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systemic immunoprophylaxis of nasal respiratory syncytial virus infection in cotton rats.the cotton rat model was used to test whether systemically administered immunoglobulin could protect nasal tissues against low challenge doses of respiratory syncytial virus (rsv). animals were pretreated by intraperitoneal injection of human immunoglobulin with moderate (1:2226) or high (1:15,000) neutralizing antibody titers to rsv (day 0), challenged intranasally with rsv long at doses ranging from 10(1) to 10(5) pfu (day 1), and sacrificed for virus titration (day 5). pretreatment with moder ...19957844385
nucleotide sequence analysis of the non-structural ns1 (1c) and ns2 (1b) protein genes of bovine respiratory syncytial virus.the nucleotide and deduced amino acid sequences of the non-structural (ns) protein genes of bovine respiratory syncytial virus (brsv) strain a51908 were determined. the ns1 and ns2 genes were 524 and 489 nucleotides long with single open reading frames, encoding polypeptides of 136 and 124 amino acids, respectively. comparison of the ns1 gene of brsv with the corresponding sequences of ovine respiratory syncytial virus (orsv) and human respiratory syncytial virus (hrsv) subgroups a and b reveale ...19957844532
c-terminal phosphorylation of human respiratory syncytial virus p protein occurs mainly at serine residue 232.to determine which human respiratory syncytial virus (hrsv) p protein serine residues are modified by cellular protein kinase(s), several mutated versions of p protein were expressed in the absence of other viral proteins. mutations at serines 232 or 232 and 237 drastically reduced the extent of phosphorylation p protein in vivo. serine 232 is the main site of modification and is also essential for in vitro phosphorylation by casein kinase ii. additional in vivo phosphorylation was also detected ...19957844563
pediatric investigators collaborative network on infections in canada (picnic) prospective study of risk factors and outcomes in patients hospitalized with respiratory syncytial viral lower respiratory tract infection.to provide information on disease attributable to respiratory syncytial viral lower respiratory tract infection (rsv lri) and to quantify the morbidity associated with various risk factors.19957844667
respiratory syncytial virus matures at the apical surfaces of polarized epithelial cells.respiratory syncytial (rs) virus infects the epithelium of the respiratory tract. we examined the replication and maturation of rs virus in two polarized epithelial cell lines, vero c1008 and mdck. electron microscopy of rs virus-infected vero c1008 cells revealed the presence of pleomorphic viral particles budding exclusively from the apical surface, often in clusters. the predominant type of particle was filamentous, 80 to 100 nm in diameter, and 4 to 8 microns in length, and evidence from fil ...19957884920
[treatment of respiratory syncytial virus infections--a review. part 1]. 19957857829
nasal cytokine production in viral acute upper respiratory infection of childhood.children in a day care center underwent serial nasal lavages in order to assess nasal cytokine expression during acute upper respiratory infections (uri). interleukin (il)-1 beta, il-8, il-6, and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (tnf-alpha) were markedly elevated in nasal lavage fluid during acute uri compared to baseline, and all except tnf-alpha decreased significantly by 2-4 weeks later. cytokine patterns in respiratory syncytial virus-positive and -negative illnesses did not differ significantly. ...19957876605
respiratory syncytial virus and allergic conjunctivitis.the pathogenesis of allergic conjunctivitis is largely conjectural. we investigated the possible involvement of respiratory syncytial virus (rsv), a ubiquitous respiratory pathogen, in the development of allergic conjunctivitis through immune mechanisms. a new technique of brush cytology was used to obtain conjunctival cells from 30 patients with allergic conjunctivitis and 20 control subjects. samples were assayed for the presence of rsv sequences with the reverse-transcription polymerase chain ...19957897147
alteration of pulmonary macrophage function by respiratory syncytial virus infection in vitro.alveolar macrophages (al) are the first line of defense against inhaled pathogens and are exposed to virus during the course of a respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) infection. interference of virus with alveolar macrophage functions may contribute to the risk of acquiring secondary bacterial infections during or after respiratory tract infections with rsv or other viral agents. we studied whether murine al get infected with rsv and whether they support viral replication in vitro. in addition, the ...19957995946
production of infectious human respiratory syncytial virus from cloned cdna confirms an essential role for the transcription elongation factor from the 5' proximal open reading frame of the m2 mrna in gene expression and provides a capability for vaccine development.infectious human respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) was produced by the intracellular coexpression of five plasmid-borne cdnas. one cdna encoded a complete positive-sense version of the rsv genome (corresponding to the replicative intermediate rna or antigenome), and each of the other four encoded a separate rsv protein, namely, the major nucleocapsid n protein, the nucleocapsid p phosphoprotein, the major polymerase l protein, or the protein from the 5' proximal open reading frame of the m2 mrna ...19958524804
bovine respiratory syncytial virus reinfections and decreased milk yield in dairy cattle.the influence of bovine respiratory syncytial virus (brsv) reinfections on the daily milk yield was studied by evaluating the milk production of 32 brsv reinfected cows. for the estimation of milk production losses, four lactation curve models were used, including a gamma function, a second degree polynomial, and both of these models with a lag variable. bovine respiratory syncytial virus reinfections seemed to have only a small effect on the daily milk production. comparison of the true product ...19958525599
hydrophobicity engineering to facilitate surface display of heterologous gene products on staphylococcus xylosus.protein engineering has been employed to investigate the effect of specific amino acid changes on the targeting of heterologous proteins to the outer cell surface of the gram-positive bacterium staphylococcus xylosus. three different variants, corresponding to a 101 amino acid region of the major glycoprotein (g protein) of human respiratory syncytial virus (rsv), were generated in which multiple hydrophobic phenylalanine residues were either substituted or deleted. the different g protein fragm ...19957576540
