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gross karyotypic and phenotypic alterations among different progenies of the candida glabrata cbs138/atcc2001 reference strain.genomic plasticity is a mechanism for adaptation to environmental cues such as host responses and antifungal drug pressure in many fungi including the human pathogenic yeast candida glabrata. in this study we evaluated the phenotypic and genotypic stability of the world-wide used c. glabrata reference strain cbs138/atcc2001 under laboratory conditions. a set of ten lineages of this wild type strain and genetically modified progenies were obtained from different scientific laboratories, and analy ...201223284942
hydroxyurea therapy in sickle cell anemia patients aids to maintain oral fungal colonization balance.the aim of this study was to evaluate the frequency of candida species and presence of lesions in the oral cavity of patients with sickle cell anemia (ss).201223278631
design, spectral characterization and biological studies of transition metal(ii) complexes with triazole schiff bases.a new series of three biologically active triazole derived schiff base ligands l(1)-l(3) have been synthesized in equimolar reaction of 3-amino-1h-1,2,4-triazole with pyrrol-2-carboxaldehyde, 4-bromo-thiophene-2-carboxaldehyde, and 5-iodo-2-hydroxy benzaldehyde. the prepared schiff bases were used for further complex formation reaction with different metal elements like co(ii), ni(ii), cu(ii) and zn(ii) as chlorides by using a molar ratio of ligand:metal as 2:1. the structure and bonding nature ...201223277183
oral bacteria and yeasts in relationship to oral ulcerations in hematopoietic stem cell transplant recipients.oral mucositis is a serious and debilitating side effect of conditioning regimens for hematopoietic stem cell transplant (hsct). through hsct, the homeostasis in the oral cavity is disrupted. the contribution of the oral microflora to mucositis remains to be clarified. the aim of our study was to investigate the relationship between yeasts, bacteria associated with periodontitis, and oral ulcerations in hsct recipients.201222531876
persistence of nosocomial pathogens on various fabrics.fabrics can become contaminated with high numbers of microorganisms that may be pathogenic to patients in a hospital setting and can play an important role in the chain of infection. the aim of this study was to investigate the survival of several clinical bacterial and fungal isolates on several fabrics commonly used in hospitals.201225610201
evaluation of the acetone and aqueous extracts of mature stem bark of sclerocarya birrea for antioxidant and antimicrobial properties.we assayed the antimicrobial activity of acetone and aqueous extracts of the stem bark of sclerocarya birrea on some selected bacteria and fungi species including; streptococcus pyogenes, plesiomonas shigelloides, aeromonas hydrophila, salmonella typhimurium, cryptococcus neoformans, candida glabrata, trichosporon mucoides, and candida krusei using both agar well diffusion and minimum inhibitory concentration (mic) assays. based on the levels of activity, the acetone extract was examined for tot ...201222675390
evolutionary rate covariation in meiotic proteins results from fluctuating evolutionary pressure in yeasts and mammals.evolutionary rates of functionally related proteins tend to change in parallel over evolutionary time. such evolutionary rate covariation (erc) is a sequence-based signature of coevolution and a potentially useful signature to infer functional relationships between proteins. one major hypothesis to explain erc is that fluctuations in evolutionary pressure acting on entire pathways cause parallel rate changes for functionally related proteins. to explore this hypothesis we analyzed erc within dna ...201223183665
metal based new triazoles: their synthesis, characterization and antibacterial/antifungal activities.a series of new triazoles and their oxovanadium(iv) complexes have been synthesized, characterized and evaluated for antibacterial/antifungal properties. the new schiff bases ligands (l(1))-(l(5)) were prepared by the condensation reaction of 3,5-diamino-1,2,4-triazole with 2-hydroxy-1-naphthaldehyde, pyrrole-2-carboxaldehyde, pyridine-2-carboxaldehyde, 2-acetyl pyridine and 2-methoxy benzaldehyde. the structures of the ligands have been established on the basis of their physical, spectral (ir, ...201222982389
[agents of otomycosis in manisa region, turkey, 1995-2011].otomycosis, which is otitis externa caused by fungi, is common throughout the world especially in tropical and subtropical countries. however, the epidemiologic data about the etiologic agents of otomycosis in turkey is limited. the aim of this retrospective study was to evaluate the agents of otomycosis in patients living at manisa region (located at western anatolia of turkey). a total of 2279 cases [1465 male, 813 female; age range 1-87 (mean: 41.7) years] who were clinically prediagnosed as ...201222399174
synthesis, crystal structure, characterisation, and antifungal activity of 3-thiophene aldehyde semicarbazone (3stch), 2,3-thiophene dicarboxaldehyde bis(semicarbazone) (2,3bstch2) and their nickel (ii) complexes.the reaction of nickel (ii) chloride and bromide with 3-thiophene aldehyde semicarbazone (3stch) and 2,3-thiophene dicarboxaldehyde bis(semicarbazone) (2,3bstch(2)) leads to the formation of a series of new complexes: [nicl(2)(3stch)(2)], [nibr(2)(3stch)(2)], [nicl(2,3bstch(2))(h(2)o)]cl, and [nibr(2,3bstch(2))(h(2)o)]br respectively. the crystal structures of the two ligands 3stch, 2,3bstch(2) and of the complex [nibr(2,3bstch(2))(h(2)o)]br have been determined by x-ray diffraction methods. for ...201222922309
antifungal cyclic peptides from the marine sponge microscleroderma herdmani.screening natural product extracts from the national cancer institute open repository for antifungal discovery afforded hits for bioassay-guided fractionation. using lc-ms analysis to generate chemical structure information on potentially active compounds, two new cyclic hexapeptides, microsclerodermins j (1) and k (2), were isolated from the deep-water sponge microscleroderma herdmani, along with microsclerodermins a (3) and b (4), previously isolated from an unidentified microscleroderma speci ...201223936761
the ram network in pathogenic fungi.the regulation of ace2 and morphogenesis (ram) network is a protein kinase signaling pathway conserved among eukaryotes from yeasts to humans. among fungi, the ram network has been most extensively studied in the model yeast saccharomyces cerevisiae and has been shown to regulate a range of cellular processes, including daughter cell-specific gene expression, cell cycle regulation, cell separation, mating, polarized growth, maintenance of cell wall integrity, and stress signaling. increasing num ...201222544903
