Publications
| Title | Abstract | Year(sorted ascending) Filter | PMID Filter |
|---|
| stool colonization of healthcare workers with selected resistant bacteria. | we examined the carriage of selected resistant bacteria in the stools of healthcare workers who provided direct patient care. neither vancomycin-resistant enterococci, methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus, nor clostridium difficile was recovered from the 55 stool specimens collected. a ceftazidime-resistant citrobacter freundii was isolated from one specimen. we conclude that the stool of healthcare workers is colonized infrequently with these resistant organisms. | 1998 | 9475348 |
| vancomycin-resistant enterococcus faecium in a long-term care facility. | to describe the epidemiology and natural history of colonization with vancomycin-resistant enterococcus faecium (vref) in a long-term care facility. | 1998 | 9475442 |
| clostridium difficile toxin b inhibits carbachol-induced force and myosin light chain phosphorylation in guinea-pig smooth muscle: role of rho proteins. | 1. clostridium difficile toxin b glucosylates the ras-related low molecular mass gtpases of the rho subfamily thereby inactivating them. in the present report, toxin b was applied as a tool to test whether rho proteins participate in the carbachol-induced increase in the ca2+ sensitivity of force and myosin light chain (mlc) phosphorylation in intact intestinal smooth muscle. 2. small strips of the longitudinal muscle of guinea-pig small intestine were incubated in toxin b (40 ng ml-1) overnight ... | 1998 | 9481674 |
| clostridium difficile infection in a horse. | 1998 | 9481834 | |
| chimeric clostridial cytotoxins: identification of the n-terminal region involved in protein substrate recognition. | clostridium sordellii lethal toxin is a member of the family of large clostridial cytotoxins that glucosylate small gtpases. in contrast to clostridium difficile toxins a and b, which exclusively modify rho subfamily proteins, c. sordellii lethal toxin also glucosylates ras subfamily proteins. by deletion analysis and construction of chimeric fusion proteins of c. sordellii lethal toxin and c. difficile toxin b, we localized the enzyme activity of the lethal toxin to the n terminus of the holoto ... | 1998 | 9488398 |
| the impact of clostridium difficile on a surgical service: a prospective study of 374 patients. | to evaluate the epidemiology of clostridium difficile colitis (cdc) in a subset of patients admitted specifically to a surgical service. | 1998 | 9488530 |
| [genotyping of isolates of bacteria and candida]. | strain differentiation of staphylococcus species, streptococcus pneumoniae, escherichia coli, clostridium difficile, and candida species was performed by restriction endonuclease analysis (rea) of genomic dna with hinfi or haeiii followed by conventional agarose gel electrophoresis. rea of 19 methicillin-resistant s. aureus isolates and 19 methicillin-susceptible s. aureus isolates revealed 8, and 14 patterns, respectively. fifty-three isolates of s. epidermidis were divided into 39 groups on th ... | 1998 | 9492535 |
| lysophosphatidic acid-mediated signal-transduction pathways involved in the induction of the early-response genes prostaglandin g/h synthase-2 and egr-1: a critical role for the mitogen-activated protein kinase p38 and for rho proteins. | during inflammatory processes of the kidney, lesions of the glomerulus lead to aggregation of thrombocytes and infiltration of macrophages, which can release bioactive mediators. one of these important signalling molecules is lysophosphatidic acid (lpa). incubation of rat mesangial cells with lpa induced mrna and protein expression of the early-response genes pghs-2 (for prostaglandin g/h synthase-2/cyclo-oxygenase-2) and egr-1. as shown by antisense experiments, induction of egr-1 was related t ... | 1998 | 9494074 |
| a prospective nationwide study of clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea in sweden. the swedish c. difficile study group. | clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea (cdad) is regarded as an emerging nosocomial infection. all patients positive for c. difficile in sweden were recorded during 1995, including primary care patients. those positive for toxin in feces were defined as cdad cases. a total of 5,133 cdad cases were recorded (58 per 100,000 inhabitants per year), as compared with 86 cases diagnosed in 1978 and 553 in 1983. cdad was almost twice as prevalent as all (combined) diagnosed domestic cases of reportab ... | 1998 | 9455523 |
| hep-2 cell-adherent escherichia coli and intestinal secretory immune response to human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) in outpatients with hiv-associated diarrhea. | hep-2 cell-adherent escherichia coli and the human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) itself have recently been incriminated as causes of chronic hiv-associated diarrhea. this study sought to determine the prevalence of these two agents among hiv-infected patients with diarrhea in an outpatient setting in the united states and to compare their prevalence to that of other commonly recognized enteropathogens known to be present in this population. hep-2 cell-adherent e. coli was found in 20 of 83 (24.1% ... | 1998 | 9455887 |
| clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea in acute and long-term care facilities. | this report presents an overview of the epidemiology, diagnosis, complications, and treatment of clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea in acute and long-term care facilities. more studies are needed to understand the epidemiology of this disease in long-term care facilities, to identify the risk factors for its recurrence, and to evaluate new treatment modalities. | 1998 | 10099071 |
