asylum seekers require medical and social support. are the current services for hiv-infected pers ...	2005	15733692
julia bell and the treasury of human inheritance.	the treasury of human inheritance represents the most extensive, and one of the earliest series of documentations and analyses of human genetic disorders. published between 1909 and 1958, from the galton laboratory, london, most of the numerous sections were written by julia bell, who represents a key figure in the development of human and medical genetics. her combination of mathematical training, genetic knowledge and clinical expertise yielded numerous important insights into human inheritanc ...	2005	15735957
a world apart: geography, australian quarantine, and the mother country.	in many respects the australian colonies were what one person called "the proud offspring of a grand old mother." yet when it came to the prevention of imported infectious disease, britain's australian colonies were not a chip off the old block. british opposition to the lengthy and costly imposition of quarantine had intensified throughout the nineteenth century, eventuating in the abolition of human quarantine in 1896. the australian colonies, on the other hand, which had based their first qua ...	2005	15737958
[revisiting the forsdahl-barker hypothesis].	the hypothesis about the influence of the environment in early life for later health and development has been the basis for several hundred studies over the last two decades. despite some diverging results in different studies and methodological shortcomings, including selection and confounding from socio-economic and other factors, there seems to be substantial evidence to the effect that the environment in early life is essential for later health and development. the association of low birthwe ...	2005	15742021
patients in test won't get drug, amgen decides.		2005	15742509
history. george ralph mines (1886-1914).		2005	15744470
potential transmission of west nile virus in the british isles: an ecological review of candidate mosquito bridge vectors.	west nile virus (wnv) transmitted by mosquitoes (diptera: culicidae) infects various vertebrates, being pathogenic for birds, horses and humans. after its discovery in tropical africa, sporadic outbreaks of wnv occurred during recent decades in eurasia, but not the british isles. wnv reached new york in 1999 and spread to california by 2003, causing widespread outbreaks of west nile encephalitis across north america, transmitted by many species of mosquitoes, mainly culex spp. the periodic reapp ...	2005	15752172
sporadic cryptosporidiosis decline after membrane filtration of public water supplies, england, 1996-2002.	the incidence of sporadic cryptosporidiosis among 106,000 residents of 2 local government districts in northwest england before and after installation of membrane filtration of public water supplies was compared to that of 59,700 residents whose public water supplies remained unchanged. a national outbreak of foot and mouth disease in livestock during 2001 was associated with a decline in sporadic human cryptosporidiosis in all regions of the united kingdom. in a poisson regression model, membra ...	2005	15752443
fly transmission of campylobacter.	an annual increase in campylobacter infection in england and wales begins in may and reaches a maximum in early june. this increase occurs in all age groups and is seen in all geographic areas. examination of risk factors that might explain this seasonal increase identifies flies as a potential source of infection. the observed pattern of infection is hypothesized to reflect an annual epidemic caused by direct or indirect contamination of people by small quantities of infected material carried b ...	2005	15757548
borna disease virus and mental health: a cross-sectional study.	borna disease is an infectious neurological disease of horses, sheep and possibly other animals. a role for borna disease virus (bdv) in human neurological and psychiatric illness has been proposed, but this hypothesis remains controversial.	2005	15760925
employment characteristics and job loss in patients awaiting surgery on the hip or knee.	to investigate the factors, including size of organisation, associated with job loss in patients awaiting surgery to the hip or knee joint.	2005	15613609
time-space modeling of journey-time exposure to traffic-related air pollution using gis.	journey-time exposures represent an important, though as yet little-studied, component of human exposure to traffic-related air pollution, potentially with important health effects. methods for assessing journey-time exposures, either as part of epidemiological studies or for policy assessment, are, however, poorly developed. this paper describes the development and testing of a gis-based system for modeling human journey-time exposures to traffic-related air pollution: stems (space-time exposur ...	2005	15476729
seasonal nutrient dynamics in a chalk stream: the river frome, dorset, uk.	chalk streams provide unique, environmentally important habitats, but are particularly susceptible to human activities, such as water abstraction, fish farming and intensive agricultural activity on their fertile flood-meadows, resulting in increased nutrient concentrations. weekly phosphorus, nitrate, dissolved silicon, chloride and flow measurements were made at nine sites along a 32 km stretch of the river frome and its tributaries, over a 15 month period. the stretch was divided into two sec ...	2005	15589261