interleukin-1 alpha mediates the enhanced expression of intercellular adhesion molecule-1 in pulmonary epithelial cells infected with respiratory syncytial virus.the mechanisms of virus-induced enhancement of intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (icam-1) expression in epithelial cells are unknown. in the present study, the effect of respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) infection on the expression of icam-1 in human pulmonary type ii-like epithelial (a549) cells was evaluated. conditioned rsv media (crsv) produced from growth of rsv in a549 cells induced a significant increase in the expression of icam-1. treatment of the cells with noninfectious crsv prepared ...19957576697
[immune replacement therapy in rs infection].respiratory syncytial (rs) virus is the main cause of severe respiratory infections in newborns and infants during the first year of life. in the recent years, search is under way for chemo- and immune replacement therapy preparations for etiotropic rs-infection therapy. procedures have been developed to prepare immunoglobulins and chigain preparations having a target-oriented action. they were clinically tested. there was a positive dynamics in the clinical manifestations of the disease and a p ...19957580414
[characteristics of monoclonal antibodies to rs virus in immunoenzyme and immunofluorescence techniques].according to the competitive elisa test data, new preparations of monoclonal antibodies (mab) to respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) differed in their blocking activity and they were directed to 3 different virus epitopes. mab 9c5 and mab 131-2a (cdc, atlanta) competed against each other strongly and they were directed to epitope f1a of rsv f-protein. mabs 8c5 and 10d8 showed a two-way blocking and were presumably topologically linked. mab 8b10 did not compete against other mabs. the fact that mab ...19957580416
mucosal t cells recovered from mice after infection with respiratory syncytial virus display a memory/activation phenotype.pgp-1 expression was studied as a marker of memory/activation on systemic and mucosal t cells of balb/c and c57bl/6 mice after infection with respiratory syncytial virus (rsv), using two-color dual fluorescence flow cytometry employing anti-l3t4 (cd4), anti-ly2 (cd8), and anti-pgp-1 (cd44) monoclonal antibodies. pgp-1 was expressed in relatively low densities on t cells of c57bl/6 mice, allowing differentiation of a dual population of pgp-1(10) and pgp-1hi t cells after antigenic stimulation in ...19957581721
testing models predicting severity of respiratory syncytial virus infection on the picnic rsv database. pediatric investigators collaborative network on infections in canada.to determine the sensitivity and specificity of published prognostic models to predict morbidity resulting from lower respiratory tract disease caused by respiratory syncytial virus in an independent pediatric population and to assess the accuracy of single risk factors in predicting adverse outcome.19957581752
role of ecmo in the treatment of respiratory syncytial virus bronchiolitis: a collaborative report.to report the collaborative experience of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ecmo) in the treatment of respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) bronchiolitis between april 1989 and january 1995.19957583613
respiratory syncytial virus induces interleukin-10 by human alveolar macrophages. suppression of early cytokine production and implications for incomplete immunity.respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) causes repeated infections thought to be due to an ineffective immune response. we examined the hypothesis that incomplete immunity may result, in part, from rsv-infected alveolar macrophage production of il-10 which can interfere with the production of immunoregulatory cytokines. we also assessed whether rsv induced the expression of the 2',5' oligoadenylate (2-5a)-dependent rnase l, an endoribonuclease involved in the antiviral activities of interferons. human ...19957593633
ribavirin therapy: implementation of hospital guidelines and effect on usage and cost of therapy.the american academy of pediatrics (aap) recommends that ribavirin be reserved for infants who are severely ill and who are at high risk of morbidity and mortality, based on underlying clinical conditions. the purpose of this study was to evaluate current ribavirin use in our institution, implement hospital-specific guidelines for use, develop a prospective surveillance system to monitor ribavirin therapy, and evaluate the impact of these guidelines on subsequent use and cost of therapy.19957596703
the role of bronchodilators in the management of bronchiolitis: a clinical trial.a randomized clinical trial was conducted on young children with bronchiolitis admitted to hospital with moderate illness to determine the efficacy of the bronchodilators salbutamol and ipratropium bromide, either as a single drug or in combination, given as a nebulized solution, compared with a normal saline placebo. eighty-nine patients, aged from 23 days to 11 months, were randomized into four groups, depending on administered drug or placebo, as follows: group 1--salbutamol (n = 20); group 2 ...19957598441
hydrophobicity engineering to increase solubility and stability of a recombinant protein from respiratory syncytial virus.site-directed mutagenesis has been employed to engineer the hydrophobic properties of a 101-amino-acid fragment from the human respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) major glycoprotein (g protein). when this protein was produced in escherichia coli, more than 70% of the gene product was found as inclusion bodies, and the product recovered from the soluble fraction was severely degraded. substitution of two cysteine residues for serine residues, did not significantly change the solubility or stability ...19957601124
respiratory syncytial virus infections in children in a desert country. 19957603818
inhibition of herpes simplex virus type 1, respiratory syncytial virus and echovirus type 11 by peroxidase-generated hypothiocyanite.the human mouth is an important route of viral transmission and evidence exists that human saliva can neutralize some viruses, e.g. herpes simplex type 1 (hsv-1) and human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) in vitro. however, little is known of the actual antiviral agents in saliva. we have analyzed how hypothiocyanite (hoscn/-oscn) ions, present in human saliva and generated by salivary peroxidase systems, affect the viability of three different types of viruses; hsv-1 (capable of inducing oral lesio ...19957605114
respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) or rous sarcoma virus (rsv)? 19957606981
polyanion inhibitors of human immunodeficiency virus and other viruses. 1. polymerized anionic surfactants.a series of polyanionic compounds was synthesized and evaluated for their activity against human immunodeficiency virus (hiv-1, hiv-2) and various other rna and dna viruses. several compounds, i.e., 2p, 3p, 8p, 13p, 14p, 15p, 17p, 18p, and 19p, proved active against hiv-1 within the concentration range of 0.1-3 micrograms/ml while not being toxic to the host cells (cem, mt-4) at concentrations up to 100 micrograms/ml or higher. as a rule, these polyanionic compounds proved also active, albeit at ...19957608908
human respiratory syncytial virus affects nonadrenergic noncholinergic inhibition in cotton rat airways.a dysfunction of the nonadrenergic noncholinergic inhibitory (nanci) system has been invoked as a possible mechanism underlying or contributing to altered airway function. in the present study we assessed whether human respiratory syncytial virus (hrsv) infection affects the airways' neurally mediated contractile and relaxant (nanci) responses in vitro. nanci responses were studied on tracheal smooth muscle (tsm) segments obtained from young adult cotton rats, a well-established model for hrsv i ...19957611422
viral pulmonary infections in thoracic and cardiovascular surgery.viral respiratory infections are uncommon causes of pulmonary infiltrates in immunocompetent patients who undergo cardiothoracic surgery. in winter months, however, influenza can be acquired in the community preoperatively or in the hospital setting. the recognition of influenza cases is essential to prevent nosocomial transmission. respiratory syncytial virus is also an important pulmonary pathogen in pediatric patients who undergo cardiothoracic surgery and may produce serious disease in child ...19957612760
assessment of eosinophils, viruses and ige antibody in wheezing infants and children. 19957613182
evaluation and application of an indirect elisa for the detection of antibodies to bovine respiratory syncytial virus in milk, bulk milk, and serum.an indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) was developed at the national veterinary institute (nvi), uppsala, to detect antibodies to bovine respiratory syncytial virus (brsv) in serum and milk. for the evaluation of the nvi elisa, field sera collected from cattle in england and sweden were tested in parallel with an elisa in use at the central veterinary laboratory (cvl), weybridge. the tests showed 96% agreement. the sensitivity and specificity of the nvi elisa relative to the cvl e ...19957619898
development and application of a microneutralization elisa for the detection of antibodies to bovine respiratory syncytial viruses.a microneutralization enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) was developed to detect specific antibodies to bovine respiratory syncytial viruses (brsvs) in cattle sera using a monoclonal antibody to the fusion protein of the virus. serum from 20 naturally exposed, 24 experimentally infected, and 15 immunized cattle were evaluated using 3 different brsv isolates. antibody titers determined with the microneutralization elisa were compared with those derived from a classical virus neutralization ...19957619899
experimental respiratory syncytial virus infection in calves and lambs. 19957619920
occurrence of respiratory syncytial virus subtypes in mexican infants with acute lower respiratory tract disease.the occurrence of respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) subtypes in mexico city was studied by searching for the virus in nasopharyngeal aspirates of 82 infants, less than 12 months of age, hospitalized for acute lower respiratory tract disease with diagnosis of bronchitis, bronchiolitis, pneumonia and laryngotracheobronchitis. the presence of respiratory virus was determined by observation of cytopathic effect in cell monolayers; samples which produced a clear syncytia were considered positive and ...19957620276
respiratory syncytial virus pneumonia in a heart transplant recipient presenting as fever of unknown origin diagnosed by gallium scan. 19957622401
respiratory syncytial virus and influenza a infections in the hospitalized elderly.respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) infections in the institutionalized elderly have been described; however, there is little information on the impact of rsv infection on community-dwelling elderly. the purpose of this study was to determine the relative numbers of hospitalizations associated with rsv infection and compare the clinical manifestations with influenza a infection. between november and april during 1989-1992, persons > or = 65 years old hospitalized with acute cardiopulmonary conditi ...19957622882
combination vaccines for diphtheria, tetanus, pertussis, and haemophilus influenzae type b.the ability to combine the standard dtp and haemophilus b conjugate vaccine considerably simplifies the childhood immunization schedule and process. in addition to reducing the number of immunizations by half, the combination product reduces administrative aspects associated with vaccination including tracking. simplification of the immunization process should have a positive impact on the vaccine delivery and utilization. perhaps more importantly, an ability to create combination vaccines will ...19957625644
safety and pharmacokinetics of vitamin a therapy for infants with respiratory syncytial virus infections.infants with respiratory syncytial virus infection have low serum vitamin a levels. we treated 21 respiratory syncytial virus-infected children with 12,500 to 25,000 iu of oral vitamin a. vitamin a levels were normalized at 6 h, and none of the children experienced vitamin a toxicity or exacerbation of respiratory illness. vitamin a treatment of previously healthy respiratory syncytial virus-infected infants at these doses is safe and well tolerated.19957625814
oxidant tone regulates il-8 production in epithelium infected with respiratory syncytial virus.respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) is an important respiratory pathogen that preferentially infects epithelial cells in the airway, and causes a local inflammatory response. although it has been previously demonstrated that rsv-infected airway epithelial produce cytokines, including interleukin-8 (il-8), which contributes to the inflammatory response, the regulation of this effect of rsv is unknown. to further characterize the mechanisms by which rsv infection triggers release of il-8, we first e ...19957626291