| human diseases caused by exotoxins produced by anaerobes and their rapid detection. | major human diseases caused by exotoxins produced by anaerobes include botulisms, tetanus, foodborne illness caused by enterotoxin-producing clostridium perfringens, and diarrhea/colitis caused by toxigenic clostridium difficile. recently, enterotoxigenic bacteroides fragilis (etbf) has been recognized, that may be related to childhood diarrheal disease. detection test of botulinal neurotoxin is hardly performed at clinical laboratories since the most reliable means of detection and identificati ... | 1998 | 10036379 |
| recognizing and managing clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea. | clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea poses a significant physical risk and cost to the recovery of hospitalized older adults. c. difficile is responsible for 75% or more of the diarrhea-associated enteric infections acquired during a hospital stay (gerding, johnson, peterson, mulligan, & silva, 1995). c. difficile is easily spread by direct or indirect contact, therefore placing other patients at great risk for contamination by this organism. nursing plays a significant role in early identi ... | 1998 | 10036439 |
| [acute infectious diarrheal disease in romania: 1993-1998]. | the decrease of morbidity-mortality caused by gastroenteritis is in relation to the factors largely responsible for the fall in infant mortality and mortality from communicable diseases in developing countries. nevertheless, diarrhea is still a considerable public health problem in these countries, especially among children under 5 years old. 98% of all deaths in children younger than 15 years are in the developing world. five of the ten leading killers are communicable, perinatal, and nutrition ... | 1998 | 10422319 |
| modulation between aerobic and anaerobic metabolism in the mutant cell line cdtr-q. | it has recently been shown that the cell line don q obtained by mutagenesis of wild type chinese hamster lung fibroblasts (don wt), presents a point mutation in the gene coding for udp-glucose pyrophosphorylase. the persistent low level of udp-glucose makes don q clone resistant to clostridium difficile toxin b. starting from the observation that don q cells exhibit many large hydrophobic cytoplasmic inclusions, that we have found to be made of neutral lipids, the aerobic metabolism of the two c ... | 1998 | 10874983 |
| prospects for a vaccine for clostridium difficile. | clostridium difficile diarrhoea and colitis is a new disease that is attributable to broad spectrum antibiotic therapy. during the past 2 decades c. difficile has become one of the most common nosocomial pathogens in the developed world. as changing demographics create an increasingly elderly population and the use of broad spectrum antimicrobials continues to expand, c. difficile is likely to become increasingly problematic. disease caused by this organism is caused by the inflammatory actions ... | 1998 | 18020593 |
| bacterial infections of the gut (excluding enteric fever). | bacterial enteric infections are still a major cause of morbidity and mortality, and many challenges lie ahead in understanding and managing these conditions. clostridium difficile remains the most important nosocomial infection. antibiotic resistance makes the treatment of shigella infections increasingly difficult. molecular and cellular techniques are, however, rapidly expanding our understanding of the complexity of the pathogenesis of established and newly recognized pathogens. | 1998 | 17033424 |
| current indications for the use of clindamycin: a critical review. | to review the literature and develop evidence-based guidelines for the use of the antibiotic clindamycin. | 1998 | 22346533 |
| laboratory assessment of five enzyme immunoassay clostridium difficile toxin detection kits. | 1999 | 10824330 | |
| clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea in human immunodeficiency virus infection--a changing scenario. | 1999 | 10825082 | |
| a severe case of post-antibiotic clostridium difficile colitis. | 1999 | 10687784 | |
| evaluation of different methods for detection of clostridium difficile toxins in poland. | the aim of this study was to compare different methods for c. difficile toxins detection. fifty three stool samples taken from patients with antibiotic-associated diarrhoea were studied. tcd toxin a eia (becton dickinson, usa), tox a/b elisa test (techlab, usa), cytotoxicity and neutralization assay on mccoy cells and pcr for detection of both toxin a and b genes were performed in vivo (in stool samples) and in vitro (in isolated strains). reference toxigenic and nontoxigenic and two japanese to ... | 1999 | 10756719 |
| antibiotic-associated diarrhea. it can be serious. | 1999 | 10424198 | |
| [five cases of detected fecal clostridium difficile toxin during elemental diet]. | 1999 | 10434560 | |
| prevalence of clostridium perfringens enterotoxin and clostridium difficile toxin a in feces of horses with diarrhea and colic. | to determine prevalence of clostridial enterotoxins in feces of horses with diarrhea and colic, and to determine whether an association exists between detection of clostridial enterotoxins in feces and development of diarrhea as a complication of colic. | 1999 | 10434974 |
| successful treatment of cytomegalovirus colitis with ganciclovir in a patient with adult t cell leukemia lymphoma: case report. | an 84-year-old patient with adult t cell leukemia lymphoma (atll) developed diarrhea on day 5 of chemotherapy and was diagnosed with cytomegalovirus (cmv) colitis. sigmoidoscopy revealed multiple superficial erosions surrounded by a flare. computed tomography (ct) and ultrasonogram of the abdomen revealed marked thickening of the colonic mucosa. there were 186 cmv antigen-positive leukocytes per 31,000 white blood cells (wbc). a colonic biopsy specimen showed typical cmv nuclear inclusions. immu ... | 1999 | 10435685 |