feminizing the textual body: female readers consuming the literary annual.		2005	19637423
physical anthropology/paleoanthropology meetings. once-balmy climate lured humans to england early.		2005	15845823
the bibliography of robert edmond grant (1793-1874): illustrated with a previously unpublished photograph.	the comparative anatomist robert edmond grant (1793-1874), best known for his work on sponges and other marine invertebrates, was important as a teacher and outspoken as a medical reformer. at edinburgh university his transformist zoology provided the young charles darwin with his first theoretical framework. as professor of zoology and comparative anatomy at the newly founded university of london, grant influenced a new generation of comparative anatomists and medical men, even if his radical s ...	2006	19842292
common variants in the tcf7l2 gene and predisposition to type 2 diabetes in uk european whites, indian asians and afro-caribbean men and women.	common variants of tcf7l2, encoding a beta-cell-expressed transcription factor, are strongly associated with increased risk of type 2 diabetes (t2d). we examined this association using both prospective and case-control designs. a total of 2,676 healthy european white middle-aged men from the prospective nphsii (158 developed t2d over 15 years surveillance) were genotyped for two intronic snps [rs 7903146 (ivs3c>t) and rs12255372 (ivs4g>t)] which showed strong linkage disequilibrium (d' = 0.88, p ...	2006	17665514
influenza, campylobacter and mycoplasma infections, and hospital admissions for guillain-barré syndrome, england.	guillain-barré syndrome (gbs) is the most common cause of acute flaccid paralysis in polio-free regions. considerable evidence links campylobacter infection with gbs, but evidence that implicates other pathogens as triggers remains scarce. we conducted a time-series analysis to investigate short-term correlations between weekly laboratory-confirmed reports of putative triggering pathogens and weekly hospitalizations for gbs in england from 1993 through 2002. we found a positive association betwe ...	2006	17326939
moving genetics into clinical cancer care: examples from brca gene testing and telemedicine.	the translation of genetic knowledge from the research laboratory into the clinical arena is a complex and challenging process. the skills and expertise required are different from those required by a successful laboratory scientist. recognising the scale of the challenge, university college london has established the institute of human genetics and health; a unique, multi-disciplinary initiative examining the impact of genetic knowledge on human health and disease. the testing of the brca1 and ...	2006	17382866
emotion in political discourse: contrasting approaches to stem cell governance in the usa, uk, israel and germany.	in august 2004, stojkovic and murdoch from the university of newcastle upon tyne, uk, were granted the uk's first license to create human embryonic stem cells (hescs) using cell nuclear replacement. while this news made headlines around the globe, a spokesman for the german ministry of research warned scientists in his country of the illegality of advising their english colleagues on hesc research. meanwhile, us members of congress had asked president bush to revoke his decision to limit federal ...	2006	17465763
analysis of the potential for survival and seasonal activity of aedes albopictus (diptera: culicidae) in the united kingdom.	the international trade in used tires, coupled with the ability to lay non-desiccating eggs, has enabled aedes albopictus (skuse) (diptera: culicidae) to travel and establish on new continents, including north, central, and south america, the caribbean, australasia, africa, and europe. concerns have been raised over its potential role in the transmission of arboviruses and dirofilaria nematodes. following importation into northerly latitudes, photoperiodically-induced egg diapause enables establ ...	2006	17249347
[sexual violence against women--the analysis of the phenomenon as exemplified by the jack the ripper case].	from the beginning of human civilization, sexuality has been controlled by morals and laws. using the example of jack the ripper, the authors present the significant and very serious problem of violence against women in the aspect of crime detection and forensic sexuology. according to lernell [1], sex crimes are defined as "such types of sexuality-related human behaviors (including their consequences) that are forbidden by law" [2]. such crimes encompass sex murders. criminal behaviors of a sex ...	2006	17249375
florence nightingale: appreciating our legacy, envisioning our future.	"if a man does not keep pace with his companions, perhaps it is because he hears a different drummer. let him step to the music that he hears, however measured or far away." this quote is attributed to henry david thoreau, (walden, 1854) not florence nightingale, but it certainly can describe florence, particularly in early life. florence, you can say, "had it all": wealth, education, a doting extended family, and a life of leisure, which included the opportunity to travel anywhere in the world. ...	2006	17273011