antifungal drug resistance: mechanisms, epidemiology, and consequences for treatment.antifungal resistance continues to grow and evolve and complicate patient management, despite the introduction of new antifungal agents. in vitro susceptibility testing is often used to select agents with likely activity for a given infection, but perhaps its most important use is in identifying agents that will not work, i.e., to detect resistance. standardized methods for reliable in vitro antifungal susceptibility testing are now available from the clinical and laboratory standards institute ...201222196207
replacement of the methylene of dihydrochalcones with oxygen: synthesis and biological evaluation of 2-phenoxyacetophenones.with the aim of finding new bioactive compounds, a series of phenoxyacetophenone derivatives 2 were designed and synthesized as oxygen analogs of dihydrochalcones. also, phenoxyacetophenones were converted to (z)-oxime derivatives 3 and their geometry were characterized by ¹h-nmr spectroscopy. the in vitro antifungal activity of compounds 2 and 3 was evaluated against candida albicans, candida glabrata, saccharomyces cerevisiae, and aspergillus niger using micro-dilution method. in general, oxim ...201222712717
semisynthesis and antimicrobial activity of novel guttiferone-a derivatives.six derivatives of guttiferone-a (lfqm-79, 80, 81, 82, 113 and 114) were synthesized and evaluated for their antimicrobial activity against the opportunistic or pathogenic fungi candida albicans (atcc 09548), candida glabrata (atcc 90030), candida krusei (atcc 6258), candida parapsilosis (atcc 69548), candida tropicalis (atcc 750), cryptococcus neoformans (atcc 90012), trichophyton tonsurans, microsporum gypseum and also against the opportunistic and pathogenic gram-positive bacteria staphylococ ...201222401914
murine model of dextran sulfate sodium-induced colitis reveals candida glabrata virulence and contribution of β-mannosyltransferases.candida glabrata, like candida albicans, is an opportunistic yeast pathogen that has adapted to colonize all segments of the human gastrointestinal tract and vagina. the c. albicans cell wall expresses β-1,2-linked mannosides (β-mans), promoting its adherence to host cells and tissues. because β-mans are also present in c. glabrata, their role in c. glabrata colonization and virulence was investigated in a murine model of dextran sulfate sodium (dss)-induced colitis. five clustered genes of c. g ...201222291009
evaluation of the commercial rapid trehalose test (glabrata rtt) for the point of isolation identification of candida glabrata isolates in primary cultures.candidaemias account for 10-20% of nosocomial bloodstream infections depending on the study. whilst candida albicans remains the most frequently isolated species, candida glabrata may be responsible for as many as 10-25% of all candidaemias. moreover, c. glabrata is generally less susceptible to the azole antifungals than the majority of other pathogenic yeast species. thus, a rapid test for the specific identification of isolates of c. glabrata would be useful for patient management if it could ...201222234529
identification of fungicidal 2,6-disubstituted quinolines with activity against candida biofilms.we have identified two subseries of 2,6-disubstituted quinolines, consisting of 6-amide and 6-urea derivatives, which are characterized by fungicidal activity against candida albicans with minimal fungicidal concentration (mfc) values < 15 µm. the 6-amide derivatives displayed the highest fungicidal activity against c. albicans, in particular compounds 1, 5 and 6 characterized by mfc values of 6.25-12.5 µm. compounds 1 and 5 of this series displayed fungicidal activity against the emerging patho ...201223079495
fks1 and fks2 are functionally redundant but differentially regulated in candida glabrata: implications for echinocandin resistance.the echinocandins caspofungin, micafungin, and anidulafungin, inhibitors of cell wall β-1,3-glucan synthesis, were recently elevated to first-line agents for treating infections due to the azole-refractory yeast candida glabrata. in candida albicans, echinocandin resistance is strictly associated with mutations in fks1, a large integral membrane protein and putative β-1,3-glucan synthase, while mutations in both fks1 and its paralog fks2 (but not fks3) have been associated with resistance in c. ...201223027185
clinical characteristics of candidaemia in adults with haematological malignancy, and antimicrobial susceptibilities of the isolates at a medical centre in taiwan, 2001-2010.during the period 2001-2010, a total of 154 episodes of candidaemia were noted in 111 of 2574 patients with haematological malignancies at the national taiwan university hospital (taipei, taiwan). patients with acute lymphoblastic leukaemia had a significantly higher rate of candidaemia than patients with other haematological malignancies (odds ratio=2.69; p<0.001). candida tropicalis was the most common candida species (n=51; 46%), followed by candida albicans (n=35; 32%), candida parapsilosis ...201223006521
results from a prospective, international, epidemiologic study of invasive candidiasis in children and neonates.candida species are the third most common cause of pediatric health care-associated bloodstream infection in the united states and europe. to our knowledge, this report from the international pediatric fungal network is the largest prospective, multicenter observational study dedicated to pediatric and neonatal invasive candidiasis.201222982980
effectiveness of the association of 2 probiotic strains formulated in a slow release vaginal product, in women affected by vulvovaginal candidiasis: a pilot study.vulvovaginal candidiasis (vvc) is the second most common cause of vaginitis after bacterial vaginosis, and it is diagnosed in up to 40% of women with vaginal complaints in the primary care setting. among candida spp., candida albicans is the most common infectious agent. the treatment of choice for uncomplicated vvc is achieved with single-dose or short-course therapy in over 90% of cases. several topical and oral drugs are available, without evidence for superiority of any agent or route of adm ...201222955364
hartmannella vermiformis can promote proliferation of candida spp. in tap-water.candida yeasts colonize humans' oral cavities as commensals or opportunistic pathogens. they may be isolated from water circulating in dental unit waterlines mixed with saliva traces mainly because of dysfunction of anti-retraction valves. free-living amoebae (fla), like hartmannella vermiformis, are frequently found in aquatic environments and they have also been already isolated from dental unit waterlines. they can be implicated as reservoir for pathogens or directly in infections. this work ...201222951330
a review of candida species causing blood stream infection.the incidence of candidemia has been on a rise worldwide. the epidemiology of invasive fungal infections in general and of candidemia in particular has changed in the past three decades because of a variety of factors like the aids epidemic, increased number of patients receiving immunosuppressive therapy for transplantation and the increasing use of antimicrobials in the hospital setups and even in the community. the important risk factors for candidemia include use of broad-spectrum antimicrob ...201222885191
