Publications

mortality of workers exposed to ethylene oxide: extended follow up of a british cohort.	to obtain further information about the risks of cancer associated with occupational exposure to ethylene oxide	2004	15031395
listeria monocytogenes and listeriosis: a review of hazard characterisation for use in microbiological risk assessment of foods.	considerable effort has been put into the application of quantitative microbiological risk assessment for listeria monocytogenes, and data are available for england and wales (probably more so than most other countries) on the adverse health effects, together with incidence data on different age and risk groups for human l. monocytogenes infections. this paper reviews aspects of listeria and human listeriosis, especially from a public health perspective and provide hazard characterisation data, ...	2004	15033265
astronomers against newton.	francis baily's publication of the manuscripts of john flamsteed, the first astronomer royal, provoked a furious response. flamsteed had quarrelled with isaac newton, and described him in terms unforgivable to those who claimed him as a paragon of all virtues, both moral and scientific. baily was condemned for putting flamsteed's complaints in the public sphere. however, his supporters saw his work as a critique of the excessive hero-worship accorded to newton. written when the word 'scientist' ...	2004	15036924
can a short period of micronutrient supplementation in older institutionalized people improve response to influenza vaccine? a randomized, controlled trial.	to test the hypothesis that a micronutrient supplement can improve seroconversion after influenza immunization in older institutionalized people.	2004	14687310
a retrospective assessment of mortality from the london smog episode of 1952: the role of influenza and pollution.	the london smog of 1952 is one of history's most important air pollution episodes in terms of its impact on science, public perception of air pollution, and government regulation. the association between health and air pollution during the episode was evident as a strong rise in air pollution levels was immediately followed by sharp increases in mortality and morbidity. however, mortality in the months after the smog was also elevated above normal levels. an initial government report proposed th ...	2004	14698923
high resolution hla-drb1 identification of a caucasian population.	polymerase chain reaction-sequence-specific oligonucleotide probes typing methods have been applied to 1000 individuals from the northern ireland population to give human leukocyte antigen drb1 (hla-drb1) allele assignment. hla-drb1 allele frequencies and four-locus haplotypes (a/b/c/dr) for this caucasian population, based on hla class i and class ii allele assignment, are now presented. no significant deviations from hardy-weinberg proportions were observed. the hla-c locus exhibited marginal ...	2004	14700598
human lead exposure in england from approximately 5500 bp to the 16th century ad.	lead concentration and isotope ratio data are presented for the tooth enamel of 77 individuals buried in england and spanning approximately 5000 years from the neolithic until the 16th century ad. whereas other tissues may be affected by diagenesis in the burial environment, the pb concentration of tooth enamel is directly related to childhood exposure. this record is preserved post-mortem and over archaeological time. tooth enamel pb concentrations in the prehistoric period appear to be variabl ...	2004	14654274
compartmentalisation of cytokines and cytokine inhibitors in ventilator-associated pneumonia.	to examine whether cytokine concentrations change in the pulmonary compartment during the development of ventilator-associated pneumonia (vap).	2004	14634726
p53, cellular proliferation, and apoptosis-related factors in thymic neuroendocrine tumors.	thymic neuroendocrine tumors are biologically aggressive neoplasms with extensive local invasion and high mortality. although various markers of cellular proliferation and apoptosis have correlated with degrees of tumor differentiation in pulmonary neuroendocrine neoplasms, they have not been systematically studied in thymic neuroendocrine tumors. we immunostained 21 cases of thymic neuroendocrine tumors for p53, mib-1, and the apoptosis-related markers bcl-2, bcl-x, and bax. by histological cla ...	2004	14631373
children with human immunodeficiency virus admitted to a paediatric intensive care unit in the united kingdom over a 10-year period.	there is little published experience regarding the outcome of children with human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) infection treated on a paediatric intensive care unit (picu). we describe the outcome of children with hiv infection in our hospital over a 10-year period.	2004	14615842
hypokalaemic thyrotoxic periodic paralysis in an asian man in the united kingdom.	a large number of ethnic chinese and other oriental populations are living in the west because of the modern day migration of people. hypokalaemic periodic paralysis attributable to thyrotoxicosis is a common presentation in an asian emergency department. it is uncommon in the white communities. there is a difference in the genetic type in the different racial groups. thyrotoxic features are often masked or absent. life may be threatened because of severe hypokalaemia and therefore a prompt diag ...	2004	14734400
variation in crown and root formation and eruption of human deciduous teeth.	the aim of this study was to document variation of deciduous tooth formation and eruption. the material comprises 121 individuals of known or estimated age (using tooth length) from spitalfields in london, and radiographs of 61 healthy living children aged 2-5 years. other skeletal material from two medieval scottish archaeological sites (whithorn, n=74; newark bay, n=59) was also examined. stages of crown and root formation as well as eruption (alveolar, midway, and occlusal levels) were assess ...	2004	14730650