the benefits of drinking water quality regulation--england and wales.	this paper aims to demonstrate that the regulation of drinking water quality in england and wales has been successful in securing the improvements to drinking water quality resulting in better performance against eu and national standards. the water industry in england and wales went through a major change in 1989 when suppliers were privatised and the government set up a robust regulatory regime. the regime was necessary as the industry was, as a result of privatisation, a monopoly with custome ...	2006	17302343
the implications of the human tissue act 2004 for dentistry.	partly as a consequence of the inquiries into the events at the bristol royal infirmary and the royal liverpool children's hospital (alder hey), the government recently enacted the human tissue act 2004. the main provisions of the act came into force on 1 september 2006 and have potential implications for dentists.	2006	17183410
medicine and the arts. all things wise and wonderful [excerpt] by james herriot. commentary.		2006	17354336
temporality and collectivity: diversity, history and the rhetorical construction of national entitativity.	vernacular representations of nationhood collected in england differed from canonical accounts of social categorization in three respects. first, nations were not typically constructed as simple person categories, but rather as hybrid collectivities of human beings, objects and geographical locations. second, national representation was not confined to the present tense, but was typically conveyed through temporal distinctions and narratives. third, speakers displayed a reflexive concern over th ...	2006	17393874
john robert stanley fincham: 11 august 1926 - 9 february 2005.	professor john fincham was one of the uk's leading geneticists, with a remarkably broad knowledge of the subject across the biological kingdoms. he became an international leader through being at the forefront of microbial genetics as some of the founding principles of the relationships between gene structure, activity and enzyme functions were being uncovered. he spearheaded discoveries from the one gene-one enzyme concept, through genetic complementation, protein structure and recombination. m ...	2006	18543471
short and medium chain length chlorinated paraffins in uk human milk fat.	chlorinated paraffins (also called polychlorinated n-alkanes -- pcas) are a class of industrial chemicals comprising chlorinated straight chain hydrocarbons. they have a wide range of applications and are now found in a range of environmental compartments. we analysed a total of 25 human milk-fat samples, donated by 18 individuals from the urban london and more rural lancaster areas in the uk, for short chain pcas (c(10)-c(13) spcas) and medium chain pcas (c(14)-c(17) mpcas), using gas chromatog ...	2006	15979717
the development and evaluation of the use of a virtual learning environment (blackboard 5) to support the learning of pre-qualifying nursing students undertaking a human anatomy and physiology module.	students commence nurse education with varying levels of understanding of human anatomy and physiology due to a wide range of previous exposure to the topic. all students, however, are required to attain a broad knowledge of this topic prior to qualification. this paper describes the use of a virtual learning environment (vle), blackboard 5, and the associated development of appropriate resources aimed at supporting nursing students undertaking a human anatomy and physiology module at higher edu ...	2006	16414156
a cephalometric comparison of skulls from the fourteenth, sixteenth and twentieth centuries.	to evaluate changes in the size and shape of the skull and jaws in british populations between the thirteenth and twentieth centuries.	2006	16415834
'it's only a blood test': what people know and think about venepuncture and blood.	medicine finds human blood infinitely useful. it is a source of important and sometimes controversial information about individuals, their relatives and the general public. blood also has economic value, carries a heavy cultural freight, and can transmit dangerous diseases. yet there is precious little sociological analysis of how these radically different applications, potentials and significations are managed in health care settings where, it is no exaggeration to claim, everyday a vast quanti ...	2006	16426716
william pulteney alison, the scottish philosophy, and the making of a political medicine.	this article considers the public health and social-reform agitations of dr. william pulteney alison (1790-1858), professor of medicine at edinburgh university and leader of the scottish medical profession, in the context of scottish moral philosophy. throughout his career, alison reflected on what has come to be recognized as a central problem of social medicine: where did its domain end? at what point did the medical mission of identifying and eliminating factors that harm health pass into a n ...	2006	16377755
