Publications

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differential regulation of riboflavin supply genes in vibrio cholerae.riboflavin is the precursor of important redox cofactors such as flavin mononucleotide (fmn) and flavin adenine dinucleotide, required for several biological processes. vibrio cholerae, a pathogenic bacterium responsible for the cholera disease, possesses the ability to biosynthesize de novo as well as to uptake riboflavin through the riboflavin biosynthetic pathway (rbp) and the ribn importer, respectively. the intra-organism relationship between riboflavin biosynthesis and uptake functions has ...201728239422
structural and biochemical studies on vibrio cholerae hsp31 reveals a novel dimeric form and glutathione-independent glyoxalase activity.vibrio cholerae experiences a highly hostile environment at human intestine which triggers the induction of various heat shock genes. the hcha gene product of v. cholerae o395, referred to a hypothetical intracellular protease/amidase vchsp31, is one such stress-inducible homodimeric protein. our current study demonstrates that vchsp31 is endowed with molecular chaperone, amidopeptidase and robust methylglyoxalase activities. through site directed mutagenesis coupled with biochemical assays on v ...201728235098
whole-genome sequencing of vibrio cholerae o1 el tor strains isolated in ukraine (2011) and russia (2014).here, we present the draft whole-genome sequence of vibrio cholerae o1 el tor strains 76 and m3265/80, isolated in mariupol, ukraine, and moscow, russia. the presence of various mutations detected in virulence-associated mobile elements indicates high genetic similarity of the strains reported here with new highly virulent variants of the cholera agent v. cholerae.201728232438
genetic characterization of vibrio cholerae o1 isolates from outbreaks between 2011 and 2015 in tanzania.cholera outbreaks have occurred in tanzania since 1974. to date, the genetic epidemiology of these outbreaks has not been assessed.201728219321
structure and function of vibrio cholerae accessory cholera enterotoxin in presence of gold nanoparticles: dependence on morphology.accessory cholera enterotoxin (ace) is a classical enterotoxin produced by vibrio cholerae, the causative agent for cholera. considering the crucial role of ace in pathogenesis of cholera, we explored the modulation of structure/function of ace using gold nanoparticles (aunps) of different size and shape - spherical (auns10 and auns100, the number indicating the diameter in nm) and rod (aunr10).201728215703
complex secondary metabolites from ludwigia leptocarpa with potent antibacterial and antioxidant activities.diarrhea continues to be one of the most common causes of morbidity and mortality among infants and children in developing countries. the aim of the present study was to evaluate the antibacterial and antioxidant activities of extracts and compounds from ludwigia leptocarpa, a plant traditionally used for its vermifugal, anti-dysenteric, and antimicrobial properties. a methanol extract was prepared by maceration of the dried plant and this was successively extracted with ethyl acetate to obtain ...201727431270
biological properties and chemical composition of jatropha neopauciflora pax.ethnopharmacological relevance. jatropha neopauciflora (pax) is an endemic species of the tehuacan- cuicatlan valley, mexico. this species has long been used as a remedy to alleviate illnesses of bacterial, fungal and viral origin. aim of the study. experimentally test the traditional use of jatropha neopauciflora in mexican traditional medicine.201728331913
vope, a vibrio cholerae type iii effector, attenuates the activation of cwi-mapk pathway in yeast model system.vope, a mitochondrial targeting t3ss effector protein of vibrio cholerae, perturbs innate immunity by modulating mitochondrial dynamics. in the current study, ectopic expression of vope was found to be toxic in a yeast model system and toxicity was further aggravated in the presence of various stressors. interestingly, a vope variant lacking predicted mitochondrial targeting sequence (mts) also exhibited partial lethality in the yeast system. with the aid of yeast genetic tools and different str ...201728373966
iridoids from canthium subcordatum iso-butanol fraction with potent biological activities.the continuous emergence of multi-drug-resistant bacteria drastically reduces the efficacy of antibiotic armory and, consequently, increases the frequency of therapeutic failure. the discovery of new antibacterial drugs is an urgent need. the present study reports the antibacterial and antioxidant activities of the methanol extract, fractions and iridoids from canthium subcordatum, a plant traditionally used as antidiabetic, anti-inflammatory, and antimicrobial.201728056944
mechanisms for pseudoalteromonas piscicida-induced killing of vibrios and other bacterial pathogens.pseudoalteromonas piscicida are gram-negative gammaproteobacteria found in the marine environment. three strains of pigmented p. piscicida were isolated from seawater and partially characterized by inhibition studies, electron microscopy, and proteolytic enzyme production. growth inhibition and death occurred around colonies of p. piscicida on lawns of the naturally-occurring marine pathogens vibrio vulnificus, v. parahaemolyticus, v. cholerae, photobacterium damselae and shewanella algae inhibi ...201728363962
repair of a bacterial small β-barrel toxin pore depends on channel width.membrane repair emerges as an innate defense protecting target cells against bacterial pore-forming toxins. here, we report the first paradigm of ca(2+)-dependent repair following attack by a small β-pore-forming toxin, namely, plasmid-encoded phobalysin of photobacterium damselae subsp. damselae in striking contrast, vibrio cholerae cytolysin, the closest ortholog of phobalysin, subverted repair. mutational analysis uncovered a role of channel width in toxicity and repair. thus, the replacement ...201728196960
in vitro antibacterial activity of aqueous and ethanol extracts of aristolochia indica and toddalia asiatica against multidrug-resistant bacteria.bacteria have developed multidrug resistance against available antimicrobial agents. infectious diseases caused by these multidrug-resistant bacteria are major causes of morbidity and mortality in human beings. synthetic drugs are expensive and inadequate for the treatment of diseases, causing side effects and ineffective against multidrug-resistant bacteria. the medicinal plants are promising to have effective antimicrobial property due to presence of phytochemical compounds like alkaloids, fla ...201726997710
immunochromatographic detection of the heat-labile enterotoxin of enterotoxigenic escherichia coli with cross-detection of cholera toxin.here, we report the development of an immunochromatographic test strip that can detect heat-labile enterotoxin (lt) produced by enterotoxigenic escherichia coli. five types of monoclonal antibody (mab)-producing hybridomas were isolated: three mabs were a subunit specific and two were b subunit specific. four mabs also cross-reacted with both lt proteins derived from swine and human e. coli strains, but only one mab 57b9 additionally cross-reacted with cholera toxin. thus, mab 57b9 was used to f ...201727940044