sensitization (ige antibody) to food allergens in wheezing infants and children. 19957636067
community-acquired infections among children in an urban environment: a 2-year prospective study in liverpool, u.k.community-acquired infections are an important cause of admission of children to hospital. we have made a 2-year prospective study of 1,599 children admitted with infection to the royal liverpool children's hospital in order to determine the pattern of infections, their seasonal distribution and the role of the laboratory in isolating causative agents. respiratory infections (32% cases) and gastroenteritis (28% cases) were the principal causes of admission. of all admissions, 64% were children a ...19957636287
sequential respiratory syncytial virus and cytomegalovirus pneumonia following bone marrow transplantation.a 6-month-old child with familial hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (fhl) experienced early sequential pneumonia due to respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) and cytomegalovirus (cmv) following bone marrow transplantation (bmt). the patient was deficient in natural killer (nk) cell activity (as found frequently in patients with fhl), and this risk factor may have played a major role in the concomitant infection by the two viral pathogens. rapid diagnostic methods for both viruses are essential and ...19957636507
rna replication by respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) is directed by the n, p, and l proteins; transcription also occurs under these conditions but requires rsv superinfection for efficient synthesis of full-length mrna.previously, a cdna was constructed so that transcription by t7 rna polymerase yielded a approximately 1-kb negative-sense analog of genomic rna of human respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) containing the gene for chloramphenicol acetyltransferase (cat) under the control of putative rsv transcription motifs and flanked by the rsv genomic termini. when transfected into rsv-infected cells, this minigenome was "rescued," as evidenced by high levels of cat expression and the production of transmissible ...19957637014
present and future challenges of immunizations on the health of our patients.a recent analysis demonstrated a change in incidence approaching 100% for diseases against which we routinely immunize in the united states. at present, measles, mumps, rubella, invasive haemophilus disease, poliomyelitis, diphtheria and tetanus are well-controlled but not eliminated. diseases that now pose special problems include pertussis, hepatitis a and b and varicella. the incidence of pertussis surged in 1994, possibly in part because of waning immunity in the immunized population. acellu ...19957638035
bronchiolitis. origins and optimal management.there is currently no prospect of an end to the annual epidemics of acute bronchiolitis, which cause considerable morbidity in previously healthy infants and are a major threat to the well-being of infants with underlying cardiac, respiratory or immunological disease. the respiratory syncytial virus remains the major cause of this condition, and prospects of developing a vaccine remain bleak while our understanding of the viral-host interaction remain incomplete. treatment of patients with this ...19957641603
heavy chain dimers as well as complete antibodies are efficiently formed and secreted from drosophila via a bip-mediated pathway.we have constructed a stable drosophila cell line co-expressing heavy chain (hc) and light chain (lc) immunoglobulins of a humanized monoclonal antibody (mab) that recognizes the f antigen of respiratory syncytial virus (tempest, p. r., bremmer, p., lambert, m., taylor, g., furze, j. m., carr, f. j., and harris, w. j. (1991) bio/technology 9, 266-271. these cells efficiently secrete antibody with substrate binding activity indistinguishable from that produced from vertebrate cell lines. signific ...19957649989
comparison of rapid immunofluorescence procedure with testpack rsv and directigen flu-a for diagnosis of respiratory syncytial virus and influenza a virus.a rapid immunofluorescence format requiring 20 min for completion was as effective as conventional indirect and direct immunofluorescence procedures for detecting respiratory syncytial virus and influenza a virus antigens in clinical specimens. rapid immunofluorescence was more sensitive than testpack rsv and comparable to directigen flu-a immunosorbent assays, which require 20 min for completion.19957650206
paramyxovirus infection in lung transplant recipients.respiratory infections are common after lung transplantation. the significance of respiratory paramyxoviruses, respiratory syncytial virus, and parainfluenza virus in lung transplant recipients has not been determined.19957654733
pathological case of the month. peripheral blood 'virocytes' associated with respiratory syncytial virus bronchiolitis. 19957655590
interleukin-12 treatment during immunization elicits a t helper cell type 1-like immune response in mice challenged with respiratory syncytial virus and improves vaccine immunogenicity.adjuvant effects of exogenous interleukin (il)-12 on induction of immune responses against respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) infection in mice were evaluated. giving recombinant il-12 at the time of immunization with a formalin-inactivated alum-precipitated rsv preparation resulted in significant reduction of virus replication in lungs 4 days after rsv challenge. intraperitoneal or intramuscular il-12 was effective when given at the time of immunization but not at the time of challenge. il-12 tr ...19957658066
albuterol responsiveness in infants with respiratory failure caused by respiratory syncytial virus infection.to assess the bronchodilator effect of inhaled albuterol in the acute stage of severe respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) infection.19957658285
synthesis and antiviral activity of benzyl-substituted imidazo [1,5-a]-1,3,5-triazine (5,8-diaza-7,9-dideazapurine) derivatives.a variety of imidazo[1,5-a]-1,3,5-triazine derivatives carrying c-, o-, and s-benzyl and/or 4-methylbenzyl groups were synthesized and examined for their inhibitory effects on the replication of ortho- and paramyxoviruses. the key compounds 8-r-2-thioxo-2,3-dihydroimidazo [1,5-a]-1,3,5-triazin-4(1h)-ones 3a,b,d were synthesized by chlorotrimethylsilane/hmds-effected cyclization--rearrangement of the corresponding 6-amino-5-(formylamino)-5-r-2-mercaptopyrimidin-4(5h)-ones 2a,b,d (r = benzyl, 4-me ...19957658442
