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persistence of local cytokine production in shigellosis in acute and convalescent stages.shigella infection is accompanied by an intestinal activation of epithelial cells, t cells, and macrophages within the inflamed colonic mucosa. a prospective study was carried out to elucidate the cytokine pattern in shigella infection linked to development of immunity and eradication of bacteria from the local site and also to correlate the cytokine profile with histological severity. an indirect immunohistochemical technique was used to determine the production and localization of various cyto ...19957806368
genetics and regulation of heme iron transport in shigella dysenteriae and detection of an analogous system in escherichia coli o157:h7.shigella species can use heme as the sole source of iron. in this work, the heme utilization locus of shigella dysenteriae was cloned and characterized. a cosmid bank of s. dysenteriae serotype 1 dna was constructed in an escherichia coli siderophore synthesis mutant incapable of heme transport. a recombinant clone, pshu12, carrying the heme utilization system of s. dysenteriae was isolated by screening on iron-poor medium supplemented with hemin. transposon insertional mutagenesis and subclonin ...19957768795
analysis of shiga toxin subunit association by using hybrid a polypeptides and site-specific mutagenesis.shiga toxin (stx), a bacterial toxin produced by shigella dysenteriae type 1, is a hexamer composed of five receptor-binding b subunits which encircle an alpha-helix at the carboxyl terminus of the enzymatic a polypeptide. hybrid toxins constructed by fusing the a polypeptide sequences of stx and shiga-like toxin type ii were used to confirm that the carboxyl terminus of the a subunits governs association with the b pentamers. the alpha-helix of the 293-amino-acid stx a subunit contains nine res ...19957768810
antimicrobial susceptibilities of shigella dysenteriae type 1 isolated in zimbabwe--implications for the management of dysentery.shigella dysenteriae type 1 was cultured from 56/170 (33 pc) rectal swab specimens collected from patients presenting to hospitals in harare, zimbabwe with dysentery. all of the isolates were resistant in vitro to trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, with mics > 32 mg/l, and all except one were resistant to ampicillin, most with an mic > 256 mg/l. one isolate was resistant to nalidixic acid (mic > 256 mg/l), but all of the others were sensitive, most with an mic of 2 mg/l or less. using antibiotic dis ...19957788685
vicious circles: looking back on resistance plasmids. 19957789752
ompa fusion proteins for presentation of foreign antigens on the bacterial outer membrane.the ompa genes of escherichia coli and shigella dysenteriae have been used to construct a group of enterobacterial surface expression vectors for foreign genes. linker oligonucleotides were inserted into the sequence corresponding to the third or fourth outer domain to allow in-frame sandwich fusion of foreign genes or epitopes into ompa. influenza haemagglutinin was inserted without its leader peptide and anchor sequences and shown to be transferred as an ompa fusion protein to the bacterial su ...19957796962
simultaneous outbreak due to vibrio cholerae and shigella dysenteriae in kenya. 19957799734
l-rhamnose inhibits proliferation of murine splenocytes by the lipopolysaccharide and polysaccharide moiety of shigella dysenteriae type 1 lipopolysaccharide.the induction of proliferation of murine splenocytes by lipopolysaccharide (lps) of shigella dysenteriae type 1 and its polysaccharide (ps) and lipid a fractions was investigated. the lps-induced proliferation reached a maximum at a concentration of 30 ng/ml. the ps and lipid a induced proliferation of murine splenocytes at similar concentrations. preincubation of murine splenocytes with varying concentrations of l-rhamnose blocked lps- and ps-induced proliferation in a dose-dependent manner. th ...19957751010
an animal model for the study of neurotoxicity of bacterial products and application of the model to demonstrate that shiga toxin and lipopolysaccharide cooperate in inducing neurologic disorders.an approach for studying neurotoxicity of bacterial products is presented. pentylenetetrazol, a convulsant drug, was injected into mice, and increased sensitivity to pentylenetetrazol was used as an indicator of neurotoxicity. the preinjection of sonicates of shigella dysenteriae 60r or escherichia coli h30 (producing shiga toxin or shiga-like toxin i, respectively) enhanced the response of mice to pentylenetetrazol within 6 h. this was indicated by a higher mean convulsion score, increased numb ...19957751700
fecal excretion of leukotriene c4 during human disease due to shigella dysenteriae.fecal excretion of leukotriene c4 was determined in 26 individuals with dysentery and in 19 healthy controls. of the patients, five were infected with shigella dysenteriae type 1, 15 were infected with shigella flexneri, two were infected with shigella boydii, and four were infected with shigella sonnei. three of the healthy controls were infected with non-dysenteriae shigellae. all isolates of shigella dysenteriae type 1 produced shiga toxin; the other strains were not toxigenic. patients with ...19957714683
immunoglobulin subclass distribution and dynamics of shigella-specific antibody responses in serum and stool samples in shigellosis.to assess the humoral immunological responses at the subclass level in shigellosis, specific antibody responses against shigella dysenteriae 1 lipopolysaccharide (lps), s. flexneri y lps, invasion plasmid-coded protein antigens (ipa), and shiga toxin were analyzed. antibody responses of 41 patients with s. dysenteriae 1 infection (sdip) and 15 patients with s. flexneri infection (sfip) were compared with those of controls (n = 40). the levels of total immunoglobulin g (igg), iga, igm, and albumi ...19957729920
pathogenesis of bacterial colitis. 19957890228
[hemolytic-uremic syndrome after verotoxin-producing escherichia coli infection].the haemolytic uraemic syndrome, first described in 1955 by gasser, is the number one cause of acute renal failure in infants. there are three types of the haemolytic uraemic syndrome: the seasonal epidemic form with prodromic diarrhoea and generally favourable outcome which usually occurs in infants, a less typical form without signs of digestive tract involvement and no seasonal prevalence which occurs more readily in older children and sometimes in families has a less favourable prognosis, an ...19957899353