random versus cell cycle-regulated replication initiation in bacteria: insights from studying vibrio cholerae chromosome 2.bacterial chromosomes initiate replication at a fixed time in the cell cycle, whereas there is generally no particular time for plasmid replication initiation or chromosomal replication initiation from integrated plasmids. in bacteria with divided genomes, the replication system of one of the chromosomes typically resembles that of bacteria with undivided genomes, whereas the remaining chromosomes have plasmid-like replication systems. for example, in vibrio cholerae, a bacterium with two chromo ...201727903655
xer site specific recombination: double and single recombinase systems.the separation and segregation of newly replicated bacterial chromosomes can be constrained by the formation of circular chromosome dimers caused by crossing over during homologous recombination events. in escherichia coli and most bacteria, dimers are resolved to monomers by site-specific recombination, a process performed by two chromosomally encoded tyrosine recombinases (xerc and xerd). xercd recombinases act at a 28 bp recombination site dif, which is located at the replication terminus reg ...201728373867
fast growth conditions uncouple the final stages of chromosome segregation and cell division in escherichia coli.homologous recombination between the circular chromosomes of bacteria can generate chromosome dimers. they are resolved by a recombination event at a specific site in the replication terminus of chromosomes, dif, by dedicated tyrosine recombinases. the reaction is under the control of a cell division protein, ftsk, which assembles into active dna pumps at mid-cell during septum formation. previous studies suggested that activation of xer recombination at dif was restricted to chromosome dimers i ...201728358835
ribosome-dependent vibrio cholerae mrnase higb2 is regulated by a β-strand sliding mechanism.toxin-antitoxin (ta) modules are small operons involved in bacterial stress response and persistence. higba operons form a family of ta modules with an inverted gene organization and a toxin belonging to the rele/pare superfamily. here, we present the crystal structures of chromosomally encoded vibrio cholerae antitoxin (vchiga2), toxin (vchigb2) and their complex, which show significant differences in structure and mechanisms of function compared to the higba module from plasmid rts1, the defin ...201728334932
induction of immunomodulatory mir-146a and mir-155 in small intestinal epithelium of vibrio cholerae infected patients at acute stage of cholera.the potential immunomodulatory role of micrornas in small intestine of patients with acute watery diarrhea caused by vibrio cholerae o1 or enterotoxigenic escherichia coli (etec) infection was investigated. duodenal biopsies were obtained from study-participants at the acute (day 2) and convalescent (day 21) stages of disease, and from healthy individuals. levels of mir-146a, mir-155 and mir-375 and target gene (irak1, traf6, card10) and 11 cytokine mrnas were determined by qrt-pcr. the cellular ...201728319200
stringent factor and proteolysis control of sigma factor rpos expression in vibrio cholerae.vibrio cholerae can colonize the gastrointestinal track of humans and cause the disease cholera. during colonization, the alternative sigma factor, rpos, controls a process known as "mucosal escape response," defining a specific spatial and temporal response and effecting chemotaxis and motility. in this report, the expression and proteolytic control of rpos in v. cholerae was characterized. to date, aspects of proteolysis control, the involved components, and proteolysis regulation have not bee ...201728228329
structure and dynamics of type iii periplasmic proteins vcfhud and vchutb reveal molecular basis of their distinctive ligand binding properties.molecular mechanisms of xenosiderophore and heme acquisitions using periplasmic binding protein (pbp) dependent atp-binding cassette transporters to scavenge the essential nutrient iron are elusive yet in vibrio cholerae. our current study delineates the structures, dynamics and ligand binding properties of two type iii pbps of v. cholerae, vcfhud and vchutb. through crystal structures and fluorescence quenching studies we demonstrate unique features of vcfhud to bind both hydroxamate and catech ...201728216648
surface expression of helicobacter pylori hpaa adhesion antigen on vibrio cholerae, enhanced by co-expressed enterotoxigenic escherichia coli fimbrial antigens.helicobacter pylori infection can cause peptic ulceration and is associated with gastric adenocarcinoma. this study aimed to construct and characterize a non-virulent vibrio cholerae o1 strain, which grows more rapidly than h. pylori, as vector for h. pylori antigens for possible use as a vaccine strain against h. pylori. this was done by recombinant expression of the h. pylori adhesion antigen hpaa alone or, as a proof of principle, together with different colonization factor (cf) antigens of e ...201728215587
attachment of 13 types of foodborne bacteria to jalapeño and serrano peppers and antibacterial effect of roselle calyx extracts, sodium hypochlorite, colloidal silver, and acetic acid against these foodborne bacteria on peppers.chili peppers are a very important crop in mexico. however, these peppers have been associated with salmonella infection outbreaks in the united states, and salmonella and diarrheagenic escherichia coli pathotypes have been isolated from jalapeño and serrano peppers in mexico. to decrease microbial contamination of fruits and vegetables, chemical agents are commonly used; however, chemical agents used to eliminate pathogenic bacteria on vegetables have a limited antimicrobial effect. roselle ( h ...201728199144
identification and antimicrobial resistance patterns of bacterial enteropathogens from children aged 0-59 months at the university teaching hospital, lusaka, zambia: a prospective cross sectional study.bacterial diarrhoeal disease is among the most common causes of mortality and morbidity in children 0-59 months at the university teaching hospital in lusaka, zambia. however, most cases are treated empirically without the knowledge of aetiological agents or antimicrobial susceptibility patterns. the aim of this study was, therefore, to identify bacterial causes of diarrhoea and determine their antimicrobial susceptibility patterns in stool specimens obtained from the children at the hospital.201728152988
cross feeding of glucose metabolism byproducts of escherichia coli human gut isolates and probiotic strains affect survival of vibrio cholerae.vibrio cholerae converts glucose into either acid or the neutral end product acetoin and its survival in carbohydrate enriched media is linked to the nature of the byproducts produced. it has been demonstrated in this study that escherichia coli strain isolated from the gut of healthy human volunteers and the commonly used probiotic e. coli nissle strain that metabolize glucose to acidic byproducts drastically reduce the survival of v. cholerae strains irrespective of their glucose sensitivity a ...201728105081
structural insights into the secretin translocation channel in the type ii secretion system.the secretin gspd of the type ii secretion system (t2ss) forms a channel across the outer membrane in gram-negative bacteria to transport substrates from the periplasm to the extracellular milieu. the lack of an atomic-resolution structure of the gspd channel hinders the investigation of substrate translocation mechanism of t2ss. here we report cryo-em structures of two gspd channels (∼1 mda), from escherichia coli k12 and vibrio cholerae, at ∼3 å resolution. the structures reveal a pentadecamer ...201728067918