pediatric infectious disease emergencies.infectious diseases are the cause of the majority of pediatric emergency visits, although only a minority constitute true emergencies. progress in identifying the true emergencies continues.19957663618
effect of age on concentrations of serum antibodies to viral, bacterial, and food antigens in elderly swiss people.serum antibody concentrations to two viral, five bacterial, and two food antigens were investigated in 307 elderly swiss subjects, and the hypothesis of whether serum antibody titers decreased with age was tested. the cross-sectional part of the study consisted of 216 unselected consecutive patients hospitalized in one geriatric hospital. the patients were divided into two age groups (65 to 84 and 85 to 102 years old), and their antibody titers were compared. no age-related decreases in antibody ...19957664170
development of interleukin 6 and tumor necrosis factor alpha activity in nasopharyngeal secretions of infants and children during infection with respiratory syncytial virus.cytokine (interleukin 6 [il-6] and tumor necrosis factor alpha [tnf-alpha]) activity in nasopharyngeal secretions of 21 infants and children (19 days to 16 months old) infected with primary respiratory syncytial virus was determined by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. il-6 and tnf-alpha were detectable in 100% (21 of 21) and 67% (14 of 21) of cases during the course of infection, respectively. generally, tnf-alpha activity was high in the acute phase and declined thereafter, sometimes to un ...19957664179
respiratory syncytial virus infection in isolated populations. 19957667066
[respiratory syncytial virus infection in adults]. 19957481058
comparison of the t helper cell response induced by respiratory syncytial virus and its fusion protein in balb/c mice.specific proliferative t-cell responses were induced in the lymph node cells (lnc) of mice immunised with a sucrose density gradient purified preparation of respiratory syncytial (rs) virus or an immunoaffinity purified preparation of the f glycoprotein. inhibition studies and flow cytometric analysis showed that the responding cell population were cd4+ t cells. the cytokines produced by virus-specific and f-specific cells were assessed using the ctll cell line. peak quantities of cytokine were ...19957483764
antibody responses by cattle after vaccination with commercial viral vaccines containing bovine herpesvirus-1, bovine viral diarrhea virus, parainfluenza-3 virus, and bovine respiratory syncytial virus immunogens and subsequent revaccination at day 140.calves were vaccinated with four different commercial viral vaccines containing bovine herpesvirus-1 (bhv-1), bovine viral diarrhea (bvdv), parainfluenza-3 virus (pi-3v), and bovine respiratory syncytial virus (brsv) immunogens. for the initial vaccination certain vaccines were given twice (days 0 and 28), whereas other vaccines were given on day 0. the calves received another injection on day 140 with the vaccine originally given on day 0. the sera were collected at days 0, 7, 14, 21, 28, 42, 5 ...19957483787
cold-passaged, temperature-sensitive mutants of human respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) are highly attenuated, immunogenic, and protective in seronegative chimpanzees, even when rsv antibodies are infused shortly before immunization.a cold-passaged (cp) temperature-sensitive (ts) rsv mutant, designated rsv cpts-530, which possesses host-range mutations acquired during 52 passages at low temperature in bovine tissue culture and one or more ts mutations induced by chemical mutagenesis (shut-off temperature 39 degrees c) was found previously to be tenfold restricted in its replication in mice as compared to wild-type virus and stable genetically in nude mice. in the current study, we introduced additional attenuating mutations ...19957483808
evaluation of the antiviral activity of n-(phosphonoacetyl)-l-aspartate against paramyxoviruses in tissue culture and against respiratory syncytial virus in cotton rats.n-(phosphonoacetyl)-l-aspartate (pala), a potent inhibitor of l-aspartic acid transcarbamoylase, was evaluated for cytotoxicity and antiviral activity against three different paramyxoviruses in tissue culture, and for antiviral efficacy and toxicity in vivo using a cotton rat-respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) model. significant in vitro cytotoxicity was observed in proliferating cultures of hep-2 (ic50 = 250 micrograms/ml) and vero cells (ic50 = 32 micrograms/ml), but was less evident in culture ...19957486959
bovine respiratory syncytial virus antibodies in non-bovine species.to study the role of non-bovine species in the epidemiology of bovine respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) infections, sera obtained from 9 non-bovine animal species and from humans were examined for bovine rsv specific antibodies. sera were mainly from animals and humans which had been in contact with cattle. forty sera of each species were tested in an rsv specific whole virus elisa as well as in a peptide based elisa, that was developed to measure antibodies specific for bovine rsv. antibodies d ...19957487487
serological response to respiratory syncytial virus infection in pediatric patients with a comparison to immunofluorescence and virus isolation.the serological response to respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) in 125 pediatric patients hospitalized with acute lower respiratory infection was investigated by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) for specific immunoglobulin (ig) a, igg, and igm and complement fixation (cf) test. by elisa, a 4-fold rise in igg titre in paired sera was most commonly found, followed by a rise in iga and igm titres. investigation by elisa and cf leads to the suggestion that major cf activity against rsv antige ...19957488342
phosphorylation of ser232 directly regulates the transcriptional activity of the p protein of human respiratory syncytial virus: phosphorylation of ser237 may play an accessory role.the phosphoprotein p of human respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) was expressed in eukaryotic cells in phosphorylated form. site-directed mutagenesis of the recombinant protein established ser232 as the major site of phosphorylation in vivo. phosphorylation of bacterially made p protein in vitro by purified casein kinase ii (ckii) resulted in the phosphorylation of ser237, whereas mainly ser232 was phosphorylated by a crude cell extract. the p kinase activity in the cell extract exhibited properti ...19957491765
