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risk factors for household transmission of vibrio cholerae in dhaka, bangladesh (chobi7 trial).abstracthousehold contacts of cholera patients are at a 100 times higher risk of a vibrio cholerae infection than the general population. to examine risk factors for v. cholerae infections and investigate intervention strategies among this population, we followed household contacts of cholera patients for the 1-week high-risk period after the index patient obtained care. this study was nested within a randomized controlled trial of the cholera-hospital-based-intervention-for-7-days (chobi7), a h ...201728719281
retrospective genomic analysis of vibrio cholerae o1 el tor strains from different places in india reveals the presence of ctxb-7 allele found in haitian isolates.a total of 45 strains of vibrio cholerae o1 isolated from 10 different places in india where they were associated with cases of cholera between the years 2007 and 2008 were examined by molecular methods. with the help of phenotypic and genotypic tests the strains were confirmed to be o1 el tor biotype strains with classical ctxb gene. polymerase chain reaction (pcr) analysis by double - mismatch amplification mutation assay pcr showed 16 of these strains carried the ctxb-7 allele reported in hai ...201728712383
the type vi secretion system sheath assembles at the end distal from the membrane anchor.the bacterial type vi secretion system (t6ss) delivers proteins into target cells using fast contraction of a long sheath anchored to the cell envelope and wrapped around an inner hcp tube associated with the secreted proteins. mechanisms of sheath assembly and length regulation are unclear. here we study these processes using spheroplasts formed from ampicillin-treated vibrio cholerae. we show that spheroplasts secrete hcp and deliver t6ss substrates into neighbouring cells. imaging of sheath d ...201728703218
seed metabolome analysis of a transgenic rice line expressing cholera toxin b-subunit.plant-based human vaccines have been actively developed in recent years, and rice (oryza sativa l.) is one of the best candidate crops for their production and delivery. by expressing a modified cholera toxin b (ctb) subunit, we previously developed mucorice-ctb, a rice-based vaccine against cholera, which is caused by infection of the intestine with the bacteria vibrio cholerae. mucorice-ctb lines have been extensively characterized by whole-genome sequencing and proteome analyses to evaluate t ...201728701756
environmental bacteriophages active on biofilms and planktonic forms of toxigenic vibrio cholerae: potential relevance in cholera epidemiology.phages isolated from environmental waters in bangladesh were tested for their host specificity towards v. cholerae o1 and o139, and the ability to disperse v. cholerae biofilms formed in the laboratory. representative phages were further characterized by electron microscopy and whole genome sequencing. selected phages were then introduced in various combinations to biofilms of toxigenic v. cholerae added to samples of river water, and the dispersion of biofilms as well as the growth kinetics of ...201728700707
galleria mellonella is low cost and suitable surrogate host for studying virulence of human pathogenic vibrio cholerae.vibrio cholerae causes a severe diarrheal disease affecting millions of people worldwide, particularly in low income countries. v. cholerae successfully persist in aquatic environment and its pathogenic strains results in sever enteric disease in humans. this dual life style contributes towards its better survival and persistence inside host gut and in the environment. alternative animal replacement models are of great value in studying host-pathogen interaction and for quick screening of variou ...201728698162
effects of desiccation practices of cultured atlantic oysters (crassostrea virginica) on vibrio spp. in portersville bay, alabama, usa.the expansion of off-bottom aquaculture to the gulf of mexico has raised public health concerns for human health officials. high temperatures in the gulf of mexico are associated with high levels of vibrio parahaemolyticus and vibrio vulnificus. routine desiccation practices associated with off-bottom aquaculture expose oysters to ambient air, allowing vibrio spp. to proliferate in the closed oyster. currently, there is limited research on the length of time needed for vibrio spp. levels in desi ...201728696147
the contribution of two isozymes to the pyruvate kinase activity of vibrio cholerae: one k+-dependent constitutively active and another k+-independent with essential allosteric activation.in a previous phylogenetic study of the family of pyruvate kinase ec (2.7.1.40), a cluster with glu117 and another with lys117 were found (numbered according to the rabbit muscle enzyme). the sequences with glu117 have been found to be k+-dependent, whereas those with lys117 were k+-independent. interestingly, only γ-proteobacteria exhibit sequences in both branches of the tree. in this context, it was explored whether these phylogenetically distinct pyruvate kinases were both expressed and cont ...201728686591
the nucleoid occlusion protein slma is a direct transcriptional activator of chitobiose utilization in vibrio cholerae.chitin utilization by the cholera pathogen vibrio cholerae is required for its persistence and evolution via horizontal gene transfer in the marine environment. genes involved in the uptake and catabolism of the chitin disaccharide chitobiose are encoded by the chb operon. the orphan sensor kinase chis is critical for regulation of this locus, however, the mechanisms downstream of chis activation that result in expression of the chb operon are poorly understood. using an unbiased transposon muta ...201728683122
virulence-associated factors in vibrio cholerae non-o1/non-o139 and v. mimicus strains isolated in ornamental fish species.during recent decades, ornamental fish have proven to be one of the fastest growing categories of pets in europe. in this framework, we evaluated both the potential pathogenic and zoonotic risks caused by 53 vibrio cholerae non-o1/non-o139 and a vibrio mimicus strain isolated from ornamental fish species mostly originating from south-east asia countries between 2000 and 2015 in italy. all the strains were firstly identified at species level by biochemical, phylogenetic and mass spectrometry (mat ...201728677232
vibrio cholerae o1 ogawa strains carrying the ctxb7 allele caused large cholera outbreak during 2014 in the tribal areas of odisha, india.the large outbreak of cholera reported during july to sept, 2014 in narla block of kalahandi district was investigated to find out the causative organism. the rectal swabs collected from diarrhoea patients and environmental water samples were sub-cultured following standard techniques. the causative organism was v.cholerae o1 ogawa biotype el tor while dmama-pcr assay confirmed that all strains were ctxb7 of haitian variants v.cholerae o1. the water samples were negative for v. cholerae .the v.c ...201728674316
cyclic di-gmp and vpsr induce the expression of type ii secretion in vibrio cholerae.vibrio cholerae is a human pathogen which alternates between growth in environmental reservoirs and infection of human hosts causing severe diarrhea. the second messenger cyclic di-gmp (c-di-gmp) mediates this transition by controlling a wide range of functions such as biofilms, virulence, and motility. here we report that c-di-gmp induces expression of the extracellular protein secretion (eps) gene cluster, which encodes the type ii secretion system (t2ss) in v. cholerae analysis of the eps gen ...201728674069