ctxϕ: exploring new alternatives in host factor-mediated filamentous phage replications.for a long time ff phages from escherichia coli provided the majority of the knowledge about the rolling circle replication mechanism of filamentous phages. host factors involved in coliphages replication have been fully identified. based on these studies, the function of rep protein as the accessory helicase directly implicated in filamentous phage replication was considered a paradigm. we recently reported that the replication of some filamentous phages from vibrio cholerae, including the chol ...201727607139
antibacterial and antispasmodic activities of a dichloromethane fraction of an ethanol extract of stem bark of piliostigma reticulatum.this study presents the antispasmodic and antibacterial properties of an ethanol extract and fractions the of stem bark of piliostigma reticulatum.201725883517
targeting and alteration of tight junctions by bacteria and their virulence factors such as clostridium perfringens enterotoxin.the integrity of tight junctions, which regulate paracellular permeability, is challenged by many bacterial pathogens. this is caused by inflammatory responses triggered by pathogens and direct interaction of bacteria or their toxins with host epithelial cells. in some cases, tight junction proteins represent receptors for cell surface proteins or toxins of the pathogen, such as clostridium perfringens enterotoxin (cpe). cpe causes diarrhea and cramps-the symptoms of a common foodborne illness, ...201727864644
interferon-inducible guanylate-binding proteins at the interface of cell-autonomous immunity and inflammasome activation.guanylate-binding proteins (gbps) are essential components of cell-autonomous immunity. in response to ifn signaling, gbps are expressed in the cytoplasm of immune and nonimmune cells, where they unleash their antimicrobial activity toward intracellular bacteria, viruses, and parasites. recent studies have revealed that gbps are essential for mediating activation of the caspase-1 inflammasome in response to the gram-negative bacteria salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium, francisella novicida, ...201727418355
antimicrobial effects of novel peptides cot2 and sot2 derived from crocodylus siamensis and pelodiscus sinensis ovotransferrins.in light of the increasing threat of bacterial drug resistance to human health on a global scale, research and development of antimicrobial peptides as a novel class of potent antibiotics has gained considerable attention. the present study focuses on the structural evaluation and membrane interaction of two new cationic antimicrobial peptides, cot2 and sot2, derived from siamese crocodile (crocodylus siamensis) and chinese softshell turtle (pelodiscus sinensis) ovotransferrins. here, cot1 (+3) ...201728159460
pathogenic mechanisms of actin cross-linking toxins: peeling away the layers.actin cross-linking toxins are produced by gram-negative bacteria from vibrio and aeromonas genera. the toxins were named actin cross-linking domains (acd), since the first and most of the subsequently discovered acds were found as effector domains in larger martx and vgrg toxins. among recognized human pathogens, acd is produced by vibrio cholerae, vibrio vulnificus, and aeromonas hydrophila. upon delivery to the cytoplasm of a host cell, acd covalently cross-links actin monomers into non-polym ...201727858184
the expanding role of type ii secretion in bacterial pathogenesis and beyond.type ii secretion (t2s) is one means by which gram-negative pathogens secrete proteins into the extracellular milieu and/or host organisms. based upon recent genome sequencing, it is clear that t2s is largely restricted to the proteobacteria, occurring in many, but not all genera in the α-, β-, γ-, and δ- classes. prominent human and/or animal pathogens that express a t2s system(s) include acinetobacter baumannii, burkholderia pseudomallei, chlamydia trachomatis, escherichia coli, klebsiella pne ...201728264910
a comparative study of cold- and warm-adapted endonucleases a using sequence analyses and molecular dynamics simulations.the psychrophilic and mesophilic endonucleases a (enda) from aliivibrio salmonicida (vsenda) and vibrio cholera (vcenda) have been studied experimentally in terms of the biophysical properties related to thermal adaptation. the analyses of their static x-ray structures was no sufficient to rationalize the determinants of their adaptive traits at the molecular level. thus, we used molecular dynamics (md) simulations to compare the two proteins and unveil their structural and dynamical differences ...201728192428
raw ready-to-eat seafood safety: microbiological quality of the various seafood species available in fishery, hyper and online markets.microbiological quality of 206 raw ready-to-eat seafood samples was investigated according to species (gizzard shad, halibut, rockfish, tuna, oyster and squid) and distribution channels (fishery, hyper and online market). enumeration of aerobic plate count and total coliforms (tc) and pathogenic bacteria (bacillus cereus, staphylococcus aureus and vibrio parahaemolyticus) was performed, and level of microbiological quality was classified into four groups: satisfactory, acceptable, unsatisfactory ...201727747902
detection of virulence genes in environmental strains of vibrio cholerae from estuaries in northeastern brazil.the objectives of this study were to detect the presence of vibrio cholerae in tropical estuaries (northeastern brazil) and to search for virulence factors in the environmental isolates. water and sediment samples were inoculated onto a vibrio-selective medium (tcbs), and colonies with morphological resemblance to v. cholerae were isolated. the cultures were identified phenotypically using a dichotomous key based on biochemical characteristics. the total dna extracted was amplified by pcr to det ...201725229224
the vibrio cholerae toxr regulon encodes host-specific chemotaxis proteins that function in intestinal colonization.virulence gene regulation in vibrio cholerae is under the control of the toxr-toxt regulatory cascade. chemotaxis and net motility have been shown to influence the infectivity of vibrio cholerae. v. cholerae toxr mutants do not synthesize proteins required for chemotaxis towards mucus. the inability of the toxr mutant strain to recognize and swim towards mucus is due to their failure to synthesize acfb, a methyl-accepting chemotaxis protein. acfb has previously been shown to be involved in intes ...201727213179
survival, induction and resuscitation of vibrio cholerae from the viable but non-culturable state in the southern caribbean sea.the causative agent of cholera, vibrio cholerae, can enter into a viable but non-culturable (vbnc) state in response to unfavorable conditions. the aim of this study was to evaluate the in situ survival of v. cholerae in an aquatic environment of the southern caribbean sea, and its induction and resuscitation from the vbnc state. v. cholerae non-o1, non-o139 was inoculated into diffusion chambers placed at the cuare wildlife refuge, venezuela, and monitored for plate, total and viable cells coun ...201725651322