richard lower, m.d., physician and surgeon (1631-1691).	richard lower (1631-1691) was a follower of william harvey and conducted extensive studies of the physiology of the cardiovascular and respiratory systems. he employed surgery as a key component of his experimental work. he described and employed cardiac massage and maintained arterial oxygenation through positive-pressure respiration. making good use of these procedures, he established the role of the lungs in the "admixture of air" to the blood. lower performed exchange transfusion in dogs and ...	2004	15593472
association of a common variant of the casp8 gene with reduced risk of breast cancer.	apoptosis, or programmed cell death, is perturbed in many cancers. we tested the hypothesis that coding polymorphisms of the death receptor 4 (dr4), caspase-8 (casp8), and caspase-10 (casp10) genes might act as low-penetrance breast cancer genes. single-nucleotide polymorphisms (snps) of these genes were genotyped in a series of 999 breast cancer case patients and 996 control subjects from sheffield, u.k., and in a second, independent u.k. population of 2192 case patients and 2262 control subjec ...	2004	15601643
mp raises new allegations against andrew wakefield.		2004	15612092
a cohort study of the effectiveness of influenza vaccine in older people, performed using the united kingdom general practice research database.	the effectiveness of influenza vaccination against hospitalization and death can only ethically be assessed in observational studies. a concern is that individuals who are vaccinated are healthier than individuals who are not vaccinated, potentially biasing estimates of effectiveness upward.	2004	15195237
maternal serum screening for trisomy 21 in women with a false positive result in last pregnancy.	maternal serum screening for down syndrome is a common practice in the united kingdom. a number of factors have been shown to influence the chance of a false positive test result. analysis of routinely collated information stored on an electronic database in a district general hospital has shown that women with a previous false positive maternal screen are at much greater chance of having a false positive result in their next pregnancy. overall, there was a fivefold increased risk attributed to ...	2004	15203574
sporadic cryptosporidiosis, north cumbria, england, 1996-2000.	risk factors for sporadic cryptosporidiosis were determined in 152 patients and 466 unmatched controls who resided in two local government districts in north cumbria, north west england, from march 1, 1996, to february 29, 2000. risk was associated with the usual daily volume of cold unboiled tap water drunk (odds ratio [or] 1.40, 95% confidence intervals [ci] 1.14 to 1.71 per pint consumed per day [p = 0.001]) and short visits to farms (or 2.02, 95% ci 1.04 to 3.90, p = 0.04). fifty-six (84%) o ...	2004	15207050
gastrointestinal manifestations of postnatal cytomegalovirus infection in infants admitted to a neonatal intensive care unit over a five year period.	sixteen cases of postnatal cytomegalovirus (cmv) infection were identified in a neonatal intensive care unit population over a five year period. eleven of these infants had gastrointestinal signs at the time of presentation. these ranged from minor and transient (abdominal distension and enteral feed intolerance) to severe and life threatening (protein losing enteropathy, diarrhoea, and hypernatraemic dehydration). an initial diagnosis of necrotising enterocolitis was common, but no infant showe ...	2004	15210678
living and dying in georgian london's lying-in hospitals.	this article uses previously untapped archival sources to revise the dominant, negative view of london's eighteenth-century maternity hospitals, by reconstructing daily life at the british lying-in hospital. though the hospital in fact helped to support women's work as midwives, its institutional practices altered the experience of childbirth both negatively and positively, which inspired rumors, criticism, and inflammatory published attacks. the article illuminates how two unrecognized events i ...	2004	15211051
laparoscopic hand-assisted pancreaticoduodenectomy: initial uk experience.	by and large, the limited world experience with laparoscopic pancreaticoduodenectomy (pd) has been unfavorable, but the laparoscopic hand-assisted approach to pd has recently shown promising results. we report the first successful uk experience with laparoscopic hand-assisted pd (lhapd).	2004	15214369
recruiting london gay men into an hiv vaccine trial: is it feasible?	this paper describes a study among hiv-negative gay men in london to examine willingness to volunteer for an hiv vaccine trial. hiv-negative gay men (n=506) were surveyed in central london gyms in february-march 2002. information was collected on willingness to volunteer for an hiv vaccine trial, attitudes toward hiv vaccines and sexual risk behaviour. men reporting unprotected anal intercourse (uai) in the previous three months with a man of unknown or discordant hiv status were classified as b ...	2004	15223525
a conversation with dr anne mclaren, dbe, dphil, frs, frcog.	anne mclaren is one of the world's foremost developmental biologists; a leader in elucidating the principles of early mammalian development whose research has underpinned advances in reproductive medicine and the treatment of infertility. after undergraduate and postgraduate studies at oxford university and postdoctoral work in london, she was for 15 years at the institute of animal genetics in edinburgh followed by 18 years as director of the mrc mammalian development unit in london. she is cur ...	2004	15223756
