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"non-toxic" proteins of the botulinum toxin complex exert in-vivo toxicity.the botulinum neurotoxin (bont) causes muscle paralysis and is the most potent toxin in nature. bont is associated with a complex of auxiliary "non-toxic" proteins, which constitute a large-sized toxin complex (l-tc). however, here we report that the "non-toxic" complex of serotype d botulinum l-tc, when administered to rats, exerts in-vivo toxicity on small-intestinal villi. moreover, serotype c and d of the "non-toxic" complex, but not bont, induced vacuole-formation in a rat intestinal epithe ...201627507612
antibacterial and antiviral effectiveness of two household water treatment devices that use monobrominated hydantoinylated polystyrene.many different household water treatment (hwt) methods have been researched and promoted to mitigate the serious burden of diarrheal disease in developing countries. however, hwt methods using bromine have not been extensively evaluated. two gravity-fed hwt devices (aquasure™ and waterbird™) were used to test the antimicrobial effectiveness of halopure(®) br beads (monobrominated hydantoinylated polystyrene) that deliver bromine. as water flows over the beads, reactive bromine species are eluted ...201627959873
low prevalence of vibrio cholerae o1 versus moderate prevalence of intestinal parasites in food-handlers working with health care personnel in haiti.food-handlers with poor personal hygiene working in food-service establishments could be potential sources of infection due to pathogenic organisms. in may 2011, a cross-sectional study was undertaken to determine the prevalence of bacteria and intestinal parasites among food-handlers working with cuban health personnel in haiti. stool specimens were collected from 56 food-handlers and samples were examined using standard procedures. of the food handlers, 26.8% had one bacterial or intestinal pa ...201627077312
effects of the food manufacturing chain on the viability and functionality of bifidobacterium animalis through simulated gastrointestinal conditions.the viability and functionality of probiotics may be influenced by industrial production processes resulting in a decrease in probiotic efficiency that benefit the health of humans. this study aimed to investigate the probiotic characteristics of bifidobacterium strains isolated from fecal samples of healthy thai infants. in the present work, three local strains (bf014, bf052, and bh053) belonging to bifidobacterium animalis showed a great resistance against conditions simulating the gastrointes ...201627333286
bark extract mediated green synthesis of silver nanoparticles: evaluation of antimicrobial activity and antiproliferative response against osteosarcoma.in the current investigation we report the biosynthesis potentials of bark extracts of ficus benghalensis and azadirachta indica for production of silver nanoparticle without use of any external reducing or capping agent. the appearance of dark brown color indicated the complete nanoparticle synthesis which was further validated by absorbance peak by uv-vis spectroscopy. the morphology of the synthesized particles was characterized by field emission- scanning electron microscopy (fe-sem) and ato ...201626478285
cationic antimicrobial peptides derived from crocodylus siamensis leukocyte extract, revealing anticancer activity and apoptotic induction on human cervical cancer cells.known antimicrobial peptides kt2 and rt2 as well as the novel rp9 derived from the leukocyte extract of the freshwater crocodile (crocodylus siamensis) were used to evaluate the ability in killing human cervical cancer cells. rp9 in the extract was purified by a combination of anion exchange column and reversed-phase hplc, and its sequence was analyzed by mass spectrometry. the novel peptide could inhibit gram-negative vibrio cholerae (clinical isolation) and gram-positive bacillus pumilus tistr ...201627129462
green synthesis and antimicrobial activity of silver nanoparticles using wild medicinal mushroom ganoderma applanatum (pers.) pat. from similipal biosphere reserve, odisha, india.in the present study, green synthesis and cost effective approach of silver nanoparticles using wild medicinal mushroom ganoderma applanatum (pers.) pat. from similipal biosphere reserve, odisha, india is reported. the biosynthesised agnps were characterised using uv-visible spectroscopy, particle analyser and scanning electron microscopy studies. it was found by dynamic light scattering analysis, that the average size and charges of the agnps were 133.0 ± 0.361 nm and -6.01 ± 5.30 mv, respectiv ...201627463787
hard-wired control of bacterial processes by chromosomal gene location.bacterial processes, such as stress responses and cell differentiation, are controlled at many different levels. while some factors, such as transcriptional regulation, are well appreciated, the importance of chromosomal gene location is often underestimated or even completely neglected. a combination of environmental parameters and the chromosomal location of a gene determine how many copies of its dna are present at a given time during the cell cycle. here, we review bacterial processes that r ...201627364121
antibacterial activity of an acidic phospholipase a2 (nn-xib-pla2) from the venom of naja naja (indian cobra).the resistance of bacteria against the use of conventional antibiotics has become a serious threat to public health and considering the associated side effect with antibiotics; new strategies to find and develop new molecules with novel modes of action has received grate attention in recent years. in this study, when the antibacterial potential of an acidic protein-nn-xib-pla2 (naja naja venom phospholipase a2 fraction-xib) of naja naja venom was evaluated, it showed significant bactericidal act ...201626885465