h-ns: an overarching regulator of the vibrio cholerae life cycle.vibrio cholerae has become a model organism for studies connecting virulence, pathogen evolution and infectious disease ecology. the coordinate expression of motility, virulence and biofilm enhances its pathogenicity, environmental fitness and fecal-oral transmission. the histone-like nucleoid structuring protein negatively regulates gene expression at multiple phases of the v. cholerae life cycle. here we discuss: (i) the regulatory and structural implications of h-ns chromatin-binding in the t ...201727492955
a signal-amplified electrochemical dna biosensor incorporated with a colorimetric internal control for vibrio cholerae detection using shelf-ready reagents.a novel enzyme/nanoparticle-based dna biosensing platform with dual colorimetric/electrochemical approach has been developed for the sequence-specific detection of the bacterium vibrio cholerae, the causative agent of acute diarrheal disease in cholera. this assay platform exploits the use of shelf-stable and ready-to-use (shelf-ready) reagents to greatly simplify the bioanalysis procedures, allowing the assay platform to be more amenable to point-of-care applications. to assure maximum diagnosi ...201727567251
single nucleotide polymorphisms in regulator-encoding genes have an additive effect on virulence gene expression in a vibrio cholerae clinical isolate.vibrio cholerae is the etiological agent of the infectious disease cholera, which is characterized by vomiting and severe watery diarrhea. recently, v. cholerae clinical isolates have demonstrated increased virulence capabilities, causing more severe symptoms with a much higher rate of disease progression than previously observed. we have identified single nucleotide polymorphisms (snps) in four virulence-regulatory genes (hapr, hns, luxo, and viea) of a hypervirulent v. cholerae clinical isolat ...201727668288
rapid dipstick detection of vibrio cholerae in household stored and municipal water in dhaka, bangladesh: chobi7 trial.in urban dhaka, bangladesh, 30% of source water samples collected from the households of patients with cholera had detectable vibrio cholerae. these findings indicate an urgent need for a public health intervention for this population. the crystal vc(®) dipstick test is a rapid method for detecting v. cholerae in stool and water. however, to date no study has investigated the use of the rapid dipstick test for household surveillance of stored drinking water.201727754582
genome-wide biases in the rate and molecular spectrum of spontaneous mutations in vibrio cholerae and vibrio fischeri.the vast diversity in nucleotide composition and architecture among bacterial genomes may be partly explained by inherent biases in the rates and spectra of spontaneous mutations. bacterial genomes with multiple chromosomes are relatively unusual but some are relevant to human health, none more so than the causative agent of cholera, vibrio cholerae here, we present the genome-wide mutation spectra in wild-type and mismatch repair (mmr) defective backgrounds of two vibrio species, the low-%gc sq ...201727744412
characterization of vibrio cholerae isolates from 1976 to 2013 in shandong province, china.cholera continues to be a serious public health issue in developing countries. we analyzed the epidemiological data of cholera from 1976 to 2013 in shandong province, an eastern coastal area of china. a total of 250 vibrio cholerae isolates were selected for pcr analysis of virulence genes and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (pfge). the analysis of the virulence genes showed that the positive rates for tcpa and tcpi were the highest among strains from the southwest region, which had the highest ...201727780663
immunity provided by an outer membrane vesicle cholera vaccine is due to o-antigen-specific antibodies inhibiting bacterial motility.an outer membrane vesicle (omv)-based cholera vaccine is highly efficacious in preventing intestinal colonization in the suckling mouse model. immunity from omvs comes from immunoglobulin (ig), particularly igg, in the milk of mucosally immunized dams. anti-omv igg renders vibrio cholerae organisms immotile, thus they pass through the small intestine without colonizing. however, the importance of motility inhibition for protection and the mechanism by which motility is inhibited remain unclear. ...201727795359
achievements and challenges for the use of killed oral cholera vaccines in the global stockpile era.cholera remains an important but neglected public health threat, affecting the health of the poorest populations and imposing substantial costs on public health systems. cholera can be eliminated where access to clean water, sanitation, and satisfactory hygiene practices are sustained, but major improvements in infrastructure continue to be a distant goal. new developments and trends of cholera disease burden, the creation of affordable oral cholera vaccines (ocvs) for use in developing countrie ...201727813703
non-cholera vibrios: the microbial barometer of climate change.there is a growing interest in the role of climate change in driving the spread of waterborne infectious diseases, such as those caused by bacterial pathogens. one particular group of pathogenic bacteria - vibrios - are a globally important cause of diseases in humans and aquatic animals. these gram-negative bacteria, including the species vibrio vulnificus, vibrio parahaemolyticus and vibrio cholerae, grow in warm, low-salinity waters, and their abundance in the natural environment mirrors ambi ...201727843109
vibrio cholerae non-o1, non-o139 bacteraemia associated with pneumonia, italy 2016.this paper describes an elderly male patient, living in the veneto region, italy, who developed vibrio cholerae bacteraemia and pneumonia. some days previously, while on holiday in the lagoon of venice, he had been collecting clams in seawater, during which he suffered small abrasions of the skin. on admission to hospital, he was confused, had fever and a cough, but neither diarrhoea nor signs of gastroenteritis were found. both blood and stool cultures grew v. cholerae of non-o1 non-o-139 type, ...201727837335
calcium enhances bile salt-dependent virulence activation in vibrio cholerae.vibrio cholerae is the causative bacteria of the diarrheal disease cholera, but it also persists in aquatic environments, where it displays an expression profile that is distinct from that during infection. upon entry into the host, a tightly regulated circuit coordinates the induction of two major virulence factors: cholera toxin and a toxin-coregulated pilus (tcp). it has been shown that a set of bile salts, including taurocholate, serve as host signals to activate v. cholerae virulence throug ...201727849180
the live attenuated cholera vaccine cvd 103-hgr primes responses to the toxin-coregulated pilus antigen tcpa in subjects challenged with wild-type vibrio cholerae.one potential advantage of live attenuated bacterial vaccines is the ability to stimulate responses to antigens which are only expressed during the course of infection. to determine whether the live attenuated cholera vaccine cvd 103-hgr (vaxchora) results in antibody responses to the in vivo-induced toxin-coregulated pilus antigen tcpa, we measured iga and igg responses to vibrio cholerae o1 el tor tcpa in a subset of participants in a recently reported experimental challenge study. participant ...201727847368