4th meeting of the eu research network eurome: from the identification of genes and cellular networks in murine models of arthritis to novel therapeutic intervention strategies in rheumatoid arthritis, london, uk, 9 march 2004.	rheumatoid arthritis (ra) is a common human disease with a prevalence of about 1% in most parts of the world. at the time of symptom onset it is difficult to predict the severity of subsequent disease course. after 2 years joint erosions are seen in most patients, and most patients become clinically disabled within 20 years. a recent meeting at the kennedy institute of rheumatology (imperial college, london) brought together representatives from several european centres of excellence, to discuss ...	2004	15225359
organisational accidents investigation methodology and lessons learned.	the purpose of this paper is to reflect on accident analysis methods. as the understanding of industrial accidents and incidents has evolved, they are no longer considered as the sole product of human and/or technical failures but also as originating in an unfavourable organisational context. after presenting some theoretical developments which are responsible for this evolution, we will propose two examples of organisational accidents and incidents. we will then present some properties of organ ...	2004	15231360
streptococcus milleri group bacteraemia in north yorkshire, england (1989-2000).	though carriage and local infection with organisms of the streptococcus milleri group (smg) are regular in clinical practice, bacteraemia is infrequent in man. the objective of the present study was to give an account of our experience with the smg bacteraemia over a period of 12 yr in north yorkshire.	2004	15232186
different levels of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (pbdes) and chlorinated compounds in breast milk from two u.k. regions.	polybrominated diphenyl ether (pbde) congeners are constituents of flame retardants, and there is growing concern regarding their persistence, bioaccumulation, and toxicity. we collected breast milk samples between late 2001 and early 2003 from 54 u.k.-resident mothers. of these, 27 originated from southeast england (london), and the other 27 originated from northwest england (lancaster). analysis of milk-fat extracts by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry was performed to determine the levels ...	2004	15238282
how should we amend the human tissue act 1961?		2004	15239572
human tissue retention.		2004	15239573
prognostic implications of hmlh1 and p53 immunohistochemical status in right-sided colon cancer.	extensive research into the molecular biology of colorectal cancer has identified a plethora of molecular markers reputed to provide independent prognostic information. p53 mutational status has been associated with both improved and reduced survival; however, tumors expressing a particular phenotype associated with defective mismatch repair consistently do better. this study was designed to examine site-specific survival implications of p53 and mismatch repair status.	2004	15657659
replacing positivism in medical geography.	revisiting debates about philosophical approaches in medical geography suggests that logical positivism may have been prematurely discarded. an analysis of authoritative texts in medical geography and their sources in human geography shows that logical positivism has been conflated with comtean positivism, science, empiricism, quantification, science politics, scientism and so on, to produce the "standard version" of the all-purpose pejorative "positivism", which it is easy to dismiss as an evil ...	2004	15820580
use of nonviral vectors for cystic fibrosis gene therapy.	over the last decade, three groups within the united kingdom (edinburgh, oxford, and imperial college, london) have undertaken key studies in the development of clinical gene therapy for cystic fibrosis. in 2001, catalyzed by the cystic fibrosis trust, these groups came together to form the united kingdom cystic fibrosis gene therapy consortium. the consortium has removed duplication and competition, developed core facilities playing to the respective strengths of the centers, and introduced the ...	2004	16113449
the origins of intensive marine fishing in medieval europe: the english evidence.	the catastrophic impact of fishing pressure on species such as cod and herring is well documented. however, the antiquity of their intensive exploitation has not been established. systematic catch statistics are only available for ca.100 years, but large-scale fishing industries existed in medieval europe and the expansion of cod fishing from the fourteenth century (first in iceland, then in newfoundland) played an important role in the european colonization of the northwest atlantic. history ha ...	2004	15590590
"to what purpose does it think?": dreams, sick bodies and confused minds in the age of reason.	this paper investigates the debate on the nature of dreams that took place in eighteenth-century britain. focusing on the increasingly popular view of the time that perfect sleep was sleep without dreams, it examines the medicalization of dreaming that developed alongside the conceptualization of dreams as instances of mental derangement. at the end of the seventeenth century, john locke had likened dreaming to madness and drunkenness, and characterized it as a disturbance of the self. in the co ...	2004	15628026
seroprevalence of antibody to varicella zoster virus in england and wales in children and young adults.	this is the first large-scale study to investigate the seroprevalence of varicella zoster (vzv) in the general population of england and wales. the study focused on those aged 1-20 years, that age group in whom most infections occur. prevalence rose rapidly with age, with 53% of children showing evidence of prior infection by the age of 5 years and most young adults having experienced infection. in addition to using a fixed cut-off recommended by the manufacturer, a mixture modelling technique w ...	2004	15635971
outbreak of influenza a (h3n2) in a highly-vaccinated religious community: a retrospective cohort study.	an outbreak of influenza occurred at the end of the 2001-2 winter season in a highly-vaccinated, semi-enclosed, religious community. on the basis of retrospective self reporting, 43% met the case definition (151/350) and 81% (25/31) of throat swabs from cases were polymerase chain reaction (pcr) -positive for influenza a (h3n2). the risk of developing influenza in people aged 65 or more was lower than that of children aged 2 years and under (odds ratio 0.1, 95% confidence interval 0.02 to 0.38). ...	2004	15779788