development and evaluation of an up-converting phosphor technology-based lateral flow assay for the rapid, simultaneous detection of vibrio cholerae serogroups o1 and o139.vibrio cholerae serogroups o1 and o139 are etiological agents of cholera, a serious and acute diarrheal disease, and rapid detection of v. cholerae is a key method for preventing and controlling cholera epidemics. here, a point of care testing (poct) method called vch-upt-lf, which is an up-converting phosphor technology-based lateral flow (upt-lf) assay with a dual-target detection mode, was developed to detect v. cholerae o1 and o139 simultaneously from one sample loading. although applying an ...201728662147
cellular mechanisms underlying the inhibitory effect of flufenamic acid on chloride secretion in human intestinal epithelial cells.intestinal cl(-) secretion is involved in the pathogenesis of secretory diarrheas including cholera. we recently demonstrated that flufenamic acid (ffa) suppressed vibrio cholerae el tor variant-induced intestinal fluid secretion via mechanisms involving ampk activation and nf-κb-suppression. the present study aimed to investigate the effect of ffa on transepithelial cl(-) secretion in human intestinal epithelial (t84) cells. ffa inhibited camp-dependent cl(-) secretion in t84 cell monolayers wi ...201728651800
vibrio cholerae o1 with ctxb7 variant genotype acquired qnrvc mediated ciprofloxacin resistance in yavatmal, india.the effective use of antimicrobials assumes utmost importance in curtailing increasing drug resistance and management of the cholera epidemics. in 2012, vibrio cholerae o1 variant el tor strains with haitian cholera toxin (hct) and reduced susceptible to ciprofloxacin caused a cholera outbreak in yavatmal, india. here, we report that the v. cholerae isolates of recent years in the region show acquisition of resistance to ciprofloxacin.201728648857
cholera - management and prevention.cholera is an acute secretory diarrhoeal infection caused by the bacterium vibrio cholerae. it is likely to have originated in the indian sub-continent; however, it spread to cause six worldwide pandemics between 1817-1923. the ongoing seventh worldwide pandemic of cholera began in 1961. the intensity, duration and severity of cholera epidemics have been increasing, signaling the need for more effective control and prevention measures. the response to the cholera pandemics of the 19th century le ...201728646965
a double-quadratic model for predicting vibrio species in water environments of japan.vibrio spp. are natural inhabitants of marine and estuarine environments. vibrio cholerae, vibrio parahaemolyticus, and vibrio vulnificus are the major infectious agents for humans. their densities are affected by environmental factors such as water temperature and salinity. the detailed contribution of each factor still remains to be elucidated. here we conducted multi-coastal study in a 21-month period to examine relationships between environmental factors and v. cholerae, v. parahaemolyticus ...201728646477
riverbed sediments as reservoirs of multiple vibrio cholerae virulence-associated genes: a potential trigger for cholera outbreaks in developing countries.africa remains the most cholera stricken continent in the world as many people lacking access to safe drinking water rely mostly on polluted rivers as their main water sources. however, studies in these countries investigating the presence of vibrio cholerae in aquatic environments have paid little attention to bed sediments. also, information on the presence of virulence-associated genes (vags) in environmental ctx-negative v. cholerae strains in this region is lacking. thus, we investigated th ...201728642796
genetic diversity of environmental vibrio cholerae o1 strains isolated in northern vietnam.cholera epidemics have been recorded periodically in vietnam during the seventh cholera pandemic. since cholera is a water-borne disease, systematic monitoring of environmental waters for vibrio cholerae presence is important for predicting and preventing cholera epidemics. we conducted monitoring, isolation, and genetic characterization of v. cholerae strains in nam dinh province of northern vietnam from jul 2013 to feb 2015. in this study, four v. cholerae o1 strains were detected and isolated ...201728642158
identification of a small molecule activator for aphb, a lysr-type virulence transcriptional regulator in vibrio cholerae.aphb is a lysr-type transcriptional regulator (lttr) that cooperates with a second transcriptional activator, apha, at the tcpph promoter to initiate expression of the virulence cascade in vibrio cholerae. because it is not yet known whether aphb responds to a natural ligand in v. cholerae that influences its ability to activate transcription, we used a computational approach to identify small molecules that influence its activity. in silico docking was used to identify potential ligands for aph ...201728640592
quantifying vibrio cholerae enterotoxicity in a zebrafish infection model.vibrio cholerae is the etiological agent of cholera, an acute intestinal infection in humans characterized by voluminous watery diarrhea. cholera is spread through ingestion of contaminated food or water, primarily in developing countries that lack the proper infrastructure for proper water and sewage treatment. vibrio cholerae is an aquatic bacterium that inhabits coastal and estuarine areas, and is known to have several environmental reservoirs, including fish. our laboratory has recently desc ...201728625997
characterization of vibrio cholerae o1 strains that trace the origin of haitian-like genetic traits.vibrio cholerae o1 is the etiological agent of the severe diarrheal disease cholera. the bacterium has recently been causing outbreaks in haiti with catastrophic effects. numerous mutations have been reported in v. cholerae o1 strains associated with the haitian outbreak. these mutations encompass among other the genes encoding virulence factors such as the pilin subunit of the toxin-co-regulated pilus (tcpa), cholera toxin b subunit (ctxb), repeat in toxins (rtxa), and other genes such as the q ...201728625543
vaxchora: a single-dose oral cholera vaccine.to review trials evaluating the efficacy and safety of vaxchora, a reformulated, single-dose, oral, lyophilized vibrio cholerae cvd 103-hgr vaccine for the prevention of travel-related cholera caused by v cholerae serogroup o1.201728622736
minimal genetic change in vibrio cholerae in mozambique over time: multilocus variable number tandem repeat analysis and whole genome sequencing.although cholera is a major public health concern in mozambique, its transmission patterns remain unknown. we surveyed the genetic relatedness of 75 vibrio cholerae isolates from patients at manhiça district hospital between 2002-2012 and 3 isolates from river using multilocus variable-number tandem-repeat analysis (mlva) and whole genome sequencing (wgs). mlva revealed 22 genotypes in two clonal complexes and four unrelated genotypes. wgs revealed i) the presence of recombination, ii) 67 isolat ...201728622368