biogeochemical and hydrological drivers of the dynamics of vibrio species in two patagonian estuaries.the ecology of the most relevant vibrio species for human health and their relation to water quality and biogeochemistry were studied in two estuaries in argentinian patagonia. vibrio cholerae and vibrio parahaemolyticus were reported in >29% of cases at the río colorado and río negro estuaries. neither the pandemic serogroups of vibrio cholerae o1, vibrio cholerae o139 nor the cholera toxin gene were detected in this study. however, several strains of v. cholerae (not o1 or o139) are able to ca ...201727871750
high genetic diversity of vibrio cholerae in the european lake neusiedler see is associated with intensive recombination in the reed habitat and the long-distance transfer of strains.coastal marine vibrio cholerae populations usually exhibit high genetic diversity. to assess the genetic diversity of abundant v. cholerae non-o1/non-o139 populations in the central european lake neusiedler see, we performed a phylogenetic analysis based on reca, toxr, gyrb and pyrh loci sequenced for 472 strains. the strains were isolated from three ecologically different habitats in a lake that is a hot-spot of migrating birds and an important bathing water. we also analyzed 76 environmental a ...201727871138
whole-genome enrichment provides deep insights into vibrio cholerae metagenome from an african river.the detection and typing of vibrio cholerae in natural aquatic environments encounter major methodological challenges related to the fact that the bacterium is often present in environmental matrices at very low abundance in nonculturable state. this study applied, for the first time to our knowledge, a whole-genome enrichment (wge) and next-generation sequencing (ngs) approach for direct genotyping and metagenomic analysis of low abundant v. cholerae dna (<50 genome unit/l) from natural water c ...201727888291
kinetics of antibody-secreting cell and fecal iga responses after oral cholera vaccination in different age groups in a cholera endemic country.immune responses to oral enteric vaccines in children and infants may be influenced by factors such as age, previous priming with related microorganisms and breast feeding. in this study, we aimed to determine optimal time points to assess immune responses to oral enteric vaccines in different clinical specimens. this was done by investigating antibody secreting cell (asc) and fecal antibody responses on different days after vaccination using the licensed oral cholera vaccine dukoral, containing ...201727916412
efficient and flexible preparation of biosynthetic microperoxidases.heme peptides and their derivatives, also called microperoxidases (mps), are employed as heme protein active site models, catalysts, and charge-transfer chromophores. in this work, two approaches to the biosynthesis of novel mps are described. in one method, heme peptides are expressed as c-terminal tags to the protein azurin and the mp is liberated by proteolytic cleavage by an endopeptidase. in an alternative approach, heme peptides are expressed as n-terminal tags to the cysteine protease dom ...201727957837
genomic profile of antibiotic resistant, classical ctxb positive vibrio cholerae o1 biotype el tor isolated in 2003 and 2005 from puri, india: a retrospective study.to examine eight strains of vibrio cholerae o1 isolated in 2003 and 2005 from puri, india, for antibiotic susceptibility, presence of virulence and regulatory genes, cholera toxin (ct) production, ctx arrangement and genomic profiles.201727934824
circulation of a quorum-sensing-impaired variant of vibrio cholerae strain c6706 masks important phenotypes.vibrio cholerae, the causative agent of cholera, is a model organism for studying virulence regulation, biofilm formation, horizontal gene transfer, and the cell-to-cell communication known as quorum sensing (qs). as in any research field, discrepancies between data from diverse laboratories are sometimes observed for v. cholerae. such discrepancies are often caused by the use of diverse patient or environmental isolates. in this study, we investigated the inability of a few laboratories to repr ...201727303743
molecular dynamics of sialic acid analogues complex with cholera toxin and dft optimization of ethylene glycol-mediated zinc nanocluster conjugation.cholera is an infectious disease caused by cholera toxin (ct) protein of bacterium vibrio cholerae. a sequence of sialic acid (n-acetylneuraminic acid, neunac or neu5ac) analogues modified in its c-5 position is modelled using molecular modelling techniques and docked against the ct followed by molecular dynamics simulations. docking results suggest better binding affinity of neunac analogue towards the binding site of ct. the neunac analogues interact with the active site residues glu:11, tyr:1 ...201726733187
disease dynamics in a coupled cholera model linking within-host and between-host interactions.a new modelling framework is proposed to study the within-host and between-host dynamics of cholera, a severe intestinal infection caused by the bacterium vibrio cholerae. the within-host dynamics are characterized by the growth of highly infectious vibrios inside the human body. these vibrios shed from humans contribute to the environmental bacterial growth and the transmission of the disease among humans, providing a link from the within-host dynamics at the individual level to the between-hos ...201727646159
strong ph dependence of coupling efficiency of the na+ - translocating nadh:quinone oxidoreductase (na+-nqr) of vibrio cholerae.the na+-translocating nadh:quinone oxidoreductase (nqr) is the entry site for electrons into the respiratory chain of vibrio cholerae, the causative agent of cholera disease. nqr couples the electron transfer from nadh to ubiquinone to the translocation of sodium ions across the membrane. we investigated the ph dependence of electron transfer and generation of a transmembrane voltage (δψ) by nqr reconstituted in liposomes with na+ or li+ as coupling cation. δψ formation was followed with the vol ...201727639271
comparative genome analysis of non-toxigenic non-o1 versus toxigenic o1 vibrio cholerae.pathogenic strains of vibrio cholerae are responsible for endemic and pandemic outbreaks of the disease cholera. the complete toxigenic mechanisms underlying virulence in vibrio strains are poorly understood. the hypothesis of this work was that virulent versus non-virulent strains of v. cholerae harbor distinctive genomic elements that encode virulence. the purpose of this study was to elucidate genomic differences between the o1 serotypes and non-o1 v. cholerae ps15, a non-toxigenic strain, in ...201725722857
typing and antibiogram of vibrio cholerae isolates from a tertiary care hospital in pune: a 3 year study.a retrospective analysis was done over a period of 3 years (january 2010- december 2012) in a tertiary care hospital, pune, to note the changes in the prevalence and distribution of biotypes, serotypes, antibiotic susceptibility pattern and phage types of vibrio cholerae isolates from clinical samples so as to be vigilant and curtail major outbreak in future. vibrio cholerae isolates were obtained from 4.4% of the 1126 fecal specimens processed from cases of acute watery diarrhea. majority of th ...201725722619
great cormorants (phalacrocorax carbo) as potential vectors for the dispersal of vibrio cholerae.vibrio cholerae is the cause of cholera, a devastating epidemic and pandemic disease. despite its importance, the way of its global dissemination is unknown. v. cholerae is abundant in aquatic habitats and is known to be borne by copepods, chironomids and fishes. our aim was to determine if fish-eating birds act as vectors in the spread of v. cholerae by consuming infected fish. we determined the existence of v. cholerae in the microbiome of 5/7 wild cormorants' intestine. in three of these v. c ...201728801549