species identification and antifungal susceptibility testing of candida bloodstream isolates from population-based surveillance studies in two u.s. cities from 2008 to 2011.between 2008 and 2011, population-based candidemia surveillance was conducted in atlanta, ga, and baltimore, md. surveillance had been previously performed in atlanta in 1992 to 1993 and in baltimore in 1998 to 2000, making this the first population-based candidemia surveillance conducted over multiple time points in the united states. from 2,675 identified cases of candidemia in the current surveillance, 2,329 candida isolates were collected. candida albicans no longer comprised the majority of ...201222875889
association between incidence of candidaemia and consumption of antifungal agents at a medical centre in taiwan.this study investigated the correlations between consumption of antifungal agents and species distribution in candidaemia. the incidence of patients with community-acquired candidaemia (cac) (per 1000 admissions) and healthcare-associated candidaemia (hcac) (per 1000 admissions) as well as data on annual consumption [defined daily doses (ddd)/1000 patient-days] of various antifungal agents at a medical centre in taiwan from 2000 to 2010 were evaluated. a total of 2682 episodes of candidaemia wer ...201222819796
increased diversity of fungal flora in the vagina of patients with recurrent vaginal candidiasis and allergic rhinitis.recurrent vaginal candidiasis (rvc) is considered to be a hypersensitivity disorder that is associated with allergic rhinitis (ar) in immune deficiencies; however, whether or not the composition of the vaginal fungal flora in patients with ar and rvc is altered and if such alterations in patients with ar are associated with the development of rvc remain unclear. in the present study, a cultivation-independent method with the 18s rrna gene clone library was used to analyze the diversity and compo ...201222767123
risk factors for candidemia with non-albicans candida spp. in intensive care unit patients with end-stage renal disease on chronic hemodialysis.the objective of this study was to describe factors associated with bloodstream infections (bsis) with non-albicans candida species (nac), compared with candida albicans bsis, and antifungal susceptibility patterns in adult intensive care unit (icu) patients with chronic renal failure undergoing hemodialysis. to the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to report the potential factors for nac candidemia in icu patients with end-stage renal disease on chronic hemodialysis.201222748623
voriconazole inhibits biofilm formation in different species of the genus candida.to determine the ability of voriconazole to inhibit the formation of biofilms.201222733651
candida species: new insights into biofilm formation.biofilms of candida albicans, candida parapsilosis, candida glabrata and candida tropicalis are associated with high indices of hospital morbidity and mortality. major factors involved in the formation and growth of candida biofilms are the chemical composition of the medical implant and the cell wall adhesins responsible for mediating candida-candida, candida-human host cell and candida-medical device adhesion. strategies for elucidating the mechanisms that regulate the formation of candida bio ...201222702528
antifungal activity of arctotis arctotoides (l.f.) o. hoffm. and gasteria bicolor haw. against opportunistic fungi associated with human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome.in south africa where many patients are immunocompromised as a result of the aids pandemic, opportunistic fungal infections such as candidiasis caused mainly by candida albicans are common. arctotis arctotoides and gasteria bicolor are two plants which are frequently and commonly used in traditional medicine in the treatment of hiv patients.201222701287
amphotericin b-induced in vitro postantifungal effect on candida species of oral origin.the aim of this investigation was to measure the postantifungal effect (pafe) of 6 different oral candida species following exposure to amphotericin b.201222678101
comparison of the two blood culture systems, bactec 9240 and bact/alert 3d, in the detection of candida spp. and bacteria with polymicrobial sepsis.the purpose of this investigation was to evaluate the performance of the bactec 9240 and bact/alert 3d blood culture systems in the detection of candida spp. and bacteria in simulated polymicrobial sepsis models. a total of 28 clinical isolates of escherichia coli, staphylococcus aureus, candida albicans, and candida glabrata were studied. five polymicrobial models of c. albicans + s. aureus, c. albicans + e. coli, c. glabrata + s. aureus, c. glabrata + e. coli, and c. albicans + c. glabrata wer ...201222669561
clinical saccharomyces cerevisiae isolates cannot cross the epithelial barrier in vitro.saccharomyces cerevisiae is generally considered to be a safe organism and is essential to produce many different kinds of foods as well as being widely used as a dietary supplement. however, several isolates, which are genetically related to brewing and baking yeasts, have shown virulent traits, being able to produce human infections in immunodeficient patients. previously it has been shown that the administration of s. cerevisiae clinical isolates can lead to systemic infections, reaching seve ...201222609000
two hundred and eleven cases of candida osteomyelitis: 17 case reports and a review of the literature.candida osteomyelitis is a rare infection. we present 17 cases of candida osteomyelitis from our institution and review 194 patients from the literature. the median age of patients was 57 ± 22 years (range, 18-90 years) with 68% male. comorbidities associated with this infection include prior surgery (62%), broad-spectrum antibiotics (40%), central venous catheter insertion (19%), and immunosuppression (17%). the most common infecting species were candida albicans (69%), candida tropicalis (15%) ...201222578942
close association between oral candida species and oral mucosal disorders in patients with xerostomia.heightened interest in oral health has lead to an increase in patients complaining of xerostomia, which is associated with various oral mucosal disorders. in this study, we investigated the relationship between candida species and oral mucosal disorders in patients with xerostomia.201222548381
[clinical analysis of invasive fungal infections in patients with hematologic malignancies].the aim of this study was to investigate the clinical situation of invasive fungal infections in patients with hematological malignancies, and discuss the susceptible factors and precautions. 541 patients with hematological malignancies from 2008 jan to 2011 dec in hospital 307 of chinese pla were statistically retrospectively analyzed in term of clinical manifestation, image examination, culture results of secretions, therapy and so on. the results showed that 63 out of 541 patients got invasiv ...201222541125