reaction intermediates in the heme degradation reaction by hutz from vibrio cholerae.hutz is a heme-degrading enzyme in vibrio cholerae. it converts heme to biliverdin via verdoheme, suggesting that it follows the same reaction mechanism as that of mammalian heme oxygenase. however, none of the key intermediates have been identified. in this study, we applied steady-state and time-resolved uv-vis absorption and resonance raman spectroscopy to study the reaction of the heme-hutz complex with h2o2 or ascorbic acid. we characterized three intermediates: oxyferrous heme, meso-hydrox ...201728607990
the two-component signal transduction system vxrab positively regulates vibrio cholerae biofilm formation.two-component signal transduction systems (tcss), typically composed of a sensor histidine kinase (hk) and a response regulator (rr), are the primary mechanism by which pathogenic bacteria sense and respond to extracellular signals. the pathogenic bacterium vibrio cholerae is no exception and harbors 52 rr genes. using in-frame deletion mutants of each rr gene, we performed a systematic analysis of their role in v. cholerae biofilm formation. we determined that 7 rrs impacted the expression of a ...201728607158
laboratory techniques used to maintain and differentiate biotypes of vibrio cholerae clinical and environmental isolates.the aquatic gram-negative bacterium vibrio cholerae is the etiological agent of the infectious gastrointestinal disease cholera. due to the global prevalence and severity of this disease, v. cholerae has been extensively studied in both environmental and laboratory settings, requiring proper maintenance and culturing techniques. classical and el tor are two main biotypes that compose the v. cholerae o1 serogroup, each displaying unique genotypic and phenotypic characteristics that provide reliab ...201728605374
challenges in developing methods for quantifying the effects of weather and climate on water-associated diseases: a systematic review.infectious diseases attributable to unsafe water supply, sanitation and hygiene (e.g. cholera, leptospirosis, giardiasis) remain an important cause of morbidity and mortality, especially in low-income countries. climate and weather factors are known to affect the transmission and distribution of infectious diseases and statistical and mathematical modelling are continuously developing to investigate the impact of weather and climate on water-associated diseases. there have been little critical a ...201728604791
vibrio cholerae colonization of soft-shelled turtles.vibrio cholerae is an important human pathogen and environmental microflora species that can both propagate in the human intestine and proliferate in zooplankton and aquatic organisms. cholera is transmitted through food and water. in recent years, outbreaks caused by v. cholerae-contaminated soft-shelled turtles, contaminated mainly with toxigenic serogroup o139, have been frequently reported, posing a new foodborne disease public health problem. in this study, the colonization by toxigenic v. ...201728600312
dksa-hapr-rpos axis regulates haemagglutinin protease production in vibrio cholerae.dksa acts as a co-factor for the intracellular small signalling molecule ppgpp during the stringent response. we recently reported that the expression of the haemagglutinin protease (hap), which is needed for shedding of the cholera pathogen vibrio cholerae during the late phase of infection, is significantly downregulated in v. cholerae ∆dksa mutant (∆dksavc) cells. so far, it has been shown that hap production by v. cholerae cells is critically regulated by hapr and also by rpos. here, we prov ...201728597815
a highly specific phage defense system is a conserved feature of the vibrio cholerae mobilome.vibrio cholerae-specific bacteriophages are common features of the microbial community during cholera infection in humans. phages impose strong selective pressure that favors the expansion of phage-resistant strains over their vulnerable counterparts. the mechanisms allowing virulent v. cholerae strains to defend against the ubiquitous threat of predatory phages have not been established. here, we show that v. cholerae ples (phage-inducible chromosomal island-like elements) are widespread genomi ...201728594826
vibrio cholerae ensures function of host proteins required for virulence through consumption of luminal methionine sulfoxide.vibrio cholerae is a diarrheal pathogen that induces accumulation of lipid droplets in enterocytes, leading to lethal infection of the model host drosophila melanogaster. through untargeted lipidomics, we provide evidence that this process is the product of a host phospholipid degradation cascade that induces lipid droplet coalescence in enterocytes. this infection-induced cascade is inhibited by mutation of the v. cholerae glycine cleavage system due to intestinal accumulation of methionine sul ...201728586382
development and validation of a novel real-time assay for the detection and quantification of vibrio cholerae.vibrio cholerae o1 and o139 has been known for its ability to cause epidemics. these strains produce cholera toxin which is the main cause of secretory diarrhea. v. cholerae non-o1 and non-o139 strains are also capable of causing gastroenteritis as well as septicemia and peritonitis. it has been proven that virulence factors such as t6ss, hapa, rtxa, and hlya are present in almost all v. cholerae strains. it is imperative that viable but non-culturable cells of v. cholerae are also detected sinc ...201728580353
effect of dietary minerals on virulence attributes of vibrio cholerae.vibrio cholerae is a water-borne pathogen responsible for causing a toxin-mediated profuse diarrhea in humans, leading to severe dehydration and death in unattended patients. with increasing reports of antibiotic resistance in v. cholerae, there is a need for alternate interventional strategies for controlling cholera. a potential new strategy for treating infectious diseases involves targeting bacterial virulence rather than growth, where a pathogen's specific mechanisms critical for causing in ...201728579983
environmental vibrio cholerae non o1/ non o139 from the gangetic delta: a diarrhoeal disease purview.diarrhoea still remains an unsolved enigma in developing countries, a major concern for the health planners. we targeted the abundance and toxicity of vibrio cholerae non-o1/non-o139 (novc) in gangetic riverine-estuarine ecosystem. a total of 74 v. cholerae were isolated from 120 water samples (68 novc, 6 v. cholerae o1) from two sampling sites off river ganges. v. cholerae showed distinct seasonality, with steady increase from summer to monsoon, steep ascent in post-monsoon and an abrupt declin ...201728574285
inhibition of the α-carbonic anhydrase from vibrio cholerae with amides and sulfonamides incorporating imidazole moieties.we discovered novel and selective sulfonamides/amides acting as inhibitors of the α-carbonic anhydrase (ca, ec 4.2.1.1) from the pathogenic bacterium vibrio cholerae (vchca). this gram-negative bacterium is the causative agent of cholera and colonises the upper small intestine where sodium bicarbonate is present at a high concentration. the secondary sulfonamides and amides investigated here were potent, low nanomolar vchca inhibitors whereas their inhibition of the human cytosolic isoforms ca i ...201728569564