| transfer of a conjugative transposon, tn5397 in a model oral biofilm. | a tetracycline resistance profile was established from a microcosm dental plaque in a constant depth film fermenter. the fermenter was inoculated with a bacillus subtilis strain which contained the conjugative transposon, tn5397, which confers tetracycline resistance upon its host. after 6 hour and 24 hour the tetracycline resistance profile of the biofilm was redetermined and a tetracycline resistant streptococcus species was isolated. a molecular analysis of this strain confirmed that tn5397 w ... | 1999 | 10436923 |
| suppression of toxin production in clostridium difficile vpi 10463 by amino acids. | the impact of various growth conditions on the expression of toxins and other proteins by clostridium difficile vpi 10463 was studied. during non-starved conditions, the rate of toxin synthesis paralleled that of total protein during both exponential growth and stationary phase, and in both defined and complex media. biotin limitation reduced growth rate and bulk protein synthesis, whereas toxin expression continued, leading to a 50- to 200-fold increase in intracellular toxin levels. concomitan ... | 1999 | 10439407 |
| prevalence of toxin a negative/b positive clostridium difficile strains. | 1999 | 10440000 | |
| prognosis of adult-onset idiopathic bile acid malabsorption. | from 1986 to 1993, 150 patients were investigated with the 75se-homocholic acid taurine (sehcat) test as a late step in the investigation of chronic diarrhoea. on basis of low sehcat values and response to cholestyramine treatment, 33 patients were initially classified as having idiopathic bile acid malabsorption (ibam). the aim was to describe the long-term clinical course of the disease and to assess the reliability of the sehcat test in diagnosing ibam. | 1999 | 10440608 |
| immunological evidence for a bacterial toxin aetiology in sudden infant death syndrome. | toxin-specific antibodies to clostridial, enterobacterial and staphylococcal toxins implicated in sudden infant death syndrome were studied in sera from sudden infant death syndrome infants and a comparison group of infants (babies with phenylketonuria). the results indicated a higher proportion of sera from sudden infant death syndrome infants contained iga that bound to clostridial and enterobacterial toxins but a higher proportion of sera from the phenylketonuria comparison group contained ig ... | 1999 | 10443490 |
| evaluation of two rapid assays for detection of clostridium difficile toxin a in stool specimens. | rapid laboratory diagnosis of clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea (cdad) is highly desirable in the setting of hospital cost containment. we tested 654 stool specimens to compare the performance of two assays for rapid detection of toxin a, the immunocard toxin a test (meridian diagnostics, inc.) and the culturette brand toxin cd enzyme immunoassay (eia) (becton dickinson microbiology systems), with a cytotoxin assay (cytotoxi test; advanced clinical diagnostics) and culture on cycloserine ... | 1999 | 10449503 |
| detection of glycopeptide-resistant enterococci in routine diagnostic faeces specimens. | faeces received in a diagnostic laboratory were screened for glycopeptide-resistant enterococci (gre) on modified lewisham medium, with and without enrichment in enterococcosel broth. colonization by gre was detected in 102/838 patients (12.2%). in 74 (73%) of colonized patients gre were detected by both methods and in 28 (27%) they were detected only after enrichment. the carriage rate in hospitalized patients was 32% (93/289) compared with 2.3% (11/425) in the community (gp patients and food-h ... | 1999 | 10462636 |
| detection of clostridium difficile toxin by an indigenously developed latex agglutination assay. | an indigenously developed latex agglutination assay using c. sordelli antitoxin was used to screen 211 stool samples received from hospitalized patients. of 126 samples from patients receiving single to multiple antibiotics for various ailments, 38 (30%) were positive by the toxin assay, whereas only 6/85 (7%) of samples of patients not receiving antibiotics were also positive. thus, of 211 samples a total of 44 (20.8%) were positive by our toxin assay, giving titers ranging from 1 in 5 to 1 in ... | 1999 | 10464446 |
| pseudomembranous colitis: spectrum of imaging findings with clinical and pathologic correlation. | pseudomembranous colitis (pmc) is a potentially life-threatening acute infectious colitis caused by one or more toxins produced by an unopposed proliferation of clostridium difficile bacteria. pmc is characterized by the presence of elevated, yellow-white plaques forming pseudomembranes on the colonic mucosa. these plaques can be visualized at both pathologic analysis and endoscopy. plain radiography, contrast enema studies, and computed tomography (ct) are useful in the evaluation of pmc. plain ... | 1999 | 10464797 |
| clostridium difficile infection of a prosthetic joint presenting 12 months after antibiotic-associated diarrhoea. | clostridium difficile is a common cause of antibiotic-associated diarrhoea, but it rarely causes extra-colonic disease. an 83-year-old woman who developed culture-positive c. difficile-associated diarrhoea following pneumonia and a total hip replacement was treated successfully with oral metronidazole therapy. she was readmitted 12 months later for revision of the hip prosthesis because of increasing pain. at surgery an abscess associated with the prosthesis was discovered. culture of the pus gr ... | 1999 | 10468137 |
| reactive arthritis induced by clostridium difficile enteritis as a complication of helicobacter pylori eradication. | clostridium difficile has recently been established as a cause of reactive arthritis (rea). we present a case of clostridium difficile-induced rea as a complication of helicobacter pylori eradication, which, to the best of our knowledge, is the first such case reported. | 1999 | 10468177 |
| in vitro activity of gemifloxacin (sb 265805) against anaerobes. | gemifloxacin mesylate (sb 265805), a new fluoronaphthyridone, was tested against 359 recent clinical anaerobic isolates by the national committee for clinical laboratory standards reference agar dilution method with supplemented brucella blood agar and an inoculum of 10(5) cfu/spot. comparative antimicrobials tested included trovafloxacin, levofloxacin, grepafloxacin, sparfloxacin, sitafloxacin (du-6859a), penicillin g, amoxicillin clavulanate, imipenem, cefoxitin, clindamycin, and metronidazole ... | 1999 | 10471570 |