microsatellite analysis of candida isolates from recurrent vulvovaginal candidiasis.candida albicans and candida glabrata are the most common causative agents of both vulvovaginal candidiasis (vvc) and recurrent vulvovaginal candidiasis (rvvc). studying the population structure and genotype differentiation of candida species that cause rvvc may lead to a significant improvement in clinical management. a total of 106 isolates were collected from 55 patients who were subdivided into three groups. group i comprised 15 patients with rvvc (n=50 isolates); group ii comprised 16 patie ...201222538998
a novel th cell epitope of candida albicans mediates protection from fungal infection.fungal pathogens are a frequent cause of opportunistic infections. they live as commensals in healthy individuals but can cause disease when the immune status of the host is altered. t lymphocytes play a critical role in pathogen control. however, specific ags determining the activation and function of antifungal t cells remain largely unknown. by using an immunoproteomic approach, we have identified for the first time, to our knowledge, a natural t cell epitope from candida albicans. isolation ...201222529294
[study on in vitro susceptibility of candida spp. isolated from blood culture].in recent years the incidence of bloodstream infections due to candida species has progressively increased, partly due to the more critical conditions of hospitalized patients. there has been a significant increase in immune-compromised, diabetic and/or elderly patients, also with venous access, with a subsequent increase in candida species isolated from bloodstream infections. in 2009-2010 in the hospitals of mestre and venice we isolated 123 candida species from bloodstream infections: 59 cand ...201222475657
peptides of the constant region of antibodies display fungicidal activity.synthetic peptides with sequences identical to fragments of the constant region of different classes (igg, igm, iga) of antibodies (fc-peptides) exerted a fungicidal activity in vitro against pathogenic yeasts, such as candida albicans, candida glabrata, cryptococcus neoformans, and malassezia furfur, including caspofungin and triazole resistant strains. alanine-substituted derivatives of fungicidal fc-peptides, tested to evaluate the critical role of each residue, displayed unaltered, increased ...201222470523
combinatorial stresses kill pathogenic candida species.pathogenic microbes exist in dynamic niches and have evolved robust adaptive responses to promote survival in their hosts. the major fungal pathogens of humans, candida albicans and candida glabrata, are exposed to a range of environmental stresses in their hosts including osmotic, oxidative and nitrosative stresses. significant efforts have been devoted to the characterization of the adaptive responses to each of these stresses. in the wild, cells are frequently exposed simultaneously to combin ...201222463109
potent antifungal activity of pure compounds from traditional chinese medicine extracts against six oral candida species and the synergy with fluconazole against azole-resistant candida albicans.this study was designed to evaluate the in vitro antifungal activities of four traditional chinese medicine (tcm) extracts. the inhibitory effects of pseudolaric acid b, gentiopicrin, rhein, and alion were assessed using standard disk diffusion and broth microdilution assays. they were tested against six oral candida species, candida albicans, candida glabrata, candida tropicalis, candida krusei, candida dubliniensis, and candida guilliermondii, including clinical isolates from hiv-negative, hiv ...201222454653
ocular involvement in hospitalized patients with candidemia: analysis at a boston tertiary care center.to study the prevalence, microbial profile, and risk factors for ocular involvement in patients with candidemia.201222409562
significant differences in the cell-wall mannans from three candida glabrata strains correlate with antifungal drug sensitivity.candida glabrata is often the second or third most common cause of candidiasis after candida albicans. c. glabrata infections are difficult to treat, often resistant to many azole antifungal agents and are associated with a high mortality rate in compromised patients. we determined the antigenic structure of the cell-wall mannoproteins from three c. glabrata strains, nbrc 0005, nbrc 0622 and nbrc 103857. (1)h nmr and methylation analyses of the acetolysis products of these mannoproteins showed a ...201222404982
emerging trends in candidemia: a higher incidence but a similar outcome.the clinical presentation and outcome of candidemia has changed in recent years. we compared two 5-year periods (2000-2004 and 2005-2009) in a single institution. we recorded 419 candidemia episodes during the study period (124 in the first period and 295 in the second period). we observed a significant increase in the number of cases per 1000 admissions per year, from 0.57 in 2000 to 1.52 in 2009 (χ(2) lt <0.001). candida albicans was the most frequently isolated species (42.2%), followed by ca ...201222369861
epidemiology, species distribution and in vitro antifungal susceptibility of fungaemia in a spanish multicentre prospective survey.to update the knowledge of the epidemiology of fungaemia episodes in spain, the species implicated and their in vitro antifungal susceptibilities.201222351683
antimicrobial properties and cytotoxicity of an antimicrobial monomer for application in prosthodontics.this study aimed to investigate the antimicrobial properties and cytotoxicity of the monomer methacryloyloxyundecylpyridinium bromide (mupb), an antiseptic agent capable of copolymerizing with denture base acrylic resins.201222339776
silver nanoparticles: influence of stabilizing agent and diameter on antifungal activity against candida albicans and candida glabrata biofilms.the purpose of this work was to evaluate the size-dependent antifungal activity of different silver nanoparticles (sn) colloidal suspensions against candida albicans and candida glabrata mature biofilms.201222313289
validation of the pcr-dhplc method for rapid identification of candida glabrata phylogenetically related species in different biological matrices.since two new species phylogenetically related to candida glabrata with slightly different phenotypes and antifungal susceptibility profiles have been described, it seems to be necessary from clinical point of view, to develop a rapid and accurate identification system in order to distinguish between these three fungal species. we studied the performance of denaturing high performance liquid chromatography (dhplc) as a faster (less than 7 min) and alternative novel technique for simultaneous ana ...201222456535
prevalence of chronic hyperplasic candidiasis. its association to risk factors in an oral medicine service in rosario, argentina.chronic hyperplasic candidiasis (chc) is one of clinical forms of infection caused by fungi from genus candida, basically candida albicans, and less frequently by other species of the genus, such as candida tropicalis, candida guilliermondii, candida glabrata, candida parapsilosis, candida dubliniensis y candida krusei.201223177812