children and adolescents.		2004	16575789
ab v leeds teaching hospital nhs trust.	court decision: [2004] 2 family law reports 365; 2004 mar 26 (date of decision). the queen's bench division held that the practice of not warning parents of the possibility of post-mortem removal and retention of organs from their children violated the duty health care providers owed to the parents. parents of three children, a premature baby, a stillborn infant, and a two year old toddler, brought suit against the hospital after the hospital removed and retained organs from their deceased child ...	2004	17042108
r (on the application of quintavalle) v human fertilisation and embryology authority.	court decision: [2005] 2 all england law reports 555; 2005 apr 28 (date of decision). the house of lords affirmed the court of appeal, which held that both pre-implantation genetic diagnosis and hla typing of an embryo may be used to determine the suitability of an embryo for transfer, as determined by a particular mother. the mother in this case wished to use in vitro fertilization to conceive a child that could be a compatible stem cell donor for her son who suffered from beta thalassemia.	2005	17042106
an empirical test of the kin selection hypothesis for male homosexuality.	the current investigation, following bobrow and bailey (2001), aimed to test the kin selection theory of homosexuality in human males using a survey design. a total of 60 heterosexual and 60 homosexual men from england completed items measuring psychological and behavioral indices of "special design" as predicted by adaptation due to kin selection. there were no significant differences between heterosexual and homosexual men in general familial affinity, generous feelings (willingness to provide ...	2005	16010468
brain donation for research: consent and re-consent post alder hey.	recent scandals relating to the unconsented retention and use of human organs in the uk have led to widespread changes to governance and ethical frameworks for research throughout england and wales. ethics committees now ask for proof of specific consent where general medical research consent was once sufficient. in order to meet these new requirements ongoing medical research studies have had to replace existing consent forms with more detailed ones that must be signed anew by prospective donor ...	2005	17139813
are ethnic minorities excluded from clinical research?	under-representation and limited participation of ethnic minorities in clinical research is a source of concern.	2005	17139814
uk: local authority has no obligation to reveal hiv status of foster parent.	the england and wales high court, family division ruled in july of 2005 that a local authority is under no obligation to reveal to a child's natural parents the fact that the child's foster father is hiv-positive. in his decision, sumner j determined that the foster father's right to privacy outweighed any potential risk to the child.	2005	16544421
genetic screening and reproductive choice: is making a child to save another unethical?	during 2002, the human fertilization and embryology authority (hfea) in england, which regulates in vitro fertilization (ivf) clinics, agreed to allow a family to attempt to create a baby genetically selected to help treat a desperately ill child. the media reaction against this hfea decision has shown profound outrage, expressing that having a child for the sake of the other is improper, immoral and 'against human dignity'. other claims were, "we should protect vulnerable human life", and "huma ...	2005	16440870
effects of weather and river flow on cryptosporidiosis.	outbreaks of cryptosporidiosis have been linked to weather patterns such as heavy precipitation. however, outbreaks only account for a small percentage of all cryptosporidiosis cases and so the causes of the majority of cases are uncertain. this study assessed the role of environmental factors in all cases of cryptosporidiosis by using ordinary least-squares regression to examine the relationship between the monthly cryptosporidiosis rate, and the weather and river flows in england and wales bet ...	2005	16459850
social science and a post-genomic future: alternative readings of genomic agency.	this paper explores competing discourses that envision different socio-technical landscapes opened up by the completion of the map of the human genome in 2003. it examines the ways in which the map, and it organising principle and very rationale--the gene as the sole or prime agent through which to understand the body and its disordering (as disease)--has been interpreted in quite distinct ways. it suggests how the sequences of a genomic map have post-genomic con-sequences that depend on a socia ...	2005	16552935
successful reduction of human salmonella enteritidis infection in england and wales.		2005	16794281
triploidy identified through second-trimester serum screening.	to describe the maternal serum marker patterns of triploid pregnancies and estimate the second-trimester prevalence of triploidy.	2005	15791661
bla(ctx-m) genes in clinical salmonella isolates recovered from humans in england and wales from 1992 to 2003.	cefotaximases (ctx-m) are a rapidly growing class a beta-lactamase family that has been found among a wide range of clinical bacteria. one hundred and six isolates were selected from 278,308 salmonella isolates based on resistance to ampicillin and cephalosporins and subjected to further characterization. fourteen isolates were bla(ctx-m) pcr positive, and cefotaxime mics for these isolates were > or = 16 mg/liter. furthermore, sequence analysis revealed the presence of type ctx-m9, -15, or -17 ...	2005	15793104