heterogeneity of the amino-acid sequences of escherichia coli shiga-like toxin type-i operons.pcr was used to amplify approx. 1470-bp segments of dna containing complete shiga-like toxin type i (slti) operons from escherichia coli strains belonging to serotypes o48:h21, o111:h- and ox3:h8. these fragments were cloned and dna sequence analysis identified several variations, as compared with published slti sequences. all three slti genes analysed were more closely related to shiga toxin-encoding genes (sht) of shigella dysenteriae type 1, than to previously published e. coli phage-encoded ...19957883188
antimicrobial-resistant epidemic shigella dysenteriae type 1 in zambia: modes of transmission.to determine the modes of transmission of an epidemic caused by shigella dysenteriae type i (sd1) in zambia, a case-control study was conducted. case-patients were more likely to have recent contact with a person with dysentery (p = .03) and to have a family member with preceding dysentery (p = .01). case households were more likely to share their latrine (p = .06). stored drinking water was obtained by hand-dipping a cup into wide-mouthed vessels or by pouring from narrow-mouthed vessels; case ...19957844374
epidemic shigella dysenteriae type 1 in natal.since its first isolation in south africa in 1994, shigella dysenteriae type 1 has now spread to cause an epidemic outbreak in natal kwazulu, resulting in a steep rise in admissions for dysentery and the haemolytic uraemic syndrome in children. we report on the epidemic as it has evolved so far. a large outbreak is to be expected in south africa in view of large scale poverty, lack of housing, and adequate water and sanitation, unless urgent public health measures are taken.19958531259
shigellosis in children from north india: a clinicopathological study.stool samples of 1488 children suffering from acute diarrhoea were studied for bacterial culture and sensitivity. shigella culture was positive in 143 (10 per cent) children and 53 hospitalized children could be studied in detail. thirty-six (68 per cent) children were under 2 years of age and peak prevalence was observed in summer months. fever and diarrhoea were universal features; 96 per cent had blood and mucus in the stools, but 32 per cent started with watery diarrhoea lasting 1-3 days fol ...19958531265
peripheral blood neutrophil responses in children with shigellosis.alterations in peripheral blood neutrophil function are known to occur in patients with colitis and may have a role in precipitating nonspecific tissue injury. it is not known whether neutrophil function is altered in patients with shigella dysenteriae type 1 infection, during which there is extensive colitis and which may be associated with life-threatening complications in young children. three aspects of peripheral blood neutrophil function, polarization, attachment to yeast particles, and lo ...19958548543
[the chemical and immunochemical characteristics of the antigens of shigella dysenteriae 1 isolated by using hydroxylamine hydrochloride]. 19958553750
[the immunomodulating activity of shigella dysenteriae 1 strains differing by their capacity for invasion and shiga toxin production]. 19958553759
binding specificity for four monoclonal antibodies recognizing terminal gal alpha 1-->4gal residues in haemophilus influenzae lipopolysaccharide.four murine monoclonal antibodies (mabs) reactive with the outer-core region of the lipopolysaccharide (lps) from haemophilus influenzae were generated after immunization with azide-killed h. influenzae rm.7004 ah1-2 and their epitope specificities studied. the monoclonal antibodies: mahi 6 (igm), mahi 5 (igg2a), mahi 8 (igg3), and mahi 11 (igg2b) bound to synthetic glycoconjugates or glycolipids with terminal galabiosyl (gal alpha 1-->4gal beta 1-) or globotriaosyl (gal alpha 1-->4gal beta 1 1- ...19958559043
microbiological investigation of diarrhoea epidemics among rwandan refugees in zaire. 19958560524
role of enteric nervous system in shigella dysenteriae type 1 toxin-induced fluid secretion in rabbit ileum.intracellular-free calcium concentrations were measured in the intestinal epithelial cells isolated from the rabbit ileum treated with shigella dysenteriae type 1 toxin. there is almost a five-fold increase in the [ca+2]i levels in the epithelial cells isolated from the toxin-treated rabbit ileum compared to control. the [ca+2]i levels were also measured in the presence or absence of tetrodotoxin, a neurotoxin, and atropine, a muscarinic cholinergic antagonist. these drugs significantly decrease ...19958568191
serotype distribution and antimicrobial susceptibility of shigellae isolated from diarrhoeal patients in yangon, myanmar.in myanmar there is a changing pattern in the prevalence of shigella strains with an increasing antimicrobial resistance, and, thus the serotype prevalence and antibiotic sensitivity pattern of shigellae were studied in 1993. dysenteric stool samples were collected from the laboratory of infectious diseases hospital, yangon during january-june 1993. the shigella isolates were identified by the standard bacteriologic procedures. four hundred and sixty stool samples containing blood and mucous wer ...19958568195
shigellosis in thai children: experience from a rural hospital 1985-1993.six hundred and ninety-four cases of shigellosis in nakhon nayok hospital from january 1985 to december 1993 were studied to determine epidemiologic and microbiological features. forty-five percent of cases were children under the age of 14 years. the majority of cases were in children under the age of four. the organism was found throughout the year, with peak incidence in june and july. the most common type isolated was shigella flexneri, about 74.43%. only 0.32% of organisms were shigella dys ...19958629073
surface display compared to periplasmic expression of a malarial antigen in salmonella typhimurium and its implications for immunogenicity.two different expression systems were investigated for the production of an 80 amino acid polypeptide, m3, from the c-terminus of the plasmodium falciparum blood stage antigen pf155/resa in an attenuated salmonella typhimurium vaccine strain. upon expression, the malarial polypeptide was targeted either to the periplasm as a soluble fusion protein containing two igg-binding domains (zz) from the staphylococcal protein a or, to the bacterial surface as an insert within a chimeric outer membrane p ...19958745001