[yeast colonization of urinary catheters and the significance of biofilm formation].urinary catheters are colonized by a wide range of microorganisms, including numerous yeasts. the catheters are usually colonized by more microbial species forming a community - multispecies biofilm. catheter colonization usually does not affect the patient's clinical status in any significant way. on the other hand, the biofilm can become a source of endogenous infection and its presence can affect functionality of the catheter and formation of urinary stones. material a201223172023
rapid identification of drug resistant candida species causing recurrent vulvovaginal candidiasis.some yeast agents including candida albicans, candida tropicalis and candida glabrata have a role in recurrent vulvovaginal candidiasis. we studied the frequency of both common and recurrent vulvovaginal candidiasis in symptomatic cases which were referred to urmia medical sciences university related gynecology clinics using morphologic and molecular methods. the aim of this study was the identification of candida species isolated from recurrent vulvovaginal candidiasis cases using a rapid and r ...201223149354
frequency of decreased susceptibility and resistance to echinocandins among fluconazole-resistant bloodstream isolates of candida glabrata.the echinocandin class of antifungal agents is considered to be the first-line treatment of bloodstream infections (bsi) due to candida glabrata. recent reports of bsi due to strains of c. glabrata resistant to both fluconazole and the echinocandins are of concern and prompted us to review the experience of two large surveillance programs, the sentry antimicrobial surveillance program for the years 2006 through 2010 and the centers for disease control and prevention population-based surveillance ...201222278842
effects of antifungal agents alone and in combination against candida glabrata strains susceptible or resistant to fluconazole.the rise of candida spp. resistant to classic triazole antifungal agents has led to a search for new therapeutic options. here, we evaluated combinations of antifungals in a checkerboard assay against two groups of candida glabrata strains: one containing fluconazole-susceptible clinical isolates (fs) and another containing fluconazole-resistant laboratory derivative (fr). the most synergistic combination observed was amphotericin b + flucytosine (synergistic for 61.77 % of fs strains and 76.47 ...201222528740
rapid detection of bloodstream pathogens by real-time pcr in patients with sepsis.rapid detection of bloodstream infections is an important issue for a better patient outcome. the aim of our study was thus to evaluate the lightcycler septifast assay for diagnosis of bloodstream pathogens in a tertiary hospital in western austria. the 71 blood samples of 61 patients with presumed sepsis were investigated and compared with conventional blood culture system results. in both assays, 51 samples (71.8 %) were negative. in 20 positive samples (28.2 %), 10 different pathogens were de ...201222527822
reconstitution of high-level micafungin resistance detected in a clinical isolate of candida glabrata identifies functional homozygosity in glucan synthase gene expression.a mechanism for the acquisition of high-level echinocandin resistance in candida glabrata was investigated. fks mutants were constructed to: determine whether clinically significant micafungin resistance requires a hot-spot mutation in fks1 and a premature stop codon in fks2, as was observed in a clinical isolate; select for variants with reduced susceptibility and locate mutations in fks genes; and assess the roles of fks1 and fks2.201222514266
the activity of echinocandins, amphotericin b and voriconazole against fluconazole-susceptible and fluconazole-resistant brazilian candida glabrata isolates.the extensive use of azole antifungal agents has promoted the resistance of candida spp to these drugs. candida glabrata is a problematic yeast because it presents a high degree of primary or secondary resistance to fluconazole. in brazil, c. glabrata has been less studied than other species. in this paper, we compared the activity of three major classes of antifungal agents (azoles, echinocandins and polyenes) against fluconazole-susceptible (fs) and fluconazole-resistant (fr) c. glabrata strai ...201222510843
[persistent candidemia in a renal-pancreatic transplant patient].in recent decades, there has been an increase in the survival of recipients of solid organ transplants related to the improvement of the surgical technique, the introduction of protocols for immunosuppressive therapy, and the use of antimicrobial prophylaxis. nonetheless, invasive fungal infection (ifi) is currently the major cause of morbidity and mortality in this group of patients. invasive candidiasis is the most common ifi found after renal transplantation and is usually associated with tot ...201222463781
new regulators of biofilm development in candida glabrata.biofilm formation plays an important role in fungal pathogenesis. in this work, we used a genetic screen in order to identify and characterize genes involved in the formation of biofilms by the opportunistic fungal pathogen candida glabrata. we identified the cst6p transcription factor as a negative regulator of the epa6 gene that encodes an adhesin central to c. glabrata biofilm formation. analysis of single and double mutant strains showed that cst6p acts in a pathway independent of the yak1/s ...201222426249
recurrent episodes of candidemia due to candida glabrata with a mutation in hot spot 1 of the fks2 gene developed after prolonged therapy with caspofungin.we report two episodes of recurrent candidemia caused by echinocandin-resistant candida glabrata in a 69-year-old patient who underwent repeated abdominal surgery. in the first episode of candidemia, an echinocandin-susceptible candida glabrata strain was isolated, and the patient was treated with caspofungin. the isolates from the later episodes showed resistance to echinocandins. analysis of the hs1 region of the fks2 gene showed the amino acid substitution s663p. microsatellite analysis demon ...201222391532
differential in vivo activities of anidulafungin, caspofungin, and micafungin against candida glabrata isolates with and without fks resistance mutations.we recently observed that the micafungin mics for some candida glabrata fks hot spot mutant isolates are less elevated than those for the other echinocandins, suggesting that the efficacy of micafungin may be differentially dependent on such mutations. three clinical c. glabrata isolates with or without (s3) fks hot spot mutations r83 (fks2p-s663f) and rr24 (fks1p-s629p) and low, medium, and high echinocandin mics, respectively, were evaluated to assess the in vivo efficacy in an immunocompetent ...201222354305