overcoming the barriers to patient-centred care: time, tools and training.	to investigate whether nurses experience barriers to delivering high quality care in areas that are of particular concern to patients and to describe which aspects of care are most affected when nurses lack the required resources, such as time, tools and training to do their job.	2005	15807750
association of the dopamine transporter (dat1) 10/10-repeat genotype with adhd symptoms and response inhibition in a general population sample.	association between attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (adhd) and the 10-repeat allele of the dopamine transporter gene (dat1) has been reported in independent clinical samples using a categorical clinical definition of adhd. the present study adopts a quantitative trait loci (qtl) approach to examine the association between dat1 and a continuous measure of adhd behaviours in a general-population sample, as well as to explore whether there is an independent association between dat1 and per ...	2005	15809660
medicine and literature: writing and reading.	the humanities and arts are appropriate areas of study within interdisciplinary medicine. medicine has long been considered to be both a science and an art. within each patient, the psychological, emotional, spiritual, and the physical are all inextricably linked. the values, ideas and images of individuals and culture, as well as the way the human body and mind physically function and dysfunction, impinge in an equally inextricable way upon all these elements. the humanities and arts, included ...	2005	15813714
dangerous severe personality disorders: england's experiment in using psychiatry for public protection.		2005	15814525
influenza and its relationship to circulatory disorders.	three sources of data (general practice episode data from the weekly returns service of the royal college of general practitioners, national hospital admission data for england and national mortality data by date of death) were examined separately in each winter (1994/1995 to 1999/2000) to investigate the impact of influenza on circulatory disease. weekly data on incidence (clinical new episodes) hospital emergency admissions and deaths certified to circulatory disorders and to respiratory disea ...	2005	15816150
the transmission dynamics of groups a and b human respiratory syncytial virus (hrsv) in england & wales and finland: seasonality and cross-protection.	human respiratory syncytial virus (hrsv) transmission dynamics are inherently cyclical, and the observed genetic diversity (between groups a and b) also appears to have a repeating pattern. a key unknown is the extent to which genetic variants interact immunologically, and thus impact on epidemiology. we developed a novel mathematical model for hrsv transmission including seasonal forcing of incidence and temporary intra- and inter-group partial immunity. simultaneous model fits to data from two ...	2005	15816153
the dental caries experience of 5-year-old children in england and wales (2003/4) and in scotland (2002/3). surveys co-ordinated by the british association for the study of community dentistry.	this paper reports the results of standardized clinical caries examinations of 5 year old children from across england and wales in 2003/4 and scotland in 2002/3. these co-ordinated surveys are the latest in a series which seek to monitor the dental health of children and to assess the delivery of dental services.	2005	15819117
temperature-driven campylobacter seasonality in england and wales.	campylobacter incidence in england and wales between 1990 and 1999 was examined in conjunction with weather conditions. over the 10-year interval, the average annual rate was determined to be 78.4 +/- 15.0 cases per 100,000, with an upward trend. rates were higher in males than in females, regardless of age, and highest in children less than 5 years old. major regional differences were detected, with the highest rates in wales and the southwest and the lowest in the southeast. the disease displa ...	2005	15640174
association between the gene encoding 5-lipoxygenase-activating protein and stroke replicated in a scottish population.	cardiovascular diseases, including myocardial infarction (mi) and stroke, most often occur on the background of atherosclerosis, a condition attributed to the interactions between multiple genetic and environmental risk factors. we recently reported a linkage and association study of mi and stroke that yielded a genetic variant, hapa, in the gene encoding 5-lipoxygenase-activating protein (alox5ap), that associates with both diseases in iceland. we also described another alox5ap variant, hapb, t ...	2005	15640973
association of r602w in a protein tyrosine phosphatase gene with a high risk of rheumatoid arthritis in a british population: evidence for an early onset/disease severity effect.		2005	15641088
cyril dean darlington: the man who 'invented' the chromosome.	cyril darlington (1903-1981) was the most famous cytologist in the world in the decades preceding the molecular revolution of the 1950s. he crossed disciplinary boundaries to create a synthesis of cytology, genetics and evolution by revealing the mechanics of chromosomal recombination and the importance of its evolution. always controversial during his lifetime, obituaries ultimately referred to him as the 'copernicus' or 'newton' of cytology. this article reviews darlington's scientific contrib ...	2005	15630424
modeling seasonal variation in indoor radon concentrations.	radon, a well-established risk factor for human lung cancer, is present at low concentrations in most homes. consequently, many countries have established national guidelines for residential radon concentrations. in this article, we evaluate two models for describing seasonal variation in residential radon concentrations based on the data from a large case-control study conducted in winnipeg, canada. in this study, radon levels in homes were monitored during two successive 6-month periods, with ...	2005	15592445