a specific antimicrobial protein cap-1 from pseudomonas sp. isolated from the jellyfish cyanea capillata.a bacterium strain, designated as cmf-2, was isolated from the jellyfish cyanea capillata and its culture supernatant exhibited a significant antimicrobial activity. the strain cmf-2 was identified as pseudomonas sp. based on the morphological, biochemical and physiological characteristics as well as 16s rrna sequence analysis. in this study, an antimicrobial protein, named as cap-1, was isolated from the culture of cmf-2 through ammonium sulfate precipitation and gel filtration chromatography. ...201626529191
case-control study of diarrheal disease etiology in individuals over 5 years in southwest china.acute diarrhea is one of the major public health problems worldwide. most of studies on acute diarrhea have been made on infants aged below 5 years and few efforts have been made to identify the etiological agents of acute diarrhea in people over five, especially in china.201627891182
impact of co-infections with enteric pathogens on children suffering from acute diarrhea in southwest china.acute diarrhea is a global health problem, resulting in high morbidity and mortality in children. it has been suggested that enteric pathogen co-infections play an important role in gastroenteritis, but most research efforts have only focused on a small range of species belonging to a few pathogen groups. this study aimed to assess the impact of co-infections with a broad range of enteric pathogens on children aged below five years who suffer from acute diarrhea in southwest china.201627349521
occurrence of ferredoxin:nad(+) oxidoreductase activity and its ion specificity in several gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria.a ferredoxin:nad(+) oxidoreductase was recently discovered as a redox-driven ion pump in the anaerobic, acetogenic bacterium acetobacterium woodii. the enzyme is assumed to be encoded by the rnf genes. since these genes are present in the genomes of many bacteria, we tested for ferredoxin:nad(+) oxidoreductase activity in cytoplasmic membranes from several different gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria that have annotated rnf genes. we found this activity in clostridium tetanomorphum, clostr ...201626793417
evolution and structural dynamics of bacterial glycan binding adhesins.infectious disease processes like bacterial adherence or the activity of secreted toxins frequently gain host and tissue specificity by glycan binding interactions with the host glycome. recent functional and structural studies highlight the high niche specialization of bacterial lectins, but also reveal a remarkable plasticity in their glycan binding sites and mechanisms, to adapt to host glycome dynamics or changing environmental conditions at the site of infection. in this review we put empha ...201628043017
in vivo synthesis of cyclic-di-gmp using a recombinant adenovirus preferentially improves adaptive immune responses against extracellular antigens.there is a compelling need for more effective vaccine adjuvants to augment induction of ag-specific adaptive immune responses. recent reports suggested the bacterial second messenger bis-(3'-5')-cyclic-dimeric-guanosine monophosphate (c-di-gmp) acts as an innate immune system modulator. we recently incorporated a vibrio cholerae diguanylate cyclase into an adenovirus vaccine, fostering production of c-di-gmp as well as proinflammatory responses in mice. in this study, we recombined a more potent ...201626792800
an unusual cation-binding site and distinct domain-domain interactions distinguish class ii enolpyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate synthases.enolpyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate synthase (epsps) catalyzes a critical step in the biosynthesis of a number of aromatic metabolites. an essential prokaryotic enzyme and the molecular target of the herbicide glyphosate, epspss are the subject of both pharmaceutical and commercial interest. two epsps classes that exhibit low sequence homology, differing substrate/glyphosate affinities, and distinct cation activation properties have previously been described. here, we report structural studies of t ...201626813771
expression and assembly of cholera toxin b subunit and domain iii of dengue virus 2 envelope fusion protein in transgenic potatoes.the rates of mosquito-transmitted dengue virus infection in humans have increased in tropical and sub-tropical areas. domain iii of dengue envelope protein (ediii) is involved in cellular receptor binding and induces serotype-specific neutralizing antibodies. ediii fused to the b subunit of vibrio cholera (ctb-ediii) was expressed in potatoes to develop a plant-based vaccine against dengue virus type 2. ctb-ediii fused to an endoplasmic reticulum (er) retention signal, sekdel, was introduced int ...201627335159
rapid identification of the etiological factors causing diarrheal diseases.the main objective of this investigation was to develop and pilot a real-time polymerase chain reaction (rt-pcr) diagnostic system for rapid and simultaneous identification of pathogens with a particular emphasis on diarrheal disease diagnostics. the diarrheal diseases were selected as a target for the pilot because they constitute a primary public health priority in georgia and worldwide. the product developed by our research team "neo_pcr_diagnostics" represents an original system for the iden ...201627770538