| clostridium difficile cell attachment is modified by environmental factors. | adherence of clostridium difficile to vero cells under anaerobic conditions was increased by a high sodium concentration, calcium-rich medium, an acidic ph, and iron starvation. the level of adhesion of nontoxigenic strains was comparable to that of toxigenic strains. depending on the bacterial culture conditions, vero cells could bind to one, two, or three bacterial surface proteins with molecular masses of 70, 50, and 40 kda. | 1999 | 10473442 |
| primary intravenous paclitaxel and platinum chemotherapy for high-risk stage i epithelial ovarian carcinoma. | to evaluate the efficacy of intravenous (i.v.) paclitaxel and platinum chemotherapy in patients with high-risk stage i epithelial ovarian carcinoma. | 1999 | 10475122 |
| [diagnosis of clostridium difficile as cause of diarrhea]. | 1999 | 10476491 | |
| comparative value of colonic biopsy and intraluminal fluid culture for diagnosis of bacterial acute colitis in immunocompetent patients. infectious colitis study group. | we compared the yield of intraluminal fluid culture to that of biopsy specimens obtained during colonoscopy for the diagnosis of bacterial colitis in 93 immunocompetent patients with a recent episode of diarrhea and macroscopic lesions of colitis. stool culture findings were also available for 68 patients. at least one bacterial pathogen was isolated from the biopsy specimen, intraluminal fluid, or stool from 48 patients (51.6%). salmonella species, clostridium difficile, klebsiella oxytoca, shi ... | 1999 | 10476742 |
| clostridium difficile colitis associated with infant botulism: near-fatal case analogous to hirschsprung's enterocolitis. | we present the first five reported cases of clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea (cdad) in children with infant botulism caused by clostridium botulinum. we compare two fulminant cases of colitis in children with colonic stasis, the first caused by infant botulism and the second caused by hirschsprung's disease. in both children, colitis was accompanied by hypovolemia, hypotension, profuse ascites, pulmonary effusion, restrictive pulmonary disease, and femoral-caval thrombosis. laboratory f ... | 1999 | 10476744 |
| a nonsense mutation abrogates production of a functional enterotoxin a in clostridium difficile toxinotype viii strains of serogroups f and x. | clostridium difficile strains of toxinotype viii from serogroups f and x are described as toxin b-positive, toxin a-negative (tcdb+ a-), although they harbour almost the entire tcda gene. to identify the reason for the lack of tcda detection, we analyzed catalytic and ligand domains of tcda-1470 of the type strain of serogroup f, strain 1470. using recombinant fragments, the c-terminal immunodominant ligand domain tcda3-1470, spanning amino acid residues 1694-2711 (corresponding to vpi 10463 seq ... | 1999 | 10483735 |
| clostridium difficile colitis after kidney and kidney-pancreas transplantation. | to determine the timing and risk factors involved in the development of clostridium difficile (cd) colitis in kidney and kidney-pancreas transplant recipients. | 1999 | 10485373 |
| clostridium difficile diarrhea and colitis: a clinical overview. | infection with toxin-producing strains of clostridium difficile is common and potentially life-threatening. it occurs mostly in patients in the hospital or nursing home who are taking or have recently taken antibiotics. two toxins, a and b, damage the colonic mucosa, resulting in symptoms ranging from mild diarrhea to bloody diarrhea with fever and abdominal pain, colitis, or even pseudomembranous colitis. severe cases may involve dehydration, toxic megacolon, or colonic perforation. this articl ... | 1999 | 10486998 |
| clostridium difficile colitis associated with chronic renal failure. | 1999 | 10489247 | |
| treatment of primary peritoneal mesothelioma by continuous hyperthermic peritoneal perfusion (chpp). | primary peritoneal mesothelioma is a locally aggressive disease that is difficult to treat or even palliate. continuous hyperthermic peritoneal perfusion (chpp) with cisplatin (cddp) allows uniform, high regional delivery of chemotherapeutics and hyperthermia to the peritoneal surface for the treatment of peritoneal tumors. this article summarizes the results of 18 patients with peritoneal mesothelioma treated with chpp. | 1999 | 10493628 |
| local and systemic neutralizing antibody responses induced by intranasal immunization with the nontoxic binding domain of toxin a from clostridium difficile. | fourteen of the 38 c-terminal repeats from clostridium difficile toxin a (14cdta) were cloned and expressed either with an n-terminal polyhistidine tag (14cdta-his) or fused to the nontoxic binding domain from tetanus toxin (14cdta-tetc). the recombinant proteins were successfully purified by bovine thyroglobulin affinity chromatography. both c. difficile toxin a fusion proteins bound to known toxin a ligands present on the surface of rabbit erythrocytes. intranasal immunization of balb/c mice w ... | 1999 | 10496886 |
| monoglucosylation of rhoa at threonine 37 blocks cytosol-membrane cycling. | the small gtpases rho, rac, and cdc42 are monoglucosylated at effector domain amino acid threonine 37/35 by clostridium difficile toxins a and b. glucosylation renders the rho proteins inactive by inhibiting effector coupling. to understand the functional consequences, effects of glucosylation on subcellular distribution and cycling of rho gtpases between cytosol and membranes were analyzed. in intact cells and in cell lysates, glucosylation leads to a translocation of the majority of rhoa gtpas ... | 1999 | 10506156 |