[species and serovar-distribution, and drug-resistance of shigella strains isolated from imported and domestic cases from 1990 through 1994 in tokyo].a total of 446 shigella strains consisting of 336 imported and 110 domestic strains isolated in tokyo from 1990 to 1994 were examined for their species and serovar-distribution, and their drug-resistance. in both imported and domestic strains, s. sonnei was found to be the most prevalent species, followed by s. flexneri. in imported strains, however, the isolation frequency of s. flexneri, s. boydii and s. dysenteriae were higher than that of domestic strains, and the serovar of each species was ...19958586884
haemolytic uraemic syndrome following shigella dysenteriae type 1 outbreak in zimbabwe: a clinical experience.shigella dysenteriae type 1 related dysentery outbreak in zimbabwe at the end of 1992 has been associated with an increase in the frequency of haemolytic uraemic syndrome (hus). in order to document this new clinical experience a retrospective study was undertaken to document clinical and laboratory features, treatment and outcome of children with hus. during the period january 1993 to june 1994, 96 children with hus were seen at the referral hospitals in harare. severe and prolonged anaemia was ...19958591635
expression of flagella and motility by shigella.since the discovery of shigella as the aetiologic agent of acute dysentery almost 100 years ago, this organism has been described as a non-motile and nonflagellated organism that invades the human colonic mucosa. in this study, the production of flagella by prototypic strains of all four shigella species and, moreover, by fresh clinical isolates was demonstrated by electron microscopy. the flagellum of shigella (flash) is approximately 10 microns long and 12-14 nm in diameter and is typically se ...19958596461
emergence of nalidixic acid resistant shigella dysenteriae type 1 in thailand: an outbreak associated with consumption of a coconut milk dessert.although shigella dysenteriae type 1 has been responsible for large outbreaks of severe dysentery in many parts of asia, relatively few cases of this disease have been reported from thailand and have generally not involved nalidixic acid resistant strains.19958824867
[antibiotic sensitivity to epidemic strains of vibrio cholerae and shigella dysenteriae 1 isolated in rwandan refugee camps in zaire].multiresistance or epidemic enteric bacteria to antibiotics greatly complicates treatment, and in some cases prophylaxis, of severe invasive gastroenteritis. during the summer of 1994, two epidemics of diarrhea, one due to vibrio cholerae and the other to shigella dysenteriae 1 isolated from the goma and bukavu camps was determined by measurement of the agar minimal inhibitory concentration. multiresistance to tetracyclins, aminopenicillins, trimethoprimsulfamethoxazole, and nifuroxazide was obs ...19958830219
epidemic dysentery caused by shigella dysenteriae type 1: a sentinel site surveillance of antimicrobial resistance patterns in burundi.annual epidemics of bacillary dysentery have been a public health problem in burundi for the last 14 years. recent civil unrest, resulting in the displacement of large numbers of people into refugee settlements, has aggravated the situation. we report the results of a nationwide, health-centre based, sentinel site survey to check the drug resistance of shigella dysenteriae type 1 (sd1), the causal organism of such epidemics. shigella spp. (of which 97% were sd1) were isolated from 73% of the 126 ...19958907772
significance of the secreted form of ipac, a 45 kda protein of shigella dysenteriae 1, in the invasive process as determined by monoclonal antibodies.invasion plasmid antigen c (ipac), a 45 kda plasmid encoded protein, is associated with the virulence of virulent shigella spp. in s. dysenteriae type 1 the 45 kda ipac protein is secreted to a greater extent into the surrounding medium in comparison to other shigella spp. monoclonal antibodies (mabs) to the secreted form of ipac protein were raised in this study. of the four secretory hybrid cells, one (3g4) was found to have a very high antibody titre as determined by elisa. the specificity of ...19957533114
relationships between rfb gene clusters required for biosynthesis of identical d-galactose-containing o antigens in klebsiella pneumoniae serotype o1 and serratia marcescens serotype o16.the lipopolysaccharide o antigens of klebsiella pneumoniae serotype o1 and serratia marcescens serotype o16 both contain a repeating unit disaccharide of [-->3)-beta-d-galf-(1-->3)-alpha-d-galp-(1-->]; the resulting polymer is known as d-galactan i. in k. pneumoniae serotype o1, the genes responsible for the synthesis of d-galactan i are found in the rfb gene cluster (rfbkpo1). we report here the cloning and analysis of the rfb cluster from s. marcescens serotype o16 (rfbsmo16). this is the firs ...19957533758
structural elucidation of the o-antigen lipopolysaccharide from two strains of plesiomonas shigelloides that share a type-specific antigen with shigella flexneri 6, and the common group 1 antigen with shigella flexneri spp and shigella dysenteriae 1.sugar and methylation analyses of native polysaccharides together with one-dimensional 1h- and 13c-nmr spectroscopy revealed that the two polysaccharides from strains 22074 and 12254 of plesiomonas shigelloides are identical. the structure of the polysaccharide from strain 22074 was deduced from a uronic acid degradation and by nmr spectroscopy where heteronuclear multiple bond connectivity and two-dimensional nuclear overhauser effect spectroscopy experiments established the pentasaccharide rep ...19957544287
expression of shigella dysenteriae serotype 1 o-antigenic polysaccharide by shigella flexneri arod vaccine candidates and different s. flexneri serotypes.the potential utility of shigella flexneri arod vaccine candidates for the development of bi- or multivalent vaccines has been explored by the introduction of the genetic determinants rfp and rfb for heterologous o antigen polysaccharide from shigella dysenteriae serotype 1. the serotype y vaccine strain sfl124 expressed the heterologous antigen qualitatively and quantitatively well, qualitatively in the sense of the o antigen polysaccharide being correctly linked to the s. flexneri lipopolysacc ...19957545156
role of rfe and rfbf in the initiation of biosynthesis of d-galactan i, the lipopolysaccharide o antigen from klebsiella pneumoniae serotype o1.the 6.6-kb rfb gene cluster from klebsiella pneumoniae serotype o1 (rfbkpo1) contains six genes whose products are required for the biosynthesis of a lipopolysaccharide o antigen with the following repeating unit structure: -->3-beta-d-galf-1-->3-alpha-d-galp-1-->(d-galactan i). rfbfkpo1 is the last gene in the cluster, and its gene product is required for the initiation of d-galactan i synthesis. escherichia coli k-12 strains expressing the rfbfkpo1 polypeptide contain dual galactopyranosyl and ...19957559323