identification of atypical el torv. cholerae o1 ogawa hosting sxt element in senegal, africa.vibrio cholerae o1 is the causative agent of cholera with classical and el tor, two well-established biotypes. in last 20 years, hybrid strains of classical and el tor and variant el tor which carry classical ctxb have emerged worldwide. in 2004-2005, senegal experienced major cholera epidemic with a number of cases totalling more than 31719 with approximately 458 fatal outcomes (cfr, 1.44%). in this retrospective study, fifty isolates out of a total of 403 v. cholerae biotype el tor serovar oga ...201728555129
asymmetric regulation of quorum-sensing receptors drives autoinducer-specific gene expression programs in vibrio cholerae.quorum sensing (qs) is a mechanism of chemical communication that bacteria use to monitor cell-population density and coordinate group behaviors. qs relies on the production, detection, and group-wide response to extracellular signal molecules called autoinducers. vibrio cholerae employs parallel qs circuits that converge into a shared signaling pathway. at high cell density, the cqss and luxpq qs receptors detect the intra-genus and inter-species autoinducers cai-1 and ai-2, respectively, to re ...201728552952
complete genome sequence of lytic bacteriophage vpusm 8 against o1 el tor inaba vibrio cholerae.the complete genome sequence of bacteriophage vpusm 8 against o1 el tor inaba vibrio cholerae is reported here. the isolated vpusm 8 has potential use in future phage therapy or as a biocontrol agent for the prevention and treatment of cholera.201728546472
plasma and mucosal immunoglobulin m, immunoglobulin a, and immunoglobulin g responses to the vibrio cholerae o1 protein immunome in adults with cholera in bangladesh.cholera is a severe dehydrating illness of humans caused by toxigenic strains of vibrio cholerae o1 or o139. identification of immunogenic v. cholerae antigens could lead to a better understanding of protective immunity in human cholera.201728535267
antimicrobial resistance risks of cholera prophylaxis for united nations peacekeepers.more than 5 years after a united nations peacekeeping battalion introduced cholera to haiti, over 150,000 peacekeepers continue to be deployed annually from countries where cholera is endemic. the united nations has thus far declined to provide antimicrobial chemoprophylaxis to peacekeepers, a policy based largely on concerns that the risks of drug resistance generation and spread would outweigh the potential benefits of preventing future cholera importations. in this study, we sought to better ...201728533237
erratum: a vibrio cholerae autoinducer-receptor pair that controls biofilm formation. 201728514430
the vibrio cholerae vexgh rnd efflux system maintains cellular homeostasis by effluxing vibriobactin.resistance-nodulation-division (rnd) superfamily efflux systems have been widely studied for their role in antibiotic resistance, but their native biological functions remain poorly understood. we previously showed that loss of rnd-mediated efflux in vibrio cholerae resulted in activation of the cpx two-component regulatory system, which mediates adaptation to stress resulting from misfolded membrane proteins. here, we investigated the mechanism linking rnd-mediated efflux to the cpx response. w ...201728512090
class enzyme-based motors for "on the fly" enantiomer analysis of amino acids.here, two class-enzyme motors are properly designed allowing the rapid dispersion of the class-enzyme d-amino acid oxidase (dao) and l-amino acid oxidase (lao) for selective "on the fly" biodetection of d and l-amino acids (aas), respectively. the efficient movement together with the continuous release of fresh class-enzyme leads to a greatly accelerated enzymatic reaction processes without the need of external stirring or chemical and physical attachment of the enzyme. ultra-fast detection (<2m ...201728505561
sialylation facilitates self-assembly of 3d multicellular prostaspheres by using cyclo-rgdfk(tpp) peptide.prostaspheres-based three dimensional (3d) culture models have provided insight into prostate cancer (pca) biology, highlighting the importance of cell-cell interactions and the extracellular matrix (emc) in the tumor microenvironment. although these 3d classical spheroid platforms provide a significant advance over 2d models mimicking in vivo tumors, the limitations involve no control of assembly and structure with only limited spatial or glandular organization. here, matrix-free prostaspheres ...201728496342
recommendations of the advisory committee on immunization practices for use of cholera vaccine.cholera, caused by infection with toxigenic vibrio cholerae bacteria of serogroup o1 (>99% of global cases) or o139, is characterized by watery diarrhea that can be severe and rapidly fatal without prompt rehydration. cholera is endemic in approximately 60 countries and causes epidemics as well. globally, cholera results in an estimated 2.9 million cases of disease and 95,000 deaths annually (1). cholera is rare in the united states, and most u.s. cases occur among travelers to countries where c ...201728493859
detection of cholera toxin by an immunochromatographic test strip.as cholera toxin (ct) is responsible for most of the symptoms induced by vibrio cholerae o1 or o139 infection, detection of ct is an important biomarker for diagnosis of the disease. the procedure for pathogenicity analysis of v. cholerae isolates must be carefully developed for the reason that the amount of ct produced by v. cholerae varies according to the medium used and culture conditions (i.e. temperature and aeration status) applied. here we describe a reproducible rapid method for analysi ...201728478552
bile salts and alkaline ph reciprocally modulate the interaction between the periplasmic domains of vibrio cholerae toxr and toxs.toxr is a transmembrane transcription factor that is essential for virulence gene expression and human colonization by vibrio cholerae. toxr requires its operon partner toxs, a periplasmic integral membrane protein, for full activity. these two proteins are thought to interact through their respective periplasmic domains, toxrp and toxsp. in addition, toxr is thought to be responsive to various environmental cues, such as bile salts and alkaline ph, but how these factors influence toxr is not ye ...201728464377
glucose-specific enzyme iia of the phosphoenolpyruvate:carbohydrate phosphotransferase system modulates chitin signaling pathways in vibrio cholerae.in vibrio cholerae, the genes required for chitin utilization and natural competence are governed by the chitin-responsive two-component system (tcs) sensor kinase chis. in the classical tcs paradigm, a sensor kinase specifically phosphorylates a cognate response regulator to activate gene expression. however, our previous genetic study suggested that chis stimulates the non-tcs transcriptional regulator tfos by using mechanisms distinct from classical phosphorylation reactions (s. yamamoto, j. ...201728461445
determinants of severe dehydration from diarrheal disease at hospital presentation: evidence from 22 years of admissions in bangladesh.to take advantage of emerging opportunities to reduce morbidity and mortality from diarrheal disease, we need to better understand the determinants of life-threatening severe dehydration (sd) in resource-poor settings.201728448489