| the hunt for clostridium difficile: 21-year follow-up of a stool specimen sent for culture. | 1999 | 10509517 | |
| association of iga nephropathy with clostridium difficile colitis. | immunoglobulin a (iga) nephropathy, the most common cause of glomerulonephritis worldwide, is usually idiopathic in origin and renal limited. secondary iga nephropathy has been associated with systemic disease, including such gastrointestinal tract disturbances as celiac sprue and inflammatory bowel disease. we describe gross hematuria and reversible acute renal failure from iga nephropathy in a patient with cephalosporin-induced clostridium difficile colitis. in addition to mesangial iga and c3 ... | 1999 | 10518470 |
| is "negative" positive? | 1999 | 10520871 | |
| case-control study of enteropathogens associated with childhood diarrhea in dhaka, bangladesh. | the international centre for diarrhoeal disease research, bangladesh, is a major center for research into diarrheal diseases. the center treats more than 100,000 patients a year. to obtain useful information representative of all patients, a surveillance system in which a 4% systematic sample of all patients is studied in detail, including etiological agents of diarrhea, was installed in october 1979. the first paper on etiology for the surveillance patients was published in 1982, which identifi ... | 1999 | 10523534 |
| infection control. dazed and confused. | this research project aims to uncover the practical concerns of health care staff on a hospital ward while attempting to implement isolation precaution guidelines for patients with clostridium difficile-associated diarrhoea (cdad) and methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus (mrsa). the project is still in progress so this article describes the research methods used and some preliminary findings. | 1999 | 10524156 |
| detection of clostridium difficile toxin a by reversed passive latex agglutination. | a reversed passive latex agglutination (rpla) assay for detecting clostridium difficile toxin a is presented. purified monoclonal antibody (mab 37b5) was used for latex sensitization. the culture supernatants of 93 strains of c. difficile were tested by rpla assay and the results compared with those of a commercially available latex agglutination test, pcr and cytotoxin assay with vero cells. there was agreement between rpla, cytotoxicity and pcr assays, but 29 strains were positive in the rpla ... | 1999 | 10524790 |
| clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea and colitis. | clostridium difficile-induced diarrhea (cdad) and colitis (cdac) are important nosocomial (hospital)-acquired infections resulting almost exclusively from antibiotic therapy and certain host factors. the severity of these disorders may range from simple diarrhea that can be resolved easily with antibiotic cessation to fulminant pseudomembranous colitis with fever, severe dehydration, abdominal pain and distention, and plaque formation over part or all of the colon. community-acquired cdad and cd ... | 1999 | 10528559 |
| fusidic acid in other infections. | fusidic acid, both systemic and topical, has been used for a wide variety of less common infections. efficacy for oral fusidic acid has been demonstrated in the treatment of clostridium difficile colitis and in staphylococcal infections in patients with cystic fibrosis. topical fusidic acid gel is also effective in bacterial conjunctivitis and other minor external eye infections, and may be effective in reducing bacterial flora in the conjunctival sac prior to eye surgery. studies suggest a pote ... | 1999 | 10528782 |
| enteric carriage of vancomycin-resistant enterococcus faecium in patients tested for clostridium difficile. | to identify independent risk factors for enteric carriage of vancomycin-resistant enterococcus faecium (vref) in hospitalized patients tested for clostridium difficile toxin. | 1999 | 10530643 |
| activation of activator protein 1 and stress response kinases in epithelial cells colonized by helicobacter pylori encoding the cag pathogenicity island. | helicobacter pylori interacts with the apical membrane of the gastric epithelium and induces a number of proinflammatory cytokines/chemokines. the subsequent infiltration of macrophages and granulocytes into the mucosa leads to gastric inflammation accompanied by epithelial degeneration. gastric diseases, e.g. peptic ulcer or gastric adenocarcinoma, are more common among people infected with h. pylori strains producing vaca (vacuolating cytotoxin a) and possessing a cag (cytotoxin-associated ant ... | 1999 | 10531374 |
| enhancing market value of milk by adding cultures. | fluid milk and several dairy products are an excellent medium to generate an array of products that fit into the current consumer demand for health-driven foods. several technologies associated with culture addition, fermentation, or both are available for creating an assortment of flavors and textures in milk products. it appears that accentuating the positive attributes of inherent milk constituents, incorporating health-promoting cultures, and offering a variety of flavors and textures to the ... | 1999 | 10531614 |
| antimicrobial susceptibilities and serogroups of clinical strains of clostridium difficile isolated in france in 1991 and 1997. | glycopeptides (vancomycin and teicoplanin) and metronidazole are the drugs of choice for the treatment of clostridium difficile infections, but trends in susceptibility patterns have not been assessed in the past few years. the objective was to study the mics of glycopeptides and metronidazole for unrelated c. difficile strains isolated in 1991 (n = 100) and in 1997 (n = 98) by the agar macrodilution, the e-test, and the disk diffusion methods. strain susceptibilities to erythromycin, clindamyci ... | 1999 | 10543736 |