microbiology, infection control and infection related outcome in pediatric patients in an oncology center in eastern india: experience from tata medical center, kolkata.infection is a major determinant in the outcome of patients with cancer.201626842142
deploying aptameric sensing technology for rapid pandemic monitoring.the genome of virulent strains may possess the ability to mutate by means of antigenic shift and/or antigenic drift as well as being resistant to antibiotics with time. the outbreak and spread of these virulent diseases including avian influenza (h1n1), severe acute respiratory syndrome (sars-corona virus), cholera (vibrio cholera), tuberculosis (mycobacterium tuberculosis), ebola hemorrhagic fever (ebola virus) and aids (hiv-1) necessitate urgent attention to develop diagnostic protocols and as ...201626381238
quantitative microbial risk assessment (qmra) shows increased public health risk associated with exposure to river water under conditions of riverbed sediment resuspension.although higher microbial concentrations have been reported in sediments than in the overlying water column, most quantitative microbial risk assessment (qmra) studies have not clearly indicated the contribution of sediment-borne pathogens to estimated risks. thus, the present study aimed at determining the public health risk associated with exposure to pathogenic bacteria in polluted river water under undisturbed conditions and conditions of sediment resuspension in the apies river, gauteng, so ...201627297265
human fecal and pathogen exposure pathways in rural indian villages and the effect of increased latrine coverage.efforts to eradicate open defecation and improve sanitation access are unlikely to achieve health benefits unless interventions reduce microbial exposures. this study assessed human fecal contamination and pathogen exposures in rural india, and the effect of increased sanitation coverage on contamination and exposure rates. in a cross-sectional study of 60 villages of a cluster-randomized controlled sanitation trial in odisha, india, human and domestic animal fecal contamination was measured in ...201627192358
optimization and characterization of the synthetic secondary chromosome synvicii in escherichia coli.learning by building is one of the core ideas of synthetic biology research. consequently, building synthetic chromosomes is the way to fully understand chromosome characteristics. the last years have seen exciting synthetic chromosome studies. we had previously introduced the synthetic secondary chromosome synvicii in escherichia coli. it is based on the replication mechanism of the secondary chromosome in vibrio cholerae. here, we present a detailed analysis of its genetic characteristics and ...201628066763
single-cell analysis of the plasmablast response to vibrio cholerae demonstrates expansion of cross-reactive memory b cells.we characterized the acute b cell response in adults with cholera by analyzing the repertoire, specificity, and functional characteristics of 138 monoclonal antibodies (mabs) generated from single-cell-sorted plasmablasts. we found that the cholera-induced responses were characterized by high levels of somatic hypermutation and large clonal expansions. a majority of the expansions targeted cholera toxin (ct) or lipopolysaccharide (lps). using a novel proteomics approach, we were able to identify ...201627999163
prospective study of pathogens in asymptomatic travellers and those with diarrhoea: aetiological agents revisited.travellers' diarrhoea (td) remains the most frequent health problem encountered by visitors to the (sub)tropics. traditional stool culture identifies the pathogen in only 15% of cases. exploiting pcr-based methods, we investigated td pathogens with a focus on asymptomatic travellers and severity of symptoms. pre- and post-travel stools of 382 travellers with no history of antibiotic use during travel were analysed with a multiplex quantitative pcr for salmonella, yersinia, campylobacter, shigell ...201626970046
in sickness and in health: the relationships between bacteria and bile in the human gut.colonization of a human host with a commensal microbiota has a complex interaction in which bacterial communities provide numerous health benefits to the host. an equilibrium between host and microbiota is kept in check with the help of biliary secretions by the host. bile, composed primarily of bile salts, promotes digestion. it also provides a barrier between host and bacteria. after bile salts are synthesized in the liver, they are stored in the gallbladder to be released after food intake. t ...201627565580
biosensing vibrio cholerae with genetically engineered escherichia coli.cholera is a potentially mortal, infectious disease caused by vibrio cholerae bacterium. current treatment methods of cholera still have limitations. beneficial microbes that could sense and kill the v. cholerae could offer potential alternative to preventing and treating cholera. however, such v. cholerae targeting microbe is still not available. this microbe requires a sensing system to be able to detect the presence of v. cholera bacterium. to this end, we designed and created a synthetic gen ...201627529184