evaluation of commercial antisera for shigella serogrouping.shigella serogrouping antisera from six companies (becton dickinson, denka, difco, murex, roach, and sanofi-pasteur) intended for the slide agglutination test and those of the wellcolex colour shigella latex agglutination test were evaluated to identify quality products for shigella identification. forty-six reference shigella strains (one for each serotype and species), 50 clinical strains (21 s. flexneri, 21 s. sonnei, 4 s. dysenteriae, 4 s. boydii) representing the most prevalent species and ...19957559936
distribution of the cytolethal distending toxin a gene (cdta) among species of shigella and vibrio, and cloning and sequencing of the cdt gene from shigella dysenteriae.we investigated the distribution of the cytolethal distending toxin a gene (cdta) among s. dysenteriae, vibrio cholerae 01 and vibrio parahaemolyticus by polymerase chain reaction (pcr) using primers constructed from the nucleotide sequences of escherichia coli cdta gene reported independently by scott and kaper (infect immun 1994; 62: 244-51) and by pickett et al. (infect immun 1994; 62: 1046-51). the cdta gene reported by scott and kaper was found to occur among eight of the 35 strains of s. d ...19957565011
cytokines in the stools of children with complicated shigellosis.the pathogenesis of the systemic complications, leukemoid reaction and hemolytic uremic syndrome, associated with shigella dysenteriae type 1 infection is not well understood. the excessive production of proinflammatory cytokines, including tumor necrosis factor alpha (tnf-alpha) and interleukin 6 (il-6), has been suggested as a possible factor. we measured il-6 and tnf-alpha in stools of 56 children with s. dysenteriae 1 infection and 29 children without any apparent infection, all age 12 to 60 ...19957583932
synthesis of specifically deoxygenated disaccharide derivatives of the shigella dysenteriae type 1 o-antigen.the synthesis of methyl o-alpha-l-rhamnopyranosyl-(1-->2)-alpha-d-galactopyranosides specifically deoxygenated at position 2 (31), or 4 (21) of the rhamnopyranosyl residue was accomplished using methyl 3,4,6-tri-o-benzoyl-alpha-d-galactopyranoside (18) as the glycosyl acceptor. phenyl thionocarbonate activation of the penta-o-benzoylated disaccharide precursor followed by barton reduction and zemplén transesterification gave 31, while 21 was obtained via condensation of the deoxygenated monosacc ...19957585707
c reactive protein and prealbumin as markers of disease activity in shigellosis.to evaluate serum c reactive protein (crp) and prealbumin concentrations as markers of disease activity in shigellosis this study serially measured serum concentrations of crp and prealbumin in 39 patients infected with shigella spp, and a comparison group of 10 patients infected with vibrio cholerae serotype 01. on admission, patients with shigellosis had significantly higher median concentrations of crp (109 v 5 mg/l; p < 0.01) and significantly lower median concentrations of prealbumin (16 v ...19957590438
surface components of shigellae involved in adhesion and haemagglutination.strains of shigella species were studied for their ability to adhere and agglutinate mammalian erythrocytes. shigella dysenteriae and sh. flexneri exhibited haemagglutinating (ha) properties when cultured in casamino acids-yeast extract (cye) broth in the presence of 1 mmol 1-1 calcium chloride, but other shigellae did not show this property under the same culture conditions. repeated subcultivation of sh. boydii, sh. sonnei and ha negative strains of sh. dysenteriae and sh. flexneri in cye brot ...19957592115
synthesis, characterization and antibacterial activity of novel fe(iii), co(ii), and zn(ii) complexes with norfloxacin.three novel complexes of norfloxacin (abbreviated as nfl), [m(nfl)2(h2o)2]cl3.6h2o, (m = fe, co), and [zn(nfl)2]cl2.7h2o, have been prepared. the compounds were characterized by ir, uv-vis, nmr spectra, molar conductivity, and elemental analyses. in all of the complexes, the ligand nfl was coordinated through two carboxyl oxygen atoms. octahedral and tetrahegon geometries have been proposed for fe(iii)-, co(ii)-complexes and zn(ii)-complex, respectively. in vitro test of susceptibility of fe(iii ...19957595471
detection of provisional serovars of shigella dysenteriae and designation as s. dysenteriae serotypes 14 and 15.in initial studies of slide and tube agglutination tests of shigella-like isolates from diarrheal stools from bangladesh, 10 and 8 strains of shigella dysenteriae were identified as provisional serovars (serovars that have been defined but not given a number in the antigenic schema) e22383 and e23507, respectively. further screening of diarrheal stool isolates in a slide agglutination test with antisera (made with the international reference strains) to the two provisional serovars of s. dysente ...19957615772
shigella infection induces cellular activation of t and b cells and distinct species-related changes in peripheral blood lymphocyte subsets during the course of the disease.immunophenotypic changes in peripheral blood lymphocytes (t, b, and nk cells) in patients during shigellosis was characterized by using triple-color flow cytometry. eleven shigella dysenteriae 1-infected adult patients (sdip), 11 shigella flexneri-infected adult patients (sfip), 15 age- and sex-matched healthy controls from bangladesh (c-b), and 15 healthy volunteers from sweden (v-s) were studied. in sdip and sfip, a significant increase in the cd45ro+ cells in both cd4+ and cd8+ t cells were s ...19957622216
[an outbreak of shigella dysenteriae type 1 dysentery in a refugee camp in rwanda].as a consequence of the civil war that devastated burundi in october 1993, more than 300,000 refugees settled in the neighboring country of rwanda. we describe the outbreak of dysentery due to shigella dysenteriae type 1 (sd1) that developed in nzangwa, a camp hosting some 20,000 burundese refugees. between november 17, 1993 and march 10, 1994, 6,122 cases of bloody diarrhea were notified by the health information system of the camp. the overall attack rate was 32.3%, and the fatality rate was 3 ...19957640901