| activities of gemifloxacin (sb 265805, lb20304) compared to those of other oral antimicrobial agents against unusual anaerobes. | the activities of gemifloxacin (sb 265805, lb20304) and comparator agents were determined by an agar dilution method against 419 clinical strains of less-commonly identified species of anaerobes. gemifloxacin was generally more active than trovafloxacin against gram-positive strains by one to two dilutions. peptostreptococci (peptostreptococcus asaccharolyticus, peptostreptococcus magnus, peptostreptococcus micros, and peptostreptococcus prevotii) and porphyromonas spp. (porphyromonas asaccharol ... | 1999 | 10543754 |
| prophylactic lactobacillus gg reduces antibiotic-associated diarrhea in children with respiratory infections: a randomized study. | antimicrobial treatment may disturb the colonization resistance of gastrointestinal microflora, which may induce clinical symptoms, most commonly diarrhea. the severity of antibiotic-associated diarrhea may range from a brief, self-limiting disease to devastating diarrhea with electrolyte disturbances, dehydration, crampy abdominal pain, pseudomembranous colitis, toxic megacolon, or even death. the incidence of diarrhea in children receiving a single antimicrobial treatment is unclear. in additi ... | 1999 | 10545590 |
| il-15 is elevated in the patients of postoperative enterocolitis. | serum interleukin 15 (il-15) levels were measured in 77 patients who were consecutively admitted to our intensive care unit. postoperative enterocolitis occurred in four patients and methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus (mrsa), but not clostridium difficile, was identified in the faecal specimens from these patients. the il-15 levels in the patients with mrsa enterocolitis were significantly elevated compared with those of other mrsa infections without enterocolitis including pneumonia (n ... | 1999 | 10547278 |
| roles of intracellular calcium and nf-kappa b in the clostridium difficile toxin a-induced up-regulation and secretion of il-8 from human monocytes. | clostridium difficile causes an intense inflammatory colitis through the actions of two large exotoxins, toxin a and toxin b. il-8 is believed to play an important role in the pathophysiology of c. difficile-mediated colitis, although the mechanism whereby the toxins up-regulate the release of il-8 from target cells is not well understood. in this study, we investigated the mechanisms through which toxin a induces il-8 secretion in human monocytes. we found that cellular uptake of toxin a is req ... | 1999 | 10553038 |
| clostridium difficile toxins may augment bacterial penetration of intestinal epithelium. | clostridium difficile can be recovered from many high-risk hospitalized patients receiving broad-spectrum antibiotic therapy. clostridium difficile toxins a and b have been associated with increased intestinal permeability in vitro and there is growing evidence that increased intestinal permeability may be a common mechanism whereby enteric bacteria penetrate the intestinal epithelium. | 1999 | 10555639 |
| sequence analysis of a new open reading frame located in the pathogenicity locus of clostridium difficile strain 8864. | strain 8864 is a natural isolate of clostridium difficile that is toxin b-positive and toxin a-negative. recent work showed that there is a genetic rearrangement occurring at the pathogenicity locus (paloc) of the bacteria. our investigation in the paloc region revealed an open reading frame (tcdf) of 543 bp dna not reported before. this tcdf could encode a putative polypeptide of 22 kda. although no peptide homology was found with other known proteins, we postulate that it could be a novel prot ... | 1999 | 10556718 |
| case records of the massachusetts general hospital. weekly clinicopathological exercises. case 34-1999. a 37-year-old woman with liver disease and recurrent diarrhea. | 1999 | 10559455 | |
| predominant staphylococcus aureus isolated from antibiotic-associated diarrhea is clinically relevant and produces enterotoxin a and the bicomponent toxin luke-lukd. | staphylococcus aureus was isolated as the predominant or only isolate from cultures of stools of 60 patients over 2 years in a university hospital, leading to the collection of 114 isolates. diarrhea was observed in 90% of the patients. ninety-eight percent of the patients had received antibiotics in the month before the diarrhea. ninety-two percent of the s. aureus isolates were methicillin resistant. s. aureus was encountered with antibiotic-associated diarrhea among 47 quite elderly patients ... | 1999 | 10565923 |
| [clostridium difficile diarrhea in the very old. clinical features and course in 21 cases]. | determine the clinical and etiological features of clostridium difficile diarrhea in elderly subjects. | 1999 | 10566275 |
| can quinolones cause hemorrhagic colitis of late onset? report of three cases. | this study was undertaken to demonstrate that quinolones may cause acute colitis resembling penicillin-induced hemorrhagic colitis. | 1999 | 10566543 |
| clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea in the elderly. | it is widely believed that clostridium difficile (c. difficile)-associated diarrhea is a more severe disease in the elderly than in the young, associated with increased morbidity and mortality. these beliefs are largely anecdotal, and there are few data supporting them. | 1999 | 10566727 |
| epidemics of diarrhea caused by a clindamycin-resistant strain of clostridium difficile in four hospitals. | large outbreaks of diarrhea caused by a newly recognized strain of clostridium difficile occurred in four hospitals located in different parts of the united states between 1989 and 1992. since frequent use of clindamycin was associated with the outbreak in one of the hospitals, we examined the resistance genes of the epidemic-strain isolates and studied the role of clindamycin use in these outbreaks. | 1999 | 10572152 |
| antibiotics and clostridium difficile. | 1999 | 10572160 | |