enhancing multiplex genome editing by natural transformation (mugent) via inactivation of ssdna exonucleases.recently, we described a method for multiplex genome editing by natural transformation (mugent). mutant constructs for mugent require large arms of homology (>2000 bp) surrounding each genome edit, which necessitates laborious in vitro dna splicing. in vibrio cholerae, we uncover that this requirement is due to cytoplasmic ssdna exonucleases, which inhibit natural transformation. in ssdna exonuclease mutants, one arm of homology can be reduced to as little as 40 bp while still promoting integrat ...201728575400
detection of eight foodborne bacterial pathogens by oligonucleotide array hybridization.simultaneous and rapid detection of multiple foodborne bacterial pathogens is important for the prevention of foodborne illnesses.201728713514
development of a novel rationally designed antibiotic to inhibit a nontraditional bacterial target.the search for new nontraditional targets is a high priority in antibiotic design today. bacterial membrane energetics based on sodium ion circulation offers potential alternative targets. the present work identifies the na(+)-translocating nadh:ubiquinone oxidoreductase (na(+)-nqr), a key respiratory enzyme in many microbial pathogens, as indispensible for the chlamydia trachomatis infectious process. infection by chlamydia trachomatis significantly increased first h(+) and then na(+) levels wi ...201728425301
use of serologic responses against enteropathogens to assess the impact of a point-of-use water filter: a randomized controlled trial in western province, rwanda.diarrhea is a leading contributor to childhood morbidity and mortality in sub-saharan africa. given the challenge of blinding most water, sanitation, and hygiene (wash) interventions, diarrheal disease outcome measures in wash intervention trials are subject to potential bias and misclassification. using the platform of a cluster-randomized controlled trial of a household-based drinking water filter in western province, rwanda, we assessed the impact of the drinking water filter on enteric seroc ...201728749764
correlation of edge truncation with antibacterial activity of plate-like anisotropic silver nanoparticles.the effect of silver nanoparticle anisotropy on the antibacterial properties has been studied against escherichia coli, staphylococcus aureus, bacillus, vibrio cholerae, and streptococcus pyogenes. anisotropic silver nanoparticles have been synthesized by solvothermal process. the uv-visible absorption, x-ray diffraction, and tem studies show the anisotropic nature of silver nanoparticles. the results demonstrate that the anisotropic silver nanoparticles undergo a shape-dependent interaction wit ...201728707245
characterization of the escherichia coli concentrative nucleoside transporter nupc using computational, biochemical, and biophysical methods.members of the concentrative nucleoside transporter (cnt) family of proteins mediate uptake of nucleosides into cells driven by a cation gradient, which then enter salvage pathways for nucleic acid synthesis. in humans, they also transport hydrophilic anticancer and antiviral nucleoside analogue drugs into cells and tissues where they exert their pharmacological effects. escherichia coli cnt nupc (400 residues) is pyrimidine-specific and driven by a proton gradient. we have used computational, b ...201728682624
putative protein vc0395_0300 from vibrio cholerae is a diguanylate cyclase with a role in biofilm formation.the hallmark of the lifecycle of vibrio cholerae is its ability to switch between two lifestyles - the sessile, non-pathogenic form and the motile, infectious form in human hosts. one of these changes is in the formation of surface biofilms, when in sessile aquatic habitats. the cell-cell interactions within a v. cholerae biofilm are stabilized by the production of an exopolysachharide (eps) matrix, which in turn is regulated by the ubiquitous secondary messenger, cyclic di-gmp (c-di-gmp), synth ...201728647124
electrostatic interactions between the ctx phage minor coat protein and the bacterial host receptor tola drive the pathogenic conversion of vibrio cholerae.vibrio cholerae is a natural inhabitant of aquatic environments and converts to a pathogen upon infection by a filamentous phage, ctxφ, that transmits the cholera toxin-encoding genes. this toxigenic conversion of v. cholerae has evident implication in both genome plasticity and epidemic risk, but the early stages of the infection have not been thoroughly studied. ctxφ transit across the bacterial periplasm requires binding between the minor coat protein named piii and a bacterial inner-membrane ...201728642371
a versatile toolbox for the control of protein levels using n(ε)-acetyl-l-lysine dependent amber suppression.the analysis of the function of essential genes in vivo depends on the ability to experimentally modulate levels of their protein products. current methods to address this are based on transcriptional or post-transcriptional regulation of mrnas, but approaches based on the exploitation of translation regulation have so far been neglected. here we describe a toolbox, based on amber suppression in the presence of n(ε)-acetyl-l-lysine (ack), for translational tuning of protein output. we chose the ...201728594177
evaluation of synergy and bacterial regrowth in photocatalytic ozonation disinfection of municipal wastewater.the use of solar and ultraviolet titanium dioxide photocatalytic ozonation processes to inactivate waterborne pathogens (escherichia coli, salmonella species, shigella species and vibrio cholerae) in synthetic water and secondary municipal wastewater effluent is presented. the performance indicators were bacterial inactivation efficiency, post-disinfection regrowth and synergy effects (collaboration) between ozonation and photocatalysis (photocatalytic ozonation). photocatalytic ozonation effect ...201728577398
histo-blood group antigens as mediators of infections.the critical first step of a microbial infection is usually the attachment of pathogens to host cell glycans. targets on host tissues are in particular the histo-blood group antigens (hbgas), which are present in rich diversity in the mucus layer and on the underlying mucosa. recent structural and functional studies have revealed significant new insight into the molecular mechanisms, explaining why individuals with certain blood groups are at increased risk of some infections. the most prominent ...201728544984
structural studies of the periplasmic portion of the diguanylate cyclase cdgh from vibrio cholerae.cyclic diguanylate monophosphate (c-di-gmp) is a second messenger involved in bacterial signal transduction and produced by diguanylate cyclases (dgcs) generally containing highly variable periplasmic signal-recognition domains. cdgh is a dgc enzyme that regulates rugosity associated phenotypes in vibrio cholerae. cdgh has two n-terminal tandem periplasmic substrate-binding (pbpb) domains for its signal recognition; however, the role of the tandem pbpb domains remains unclear. here, we reported ...201728500346