a murine antibody to shigella dysenteriae type 1 employs v-genes that contain a rearranged codon for the lambda light chain.the cdna coding for a hybridoma anti shigella dysenteriae type 1 antibody (3707 e9) has been cloned, and sequenced. binding patterns with fragments of the bacterial polysaccharide antigen had already been studied in detail. the vh sequence utilizes the vh441 gene, first identified amongst beta-(1,6)galactan-binding antibodies, while the vl is closely related to the v lambda 1 gene. we found that the vl3707 e9 gene employed a vl-j combinatorial joining leading to a rare trp-->leu substitution at ...19957643860
starvation- and stationary-phase-induced acid tolerance in escherichia coli o157:h7.stationary phase and the starvation of log-phase cells increased the acid tolerance of escherichia coli o157:h7 strains. although the degree of acid tolerance varied, the survival of most o157:h7 strains exceeded that of other, related, pathogens in a synthetic gastric fluid.19957646045
public health impact of rwandan refugee crisis: what happened in goma, zaire, in july, 1994? goma epidemiology group.the flight of 500,000-800,000 rwandan refugees into the north kivu region of zaire in july, 1994, overwhelmed the world's response capacity. during the first month after the influx, almost 50,000 refugees died, an average crude mortality rate of 20-35 per 10,000 per day. this death rate was associated with explosive epidemics of diarrhoeal disease caused by vibrio cholerae 01 and shigella dysenteriae type 1. 3-4 weeks after the influx of refugees, acute malnutrition rates among children under 5 ...19957646638
[epidemiologic studies on three episodes of acute bacillary dysentery outbreak].three episodes of illness outbreak, with major symptoms of acute abdominal pain and diarrhea, occurred in 1990 to 1991 in the army forces stationed in beijing. bacillary dysentery outbreak caused by shigella dysentariae were confirmed with epidemiological investigations and pathogen identification. drug sensitivity tests with kirby-bauer method for the strain isolated showed it had obvious resistance to 13 of 14 kinds of antibiotics tested. detection of plasmid with birnboim method showed most o ...19957648949
lipopolysaccharide-specific antibodies in plasma and stools of children with shigella-associated leukemoid reaction and hemolytic-uremic syndrome.antibody responses to the lipopolysaccharide (lps) of shigellae were compared between children with uncomplicated and complicated shigella dysenteriae 1 infection. one hundred fifteen children between 12 and 60 months of age with s. dysenteriae 1 infection were studied. of these children, 42 had complications (leukemoid reaction and/or hemolytic-uremic syndrome [complicated shigellosis] and 73 had no complications (uncomplicated shigellosis). antibodies to the lps of s. dysenteriae 1 and shigell ...19968914761
tetracycline resistance determinants: mechanisms of action, regulation of expression, genetic mobility, and distribution.tetracycline-resistant bacteria were first isolated in 1953 from shigella dysenteriae, a bacterium which causes bacterial dysentery. since then tetracycline-resistant bacterial have been found in increasing numbers of species and genera. this has resulted in reduced effectiveness of tetracycline therapy over time. tetracycline resistance is normally due to the acquisition of new genes often associated with either a mobile plasmid or a transposon. these tetracycline resistance determinants are di ...19968916553
semiquantitative estimation of shigella antigen-specific antibodies: correlation with disease severity during shigellosis.systemic and mucosal antibody responses during shigellosis were analysed and correlated with clinical severity. patients infected with shigella dysenteriae type 1 (sdip), and s. flexneri (sfip) were grouped according to disease severity. the disease was more severe in sdip than in sfip. higher levels of shigella antigen-specific serum antibodies were associated with severe disease. in contrast, decreased serum levels of igg, igm and total protein were associated with severe disease. faecal level ...19968920810
[cholera in goma, july 1994. bioforce].in 1994, between july 14 and july 20, around one million of rwandan refugees fled to the north kivu region of zaire. in spite of the existence of favorable conditions for cholera, it was necessary to wait until the laboratories isolated the first strain of cholera, on july 20 and 21, before the international community took action in one of the most important outbreaks of cholera known. the total number of cases of cholera was 36 471, of which half occurred between july 21 and july 27, reaching a ...19968927778
characterization of is199 from streptococcus mutans v403.the complete nucleotide sequence of the insertion sequence is199 has been determined. this novel element was found in streptococcus mutans v403 where dna hybridization studies suggested that it was present in multiple copies on the genome. is199 is 1220 bp and appears unique to the mutans streptococci. a limited epidemiological survey revealed this element to occur infrequently in this group (4/50 strains examined). is199 belongs to the is3 family of procaryotic insertion sequence elements. it c ...19968938047
differentiation of bacterial 16s rrna genes and intergenic regions and mycobacterium tuberculosis katg genes by structure-specific endonuclease cleavage.we describe here a new approach for analyzing nucleic acid sequences using a structure-specific endonuclease, cleavase i. we have applied this technique to the detection and localization of mutations associated with isoniazid resistance in mycobacterium tuberculosis and for differentiating bacterial genera, species and strains. the technique described here is based on the observation that single strands of dnas can assume defined conformations, which can be detected and cleaved by structure-spec ...19968940459
is911-mediated transpositional recombination in vitro.a cell-free system is described that accomplishes an unusual type of transposition/recombination involving the bacterial insertion sequence is911. using a plasmid substrate carrying a derivative of is911, we show that bacterial cell extracts enriched for the is911 transposase, orfab, carry out a single-strand cleavage and transfer reaction. this results in the formation of a figure-eight molecule in which a single strand of the element is circularized, faithfully reproducing an event previously ...19968950268
serological identification of infection by verocytotoxin-producing escherichia coli.one hundred sera from patients with haemolytic ureamic syndrome were screened for antibodies to the lipopolysaccharide (lps) of escherichia coli serogroup o5, o26, o115, o128, o145 and o153, and shigella dysenteriae 1. three sera contained antibodies to the lps of e. coli belonging to serogroup o5.19968987714