safety and immunogenicity of the pfp vaccine against respiratory syncytial virus (rsv): the western blot assay aids in distinguishing immune responses of the pfp vaccine from rsv infection.pfp-1 vaccine was evaluated in a randomized, controlled study in 47 rsv seropositive children. trivalent inactivated influenza virus (tiv) vaccine was the control. vaccine reactions were monitored, and bloods were obtained before vaccination, 4 weeks after vaccination, and at the end of the rsv season. respiratory illnesses were evaluated during the outbreak. neutralizing antibody (nt ab) assay to rsv, igg elisa to rsv proteins and a western blot assay were performed. acute reactions with the pf ...19957491817
respiratory syncytial virus, a rare cause of severe pneumonia following bone marrow transplantation.mixed alveolar interstitial pneumonia is a much-feared complication in bone marrow transplant recipients because it carries a high mortality. many cases in which an etiological agent is identified are due to fungi or cytomegalovirus; rarely, other infectious agents such as pneumocystis carinii or (para)influenzavirus are involved. in this report we describe a patient who received intense chemotherapy followed by autologous bone marrow transplantation for relapse of testis seminoma and who develo ...19957492628
viral respiratory infections and their role as public health problem in tropical countries (review).acute respiratory infections (ari) are a major cause of morbidity and mortality throughout the world. data from the world health organization indicate that there are at least 2.2 million deaths from ari throughout the world each year. a considerable number of study have been performed in different countries to assess the etiological role of viruses in ari and is now clear that the majority of infections of the respiratory tract are caused by viruses. in tropical countries information on the vira ...19957495193
respiratory syncytial virus--associated lower respiratory diseases in hospitalised pre-school children in ibadan.an analysis of the features of lower respiratory diseases (lrd) associated with respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) in 21 children aged 1-23 months, indicated that the clinical features did not differ appreciably from those described for lrd due to other infective agents. it was however, remarkable that none of the children was grossly malnourished, neither was there any death. the final respiratory diagnoses were bronchiolitis alone (6 cases), bronchopneumonia (6 cases), empyema/pleural effusion ...19957495200
respiratory syncytial virus in infants and children.respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) is a frequent cause of respiratory illness in infants and children, affecting almost 100% of children by the age of 3 years. mild rsv infection usually involves only the upper respiratory tract, while the lower respiratory tract is involved in severe disease. this article addresses the epidemiology of rsv infection, transmission of the disease, predisposing conditions, clinical course, diagnosis, and management. the majority of children can be managed on an outp ...19957501313
alteration of cytokine secretion and cytotoxicity of murine alveolar macrophages after in vitro infection with respiratory syncytial virus (rsv). 19957502897
bovine respiratory syncytial virus replicates minimally in bovine alveolar macrophages.the interaction between two different bovine respiratory syncytial virus (brsv) strains and bovine alveolar macrophages (bams) was studied in vitro. bovine respiratory syncytial virus replicated minimally in bams and most of the virus produced remained cell-associated. approximately 1 out of 1,000 bams produced infectious virus, a number that further declined during the 7 days of culture. in contrast, bams exposed to bovine parainfluenza 3 virus (pi3v) produced high amounts of infectious virus. ...19957503690
role of t-lymphocyte subsets in recovery from respiratory syncytial virus infection in calves.the role of t-cell subsets in respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) infection was investigated by using monoclonal antibodies (mabs) to selectively deplete gnotobiotic calves of cd4+, cd8+, or wc1+ gamma delta t-cell receptor+ lymphocytes. injection of these mabs produced specific reductions of the target cell populations in the circulation and tissues. ten days after rsv infection, immunoglobulin m (igm), igg1, and iga antibodies were detected in sera and lung washings from control calves. depletio ...19957474075
update: respiratory syncytial virus activity--united states, 1995-96 season.respiratory syncytial virus (rsv), a common cause of winter outbreaks of acute respiratory disease, is associated each year with an estimated 90,000 hospitalizations and 4500 deaths from lower respiratory tract disease in both infants and young children in the united states (1). outbreaks occur annually throughout the united states, and community activity usually peaks within 1 month of the national peak in january or february (figure 1) (2). rsv activity in the united states is monitored by the ...19957476847
current respiratory infections. 19957532521
immunosuppressive drugs and hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. 19957540242
molecular epidemiology of respiratory syncytial virus: a review of the use of reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction in the analysis of genetic variability.respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) is the major viral cause of lower respiratory tract disease (bronchiolitis and pneumonia) in babies and infants. infections with the virus occur as annual winter epidemics in temperate climates, placing considerable pressure on the provision of hospital beds. the virus is unusual in that it can reinfect individuals and it can infect babies despite the presence of maternal antibody. rsv has a negative sense nonsegmented rna genome and as such is liable to high le ...19957541747
antigenic analysis of the f protein of the bovine respiratory syncytial virus: identification of two distinct antigenic sites involved in fusion inhibition.from two independent fusions, fifteen mabs directed to the f protein of the bovine respiratory syncytial virus (brsv) were characterized by radio-immunoprecipitation assays. competition binding assays among these mabs identified two distinct antigenic sites (a and b) and one overlapping site (ab). all of the mabs specific to epitopes belonging to site a neutralized the infectivity of the virus in vitro and recognized human and bovine rsv strains. only two out of the five mabs directed to epitope ...19957541983