bournewood--the future.	the recent ruling on the bournewood case by the european court of human rights could have serious implications for health and social services. we have summarised the pathway that has been followed in reaching this outcome and sought to examine the possible adverse consequences of this ruling, both for the health service and for the people whom we seek to treat. finally, we have also examined ways in which the mental capacity bill and draft mental health bill could possibly provide solutions to t ...	2005	16117279
card15 polymorphisms in behçet's disease.	behçet's disease (bd) is a chronic multi-system inflammatory disorder of unknown aetiology, which shares many features of the inflammatory bowel diseases (ibds). card15 has recently been identified as the first susceptibility gene in crohn's disease (cd).	2005	16134731
judges support doctors' decision to stop treating dying man.		2005	16150761
resistance among escherichia coli to sulphonamides and other antimicrobials now little used in man.	we investigated whether sulphonamide resistance in escherichia coli remained prevalent in 2004, 9 years since the formal introduction of a uk prescribing restriction on co-trimoxazole. resistance to other agents no longer in common use was also examined.	2005	16150859
perceptions of the impact of depression and anxiety and the medication for these conditions on safety in the workplace.	the number of people taking prescribed medication for anxiety and depression has increased greatly, but little is known of how this medication impacts on safety at work.	2005	16046606
proposed sheffield quantitative criteria in cervical cytology to assist the grading of squamous cell dyskaryosis, as the british society for clinical cytology definitions require amendment.	in 1986, the british society for clinical cytology (bscc) published quantitative criteria to assist diagnosis in a three-tier grading system of squamous cell dyskaryosis. in dyskaryotic cells, area nuclear to cytoplasmic (nc) ratios below 50%, between 50% and 66% and over 66% were defined as equating with mild, moderate and severe grades respectively. following the terminology conference in 2002, however, the bscc recommended on their website that the three-tier model should be replaced by a new ...	2005	16048504
language-specific effects on number computation in toddlers.	a fundamental question in developmental science is how brains with and without language compute numbers. measuring young children's verbal reactions in france (paris) and in england (oxford), here we show that, although there is a general arithmetic ability for small numbers that is shared by monkeys and preverbal infants, the development of such initial knowledge in humans follows specific performance patterns, depending on what language the children speak.	2005	16048514
truly a triumph of the human spirit. brian belle-fortune--a voice from children's nursing.		2005	16052935
georg händel (1622-97): the barber-surgeon father of george frideric handel (1685-1759).	george frideric handel was born in halle (saale) in germany. after initial musical education in germany and italy, he came to london as a young man and spent the rest of his life in england. until recently, little has been written of his early life in either the english or the german literature, and it is not widely known that he was the son of georg händel, a barber-surgeon of repute. when his father's name is mentioned, it is usually to claim that he actively discouraged his son's musical educ ...	2005	16059526
the personality and health of king henry viii (1491-1547).	the projection of henry viii in the first half of his reign, which began in 1509, is of a magnificent and accomplished 'imperial prince', the possessor of superb physical health. in 1528, when aged 37, he showed a marked change in personality due, it is here argued, to depressive illness, from which he recovered by the mid-1530s. such ill health has not been recognized previously and it engenders a need for a reassessment of his character and actions during these years of illness. he did not suf ...	2005	16059531
the epidemiology of genital infection with herpes simplex virus types 1 and 2 in genitourinary medicine attendees in inner london.	to characterise the epidemiological and clinical features of genital herpes and the diagnostic role of hsv-2 specific serology in an ethnically diverse cohort of genitourinary medicine (gum) attendees in inner london.	2005	16061536
national survey of diagnostic services for genital herpes.	to investigate the provision of diagnostic services for genital herpes simplex virus (hsv) infection in the united kingdom.	2005	16061538
max perutz: chemist, molecular biologist, human rights activist.	tribute paid to max perutz prior to the max perutz memorial lecture given by professor sari nusseibeh at the international human rights network of academics and scholarly societies, royal society, london, 19 may 2005.	2005	16075065
interlaboratory standardization of the measurement of serum bactericidal activity by using human complement against meningococcal serogroup b, strain 44/76-sl, before and after vaccination with the norwegian menbvac outer membrane vesicle vaccine.	there is currently no standardized serum bactericidal antibody (sba) assay for evaluating immune responses to meningococcal outer membrane vesicle or protein vaccines. four laboratories, manchester health protection agency (mc hpa), new zealand institute of environmental science and research limited (nz esr), norwegian institute of public health (niph), and chiron vaccines (chiron), measured sba titers in the same panel of human sera (n=76) from laboratory staff (n=21) vaccinated with menbvac. b ...	2005	16085915
sir archibald garrod and alkaptonuria -'story of metabolic genetics'.	clinical disorders have intrigued the human mind for thousands of years. many are enshrined in history as 'medical curiosities'. this report is a tribute to one of the greatest minds of modern genetics and medicine, sir archibald edward garrod (1857--1936), who brought forward the scientific study of inborn errors of metabolism. garrod's concept of 'chemical individuality' with no awareness of 'genes' more than 100 years ago is an amazing example of futuristic thinking. his own words reflect thi ...	2005	16098007