treatment with entinostat heals experimental cholera by affecting physical and chemical barrier functions of intestinal epithelia.we have shown previously that oral treatment with sodium butyrate or phenylbutyrate in an experimental model of shigellosis improves clinical outcomes and induces the expression of the antimicrobial peptide cap-18 in the large intestinal epithelia. in a subsequent study, we found that entinostat, an aroylated phenylenediamine compound, has similar therapeutic potential against shigellosis. in this study, we aimed to evaluate entinostat as a potential candidate for host-directed therapy against c ...201728438947
structure and function of the divalent anion/na(+) symporter from vibrio cholerae and a humanized variant.integral membrane proteins of the divalent anion/na(+) symporter (dass) family translocate dicarboxylate, tricarboxylate or sulphate across cell membranes, typically by utilizing the preexisting na(+) gradient. the molecular determinants for substrate recognition by dass remain obscure, largely owing to the absence of any substrate-bound dass structure. here we present 2.8-å resolution x-ray structures of vcindy, a dass from vibrio cholerae that catalyses the co-transport of na(+) and succinate. ...201728436435
the iron chaperone protein cyay from vibrio cholerae is a heme-binding protein.cyay is an iron transport protein for iron-sulfur (fe-s) cluster biosynthetic systems. it also transports iron to ferrochelatase that catalyzes insertion of fe(2+) into protoporphyrin ix. here, we find that cyay has the ability to bind heme as well as iron, exhibiting an apparent dissociation constant for heme of 21 ± 6 nm. absorption and resonance raman spectra revealed that both ferric and ferrous forms of heme were bound to an anionic ligand (e.g., tyrosine and/or cysteine). consistent with t ...201728436221
modulation of the multidrug efflux pump emrd-3 from vibrio cholerae by allium sativum extract and the bioactive agent allyl sulfide plus synergistic enhancement of antimicrobial susceptibility by a. sativum extract.the causative agent of cholera, vibrio cholerae, is a public health concern. multidrug-resistant v. cholerae variants may reduce chemotherapeutic efficacies of severe cholera. we previously reported that the multidrug efflux pump emrd-3 from v. cholerae confers resistance to multiple structurally distinct antimicrobials. medicinal plant compounds are potential candidates for emrd-3 efflux pump modulation. the antibacterial activities of garlic allium sativum, although poorly understood, predicts ...201728432381
crystal structure of the regulatory domain of aphb from vibrio vulnificus, a virulence gene regulator.the transcriptional activator aphb has been implicated in acid resistance and pathogenesis in the food borne pathogens vibrio vulnificus and vibrio cholerae. to date, the full-length aphb crystal structure of v. cholerae has been determined and characterized by a tetrameric assembly of aphb consisting of a dna binding domain and a regulatory domain (rd). although acidic ph and low oxygen tension might be involved in the activation of aphb, it remains unknown which ligand or stimulus activates ap ...201728427249
antimicrobial resistance and genetic diversity of the sxt element in vibrio cholerae from clinical and environmental water samples in northeastern thailand.multidrug resistance in v. cholerae has been increasing around the world including northeastern thailand. the aquatic environment is a reservoir of v. cholerae and might be an important source of resistant strains. the aims of this study were to investigate the phylogenetic relationships of intsxt gene sequences from 31 clinical and 14 environmental v. cholerae o1 and non-o1/non-o139 isolates and 11 sequences amplified directly from environmental water samples. we also amplified class 1 integron ...201728412524
cholera returns to southern vietnam in an outbreak associated with consuming unsafe water through iced tea: a matched case-control study.after more than a decade of steadily declining notifications, the number of reported cholera cases has recently increased in vietnam. we conducted a matched case-control study to investigate transmission of cholera during an outbreak in ben tre, southern vietnam, and to explore the associated risk factors.201728406946
crispr-cas and contact-dependent secretion systems present on excisable pathogenicity islands with conserved recombination modules.pathogenicity islands (pais) are mobile integrated genetic elements that contain a diverse range of virulence factors. pais integrate into the host chromosome at a trna locus that contains their specific bacterial attachment site, attb, via integrase-mediated site-specific recombination generating attl and attr sites. we identified conserved recombination modules (integrases and att sites) previously described in choleragenic vibrio cholerae pais but with novel cargo genes. clustered regularly i ...201728264992
season-specific occurrence of potentially pathogenic vibrio spp. on the southern coast of south korea.vibrio species are widely distributed in warm estuarine and coastal environments, and they can infect humans through the consumption of raw and mishandled contaminated seafood. in this study, we aimed to isolate and observe the distribution of enteropathogenic vibrio spp. from environments of the southern coast of south korea over a season cycle. a total of 10,983 isolates of vibrio spp. were obtained from tidal water and mud samples over a 1-year period from five sampling sites along the southw ...201727836844
biological properties and chemical composition of jatropha neopauciflora pax.ethnopharmacological relevance. jatropha neopauciflora (pax) is an endemic species of the tehuacan- cuicatlan valley, mexico. this species has long been used as a remedy to alleviate illnesses of bacterial, fungal and viral origin. aim of the study. experimentally test the traditional use of jatropha neopauciflora in mexican traditional medicine.201728331913
complex secondary metabolites from ludwigia leptocarpa with potent antibacterial and antioxidant activities.diarrhea continues to be one of the most common causes of morbidity and mortality among infants and children in developing countries. the aim of the present study was to evaluate the antibacterial and antioxidant activities of extracts and compounds from ludwigia leptocarpa, a plant traditionally used for its vermifugal, anti-dysenteric, and antimicrobial properties. a methanol extract was prepared by maceration of the dried plant and this was successively extracted with ethyl acetate to obtain ...201727431270
iridoids from canthium subcordatum iso-butanol fraction with potent biological activities.the continuous emergence of multi-drug-resistant bacteria drastically reduces the efficacy of antibiotic armory and, consequently, increases the frequency of therapeutic failure. the discovery of new antibacterial drugs is an urgent need. the present study reports the antibacterial and antioxidant activities of the methanol extract, fractions and iridoids from canthium subcordatum, a plant traditionally used as antidiabetic, anti-inflammatory, and antimicrobial.201728056944
replication of vibrio cholerae classical ctx phage.the toxigenic classical and el tor biotype vibrio cholerae serogroup o1 strains are generated by lysogenization of host-type-specific cholera toxin phages (ctx phages). experimental evidence of the replication and transmission of an el tor biotype-specific ctx phage, ctx-1, has explained the evolution of v. cholerae el tor biotype strains. the generation of classical biotype strains has not been demonstrated in the laboratory, and the classical biotype-specific ctx phage, ctx-cla, is considered ...201728196886