expression of adhesion molecules (icam-1, lfa-3) on human epithelial cells (a549) after respiratory syncytial virus infection. 19957542091
isolation and characterization of a highly attenuated respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) vaccine candidate by mutagenesis of the incompletely attenuated rsv a2 ts-1 ng-1 mutant virus.ts-1, a temperature sensitive (ts) mutant of rsv, was previously derived from rsv a2 virus by mutagenesis with 5-fluorouracil (5-fu). ts-1 was attenuated for adult volunteers and seropositive children but retained a low level of virulence in seronegative infant vaccinees as indicated by the occurrence of upper respiratory tract disease. ts-1 ng-1, a more defective derivative of ts-1, was produced by mutagenesis of ts-1 with nitrosoguanidine. however, ts-1 ng-1 still retained a low level of virul ...19957543716
cell-mediated immune responses of lambs to challenge with bovine respiratory syncytial virus.the lamb is a good model to study the pathogenesis and immune responses to infections with respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) as lambs experimentally infected with bovine or human rsv may develop overt clinical disease. in the present study the development of cellular cytotoxic responses was studied in splenic, pulmonary and peripheral blood mononuclear cells obtained from lambs after primary and secondary infection with bovine rsv. infection with bovine rsv was followed by the appearance of cyto ...19957544251
evaluation of abbott testpack rsv and an in-house rsv elisa for detection of respiratory syncytial virus in respiratory tract aspirates.the abbott testpack rsv was compared with an in-house rsv enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) for detection of respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) antigen. nasopharyngeal specimens were obtained from 121 inpatients. rsv antigen was detected in 46 specimens by the abbott testpack, 42 of these being confirmed by the in-house rsv elisa. of the 75 specimens tested negative in the abbott testpack rsv, one was found positive by the in-house rsv elisa. the sensitivity and specificity of the abbott ...19957546643
progress toward the development of a respiratory syncytial virus vaccine. 19957547360
[experimental and clinical study of shuanghuanglian aerosol in treating acute respiratory tract infection].two hundrde and two cases of acute respiratory tract infection (ari) were treated with shuanghuanglian (shl) aerosol. in these cases, the majority of cases were virus infection and 64% of them was caused by the respiratory syncytial virus (rsv). the virostatic and bacteriostatic test were done in vitro by the cell culture method and it was shown that shl could inhibit the rsv, para-influenza i-iv and 23 kinds of pathogenic bacteria such as staphylococcus aureus etc. the bacteriostatic effect was ...19957549385
respiratory syncytial virus replication in human lung epithelial cells: inhibition by tumor necrosis factor alpha and interferon beta.respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) is the major pathogen causing severe lung disease in children. rsv initially replicates efficiently in the respiratory tract but becomes undetectable by 7 to 21 d after infection in normal children, suggesting that intrinsic cellular mechanisms, as yet undefined, may restrict virus replication. to provide an in vitro model to examine mechanisms that restrict rsv replication, three human lung epithelial cell lines were exposed to rsv in vitro and virus replicatio ...19957551395
immunity and immunopathology to respiratory syncytial virus. the mouse model.infection with respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) is a major unsolved challenge for vaccine development. rsv is worldwide in distribution and infects almost all children during the first 2 yr of life. the mouse model of rsv lung disease has been very successful in reproducing many aspects of the human disease. in particular, the role of antiviral t cells in both eliminating virus and causing enhanced disease has been shown dramatically. this immunopathologic paradox is now more clearly understood ...19957551415
pathogenesis of respiratory syncytial virus vaccine-augmented pathology.respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) is an important respiratory pathogen for which vaccine development has been thwarted by the legacy of vaccine-enhanced illness. a formalin-inactivated, alum-precipitated, whole virus vaccine did not protect children from infection and was associated with severe illness. clues from clinical studies of rsv and vaccine-induced atypical measles illness suggest that an aberrant cd4+ lymphocyte response occurred in vaccinees. there is a growing body of evidence from m ...19957551416
the induction of respiratory syncytial virus-specific cytotoxic t-cell responses following immunization with a synthetic peptide containing a fusion peptide linked to a cytotoxic t lymphocyte epitope.previously published work has shown that a cytotoxic t-cell epitope (ctl) representing residues 82-90 of the m2 protein of respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) is the target for a protective response against the virus. in this report, we demonstrate that a synthetic peptide representing residues 81-95, when covalently linked to a fusion peptide derived from the conserved n-terminal 19 residues of the f1 protein of measles virus efficiently primes rsv-specific ctls in vivo following immunization wit ...19957558120
cytokine (il-8, il-6, tnf-alpha) and soluble tnf receptor-i release from human peripheral blood mononuclear cells after respiratory syncytial virus infection.during the initial phase of respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) infection, when a low virus-cell ratio is most probable, signs of inflammation are detectable in the infected respiratory tissue. therefore we analysed the release of the proinflammatory cytokines interleukin-6 (il-6), il-8, tumour necrosis factor-alpha (tnf-alpha), and the soluble form of the tnf receptor-i (stnfr-i), from peripheral blood mononuclear cells (pbmc) after exposure to low infectious rsv doses (multiplicity of infection, ...19957558123