patient-centred improvements in health-care built environments: perspectives and design indicators.	to explore patients' perceptions of health-care built environments, to assess how they perceived health-care built facilities and designs. to develop a set of patient-centred indicators by which to appraise future health-care designs.	2005	16098156
quality of life assessment of growth hormone deficiency in adults (qol-aghda): comparison of normative reference data for the general population of england and wales with results for adult hypopituitary patients with growth hormone deficiency.	age- and gender-specific reference values for the quality of life (qol) measures used in assessing the impact of growth hormone deficiency (ghd) are important. the objective of this study was to develop such data for the qol-aghda instrument for the population of england and wales and to demonstrate the qol deficit in patients with ghd.	2005	16103683
the middlesex university rehabilitation robot.	this paper describes the development of an electrically powered wheelchair-mounted manipulator for use by severely disabled persons. a detailed review is given explaining the specification. it describes the construction of the device and its control architecture. the prototype robot used several gesture recognition and other input systems. the system has been tested on disabled and non-disabled users. they observed that it was easy to use but about 50% slower than comparable systems before desig ...	2005	16012066
knowledge of cervical cancer and screening among women in east-central england.	this study assesses the extent and accuracy of women's knowledge of cervical cancer, risk factors, and the efficacy of the national screening program. data were obtained from a questionnaire survey of randomly selected women eligible for screening, drawn from a population in east-central england. the majority of women in the sample overestimated the current incidence of cervical cancer, both absolutely and relative to other cancers. perceiving incidence to be high was associated with reporting w ...	2005	16014118
recurrences of free trisomy 21: analysis of data from the national down syndrome cytogenetic register.	to determine the recurrence risk of a free trisomy 21 pregnancy.	2005	16231400
mutations in the gene lrrk2 encoding dardarin (park8) cause familial parkinson's disease: clinical, pathological, olfactory and functional imaging and genetic data.	we have established that the frequency of lrrk2 mutations in a series of 118 cases of familial parkinson's disease is 5.1%. in the largest family with autosomal dominant, late-onset parkinson's disease where affected subjects share a y1699c missense mutation we provide a detailed clinical, pathological and imaging report. the phenotype in this large british kindred included asymmetrical, levodopa-responsive parkinsonism where unilateral leg tremor at onset and foot dystonia were prominent featur ...	2005	16272164
spatial and temporal epidemiology of sporadic human cases of escherichia coli o157 in scotland, 1996-1999.	in scotland, between 1995 and 2000 there were between 4 and 10 cases of illness per 100000 population per year identified as being caused by escherichia coli o157, whereas in england and wales there were between 1 and 2 cases per 100000 population per year. within scotland there is significant regional variation. a cluster of high rate areas was identified in the northeast of scotland and a cluster of low rate areas in central-west scotland. temporal trends follow a seasonal pattern whilst spati ...	2005	16274499
a survey of users and non-users of a uk teaching hospital library and information service.	the lancashire teaching hospitals nhs trust was formed in 2002 with the merger of two existing trusts. the library services unified to create a new expanded service with 11 staff.	2005	16293169
flu blues.	flu is at best miserable and at worst can have serious complications. children are as vulnerable to the infection as adults and in certain circumstances vaccination is recommended. attack rates of the virus are highest in preschool and school age children. symptoms in children are the same as in adults but may also be accompanied by nausea, vomiting and diarrhoea. children are at higher risk of complications, especially otitis media. in england and wales in 2003, 11 children aged between one and ...	2005	16295596
admiral lord nelson's death: known and unknown--a historical review of the anatomy.	reviewing documents about lord admiral nelson's wound inflicted at the battle of trafalgar and studying the collected data in connection with ballistics and human anatomy.	2005	16158073
survey of dermatophytes on clinically normal cats in the southeast of england.	to report the incidence of dermatophytes on the hair coat of asymptomatic cats in the southeast of england. asymptomatic cats are often blamed for transmission of dermatophytes between animals and humans. this study may help to clarify whether cats are responsible for the increase in fungal infections among the human population.	2005	16167594
national survey of working life in public health after 'shifting the balance of power': results of first survey.	'shifting the balance of power' restructured public health in england by abolishing district health authorities and relocating public health in primary care trusts (pcts). concern at the time was focused on whether there would be adequate human and other resources available to achieve the expanded public health agenda. a survey was conducted to explore these issues.	2005	16169566
entry screening for severe acute respiratory syndrome (sars) or influenza: policy evaluation.		2005	16176938