systematic genetic dissection of pts in vibrio cholerae uncovers a novel glucose transporter and a limited role for pts during infection of a mammalian host.a common mechanism for high affinity carbohydrate uptake in microbial species is the phosphoenolpyruvate-dependent phosphotransferase system (pts). this system consists of a shared component, ei, which is required for all pts transport, and numerous carbohydrate uptake transporters. in vibrio cholerae, there are 13 distinct pts transporters. due to genetic redundancy within this system, the carbohydrate specificity of each of these transporters is not currently defined. here, using multiplex gen ...201728196401
comparative genome analysis of vsp-ii and snps reveals heterogenic variation in contemporary strains of vibrio cholerae o1 isolated from cholera patients in kolkata, india.cholera is an acute diarrheal disease and a major public health problem in many developing countries in asia, africa, and latin america. since the bay of bengal is considered the epicenter for the seventh cholera pandemic, it is important to understand the genetic dynamism of vibrio cholerae from kolkata, as a representative of the bengal region. we analyzed whole genome sequence data of v. cholerae o1 isolated from cholera patients in kolkata, india, from 2007 to 2014 and identified the heterog ...201728192431
evolution of the immune response against recombinant proteins (tcpa, tcpb, and flaa) as a candidate subunit cholera vaccine.vibrio cholerae is the causative agent of cholera and annually leads to death of thousands of people around the globe. two factors in the pathogenesis of this bacterium are its pili and flagella. the main subunits of pili tcpa, tcpb, and flaa are the constituent subunit of flagella. in this study, we studied the ability of pili and flagella subunits to stimulate immune responses in mice. after amplification of tcpa, tcpb, and flaa genes using pcr, they were cloned in expression plasmids. after p ...201728191473
conjugate vaccines from bacterial antigens by squaric acid chemistry: a closer look.by using o-sp-core (o-spcnh2 ) polysaccharide, isolated from vibrio cholera o1 lipopolysaccharide (lps) and related synthetic substances, a detailed study of factors that affect conjugation of bacterial polysaccharides to protein carriers through squaric acid chemistry to form conjugate vaccines has been carried out. several previously unrecognized processes that take place during the squarate labeling of the o-spcnh2 and subsequent conjugation of the formed squarate (o-spcnh-sqome) have been id ...201728182850
the ins and outs of cyclic di-gmp signaling in vibrio cholerae.the second messenger nucleotide cyclic dimeric guanosine monophosphate (c-di-gmp) governs many cellular processes in the facultative human pathogen vibrio cholerae. this organism copes with changing environmental conditions in aquatic environments and during transitions to and from human hosts. modulation of c-di-gmp allows v. cholerae to shift between motile and sessile stages of life, thus allowing adaptation to stressors and environmental conditions during its transmission cycle. the v. chole ...201728171809
insights into the ion-coupling mechanism in the mate transporter norm-vc.bacteria have developed a variety of different mechanisms to defend themselves from compounds that are toxic to them, such as antibiotics. one of these defence mechanisms is the expulsion of drugs or other noxious compounds by multidrug efflux pumps. multidrug and toxic compound extrusion (mate) transporters are efflux pumps that extrude metabolic waste and a variety of antibiotics out of the cell, using an ion gradient as energy source. they function via an alternative-access mechanism. when io ...201728169223
paxvax cvd 103-hgr single-dose live oral cholera vaccine.cholera remains a problem in developing countries and a risk for travelers. hypochlorhydria, blood group o, cardiac and renal disease increase the risk of developing cholera gravis. oral vaccines containing inactivated vibrio cholerae and requiring two doses are available in some countries. no cholera vaccine had been available for u.s. travelers for decades until 2016 when cvd 103-hgr (vaxchora™), an oral live attenuated vaccine, was licensed by the u.s. fda. areas covered: enduring protection ...201728165831
architecture of the vibrio cholerae toxin-coregulated pilus machine revealed by electron cryotomography.type iv pili (t4p) are filamentous appendages found on many bacteria and archaea. they are helical fibres of pilin proteins assembled by a multi-component macromolecular machine we call the basal body. based on pilin features, t4p are classified into type iva pili (t4ap) and type ivb pili (t4bp)(1,2). t4ap are more widespread and are involved in cell motility(3), dna transfer(4), host predation(5) and electron transfer(6). t4bp are less prevalent and are mainly found in enteropathogenic bacteria ...201728165453
killing by type vi secretion drives genetic phase separation and correlates with increased cooperation.by nature of their small size, dense growth and frequent need for extracellular metabolism, microbes face persistent public goods dilemmas. genetic assortment is the only general solution stabilizing cooperation, but all known mechanisms structuring microbial populations depend on the availability of free space, an often unrealistic constraint. here we describe a class of self-organization that operates within densely packed bacterial populations. through mathematical modelling and experiments w ...201728165005
oxyr-activated expression of dps is important for vibrio cholerae oxidative stress resistance and pathogenesis.vibrio cholerae is the causative agent of cholera, a dehydrating diarrheal disease. this gram-negative pathogen is able to modulate its gene expression in order to combat stresses encountered in both aquatic and host environments, including stress posed by reactive oxygen species (ros). in order to further the understanding of v. cholerae's transcriptional response to ros, we performed an rna sequencing analysis to determine the transcriptional profile of v. cholerae when exposed to hydrogen hyd ...201728151956
a cocktail of three virulent bacteriophages prevents vibrio cholerae infection in animal models.effective prevention strategies will be essential in reducing disease burden due to bacterial infections. here we harness the specificity and rapid-acting properties of bacteriophages as a potential prophylaxis therapy for cholera, a severely dehydrating disease caused by vibrio cholerae. to this end, we test a cocktail of three virulent phages in two animal models of cholera pathogenesis (infant mouse and rabbit models). oral administration of the phages up to 24 h before v. cholerae challenge ...201728146150
oxyr2 modulates oxyr1 activity and vibrio cholerae oxidative stress response.bacteria have developed capacities to deal with different stresses and adapt to different environmental niches. the human pathogen vibrio cholerae, the causative agent of the severe diarrheal disease cholera, utilizes the transcriptional regulator oxyr to activate genes related to oxidative stress resistance, including peroxiredoxin prxa, in response to hydrogen peroxide. in this study, we identified another oxyr homolog in v. cholerae, which we named oxyr2, and we renamed the previous oxyr oxyr ...201728138024