alterations in lymphocyte phenotype and function in children with shigellosis who develop complications.this study was designed to see whether alterations occur in peripheral blood mononuclear cell phenotype and function in children with shigella dysenteriae 1 infection with complications (leukemoid reaction and/or hemolytic-uremic syndrome) and whether there are any alterations prior to the development of complications. the following groups of children (ages, 12 to 60 months) were compared: children without any infection (n = 51), children with uncomplicated shigellosis (n = 65), children admitte ...19968991634
hospitalized dysentery cases during an outbreak of shigella dysenteriae type i: ndanga district hospital, zimbabwe.to describe the characteristics of patients admitted with bloody diarrhoea; to assess clinical management; and to identify organisms isolated in laboratories and their antimicrobial susceptibility pattern.19968870316
production, characterization and immunodiagnostic application of a monoclonal antibody to shiga toxin.a mouse monoclonal antibody (mab ict7) that is specific for shiga toxin was produced. the mab neutralises the cytotoxic effects of both purified shiga toxin and culture extracts of shigella dysenteriae type 1 in hela cells. using mab ict7 and polyclonal rabbit antiserum, a sandwich elisa was developed. this test detects shiga toxin in both s. dysenteriae type 1 bacterial extracts and in stools of patients with s. dysenteriae type 1 infection. the elisa also detects toxin in enterohaemorrhagic es ...19968870402
differentiation-associated toxin receptor modulation, cytokine production, and sensitivity to shiga-like toxins in human monocytes and monocytic cell lines.infections with shiga toxin-producing shigella dysenteriae type 1 or shiga-like toxin (slt)-producing escherichia coli cause bloody diarrhea and are associated with an increased risk of acute renal failure and severe neurological complications. histopathological examination of human and animal tissues suggests that the target cells for toxin action are vascular endothelial cells. proinflammatory cytokines regulate endothelial cell membrane expression of the glycolipid globotriaosylceramide (gb(3 ...19968606075
changes in the peripheral blood t-cell receptor v beta repertoire in vivo and in vitro during shigellosis.a sequential activation of t cells in peripheral blood during shigello sis has been observer (d. islam, p.k. bradham, a. a. lindberg, and b. christensson, infect. immun 63:2941-2949, 1995). to further investigate the cellular response during the course of shigella infection, changes in the t-cell receptor (tcr) repertoire in the subsets in blood in patients during shigellosis was that shigella antigens may modulate the function of t cells carrying tcrs capable of recognizing shigella-specific ep ...19968606106
insertion and orientation of a synthetic peptide representing the c-terminus of the a1 domain of shiga toxin into phospholipid membranes.shiga toxin is a bacterial protein composed of one a and five b subunits. its a chain possesses a protease sensitive loop (cys-242-cys-261) that is cleaved to produce an enzymatically active a1 domain and an a2 fragment associated with its b subunit pentamer. the proposed mode of action of the toxin is linked to its retrograde transport to the er lumen followed by the translocation of its catalytic a1 chain to the cytoplasmic side of the er membrane. a signal sequence-like domain (residues 220-2 ...19968755710
bloody diarrhoea of adults in malawi: clinical features, infectious agents, and antimicrobial sensitivities.in a prospective study, 132 hospital out-patients presenting with bloody diarrhoea ('cases') were evaluated in malawi, central africa; 73 out-patient tuberculosis suspects acted as controls. most (100/132, 76%) subjects reported an illness lasting < or = 5 d with > 5 bowel actions in the preceding 12 h; 39/132 (30%) reported use of systemic antimicrobial drugs in the preceding week; 57% (74/130) had a body mass index < 20; 4% (5/131) were febrile; and 18/130 (13%) had one or more sign(s) of dehy ...19968758078
azithromycin prophylaxis prevents epidemic dysentery. 19968758091
shigella infections.shigella dysentery is a major public-health problem in many tropical areas. despite improvements in water supplies and sanitation, it continues to be a disease of poor rural and urban communities and in populations affected by migration and crowding following disasters. pathogenesis is due to colonic invasion, endotoxin, and, in shigella dysenteriae 1, shiga toxin. as well as the local manifestations of dysentery, systemic complications include convulsions, haemolytic-uraemic syndrome, hyponatra ...19968762400
murine splenocyte proliferation by porin of shigella dysenteriae type 1 and inhibition of bacterial invasion of hela cell by anti-porin antibody.the purified porin of shigella dysenteriae type 1 showed strong mitogenic activity for murine splenocytes. preincubation of s. dysenteriae type 1 with anti-porin antibody reduced the bacterial plaque formation in hela cell monolayers by 45%. the two immunobiological activities indicate that porin might be important in the induction of protective immunity against shigellosis.19968764507
[antibiotic sensitivity of 299 strains of shigella isolated in burundi].bacillary dysentery which occurs endemoepidemically in burundi is currently on the rise and requires close epidemiologic and therapeutic monitoring. sensitivity tests using 13 antibiotics were performed on 299 strains of shigella isolated at the biology laboratory of the bujumbura university hospital center. the technique used to test antibiotic sensitivity was the disc diffusion method described by chabert et al. of the 299 strains studied, 250 (83.6%) were species of shigella dysenteriae type ...19968767790
antibody response to outer membrane proteins in shigella dysenteriae type 1 infection with special reference to appearance of murine antibodies.in shigellosis, the protective immune mechanism is not well established. the bacterial outer membrane proteins (omps) may have a role in the induction of immunity due to their outwardly location. the serum antibody response of s. dysenteriae type 1 infected patients against omps was assessed by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (elisa). a striking elevation of serum igg response was noted during the convalescent phase. murine antiserum directed against s. dysenteriae 1 omps was found to be highl ...19968783518