attention deficit hyperactivity disorder with reading disabilities: preliminary genetic findings on the involvement of the adra2a gene.	attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (adhd) and reading disability (rd) tend to co-occur and quantitative genetic studies have shown this to arise primarily through shared genetic influences. however, molecular genetic studies have shown different genes to be associated with each of these conditions. neurobiological studies have implicated noradrenergic function in the aetiology of adhd that is comorbid with rd. this paper examines the neurobiological evidence and presents preliminary testin ...	2005	16178932
modelling the impact of an influenza pandemic on critical care services in england.	the uk influenza pandemic contingency plan does not consider the impact of a pandemic on critical care services. we modelled the demand for critical care beds in england with software developed by the centers for disease control (flusurge 1.0), using a range of attack rates and pandemic durations. using inputs that have been employed in uk department of health scenarios (25% attack rate and 8-week pandemic duration) resulted in a demand for ventilatory support that exceeded 200% of present capac ...	2005	16179037
foodborne general outbreaks of salmonella enteritidis phage type 4 infection, england and wales, 1992-2002: where are the risks?	foodborne outbreaks of salmonella enterica serovar enteritidis phage type 4 (pt4) infection (n=497), reported to the health protection agency communicable disease surveillance centre between 1992 and 2002, were compared with other pathogens (n=1148) to determine factors (season, setting, food vehicles, food safety faults) associated with this pathogen. logistic regression was applied to control for potential confounding. foodborne general outbreaks of s. enteritidis pt4 infection were more likel ...	2005	16181497
driver performance modelling and its practical application to railway safety.	this paper reports on the development and main features of a model of driver information processing. the work was conducted on behalf of network rail to meet a requirement to understand and manage the driver's interaction with the infrastructure through lineside reminder appliances. the model utilises cognitive theory and modelling techniques to describe driver performance in relation to infrastructure features and operational conditions. the model is capable of predicting the performance time, ...	2005	16182232
the effects of a genetic information leaflet on public attitudes towards genetic testing.	genetics opinion surveys often include information to ensure that respondents have sufficient understanding to give informed responses. the information is assumed to be neutral but may skew responses. we assessed the impact of a seemingly "neutral" information leaflet on attitudes towards genetic testing among 1,024 survey respondents, half of whom received the leaflet. the leaflet group reported higher levels of subjective understanding of genetic testing (68 percent vs. 53 percent), were mre i ...	2005	16193613
genomic approaches reveal unexpected genetic divergence within ciona intestinalis.	the invertebrate chordate ciona intestinalis is a widely used model organism in biological research. individuals from waters ranging from arctic to temperate are morphologically almost indistinguishable. however, we found significant differences in whole genomic dna sequence between northern european and pacific c. intestinalis. intronic and transposon sequences often appear unrelated between these geographic origins and amino acid substitutions in protein coding sequences indicate a divergence ...	2005	16205978
influenza vaccine uptake and distribution in england and wales using data from the general practice research database, 1989/90-2003/04.	routinely collected data from patients registered with general practices participating in the general practice research database (gprd) were used to analyse influenza vaccine uptake and distribution in england and wales between 1989/90 and 1996/97. major changes to influenza immunization policy were introduced in 1998 and 2000 when immunization of the elderly became age related rather than risk related. this new study examines trends in vaccine uptake for high- and low-risk patients and the impa ...	2005	16207735
"the purple island" of phineas fletcher: allusions to the anatomy of the human body in english poetry up to the end of the seventeenth century.	the bible declared that god created man in his own image. the concept that this divine pattern occurred not only in man (the microcosm), but was eternally repeated throughout creation in the macrocosm (universe) and the geocosm (earth), was the basis of the important doctrine of correspondences, in which similarities were sought between man and nature, (e.g. the comparable morphology of a human brain and a walnut). this article outlines the relevance of this concept in early herbal medicine. con ...	2005	16208854
psychosocial effects of the 2001 uk foot and mouth disease epidemic in a rural population: qualitative diary based study.	to understand the health and social consequences of the 2001 foot and mouth disease epidemic for a rural population.	2005	16214809
the morality of the separation of the conjoined attard twins of manchester.	i argue that the separation of the conjoined attard twins of manchester was not morally justified as it involved intentionally internally affecting ("invading") the body of the weaker twin without permission and without any advantage to her.	2005	16223208
[analysis of the ethical consequences of the new proposed mental health legislation (mental health bill 2004) for england and wales].	the article examines the ethical consequences of the new mental health act for england and wales. particular emphasis is put on the apparent ethical shift from rights-based principles to utilitarian principles. this shift is particularly evident in the proposed provision for compulsory community treatment and with regards to patients with dangerous and severe personality disorders.	2005	16235141