tracking disease: digital epidemiology offers new promise in predicting outbreaks.on 19 october 2010, ten months after a devastating earthquake hit haiti, the haitian ministry of public health and population (mspp) was notified of a sudden surge in patients suffering from watery diarrhea and dehydration. two days later, the haiti national public health laboratory identified the culprit: vibrio cholerae. on 22 october, officials announced the first cholera outbreak in haiti in more than a century.201728129137
biochemical basis for activation of virulence genes by bile salts in vibrio parahaemolyticus.bile salts act as a stressor to bacteria that transit the intestinal tract. enteric pathogens have hijacked bile as an intestinal signal to regulate virulence factors. we recently demonstrated that vibrio parahemolyticus senses bile salts via a heterodimeric receptor formed by the periplasmic domains of inner-membrane proteins vtra and vtrc. crystal structures of the periplasmic complex reveal that vtra and vtrc form a β-barrel that binds bile salts in its hydrophobic interior to activate the vt ...201728129014
3-amino 1,8-naphthalimide, a structural analog of the anti-cholera drug virstatin inhibits chemically-biased swimming and swarming motility in vibrios.a screen for inhibitors of vibrio cholerae motility identified the compound 3-amino 1,8-naphthalimide (3-a18ni), a structural analog of the cholera drug virstatin. similar to virstatin, 3-a18ni diminished cholera toxin production. in contrast, 3-a18ni impeded swimming and/or swarming motility of v. cholerae and v. parahemolyticus suggesting that it could target the chemotaxis pathway shared by the polar and lateral flagellar system of vibrios. 3-a18ni did not inhibit the expression of v. cholera ...201728392408
chemotactic behaviors of vibrio cholerae cells.vibrio cholerae, the causative agent of cholera, swims in aqueous environments with a single polar flagellum. in a spatial gradient of a chemical, the bacterium can migrate in "favorable" directions, a property that is termed chemotaxis. the chemotaxis of v. cholerae is not only critical for survival in various environments and but also is implicated in pathogenicity. in this chapter, we describe how to characterize the chemotactic behaviors of v. cholerae: these methods include swarm assay, tem ...201728389961
an electrochemical strategy using multifunctional nanoconjugates for efficient simultaneous detection of escherichia coli o157: h7 and vibrio cholerae o1.the rapid and accurate quantification of the pathogenic bacteria is extremely critical to decrease the bacterial infections in all areas related to health and safety. we have developed an electrochemical strategy for simultaneous ultrasensitive detection of e. coli o157:h7 and vibrio cholerae o1. this approach was based on the specific immune recognition of different pathogenic bacteria by multifunctional nanoconjugates and subsequent signal amplification. by employing the proposed biosensor, th ...201728382165
iron chelators inhibit the heme-degradation reaction by hutz from vibrio cholerae.hutz is a heme-degrading enzyme. we found that the heme-degradation reaction by hutz is inhibited by the iron chelators. kinetic analysis of each heme-degradation step suggests that water molecules hydrogen bonded to thr27 are involved in proton transfer to fe(iii)-oo(-), and that this step is inhibited by iron chelators.201728352909
non-o1/non-o139 vibrio cholerae septicaemia in a saudi man: a case report.background. the non-o1/non-o139 serogroups of vibrio cholerae occur in diverse natural niches, and usually cause mild and self-limiting gastrointestinal illness. however, they have well-documented potential to cause invasive and extra-intestinal infections among immunocompromised patients. furthermore, their ability to grow in low-salinity surface water, and the existence of asymptomatic human carriers, suggest novel acquisition routes for this unusual infection, even in people without obvious r ...201728348803
vibrio cholerae vcib mediates iron reduction.vibrio cholerae is the causative agent of the severe diarrheal disease cholera. v. cholerae thrives within the human host where it replicates to high numbers but also persists within the aquatic environments of ocean and brackish water. to survive within these nutritionally diverse environments, v. cholerae must encode the necessary tools to acquire the essential nutrient iron in all forms it may encounter. a prior study of systems involved in iron transport in v. cholerae revealed the existence ...201728348025
environmental fluctuation governs selection for plasticity in biofilm production.bacteria can grow in a free-swimming state, as planktonic cells, or in surface-attached communities, termed biofilms. the planktonic and biofilm growth modes differ dramatically with respect to spatial constraints, nutrient access, population density and cell-cell interactions. fitness trade-offs underlie how successfully bacteria compete in each of these environments. accordingly, some bacteria have evolved to be specialists in biofilm formation, while others specialize in planktonic growth. th ...201728338673
chloroform-free permeabilization for improved detection of β-galactosidase activity in vibrio cholerae.lacz (β-galactosidase) is used to monitor the transcription of genes in reporter strains carrying the lacz gene under the control of a promotor of interest. this protocol for lacz activity determinations in vibrio cholerae following detergent lysis results in 2.5-fold increase of lacz activities compared to lysis with chloroform.201728336461
a new class of inhibitors of the arac family virulence regulator vibrio cholerae toxt.vibrio cholerae is responsible for the diarrheal disease cholera that infects millions of people worldwide. while vaccines protecting against cholera exist, and oral rehydration therapy is an effective treatment method, the disease will remain a global health threat until long-term solutions such as improved sanitation and access to clean water become widely available. because of this, there is a pressing need for potent therapeutics that can either mitigate cholera symptoms, or act prophylactic ...201728332578
sequential displacement of type vi secretion system effector genes leads to evolution of diverse immunity gene arrays in vibrio cholerae.type vi secretion systems (t6ss) enable bacteria to engage neighboring cells in contact-dependent competition. in vibrio cholerae, three chromosomal clusters each encode a pair of effector and immunity genes downstream of those encoding the t6ss structural machinery for effector delivery. different combinations of effector-immunity proteins lead to competition between strains of v. cholerae, which are thought to be protected only from the toxicity of their own effectors. screening of all publica ...201728327641
occurrence and virulence properties of vibrio and salinivibrio isolates from tropical lagoons of the southern caribbean sea.the vibrionaceae are gram-negative bacteria present in marine and estuarine environments worldwide, including several species known as important pathogens to humans and aquatic organisms. the aim of this research was to investigate the occurrence and virulence properties of vibrio and salinivibrio isolated from lagoons at cuare wildlife refuge and margarita island in the southern caribbean sea. water, plankton and oyster samples were collected during october 2011 and march 2012 and examined by s ...201728324231