rstb regulates expression of the photobacterium damselae subsp. damselae major virulence factors damselysin, phobalysin p and phobalysin c.the marine pathogenic bacterium photobacterium damselae subsp. damselae causes septicemia in marine animals and in humans. the pphdd1 plasmid-encoded hemolysins damselysin (dly) and phobalysin p (phlyp), and the chromosome-encoded hemolysin phobalysin c (phlyc) constitute its main virulence factors. however, the mechanisms by which expression of these three hemolysins is regulated remain unknown. here we report the isolation of a mini-tn10 transposon mutant which showed a strong impairment in it ...201728443076
repurposing a two-component system-based biosensor for the killing of vibrio cholerae.new strategies to control cholera are urgently needed. this study develops an in vitro proof-of-concept sense-and-kill system in a wild-type escherichia coli strain to target the causative pathogen vibrio cholerae using a synthetic biology approach. our engineered e. coli specifically detects v. cholerae via its quorum-sensing molecule cai-1 and responds by expressing the lysis protein yebf-art-085, thereby self-lysing to release the killing protein art-085 to kill v. cholerae. for this report, ...201728441472
antibacterial and antioxidant constituents of extracts of endophytic fungi isolated from ocimum basilicum var. thyrsiflora leaves.fourteen fungal endophytes were isolated from the ocimum basilicum var. thyrsiflora leaves collected from northern thailand. eight genera were identified including aspergillus, ascochyta, nigrospora, blastomyces, colletotrichum, exidia, clitopilus, and nomuraea. the antibacterial activity of crude extracts from all endophytic fungi was tested against nine human bacterial pathogens: staphylococcus aureus, staphylococcus epidermidis, bacillus subtilis, bacillus cereus, escherichia coli, klebsiella ...201728698913
identification and growth optimization of a marine bacillus dk1-sa11 having potential of producing broad spectrum antimicrobial compounds.control of harmful bacteria in food, aquaculture, pharmaceuticals, agriculture, hospitals and recreation water pools are of great global concern. marine bacteria are an enormous source of bio-controlling agents. the aim of this study was to identify and optimize the growth conditions including effect of different biotic and abiotic factors on antimicrobial activity of strain dk1-sa11 isolated from qingdao bay of china yellow sea. microscopic characterization, api® 20e and 50 chb kit base carbohy ...201728653930
prevalence of enteric infections among hospitalized patients in two referral hospitals in ghana.diarrhea is an important cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. in africa and ghana in particular, it is estimated to contribute directly to 19 and 25% of pediatric mortality among children under 5 years, respectively.201728716138
antiprotozoal, antibacterial and antidiarrheal properties from the flowers of chiranthodendron pentadactylon and isolated flavonoids.chiranthodendron pentadactylon larreat. (sterculiaceae) is a mexican plant used in traditional medicine for the treatment of heart disease symptoms and infectious diarrhea.201728539715
plant-made virus-like particles bearing influenza hemagglutinin (ha) recapitulate early interactions of native influenza virions with human monocytes/macrophages.plant-made virus-like particles (vlp) bearing influenza virus hemagglutinins (ha) are novel vaccine candidates that induce cross-reactive humoral and poly-functional t cell responses. to better understand the mechanisms that underlie this broad immunogenicity we studied early interactions of vlps bearing either h1 (a/california/07/2009 (h1n1)) or h5 (a/indonesia/05/2005 (h5n1)) with a human monocytoid cell line (u-937 cells) and human monocyte-derived macrophages (mdms) as model antigen-presenti ...201728712489
heme proximal hydrogen bonding between his170 and asp132 plays an essential role in the heme degradation reaction of hutz from vibrio cholerae.hutz from vibrio cholerae is an enzyme that catalyzes the oxygen-dependent degradation of heme. the crystal structure of the homologous protein from helicobacter pylori, hugz, predicts that asp132 in hutz is located within hydrogen-bonding distance of the heme axial ligand his170. hydrogen bonding between his170 and asp132 appears to be disfavored in heme-degrading enzymes, because it can contribute to the imidazolate character of the axial histidine, as observed in most heme-containing peroxida ...201728481076
discovery of two bacterial nitric oxide-responsive proteins and their roles in bacterial biofilm regulation.bacterial biofilms form when bacteria adhere to a surface and produce an exopolysaccharide matrix ( costerton science 1999 , 284 , 1318 ; davies science 1998 , 280 , 295 ; flemming nat. rev. microbiol. 2010 , 8 , 623 ). because biofilms are resistant to antibiotics, they are problematic in many aspects of human health and welfare, causing, for instance, persistent fouling of medical implants such as catheters and artificial joints ( brunetto chimia 2008 , 62 , 249 ). they are responsible for chr ...201728605194
a novel role of listeria monocytogenes membrane vesicles in inhibition of autophagy and cell death.bacterial membrane vesicle (mv) production has been mainly studied in gram-negative species. in this study, we show that listeria monocytogenes, a gram-positive pathogen that causes the food-borne illness listeriosis, produces mvs both in vitro and in vivo. we found that a major virulence factor, the pore-forming hemolysin listeriolysin o (llo), is tightly associated with the mvs, where it resides in an oxidized, inactive state. previous studies have shown that llo may induce cell death and auto ...201728516064
the dnak chaperone uses different mechanisms to promote and inhibit replication of vibrio cholerae chromosome 2.replication of vibrio cholerae chromosome 2 (chr2) depends on molecular chaperone dnak to facilitate binding of the initiator (rctb) to the replication origin. the binding occurs at two kinds of site, 12-mers and 39-mers, which promote and inhibit replication, respectively. here we show that dnak employs different mechanisms to enhance the two kinds of binding. we found that mutations in rctb that reduce dnak binding also reduce 12-mer binding and initiation. the initiation defect is suppressed ...201728420739
regulation of acetyl-coa synthetase transcription by the crbs/r two-component system is conserved in genetically diverse environmental pathogens.the crbs/r two-component signal transduction system is a conserved regulatory mechanism through which specific gram-negative bacteria control acetate flux into primary metabolic pathways. crbs/r governs expression of acetyl-coa synthase (acsa), an enzyme that converts acetate to acetyl-coa, a metabolite at the nexus of the cell's most important energy-harvesting and biosynthetic reactions. during infection, bacteria can utilize this system to hijack host acetate metabolism and alter the course o ...201728542616
vibrio cholerae type 6 secretion system effector trafficking in target bacterial cells.the type 6 secretion system (t6ss) is used by many gram-negative bacterial species to deliver toxic effector proteins into nearby bacteria prey cells to kill or inhibit their growth. vgrg proteins are core conserved secretion substrates of the t6ss and one subset of t6ss effectors consists of vgrg proteins with c-terminal extension domains carrying various enzymatic activities. in vibrio cholerae, vgrg3 has a hydrolase extension domain and degrades peptidoglycan in the periplasm of target bacter ...201728808000