in vitro antimicrobial activity of potash alum.this study reports the bactericidal activity of potash alum when added to water, against various epidemic causing enteric pathogens like vibrio cholerae 01, v. cholerae 0139 and shigella dysenteriae 1 by lowering the ph of water (from 6.0 to 4.0). growth of the enteric pathogens was monitored in vitro by inoculating broth cultures of the different organisms in distilled water containing increasing concentrations of potash alum and quantitatively determining the concentration of viable organisms ...19968783521
immunomagnetic separation and pcr detection show shigellae to be common faecal agents in children from urban marginal communities of costa rica.culture and immunomagnetic separation-polymerase chain reaction assays (ims-pcr) were used to isolate and identify shigella flexneri, s. dysenteriae type i and s. sonnei in faeces from 250 children up to 5 years and from their mothers (n = 143) selected at random from a large urban marginal community of costa rica. children hospitalized because of severe diarrhoea (n = 110) were also studied. only s. flexneri, mainly serotype 2a, and s. sonnei were found by culture. all specimens in which shigel ...19968793710
purification of a cell-associated hemagglutinin from shigella dysenteriae type 1.a cell-associated hemagglutinin (ha) was isolated and purified from a clinical isolate of shigella dysenteriae type 1 by affinity chromatography on a fetuin-agarose column. the purified hemagglutinin produced a single-stained protein band of around 66 kda in sodium dodecyl sulphate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (sds-page). in an immunodiffusion test, ha-antisera produced a single precipitin band against the purified ha without exhibiting any reactivity towards lipopolysaccharide (lps) of s. ...19968809540
absorption of macronutrients from a calorie-dense diet in malnourished children during acute shigellosis.a metabolic balance study was performed to determine the absorption of macronutrients and energy from different food items in 23 malnourished children aged 12 to 48 months with clinically severe acute dysentery due to shigellosis. in a 72-h balance period, the absorption of carbohydrate, protein, fat, and total energy was determined. all the children received a standard hospital diet; 12 children in the test group were offered an additional calorie-dense milk (5.0 kj/ml with a protein-energy rat ...19968811519
[physicians without borders and diarrhea as a cause of illness and death in refugee camps]. 19968815408
effect of growth condition on in-vitro susceptibility of shigella dysenteriae type 1 killing by murine peritoneal macrophages.the intracellular fate of shigella dysenteriae type 1 strains grown in casamino acid-yeast extract (cye) broth and nutrient broth (nb) was studied in casein-elicited mouse peritoneal macrophages. virulent strains 14731 and w30864 cultured in nb and opsonised with normal mouse serum were susceptible to killing by peritoneal macrophages (66 sem 1.7% killing by 2 h). in contrast, both strains grown in cye broth and opsonised with normal mouse serum showed resistance to killing by peritoneal macroph ...19968642582
dissociation between cytokine mrna expression and protein production in shigellosis.in our study, infection with shigella dysenteriae type 1 (n = 16) or shigella flexneri in adults (n = 5) was associated with a gradual accumulation of mrna for interleukin (il)-1 beta, tumor necrosis factor (tnf)-alpha, il-6, transforming growth factor-beta, il-10, il-4, tnf-beta, interferon (ifn)-gamma and perforin in the rectal biopsy samples during the convalescent stage of the disease demonstrated by in situ hybridization. in contrast, immunohistochemical staining in rectal tissues of cytoki ...19968647178
local entrapment of interferon gamma in the recovery from shigella dysenteriae type 1 infection.in healthy controls (n = 8) living in shigella endemic areas, accumulation of interferon gamma (ifn gamma) in the epithelial lining was seen in the rectal tissues. at the single cell level, however, few or no ifn gamma protein producing cells or mrna expressing cells were detected at that site indicating the involvement of the whole large intestine in the production of ifn gamma in controls. persistent numbers of ifn gamma producing cells were detected in the rectum of patients with shigella dys ...19968675083
detection and characterization of the flagellar master operon in the four shigella subgroups.strains in the genus shigella are nonmotile, but they retain some cryptic flagellar operons whether functional or defective (a.tominaga, m. a.-h. mahmoud, t. mukaihara, and m. enomoto, mol. microbiol. 12:277-285, 1994). to disclose the cause of motility loss in shigellae, the presence or defectiveness of the flhd and flhc genes, composing the master operon whose mutation causes inactivation of the entire flagellar regulon, was examined in the four shigella subgroups. the flhd operon cloned from ...19968682772
nalidixic acid-resistant shigella dysenteriae type i in kwazulu-natal. 19968685796
an outbreak of dysentery in zambia. 19968685797
construction of recombinant aroa salmonellae stably producing the shigella dysenteriae serotype 1 o-antigen and structural characterization of the salmonella/shigella hybrid lps.the tn501 mercury resistant transposon containing the rfp and rfb loci encoding biosynthesis of the o-antigen of shigella dysenteriae serotype 1 lipopolysaccharide (lps) was constructed and introduced into aroa mutants of salmonella typhimurium and salmonella dublin. in five recombinant strains, both homologous lps and hybrid lps, consisting of salmonella lipid a-core and shigella o-antigen, were produced. all derivatives but one (sl3235) stably inherited the new trait. immunofluorescence micros ...19968692007
potential virulence of viable but nonculturable shigella dysenteriae type 1.we examined a virulent strain of shigella dysenteriae type 1 after induction into the viable but nonculturable (vbnc) state for its ability to (i) maintain the shiga toxin (stx) gene; (ii) maintain biologically active shiga toxin (sht); and (iii) adhere to intestinal epithelial cells (henle 407 cell line). pcr was used to amplify the stx gene from vbnc cells of s. dysenteriae type 1, thereby establishing its presence even when cells are in the vbnc state. vbnc s. dysenteriae type 1 sht was monit ...19968572688