the epithelial adhesin 1 (epa1p) from the human-pathogenic yeast candida glabrata: structural and functional study of the carbohydrate-binding domain.the yeast candida glabrata represents the second major cause of clinical candidiasis cases in the world. the ability of this opportunistic pathogen to adhere to human epithelial and endothelial cells relies on the epa adhesins, a large set of cell-wall proteins whose n-terminal domains are endowed with a calcium-dependent lectin activity. this feature allows the yeast cells to adhere to host cells by establishing multiple interactions with the glycans expressed on their cell membrane. the ligand ...201222349222
insertion site preference of mu, tn5, and tn7 transposons.transposons, segments of dna that can mobilize to other locations in a genome, are often used for insertion mutagenesis or to generate priming sites for sequencing of large dna molecules. for both of these uses, a transposon with minimal insertion bias is desired to allow complete coverage with minimal oversampling.201222313799
the presence of an fks mutation rather than mic is an independent risk factor for failure of echinocandin therapy among patients with invasive candidiasis due to candida glabrata.echinocandins are frontline agents against invasive candidiasis (ic), but predictors for echinocandin therapeutic failure have not been well defined. mutations in candida fks genes, which encode the enzyme targeted by echinocandins, result in elevated mics and have been linked to therapeutic failures. in this study, echinocandin mics by broth microdilution and fks1 and fks2 mutations among c. glabrata isolates recovered from patients with ic at our center were correlated retrospectively with ech ...201222751546
evaluation of reference genes for real-time quantitative pcr studies in candida glabrata following azole treatment.the selection of stable and suitable reference genes for real-time quantitative pcr (rt-qpcr) is a crucial prerequisite for reliable gene expression analysis under different experimental conditions. the present study aimed to identify reference genes as internal controls for gene expression studies by rt-qpcr in azole-stimulated candida glabrata.201222747760
occurrence of killer candida glabrata clinical isolates.in this work we characterized the occurrence of killer activity in 64 candida glabrata clinical isolates under different conditions. we found that only 6.25 % of the clinical isolates tested were positive for killer activity against a saccharomyces cerevisiae w303 sensitive strain. sensitivity of killer activity to different values of ph and temperatures was analyzed. we found that the killer activity presented by all isolates was resistant to every ph and temperature tested, although optimal ac ...201224031902
primary retroperitoneal abscess caused by candida glabrata.clinically, retroperitoneal abscesses present insidiously and the diagnosis may be delayed. this, with inadequate drainage, may result in increased morbidity and mortality. most cases result from a renal or gastrointestinal process, but in a small number of patients there is no identifiable source and the abscess is designated as "primary." most retroperitoneal abscesses are polymicrobial, and cultures often reveal organisms such as proteus mirabilis, staphylococcus species, peptostreptococcus, ...201222739567
occurrence of killer yeasts in isolates of clinical origin.a total of 1 025 strains belonging to different candida species of clinical origin were evaluated for their killer activity against sensitive strains of saccharomyces cerevisiae. isolates were identified by standard morphological and biochemical analyses. for the evaluation of the killer activity, potential killer isolates were streaked on plates previously seeded with the sensitive strain. a total of 52 candida isolates (5%) exhibited killer activity against both sensitive yeast strains. the oc ...201222735852
relationship between respiration deficiency and azole resistance in clinical candida glabrata.candida glabrata has become a leading cause of invasive infections around the world and is exhibiting growing resistance to azole antifungals. to study the mechanism of its azole resistance, we analyzed the efflux pumps and found well known increased efflux expression and low metabolic state in all azole-resistant strains. the latter finding led us to further investigate the relationship between respiration status and azole antifungal susceptibility in clinical c. glabrata by growing them on gly ...201222713096
convergent evolution of calcineurin pathway roles in thermotolerance and virulence in candida glabrata.candida glabrata is an emerging human fungal pathogen that is frequently drug tolerant, resulting in difficulties in treatment and a higher mortality in immunocompromised patients. the calcium-activated protein phosphatase calcineurin plays critical roles in controlling drug tolerance, hyphal growth, and virulence in diverse fungal pathogens via distinct mechanisms involving survival in serum or growth at host temperature (37° and higher). here, we comprehensively studied the calcineurin signali ...201222690377
doxorubicin selects for fluconazole-resistant petite mutants in candida glabrata isolates.candida infections are a permanent threat to immunocompromised individuals such as cancer patients, and candida glabrata has emerged as a major problem in recent years. resistance may develop during lengthy antifungal therapies and is often mediated by upregulation of fungal drug efflux pumps. during chemotherapy the yeast cell is also exposed to cytotoxic agents that may affect its drug susceptibility. four c. glabrata isolates, three susceptible and one resistant to fluconazole (flu), were inc ...201222664377
proteomic analysis of cellular and membrane proteins in fluconazole-resistant candida glabrata.candida glabrata is one of the most common causes of candida bloodstream infections worldwide. some isolates of c glabrata may be intermediately resistant to azoles, with some strains developing resistance during therapy or prophylaxis with fluconazole. in this study, we used a proteomic approach to identify differentially expressed proteins between fluconazoleresistant and -susceptible strains.201224159494
anidulafungin for candida glabrata infective endocarditis. 201222644027
fluconazole exposure rather than clonal spreading is correlated with the emergence of candida glabrata with cross-resistance to triazole antifungal agents.the emergence of antifungal resistance in candida species has raised concern in recent years, especially resistance toward triazole. several newer triazole antifungal agents have been introduced which have a broader spectrum for fungal infections, such as voriconazole. however, cross-resistance among triazoles is a major concern with regard to their clinical application. antifungal susceptibility was performed using e-test for 166 clinical isolates (29 blood and 137 nonblood isolates) in 2003 an ...201222632885