control of virulence gene transcription by indirect readout in vibrio cholerae and salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium.indirect readout mechanisms of transcription control rely on the recognition of dna shape by transcription factors (tfs). tfs may also employ a direct readout mechanism that involves the reading of the base sequence in the dna major groove at the binding site. tfs with winged helix-turn-helix (whth) motifs use an alpha helix to read the base sequence in the major groove while inserting a beta sheet 'wing' into the adjacent minor groove. such whth proteins are important regulators of virulence ge ...201728631437
evaluation of microplate immunocapture method for detection of vibrio cholerae, salmonella typhi and shigella flexneri from food.improved methods with better separation and concentration ability for detection of foodborne pathogens are in constant need. the aim of this study was to evaluate microplate immunocapture (ic) method for detection of salmonella typhi, shigella flexneri and vibrio cholerae from food samples to provide a better alternative to conventional culture based methods.201728851288
crystal structure of master biofilm regulator csgd regulatory domain reveals an atypical receiver domain.the master regulator csgd switches planktonic growth to biofilm formation by activating synthesis of curli fimbriae and cellulose in enterobacteriaceae. csgd was classified to be the luxr response regulatory family, while its cognate sensor histidine kinase has not been identified yet. csgd consists of a c-terminal dna binding domain and an n-terminal regulatory domain that provokes the upstream signal transduction to further modulate its function. we provide the crystal structure of salmonella ...201728758290
interbacterial predation as a strategy for dna acquisition in naturally competent bacteria.natural competence enables bacteria to take up exogenous dna. the evolutionary function of natural competence remains controversial, as imported dna can act as a source of substrates or can be integrated into the genome. exogenous homologous dna can also be used for genome repair. in this opinion article, we propose that predation of non-related neighbouring bacteria coupled with competence regulation might function as an active strategy for dna acquisition. competence-dependent kin-discriminate ...201728690319
environmental vibrios represent a source of antagonistic compounds that inhibit pathogenic vibrio cholerae and vibrio parahaemolyticus strains.with the overuse of antibiotics, many pathogens including vibrio cholerae and vibrio parahaemolyticus have evolved multidrug resistance making treatment more difficult. while understanding the mechanisms that underlie pathogenesis is crucial, knowledge of bacterial interactions of v. cholerae and v. parahaemolyticus could provide insight to their susceptibility outside of the human host. based on previous work showing competition among environmental strains, we predict that marine-derived bacter ...201728857444
modelling of growth kinetics of vibrio cholerae in presence of gold nanoparticles: effect of size and morphology.emergence of multiple drug resistant strains of pathogenic bacteria calls for new initiatives to combat infectious diseases. gold nanoparticles (aunps), because of their non-toxic nature and size/shape dependent optical properties, offer interesting possibility. here we report the antibacterial efficacy of aunps of different size and shape (auns10, auns100 and aunr10; the number indicating the diameter in nm; s stands for sphere and r for rod) against the classical (o395) and el tor (n16961) bio ...201728851910
transposon insertion site sequencing for synthetic lethal screening.transposon insertion site sequencing (tis) permits genome-wide, quantitative fitness assessment of individual genomic loci. in addition to the identification of essential genes in given growth conditions, tis enables the elucidation of genetic networks such as synthetic lethal or suppressor gene combinations. therefore, tis becomes an exceptionally powerful tool for the high-throughput determination of genotype-phenotype relationships in bacteria. here, we describe a protocol for the generation ...201728842874
highlights from this issue. 201728839876
extracellular-matrix-mediated osmotic pressure drives vibrio cholerae biofilm expansion and cheater exclusion.biofilms, surface-attached communities of bacteria encased in an extracellular matrix, are a major mode of bacterial life. how the material properties of the matrix contribute to biofilm growth and robustness is largely unexplored, in particular in response to environmental perturbations such as changes in osmotic pressure. here, using vibrio cholerae as our model organism, we show that during active cell growth, matrix production enables biofilm-dwelling bacterial cells to establish an osmotic ...201728835649
prediction of bacterial small rnas in the rsma (csra) and toxt pathways: a machine learning approach.small rnas (srnas) constitute an important class of post-transcriptional regulators that control critical cellular processes in bacteria. recent research using high-throughput transcriptomic approaches has led to a dramatic increase in the discovery of bacterial srnas. however, it is generally believed that the currently identified srnas constitute a limited subset of the bacterial srna repertoire. in several cases, srnas belonging to a specific class are already known and the challenge is to id ...201728830349
spermine inhibits vibrio cholerae biofilm formation through the nsps-mbaa polyamine signaling system.the aquatic bacterium and human intestinal pathogen, vibrio cholerae, senses and responds to a variety of environment-specific cues to regulate biofilm formation. specifically, the polyamines norspermidine and spermidine enhance and repress v. cholerae biofilm formation, respectively. these effects are relevant for understanding v. cholerae pathogenicity and are mediated through the periplasmic binding protein, nsps, and the transmembrane c-di-gmp phosphodiesterase mbaa. however, the levels of s ...201728827313
from hospitalization records to surveillance: the use of local patient profiles to characterize cholera in vellore, india.despite availability of high quality medical records, health care systems often do not have the resources or tools to utilize these data efficiently. yet, hospital-based, laboratory-confirmed records may pave the way for building reliable surveillance systems capable of monitoring temporal trends of emerging infections. in this communication, we present a new tool to compress and visualize medical records with a local population profile (lpp) approach, which transforms information into statistic ...201728820902
molecular epidemiology of cholera outbreaks during the rainy season in mandalay, myanmar.cholera, caused by vibrio cholerae, remains a global threat to public health. in myanmar, the availability of published information on the occurrence of the disease is scarce. we report here that cholera incidence in mandalay generally exhibited a single annual peak, with an annual average of 312 patients with severe dehydration over the past 5 years (since 2011) and was closely associated with the rainy season. we analyzed cholera outbreaks, characterized 67 isolates of v. cholerae serogroup o1 ...201728820711
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