| involvement of rho gtpases in calcium-regulated exocytosis from adrenal chromaffin cells. | the rho gtpase family, including rho, rac and cdc42 proteins, is implicated in various cell functions requiring the reorganization of actin-based structures. in secretory cells, cytoskeletal rearrangements are a prerequisite for exocytosis. we previously described that, in chromaffin cells, the trimeric granule-bound go protein controls peripheral actin and prevents exocytosis in resting cells through the regulation of rhoa. to provide further insight into the function of rho proteins in exocyto ... | 1999 | 10574723 |
| phospholipase d stimulation by receptor tyrosine kinases mediated by protein kinase c and a ras/ral signaling cascade. | stimulation of phospholipase d (pld) in hek-293 cells expressing the m(3) muscarinic receptor by phorbol ester-activated protein kinase c (pkc) apparently involves ral gtpases. we report here that pkc, but not muscarinic receptor-induced pld stimulation in these cells, is strongly and specifically reduced by expression of dominant-negative rala, g26a rala, as well as dominant-negative ras, s17n ras. in contrast, overexpression of the ras-activated ral-specific guanine nucleotide exchange factor, ... | 1999 | 10574935 |
| characterization of the cryptogein binding sites on plant plasma membranes. | cryptogein is a 98-amino acid proteinaceous elicitor of tobacco defense reactions. specific binding of cryptogein to high affinity binding sites on tobacco plasma membranes has been previously reported (k(d) = 2 nm; number of binding sites: 220 fmol/mg of protein). in this study, biochemical characterization of cryptogein binding sites reveals that they correspond to a plasma membrane glycoprotein(s) with an n-linked carbohydrate moiety, which is involved in cryptogein binding. radiation inactiv ... | 1999 | 10574936 |
| choosing the right antibiotic. antibiotic choice may affect risk of clostridium difficile infection. | 1999 | 10576837 | |
| cd14 expression by human mononuclear phagocytes is modulated by clostridium difficile toxin b. | toxin b, an exotoxin produced by the anaerobic gram-positive bacteria clostridium difficile, is responsible for pseudomembranous colitis in humans. it deeply modifies morphology of cultured cells and enhances their membrane surface area, which suggests a possible alteration of membrane receptor distribution. since toxin b and bacterial lipopolysaccharide can act synergistically on tnf-alpha production by mononuclear phagocytes, the effect of toxin b on cd14 expression was investigated using flow ... | 1999 | 10580270 |
| colonic wall thickening in patients with cirrhosis: ct findings and clinical implications. | the purpose of this study was to determine the prevalence and spectrum of colonic wall changes in patients with cirrhosis and to determine the association between these colonic wall changes and portal hypertension. | 1999 | 10587121 |
| [new knowledge of the molecular biology of enterohemorrhagic escherichia coli (ehec) o157]. | since 1982, enterohaemorrhagic escherichia coli (ehec) have been identified as a cause of diarrhoea and haemorrhagic colitis. the most serious complication of the infection is the haemolytic-uraemic syndrome (hus) that develops in 5 to 10% of children with diarrhoea. shiga toxins (stx) are the most important presently known virulence factors of ehec. after reaching the bloodstream, the toxins cause damage of endothelial cells but also of tubular cells in the kidneys which may result in renal fai ... | 1999 | 10593045 |
| behaviour of saccharomyces boulardii in recurrent clostridium difficile disease patients. | despite recent interest in therapeutic microorganisms taken orally, little is known about the pharmacodynamics of these agents in a target population of patients with disease. the present study reports the stool concentrations of saccharomyces boulardii in a patient population with clostridium difficile disease (cdd) and correlates stool concentrations with efficacy. | 1999 | 10594402 |
| antimicrobial activities of synthetic bismuth compounds against clostridium difficile. | clostridium difficile is a major nosocomial pathogen responsible for pseudomembranous colitis and many cases of antibiotic-associated diarrhea. because of potential relapse of disease with current antimicrobial therapy protocols, there is a need for additional and/or alternative antimicrobial agents for the treatment of disease caused by c. difficile. we have synthesized a systematic series of 14 structurally simple bismuth compounds and assessed their biological activities against c. difficile ... | 1999 | 10049270 |
| a novel cytotoxin from clostridium difficile serogroup f is a functional hybrid between two other large clostridial cytotoxins. | the large clostridial cytotoxins (lcts) constitute a group of high molecular weight clostridial cytotoxins that inactivate cellular small gtp-binding proteins. we demonstrate that a novel lct (tcdb-1470) from clostridium difficile strain 1470 is a functional hybrid between "reference" tcdb-10463 and clostridium sordellii tcsl-1522. it bound to the same specific receptor as tcdb-10463 but glucosylated the same gtp-binding proteins as tcsl-1522. all three toxins had equal enzymatic potencies but w ... | 1999 | 10196187 |
| isolation of clostridium difficile from the ruminal reservoir of newborn lambs. | 1999 | 10596876 | |
| antibiotics and clostridium difficile. | clostridium difficile is now established as a major nosocomial pathogen. c. difficile infection is seen almost exclusively as a complication of antibiotic therapy, and is particularly associated with clindamycin and third-generation cephalosporins. depletion of the indigenous gut microflora by antibiotic therapy has long been established as a major factor in the disease. however, the direct influence of antimicrobials upon virulence mechanisms such as toxin production and adhesion in the bowel, ... | 1999 | 10602670 |