global analysis of the evolution and mechanism of echinocandin resistance in candida glabrata.the evolution of drug resistance has a profound impact on human health. candida glabrata is a leading human fungal pathogen that can rapidly evolve resistance to echinocandins, which target cell wall biosynthesis and are front-line therapeutics for candida infections. here, we provide the first global analysis of mutations accompanying the evolution of fungal drug resistance in a human host utilizing a series of c. glabrata isolates that evolved echinocandin resistance in a patient treated with ...201222615574
facultative sterol uptake in an ergosterol-deficient clinical isolate of candida glabrata harboring a missense mutation in erg11 and exhibiting cross-resistance to azoles and amphotericin b.we identified a clinical isolate of candida glabrata (cg156) exhibiting flocculent growth and cross-resistance to fluconazole (flc), voriconazole (vrc), and amphotericin b (amb), with mics of >256, >256, and 32 μg ml(-1), respectively. sterol analysis using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (gc-ms) revealed that cg156 was a sterol 14α-demethylase (erg11p) mutant, wherein 14α-methylated intermediates (lanosterol was >80% of the total) were the only detectable sterols. erg11 sequencing indicate ...201222615281
effects of anidulafungin and voriconazole, singly and in combination, on cytokine/chemokine production by human monocyte-derived macrophages infected with candida glabrata or activated by lipopolysaccharide.candida glabrata causes infections associated with severe sepsis, production of high concentrations of cytokines/chemokines, and high mortality. this study describes the effects of anidulafungin (anf) and voriconazole (vrc), singly and in combination, on the production of eight cytokines/chemokines by human monocyte-derived macrophages (mdm) infected with c. glabrata or activated by lipopolysaccharide (lps).201222584412
caspofungin etest susceptibility testing of candida species: risk of misclassification of susceptible isolates of c. glabrata and c. krusei when adopting the revised clsi caspofungin breakpoints.the purpose of this study was to evaluate the performance of caspofungin etest and the recently revised clsi breakpoints. a total of 497 blood isolates, of which 496 were wild-type isolates, were included. a total of 65/496 susceptible isolates (13.1%) were misclassified as intermediate (i) or resistant (r). such misclassifications were most commonly observed for candida krusei (73.1%) and candida glabrata (33.1%). the revised breakpoints cannot be safely adopted for these two species.201222564836
atomic structure of the nuclear pore complex targeting domain of a nup116 homologue from the yeast, candida glabrata.the nuclear pore complex (npc), embedded in the nuclear envelope, is a large, dynamic molecular assembly that facilitates exchange of macromolecules between the nucleus and the cytoplasm. the yeast npc is an eightfold symmetric annular structure composed of ~456 polypeptide chains contributed by ~30 distinct proteins termed nucleoporins. nup116, identified only in fungi, plays a central role in both protein import and mrna export through the npc. nup116 is a modular protein with n-terminal "fg" ...201222544723
chemical composition and biological activities of essential oil from hyptis crenata growing in the brazilian cerrado.essential oils from species of the genus hyptis are well-known for their significant biological properties, including antimicrobial and acaricidal activities. the essential oil from the aerial parts of h. crenata was obtained by hydrodistillation; bomeol (17.8%), 1,8-cineol (15.6%) and p-cimene (7.9%) were characterized by gc-ms as its major constituents. the essential oil was evaluated in vitro for its antimicrobial activities against six fungal and five bacterial strains, by measuring the resp ...201223157018
mutants in the candida glabrata glycerol channels are sensitized to cell wall stress.many fungal species use glycerol as a compatible solute with which to maintain osmotic homeostasis in response to changes in external osmolarity. in saccharomyces cerevisiae, intracellular glycerol concentrations are regulated largely by the high osmolarity glycerol (hog) response pathway, both through induction of glycerol biosynthesis and control of its flux through the plasma membrane fps1 glycerol channel. the channel activity of fps1 is also controlled by a pair of positive regulators, rgc1 ...201223087370
neck rotation and neck mimic docking in the noncatalytic kar3-associated protein vik1.kar3vik1 is a heterodimeric kinesin with one catalytic subunit (kar3) and one noncatalytic subunit (vik1).201223043140
structural basis for promiscuity and specificity during candida glabrata invasion of host epithelia.the human pathogenic yeast candida glabrata harbors more than 20 surface-exposed, epithelial adhesins (epas) for host cell adhesion. the epa family recognizes host glycans and discriminates between target tissues by their adhesin (a) domains, but a detailed structural basis for ligand-binding specificity of epa proteins has been lacking so far. in this study, we provide high-resolution crystal structures of the epa1a domain in complex with different carbohydrate ligands that reveal how host cell ...201223035251
two clinical isolates of candida glabrata exhibiting reduced sensitivity to amphotericin b both harbor mutations in erg2.two novel isolates of candida glabrata exhibiting reduced sensitivity to amphotericin b (mic, 8 μg ml(-1)) were found to be erg2 mutants, wherein δ(8)-sterol intermediates comprised >90% of the total cellular sterol fraction. both harbored an alteration at thr(121) in erg2; the corresponding residue (thr(119)) in saccharomyces cerevisiae is essential for sterol δ8-δ7 isomerization. this constitutes the first report of c. glabrata harboring mutations in erg2 and exhibiting reduced sensitivity to ...201223027188
candida glabrata: an unusual fungal infection following a total hip replacement.a 60-year-old woman, after a femoral neck fracture and joint replacement, underwent a girdlestone's procedure and received aggressive antimicrobial therapy in order to completely eradicate the fungal infection candida glabrata. in the majority of such cases, a revised hip arthroplasty would be considered following debridement. however, due to the recurrence of this infection and a key associated risk factor, radical removal with concurrent drug therapy was the only option.201223008369
optimizing echinocandin dosing and susceptibility breakpoint determination via in vivo pharmacodynamic evaluation against candida glabrata with and without fks mutations.echinocandins are a preferred therapy for invasive candidiasis due to their potency and broad spectrum. resistance, especially in candida glabrata, is an emerging threat to their use. pharmacodynamic (pd) studies examining reduced susceptibility secondary to fks mutations in c. glabrata are lacking. the current study explored pd targets for anidulafungin, caspofungin, and micafungin in an in vivo invasive candidiasis model against 11 c. glabrata isolates with known or putative fks mutations. the ...201222948870