a vibrio cholerae autoinducer-receptor pair that controls biofilm formation.quorum sensing (qs) is a cell-cell communication process that enables bacteria to track cell population density and orchestrate collective behaviors. qs relies on the production and detection of, and the response to, extracellular signal molecules called autoinducers. in vibrio cholerae, multiple qs circuits control pathogenesis and biofilm formation. here, we identify and characterize a new qs autoinducer-receptor pair. the autoinducer is 3,5-dimethylpyrazin-2-ol (dpo). dpo is made from threoni ...201728319101
synthesis and human/bacterial carbonic anhydrase inhibition with a series of sulfonamides incorporating phthalimido moieties.a series of sulfonamides was obtained by reacting substituted-2-(1,3-dioxo-1,3-dihydroisobenzofuran-5-carboxamido)benzoic acids with aromatic sulfonamides incorporating primary amino moieties. the new compounds were investigated as inhibitor of four carbonic anhydrase (ca, ec 4.2.1.1) isoforms, the human (h) hca i and ii, and the α- and β-class cas from the pathogenic bacterium vibrio cholerae, vchcaα and vhccaβ. hca i was effectively inhibited by the new sulfonamides, with inhibition constants ...201728318894
cholera.cholera is an acute, watery diarrhoeal disease caused by vibrio cholerae of the o1 or o139 serogroups. in the past two centuries, cholera has emerged and spread from the ganges delta six times and from indonesia once to cause global pandemics. rational approaches to the case management of cholera with oral and intravenous rehydration therapy have reduced the case fatality of cholera from more than 50% to much less than 1%. despite improvements in water quality, sanitation, and hygiene, as well a ...201728302312
late assembly of the vibrio cholerae cell division machinery postpones septation to the last 10% of the cell cycle.bacterial cell division is a highly regulated process, which involves the formation of a complex apparatus, the divisome, by over a dozen proteins. in the few model bacteria in which the division process was detailed, divisome assembly occurs in two distinct steps: a few proteins, including the ftsz tubulin-like protein, form a membrane associated contractile ring, the z-ring, at ~30% of the cell cycle. the z-ring serves as a scaffold for the recruitment of a second series of proteins, including ...201728300142
identification of the binding sites for ubiquinone and inhibitors in the na(+)-pumping nadh-ubiquinone oxidoreductase of vibrio cholerae by photoaffinity labeling.the na(+)-pumping nadh-quinone oxidoreductase (na(+)-nqr) is the first enzyme of the respiratory chain and the main ion transporter in many marine and pathogenic bacteria, including vibrio cholerae the v. cholerae na(+)-nqr has been extensively studied, but its binding sites for ubiquinone and inhibitors remain controversial. here, using a photoreactive ubiquinone puq-3 as well as two aurachin-type inhibitors [(125)i]pad-1 and [(125)i]pad-2 and photoaffinity labeling experiments on the isolated ...201728298441
fish as hosts of vibrio cholerae.vibrio cholerae, the causative agent of pandemic cholera, is abundant in marine and freshwater environments. copepods and chironomids are natural reservoirs of this species. however, the ways v. cholerae is globally disseminated are as yet unknown. here we review the scientific literature that provides evidence for the possibility that some fish species may be reservoirs and vectors of v. cholerae. so far, v. cholerae has been isolated from 30 fish species (22 freshwater; 9 marine). v. cholerae ...201728293221
an amoebal grazer of cyanobacteria requires cobalamin produced by heterotrophic bacteria.amoebae are unicellular eukaryotes that consume microbial prey through phagocytosis, playing a role in shaping microbial foodwebs. many amoebal species can be cultivated axenically in rich media or monoxenically with single bacterial prey species. here we characterize heterolobosean amoeba lpg3, a recent natural isolate, which is unable to grow on unicellular cyanobacteria, its primary food source, in the absence of a heterotrophic bacterium, a pseudomonas species coisolate. to investigate the m ...201728283521
vibrio cholerae lipopolysaccharide loaded chitosan nanoparticle could save life by induction of specific immunoglobulin isotype.the lipopolysaccharide (lps) of vibrio cholerae (v. cholerae) plays an important role in cholera disease and the induction of primary protection. in this study, we evaluate mice humoral immune response in intranasal and intraperitoneal administrated v. cholerae lps. the results showed that the intranasal administration of lps-chitosan nanoparticle induced the high level of antibodies compared to intraperitoneal injection of antigen without chitosan (p < .001). these results indicated that intran ...201728278575
vibrio cholerae o1 with reduced susceptibility to ciprofloxacin and azithromycin isolated from a rural coastal area of bangladesh.cholera outbreaks occur each year in the remote coastal areas of bangladesh and epidemiological surveillance and routine monitoring of cholera in these areas is challenging. in this study, a total of 97 vibrio cholerae o1 isolates from mathbaria, bangladesh, collected during 2010 and 2014 were analyzed for phenotypic and genotypic traits, including antimicrobial susceptibility. of the 97 isolates, 95 possessed ctx-phage mediated genes, ctxa, ace, and zot, and two lacked the cholera toxin gene, c ...201728270803
pandemics, pathogenicity and changing molecular epidemiology of cholera in the era of global warming.vibrio cholerae, a gram-negative, non-spore forming curved rod is found in diverse aquatic ecosystems around the planet. it is classified according to its major surface antigen into around 206 serogroups, of which o1 and o139 cause epidemic cholera. a recent spatial modelling technique estimated that around 2.86 million cholera cases occur globally every year, and of them approximately 95,000 die. about 1.3 billion people are currently at risk of infection from cholera. meta-analysis and mathema ...201728270154
the proximity of ribosomal protein genes to oric enhances vibrio cholerae fitness in the absence of multifork replication.recent works suggest that bacterial gene order links chromosome structure to cell homeostasis. comparative genomics showed that, in fast-growing bacteria, ribosomal protein genes (rp) locate near the replication origin (oric). we recently showed that vibrio cholerae employs this positional bias as a growth optimization strategy: under fast-growth conditions, multifork replication increases rp dosage and expression. however, rp location may provide advantages in a dosage-independent manner: for e ...201728246358
transcriptional and post-transcriptional regulation of pst2 operon expression in vibrio cholerae o1.one of the most abundant proteins in v. cholerae o1 cells grown under inorganic phosphate (pi) limitation is psts, the periplasmic pi-binding component of the high-affinity pi transport system pst2 (pstscab), encoded in pst2 operon (psts-pstc2-psta2-pstb2). besides its role in pi uptake, pst2 has been also associated with v. cholerae virulence. however, the mechanisms regulating pst2 expression and the non-stoichiometric production of the pst2 components under pi-limitation are unknown. a comput ...201728242357
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