| ifosfamide, carboplatin and etoposide (ice) in metastatic and refractory breast cancer. | twenty-five patients with metastatic breast cancer were treated with ice after failure of previous chemotherapy. their median age was 50 years (range 36-73). all but 1 patient had multiple sites of metastases. nineteen (76%) patients had undergone two or more chemotherapy regimens for metastatic disease prior to ice. the performance status (ps) of the patients was eastern cooperative oncology group (ecog) 0:6; 1:12; 2:5; 3:2. ifosfamide 1.25 g/m(2) over 3 h d1-3 along with mesna, etoposide 80 mg ... | 1999 | 10602907 |
| an antibiotic policy associated with reduced risk of clostridium difficile-associated diarrhoea. | antibiotic-associated diarrhoea caused by clostridium difficile is increasing in hospitals, and older people are at particular risk. | 1999 | 10604512 |
| [nosocomial infections]. | glycopeptide resistance: resistance to glycopeptides raises many therapeutic problems when it occurs in strains such as enterococci or staphylococci causing clinical infections. two observations described here exemplify the emergence of such resistance in a metacillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus (mrsa) strain during vancomycin treatment and in a clostridium difficile strain. nasal mrsa in hospital personnel: nasal cavities of hospital personnel is a not well recognized reservoir of mrsa. a s ... | 1999 | 10605463 |
| antibacterial activity of aristolochia paucinervis pomel. | several fractions of the methanolic extract of the rhizome or the leaves of aristolochia paucinervis pomel were screened for antibacterial activity using the agar dilution method against fourteen reference bacterial strains. only three fractions (defatted chloroformic rhizome fraction: aprc, rhizome ethyl acetate fraction: apre and leaf chloroform fraction: aplc) showed an activity against at least one of the microorganisms tested. the minimum inhibitory concentration (mic) determination showed ... | 1999 | 10616964 |
| [clostridium difficile]. | 1999 | 10635809 | |
| pathophysiology, diagnosis and treatment of clostridium difficile infection. | clostridium difficile infection has become in recent years an important nosocomial threat. prevention of the spread of c. difficile infection among long term hospitalized patients is a major challenge since c. difficile spores can persist indefinitely in the hospital environment. following antibiotic therapy that disrupts the normal bacterial flora of the colon, c. difficile can colonize the large intestine. the bacteria releases two large protein toxins that bind to colonocytes and mediate an a ... | 1999 | 10638139 |
| residential care and the elderly: the burden of infection. | long term care facilities (ltcfs) include a variety of different types of healthcare settings, each with their own unique infectious disease problems. this report focuses on the epidemiological considerations, risk factors and types of infections that occur in elderly patients institutionalized in nursing home settings. in the us, the number of patients in nursing homes continues to grow as the population ages. today, patients in nursing homes have more complicated medical conditions than they d ... | 1999 | 10658754 |
| bacterial resistance to disinfectants: present knowledge and future problems. | bacterial resistance to antibiotics is a long-established, widely-studied problem. increasingly, attention is being directed to the responses of various types of microbes to biocides (antiseptics, disinfectants and preservatives). different groups of bacteria vary in their susceptibility to biocides, with bacterial spores being the most resistant, followed by mycobacteria, then gram-negative organisms, with cocci generally being the most sensitive. there are wide divergencies within this general ... | 1999 | 10658759 |
| epidemiology of nosocomial clostridium difficile diarrhoea. | clostridium difficile is a frequent and clinically important cause of diarrhoea that has been strongly but not exclusively associated with the hospital setting. the vast majority of cases of c. difficile diarrhoea are associated with antecedent treatment with antibiotics, of which cephalosporins and clindamycin appear to pose the highest risk. within hospitals and chronic-care facilities, cross-infection of c. difficile has been related to transient carriage on hands of healthcare workers and co ... | 1999 | 10658778 |
| what should we do about patients with clostridium difficile? | 1999 | 10658800 | |
| low prevalence of nosocomial clostridium difficile transmission, as determined by comparison of arbitrarily primed pcr and epidemiological data. | an increased prevalence of patients with c. difficile-associated diarrhoea in a hospital setting suggested the possible existence of an endemic occurrence. a study was therefore designed to determine clonal relatedness among 173 isolates of c. difficile, collected consecutively during 1995 from 147 patients (89 inpatients and 58 outpatients) and to estimate the probability of nosocomial transmission. arbitrarily primed pcr (ap-pcr) with three different primers, ap1, ap2 and cld1, was used for fi ... | 1999 | 10658802 |
| incidence of clostridium difficile infection: a prospective study in an indian hospital. | clostridium difficile is the commonest cause of hospital-acquired diarrhoea. a prospective study comprising of 156 patients and 54 healthy controls was undertaken to assess c. difficile associated diarrhoea (cdad) incidence in an indian hospital. methods used included c. difficile culture and enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) for toxin a. attempts were made to type isolates by antibiogram and sds-page. of the 210 stool samples tested, 12 gave positive results in at least one assay. of th ... | 1999 | 10658803 |
| an audit of the use of manual handling equipment and their microbiological flora--implications for infection control. | a review of the use of manual handling aids in two hospitals found equipment was employed on a multi-patient basis with inadequate cleaning. sampling with a casella slit sampler demonstrated frequent contamination by methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus and clostridium difficile of fabric aids. recommendations for care of equipment are made. | 1999 | 10658808 |