antimicrobial activity of some medicinal plants extracts on escherichia coli, salmonella paratyphi and shigella dysenteriae.the antimicrobial activity of three plants extracts--momordica charantia, alstonia boonei, and ocimum bacilicum on pure and viable cultures of escherichia coli, salmonella paratyphi and shigella dysenterae was examined. cold maceration method of extraction using 95% ethanol was used for the extraction of the active constituents of the leaves. filter paper disks which were 6 mm in diameter were used for sensitivity testing. results showed that the extracts from the leaves of the three plants have ...19969532310
towards a vaccine candidate against shigella dysenteriae 1: expression of the shiga toxin b-subunit in an attenuated shigella flexneri arod carrier strain.shiga toxin is considered to be one of the main causes of severe side effects, such as the hemolytic uremic syndrome, of shigellosis. the genetic determinants for a fusion of its b-subunit (stxb), which mediates toxin binding to target cells, with the cooh-terminus of escherichia coli hemolysin a (stx'-'hlya) has been combined with the determinants of the accessory translocator proteins hlyb and hlyd in a notl cassette. this cassette has been integrated via a mini-transposon into a recombinant v ...19968905616
[bacterial dysentery in 1994]. 19968711142
molecular typing of multi-drug resistant shigella dysenteriae type 1 by plasmid analysis and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis.recently, an outbreak of dysentery due to multi-drug resistant shigella dysenteriae type 1 strains was reported along the coastal area of kenya and shortly thereafter another outbreak appeared in the outskirts of nairobi. we analysed 22 multi-drug resistant s. dysenteriae type 1 strains isolated from cases in the latter outbreak using plasmid deoxyribonucleic acid (dna) profiles and pulse-field gel electrophoresis of genomic dna. all isolates were resistant to commonly available drugs including ...19969015526
of four murine, anti-shigella dysenteriae type 1 o-polysaccharide antibodies, three employ v-genes that differ extensively from those of the fourth.three murine, monoclonal antibodies, igm 5286 f2, igm 5297 c1, and igg 5338 h4 were generated against shigella dysenteriae type 1 o-specific polysaccharide (o-sp)-conjugate. they are specific for the o-sp, which is a poly-[alpha-l-rhamnopyranosyl-(1-->3)-alpha-l-rhamnopyranosyl-(1-->2)-al pha-d-galactopyranosyl-(1-->3)-2-deoxy-2-amino-n-acetyl-alpha-d-glucopyr anosyl]. the vh and vl genes of these antibodies were cloned and their sequences determined. they showed 93% homology, but were quite dif ...19969129157
antidiarrhoeal activities of ocimum gratissimum (lamiaceae).the antidiarrhoeal activities of leaf extracts of ocimum gratissimum were investigated by disc diffusion and tube dilution methods. the extracts were active against aeromonas sobria, escherichia coli, plesiomonas shigelloides, salmonella typhi, and shigella dysenteriae. the leaf extracts were most active against s. dysenteriae and least active against s. typhi. the sensitivity of the organisms measured in terms of zone of inhibition ranged from 8.00 to 19.50 mm. the minimum inhibitory concentrat ...19969203793
bacterial diarrhea in laos, a region where cholera was endemic.there were cholera outbreaks in lao pdr since 1993. two provinces were epidemic areas of cholera in 1993. however the area of cholera occurrence increased to 7 provinces through 1994. then a bacterial survey had done for the purpose of public health improvement. epec was markedly isolated from the hospital in vientiane. in apparent infection of salmonella and non-01 vibrio cholerae with soldiers stationed in the island in mekong river belong to vientiane were pointed out. the outbreak of diarrhe ...19969253874
[etiological investigation on diarrhoeal diseases in the rural area of suixian county, yu dong plain in china].to study the etiology of diarrhoeal diseases in the rural area, we carried out a study on diarrhoeal diseases in two natural villages. 15 kinds of diarrhoeal pathogens including 172 strains were isolated from 318 patients with diarrhoea making the isolation rate 49.37%; 12 kinds of diarrhoeal pathogens and 69 strains were isolated from 310 healthy controls and the isolation rate was 22.26%; 6 kinds of diarrhoeal pathogens and 44 strains were isolated in 405 samples obtained from the envronmenfal ...19969387573
screening of in vitro antibacterial activity from syzygium guineense (willd) hydrosoluble dry extract.diarrhoea is one of the most important causes of infant mortality in the world. as modern drugs are expensive or unavailable in developing countries, many people use traditional medicines in africa for the treatment of several diseases. in our study, we investigated the antibacterial activity of syzygium guineense extract in order to assess its activity on some bacterial strains involved in diarrhoeal diseases and to justify its use. the aqueous dry extract was prepared by decoction followed by ...19969008903
antibody mediated inhibition of adhesion of shigella dysenteriae 1 to guinea pig colonic epithelial cells in vitro.immunoglobulin g (igg) fractions prepared from sera of shigella dysenteriae 1 infected patients during the acute and convalescent phases of illness were found to be effective inhibitors of adhesion of s. dysenteriae cells to guinea pig colonic epithelial cells in vitro. the adhesion could also be inhibited by whole sera, their igg fractions, and fab fractions prepared from sera of rabbits immunized with whole bacteria, the outer membrane (om) and lipopolysaccharide. the adhesive capability was b ...19969082146
hemolytic-uremic syndrome in asir region.hemolytic-uremic syndrome (hus) is a worldwide disease and a common cause of acute renal failure in childhood. recently the number of cases in our area seems to be increasing.199623008549
carbohydrate recognition molecules on lymphocytes. 19961383059
the halo orthosis in the treatment of cervical spine injury. 19963437145
[mode of existence of serum lipids]. 1996173900
outbreak of dysentery is kenya due to multi-resistant polyclonal strain of shigella dysenteriae type 1.sixty-eight strains of multi-drug resistant shigella dysenteriae type 1 were isolated from outbreaks of severe dysentery in three areas of kenya, namely, kisumu, mombassa and nairobi. the strains were tested for their susceptibility to seven antibiotics. plasmids were extracted to study their variety and conjugated with escherichia coli k12 to identify the plasmid coding for the resistance gese. all the strains were resistant to ampicillin, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (s-t), tetracyciine and c ...199617451306
protein folding and unfolding. 199720567
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