clinical and diagnostic findings of an echovirus meningitis outbreak in the north west of england.	an outbreak of echovirus meningitis occurred in the north west of england in 2001. this paper reviewed the clinical features and the role of different diagnostic methods.	2006	16397083
serotypes, intimin subtypes, and antimicrobial resistance patterns of atypical enteropathogenic escherichia coli isolated in england from 1993 to 1996.	the aim of this study was to characterise the atypical enteropathogenic escherichia coli (epec) strains isolated during a study of intestinal infectious disease in the uk by serotyping, intimin subtyping, and antimicrobial resistance typing. serotypes, intimin subtypes, and resistance patterns of strains from cases were then compared with those from the control group. a wide range of serotypes, intimin subtypes, and antimicrobial resistance patterns was identified in isolates from both cases and ...	2006	16402227
tagging-snp haplotype analysis of the secretory pla2iia gene pla2g2a shows strong association with serum levels of spla2iia: results from the udacs study.	recent prospective analysis identified secretory phospholipase a(2)-iia (spla(2)iia) as a coronary artery disease (cad) risk predictor. this study aimed to examine the relationship between serum levels of spla(2)iia and variation in the spla(2)iia gene (pla2g2a) in a cohort of patients with type ii diabetes (t2d) mellitus. six tagging single nucleotide polymorphisms (tsnps) accounting for > 92% of the genetic variability in pla2g2a were identified and distinguished six common haplotypes (frequen ...	2006	16368710
physician, philosopher, and paediatrician: john locke's practice of child health care.	g.f. still's history of paediatrics restricted the philosopher john locke's (1632-1704) influence in paediatrics to pedagology and specifically his some thoughts concerning education (1693). this significantly limits locke's immense ongoing influence on child health care and human rights. locke was a physician and had a lifelong interest in medicine. his case records and journals relate some of his paediatric cases. his correspondence includes letters from thomas sydenham, the "english hippocrat ...	2006	16371386
histological identification of syphilis in pre-columbian england.	microscopic analyses served to complement the macroscopic identification of venereal syphilis in two of four pre-columbian skeletons from the site hull magistrates court in england. diagnosis was based on parameters presented by schultz ([1994] origin of syphilis in europe, toulon: centre archaeologique du var, p. 63-67; [2001] yrbk. phys. anthropol. 44:106-147; [2003] identification of pathological conditions in human remains, new york: academic press, p. 73-109), which characterized venereal s ...	2006	16345063
the use of environmental integrative indicators to assess seabed disturbance in estuaries and coasts: application to the humber estuary, uk.	the coastal zone is subject to many and varied changes resulting from human activities and natural processes. existing or emerging agreements and legislation acknowledge the relevance of indicators for monitoring these. in the uk, following a series of recent workshops, potential indicators of nearshore disturbance have been identified and grouped into three broad indices: 'coastline morphological change', 'resource use change' and 'environmental quality and its perception'. the present study de ...	2006	16263143
near miss incidents in police custody suites in london in 2003: a feasibility study.	potentially preventable deaths in police custody include those which involve illicit drugs, alcohol and deliberate self-harm. near miss incidents (nmi) that did not result in death have a crucial role in understanding risk factors in custody. such research has not previously been undertaken. a program of research has been developed to study nmi, in order to better identify those at risk in police custody. for the purposes of this research, nmi have been defined as 'an unplanned and unforeseeable ...	2006	16226047
hiv prevention outreach in commercial gay venues in large cities: evaluation findings from london.	human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) prevention delivered in gay venues in us cities has been found to be effective in reducing hiv transmission in the 1990s but effects might not be generalizable to different times and settings. doubts have been raised about: outreach's ability to address skills and explore personal behaviour; big-city commercial gay venues being appropriate sites for outreach because of gossip and social surveillance; and acceptability of outreach by professionals rather than 'p ...	2006	16306218
skeletal manifestations of infantile scurvy.	recent investigations of human skeletal material from the historic st. martin's cemetery, england, found a range of abnormal lesions in six infants that are almost certainly related to scurvy. porous and proliferative bone lesions affecting the cranial bones and scapulae were found, and this paper presents images obtained using both macroscopic and scanning electron microscope examination of the lesions. previous work on infantile scurvy (ortner et al., 1997-2001) relied heavily on changes at th ...	2006	16323179