de novo generation of a phosphate starvation-regulated promoter in candida glabrata.what steps are required for a promoter to acquire regulation by an environmental condition? we address this question by examining a promoter in candida glabrata that is regulated by phosphate starvation and the transcription factor pho4. the gene pmu2 encodes a secreted acid phosphatase that resulted from gene duplication events not present in other ascomycetes, and only this gene of the three paralogs has acquired pho4 regulation. we observe that the pmu2 promoter from c. glabrata is not functi ...201222938599
[candida glabrata : pathogenicity and therapy update].chronic recurrent vulvovaginal candidiasis caused by candida glabrata is still rare in comparison to c. albicans infection, but therapy remains more difficult. standard agents as fluconazole or itraconazole often fail, as well as the newer systemic triazoles like voriconazole or posaconazole. micafungin is a new echinocandin drug with a wide antifungal spectrum including rare candida species. no clinical trials with micafungin in chronic recurrent vulvovaginal candidiasis have been undertaken. w ...201222925897
functional genomic analysis of candida glabrata-macrophage interaction: role of chromatin remodeling in virulence.fungal septicemia is an increasingly common complication of immunocompromised patients worldwide. candida species are the leading cause of invasive mycoses with candida glabrata being the second most frequently isolated candida species from intensive care unit patients. despite its clinical importance, very little is known about the mechanisms that c. glabrata employs to survive the antimicrobial and immune response of the mammalian host. here, to decipher the interaction of c. glabrata with the ...201222916016
crs-mis in candida glabrata: sphingolipids modulate echinocandin-fks interaction.infections with the azole-refractory yeast candida glabrata are now commonly treated with the echinocandins caspofungin (csf) or micafungin (mcf). true resistance (>  32-fold decreased susceptibility) to these lipopeptide inhibitors of cell wall synthesis is rare and strictly associated with mutations in integral membrane proteins fks1 or fks2. in contrast, mutants exhibiting 4- to 32-fold csf reduced susceptibility (crs) were readily selected in vitro, and surprisingly demonstrated 4- to 32-fol ...201222909030
changes in incidence and antifungal drug resistance in candidemia: results from population-based laboratory surveillance in atlanta and baltimore, 2008-2011.candidemia is common and associated with high morbidity and mortality; changes in population-based incidence rates have not been reported.201222893576
rapid identification of histoplasma capsulatum directly from cultures by multiplex pcr.the multiplex pcr developed from a suspension of the yeast fungi correctly identified fifty-one clinical of h. capsulatum var. capsulatum strains isolated from clinical samples and soil specimens. the multiplex pcr was developed by combining two pairs of primers, one of them was specific to the h. capsulatum and the other one, universal for fungi, turned out to be specific to h. capsulatum, regardless of the fungus isolate studied. primers designed to amplify a region of about 390-bp (hc i-hc ii ...201222821346
in vitro adhesion of candida glabrata to denture base acrylic resin modified by glow-discharge plasma treatment.this study evaluated the potential of plasma treatments to modify the surface chemistry and hydrophobicity of a denture base acrylic resin to reduce the candida glabrata adhesion. specimens (n = 54) with smooth surfaces were made and divided into three groups (n = 18): control - non-treated; experimental groups - submitted to plasma treatment (ar/50 w; aat/130 w). the effects of these treatments on chemical composition and surface topography of the acrylic resin were evaluated. surface free ener ...201322809146
determination of the effect of nd:yag laser irradiation through dentinal tubules on several oral pathogens.the effects of nd:yag laser irradiations at different power settings on several oral pathogens were evaluated. a total of 252 dentin samples were divided into seven groups consisting of 36 dentin specimens each. in each group, 9 of the 36 specimens were used as controls, thereby including a control in every group. the remaining 27 specimens were divided into three subgroups consisting of nine specimens according to different nd:yag laser settings (1.5, 1.8, and 2 w). each group was inoculated on ...201322767323
candida glabrata: an emerging pathogen in brazilian tertiary care hospitals.candida glabrata is an infrequent cause of candidemia in brazilian public hospitals. we investigated putative differences in the epidemiology of candidemia in institutions with different sources of funding. prospective laboratory-based surveillance of candidemia was conducted in seven private and two public brazilian tertiary care hospitals. among 4,363 episodes of bloodstream infection, 300 were caused by candida spp. (6.9%). incidence rates were significantly higher in public hospitals, i.e., ...201322762208
[efficacy of voriconazole treatment in chronic vulvovaginal candidosis due to candida glabrata].vulvovaginal candidosis is a common infection in young women, and it is associated with high morbidity and high health costs.201322885618
distribution of fluconazole-resistant candida bloodstream isolates among hospitals and inpatient services in israel.the emergence of fluconazole-resistant candida (frc) is worrisome, but little is known about susceptibility patterns in different nosocomial settings. we prospectively analysed candida bloodstream isolates in 18 medical centres in israel (six tertiary-care and 12 community hospitals). the study included 444 episodes of candidaemia (450 patient-specific isolates, 8.5% fluconazole-resistant). institutional frc bloodstream infection rates correlated with annual inpatient days, and were strongly ass ...201323005038
fluconazole resistance in candida glabrata is associated with increased bud formation and metallothionein production.virulence associated with fluconazole (fl) resistance in candida glabrata is a global problem and has not been well characterized at the proteome level. in this study, a stable fl-resistant (mic >256 µg ml(-1)) strain of c. glabrata was generated on agar containing fl. eight phenotypic mutants were characterized by contour-clamped homogeneous electrophoretic field analysis and two-dimensional page. the secondary derivatives of c. glabrata yielded four distinct genotypes with varying chromosomal ...201323002065
candida glabrata sepsis associated with chorioamnionitis in an in vitro fertilization pregnancy: case report and review.we report a case of candida glabrata sepsis associated with chorioamnionitis in an in vitro fertilization-assisted pregnancy. there is a strong association between c. glabrata chorioamnionitis and assisted fertility techniques. candida glabrata chorioamnionitis presents unique management challenges.201323143095
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