viral infections in children's wards--how well do we manage them?children are frequently admitted to hospital wards with viral infections. many are not life-threatening to the index case, but the spread to vulnerable patients who are already at higher risk should be avoided. to do so requires active awareness and availability of rapid diagnosis (i.e. the same day). cohorting and handwashing have been found to be the best measures to prevent spread of respiratory syncytial virus (responsible for considerable morbidity every winter) in hospital wards.19957560947
respiratory syncytial virus--is it preventable?respiratory syncytial virus infection spreads readily among hospital wards, nurseries and intensive care units. careful handwashing is the cornerstone in the prevention of nosocomial transmission. use of rapid diagnostic tests permits the cohorting of patients and staff which has been shown to limit the spread in hospital wards. in addition, the use of gowns and gloves and limiting visitors have been recommended. in the future passive immunization with respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) immune gl ...19957560988
identification of the respiratory syncytial virus-induced immunosuppressive factor produced by human peripheral blood mononuclear cells in vitro as interferon-alpha.respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) can inhibit the proliferative response of human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (pbmc) in vitro. this inhibition is mediated by an extracellular rsv-induced factor. in the present study, the factor was clearly identified as interferon (ifn)-alpha. the rsv-induced ifn-alpha bound strongly to pbmc and inhibited the anti-rsv proliferative response only when added within the first few days of stimulation. there was, however, no concomitant decrease in the product ...19957561210
diaphragmatic flutter in three babies with bronchopulmonary dysplasia and respiratory syncytial virus bronchiolitis.abnormalities of respiratory control, especially apnea, have been reported previously in infants with respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) infections. this is the first report of yet another abnormality of respiratory control, diaphragmatic flutter (df), in infants with rsv infection. the presentation of these infants did not differ from the usual clinical presentation of rsv infection. while being monitored with respiratory inductive plethysmography for occurrences of apnea known to be common in r ...19957567207
a cotton rat model of effectors of immunity to respiratory syncytial virus other than serum antibody.a model for studying effectors of immunity to respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) was developed. paris of inbred cotton rats (sigmodon hispidus) were joined surgically using the technique of parabiosis. one week later, one animal of each pair was primed intranasally with a small volume of rsv suspension. fourteen days after priming, both animals of each pair were bled for determination of serum neutralizing antibody titers, and challenged intranasally with a standard dose of rsv suspension. single ...19957567215
legionnella pulmonary infection in children on steroids. 19957567223
microbial inciters of acute asthma in urban nigerian children.in tropical africa the role of microbial agents of acute respiratory infections in acute exacerbations of bronchial asthma remains largely unexplored. however, empirical antibacterial therapy is frequently initiated in moderate to severe cases of acute asthma with symptoms of acute respiratory infection. a study was set up to determine how often acute respiratory infection is associated with acute asthma, to identify the associated pathogens, and to proffer appropriate therapeutic suggestions.19957570407
different kinetics of antibody responses between iga and igg classes in nasopharyngeal secretion in infants and children during primary respiratory syncytial virus infection.the secretory antibody responses in 34 infants and children (20 days-17 months old) with lower respiratory tract disease following primary respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) infection were determined using a sensitive tissue culture enzyme linked immunosorbent assay. none of the patients in the acute phase showed iga antibody responses. in contrast significant igg antibody responses which were thought to be maternally derived were observed in infants younger than 2 months of age. in the convalesc ...19957572146
differential antiviral activity of derivatized dextrans.the antiviral activity of water-soluble dextrans derivatized with varying percentages of carboxymethyl, benzylamide, and sulfonate groups was evaluated. several of the polymers exhibited potent antiviral activity against a variety of enveloped viruses, but not against non-enveloped viruses, and only when present during virus adsorption. the mechanism of activity against retroviruses [i.e. human immunodeficiency virus (hiv)] and herpes viruses (i.e. human cytomegalovirus) could be ascribed to inh ...19957575633
lack of detection of enteroviral rna or bacterial dna in magnetic resonance imaging-directed muscle biopsies from twenty children with active untreated juvenile dermatomyositis.to investigate for the presence of increased titers of circulating antibody to putative infectious agents and for detectable viral rna or bacterial dna in children with active recent-onset juvenile dermatomyositis (dm).19957575702
new strategies for the control of viral infection in organ transplantation.control of viral infection in organ transplant recipients requires attention to the following interventions: prevention, whenever possible of viral acquisition; the proper deployment of active and passive immunization, with hyperimmune globulin preparations directed against cytomegalovirus, hepatitis b, varicella, and, perhaps, respiratory syncytial virus, offering significant benefit when used appropriately; and the prescription of antiviral agents at critical points in the post-transplant cour ...19957670172
neonatal nosocomial respiratory infection with coronavirus: a prospective study in a neonatal intensive care unit.the aim of this prospective study was to evaluate the incidence of viral respiratory infection in hospitalized premature newborn infants and to assess the role of coronaviruses. all hospitalized premature infants with a gestational age less than or equal to 32 weeks were included. tracheal or nasopharyngal specimens were studied by immunofluorescence for coronaviruses, respiratory syncytial virus, adenoviruses, influenza and parainfluenza viruses. forty premature infants were included; 13 sample ...19957670241
rsv and chronic asthma. 19957674741
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