health professionals, their medical interventions and uncertainty: a study focusing on women at midlife.	health professionals face a tension between focusing on the individual and attending to health issues for the population as a whole. this tension is intrinsic to medicine and gives rise to medical uncertainty, which here is explored through accounts of three medical interventions focused on women at midlife: breast screening, hormone replacement therapy and bone densitometry. the accounts come from interviews with uk health professionals using these medical interventions in their daily work. dra ...	2006	16233942
tracing the phylogeography of human populations in britain based on 4th-11th century mtdna genotypes.	some of the transitional periods of britain during the first millennium a.d. are traditionally associated with the movement of people from continental europe, composed largely of invading armies (e.g., the roman, saxon, and viking invasions). however, the extent to which these were migrations (as opposed to cultural exchange) remains controversial. we investigated the history of migration by women by amplifying mitochondrial dna (mtdna) from ancient britons who lived between approximately a.d. 3 ...	2006	16151183
social adversity, the serotonin transporter (5-httlpr) polymorphism and major depressive disorder.	recent evidence has suggested that the short allele of the serotonin transporter (5-htt) gene-linked polymorphic region (5-httlpr of the human serotonin gene [slc6a4]) is associated with increased risk of depressive disorder but only among individuals exposed to social adversity. we report an investigation designed to replicate this finding.	2006	16154545
quality of service provision assessment in the healthcare information and telecommunications infrastructures.	the continuous increase in the complexity and the heterogeneity of corporate and healthcare telecommunications infrastructures will require new assessment methods of quality of service (qos) provision that are capable of addressing all engineering and social issues with much faster speeds. speed and accessibility to any information at any time from anywhere will create global communications infrastructures with great performance bottlenecks that may put in danger human lives, power supplies, nat ...	2006	16137920
pandemic flu.		2006	16799421
prisons in transition.	the role of the prison has changed, in some ways dramatically, over the last two decades. the prison population has grown and its composition has altered. there has been an increase in the depth and weight of imprisonment, and a hardening of its emotional tone. prisoners' voices have been silenced, outcomes have deteriorated, and yet public presentation of the prison has improved. power has shifted upwards, as senior managers have an unprecedented grip on establishments and their 'performance'. ...	2006	16806471
wickedness or folly? the ethics of nice's decisions.	a rebuttal is provided to each of the arguments adduced by john harris, an editor-in-chief of the journal of medical ethics, in two editorials in the journal in support of the view that national institute for health and clinical excellence's procedures and methods for making recommendations about healthcare procedures for use in the national health service in england and wales are the product of "wickedness or folly or more likely both", "ethically illiterate as well as socially divisive", respo ...	2006	16816034
national increase in human salmonella montevideo infections in england and wales: march to june 2006.		2006	16819131
vaccines: from bench to bedside--smi's third biannual conference. 22-23 may 2006, london, uk.		2006	16821154
the non-synonymous c1858t substitution in the ptpn22 gene is associated with susceptibility to the severe forms of alopecia areata.	alopecia areata is an acquired hair loss disorder resulting from an immunologically- mediated attack on hair follicles and autoimmunity may play a part in its pathogenesis. the non-synonymous c1858t substitution in the ptpn22 gene, which encodes lymphoid protein tyrosine phosphatase, has been shown to be associated with susceptibility to autoimmune disorders. in this study, the objective was to ascertain whether or not the disease-associated 1858t (w620) allele was associated with alopecia areat ...	2006	16829308
crime victims are given right to object to disclosure of their medical records to courts.		2006	16840459
dr frederick knight hunt (1814-54) re-visited: medical man and journalist.	this paper studies knight hunt's career after he lost control of the medical times, and shows how he was brought to the notice of charles dickens who made him a sub-editor on the daily news in 1845 and subsequently selected him as a pivotal contributor to household words, a post he gave up only when he became editor of the newspaper in 1851.	2006	16845455
symptoms, ill-health and quality of life in a support group of porton down veterans.	there has been a human volunteer programme at the british chemical weapons research facility at porton down since the first world war, in which some of the participants were exposed to chemical warfare agents.	2006	16847038