screening for transmembrane association in divisome proteins using toxgreen, a high-throughput variant of the toxcat assay.toxcat is a widely used genetic assay to study interactions of transmembrane helices within the inner membrane of the bacterium escherichia coli. toxcat is based on a fusion construct that links a transmembrane domain of interest with a cytoplasmic dna-binding domain from the vibrio cholerae toxr protein. interaction driven by the transmembrane domain results in dimerization of the toxr domain, which, in turn, activates the expression of the reporter gene chloramphenicol acetyl transferase (cat) ...201627453198
lcp crystallization and x-ray diffraction analysis of vcmn, a mate transporter from vibrio cholerae.multidrug and toxic compound extrusion (mate) transporters, one of the multidrug exporter families, efflux xenobiotics towards the extracellular side of the membrane. since mate transporters expressed in bacterial pathogens contribute to multidrug resistance, they are important therapeutic targets. here, a mate-transporter homologue from vibrio cholerae, vcmn, was overexpressed in escherichia coli, purified and crystallized in lipidic cubic phase (lcp). x-ray diffraction data were collected to 2 ...201627380372
a single gene of a commensal microbe affects host susceptibility to enteric infection.indigenous microbes inside the host intestine maintain a complex self-regulating community. the mechanisms by which gut microbes interact with intestinal pathogens remain largely unknown. here we identify a commensal escherichia coli strain whose expansion predisposes mice to infection by vibrio cholerae, a human pathogen. we refer to this strain as 'atypical' e. coli (atec) because of its inability to ferment lactose. the atec strain is resistant to reactive oxygen species (ros) and proliferate ...201627173141
diversity of clinical and environmental isolates of vibrio cholerae in natural transformation and contact-dependent bacterial killing indicative of type vi secretion system activity.the bacterial pathogen vibrio cholerae can occupy both the human gut and aquatic reservoirs, where it may colonize chitinous surfaces that induce the expression of factors for three phenotypes: chitin utilization, dna uptake by natural transformation, and contact-dependent bacterial killing via a type vi secretion system (t6ss). in this study, we surveyed a diverse set of 53 isolates from different geographic locales collected over the past century from human clinical and environmental specimens ...201626944842
strategies to block bacterial pathogenesis by interference with motility and chemotaxis.infections by motile, pathogenic bacteria, such as campylobacter species, clostridium species, escherichia coli, helicobacter pylori, listeria monocytogenes, neisseria gonorrhoeae, pseudomonas aeruginosa, salmonella species, vibrio cholerae, and yersinia species, represent a severe economic and health problem worldwide. of special importance in this context is the increasing emergence and spread of multidrug-resistant bacteria. due to the shortage of effective antibiotics for the treatment of in ...201627000091
structural characterization and biomedical properties of sulfated polysaccharide from the gladius of sepioteuthis lessoniana (lesson, 1831).sulfated polysaccharide was extracted from the internal shell (gladius) of sepioteuthis lessoniana. the sulfated polysaccharide contained 61.3% of carbohydrate, 0.8% of protein, 28.2% of ash and 1.33% of moisture respectively. the elemental composition was analyzed using chns/o analyzer. the molecular weight of sulfated polysaccharide determined through page was found to be as 66 kda. monosaccharides analysis revealed that sulfated polysaccharide was composed of rhamnose, galactose, xylose and g ...201626724686
evaluation of antibacterial activity of plant mediated cao nanoparticles using cissus quadrangularis extract.an assessment of antibacterial activity of greenly synthesized nanoparticles using aqueous stem extract of cissus quadrangularis was carried out. the synthesized nanoparticles were characterized by uv-vis spectroscopy, sem, xrd, ftir and further subjected for antibacterial activity against the pathogens staphylococcus aureus, escherichia coli, klebsiella pneumoniae, pseudomonas aeruginosa, salmonella typhi, shigella dysenteriae and vibrio cholerae. the sem photograph represents cubic and hexagon ...201626723000
identification and characterization of a putative manganese export protein in vibrio cholerae.manganese plays an important role in the cellular physiology and metabolism of bacterial species, including the human pathogen vibrio cholerae the intracellular level of manganese ions is controlled through coordinated regulation of the import and export of this element. we have identified a putative manganese exporter (vc0022), named mnea (manganese exporter a), which is highly conserved among vibrio spp. an mnea mutant exhibited sensitivity to manganese but not to other cations. under high-man ...201627481926
an expeditious synthesis of blood-group antigens, abo histo-blood group type ii antigens and xenoantigen oligosaccharides with amino type spacer-arms.blood group oligosaccharides are one of the most clinically important antigen families and they may also act as secondary ligands for bacterial toxins from escherichia coli and vibrio cholerae. herein we report the synthesis of spacered (sp = ch2ch2ch2nh2) glycosides of a antigen {α-d-galnac-(l→3)-[α-l-fuc-(l→2)]-β-d-gal-}, b antigen{α-d-gal-(l→3)-[α-l-fuc-(l→2)]-β-d-gal-}, lewisx{α-d-gal-(l→4)-[α-l-fuc-(l→3)]-β-d-glcnac-}, a type-ii {α-d-galnac-(l→3)-[α-l-fuc-(l→2)]-β-d-gal-(1→4)-β-d-glcnac-}, ...201626572140
cytoplasmic heme-binding protein (hutx) from vibrio cholerae is an intracellular heme transport protein for the heme-degrading enzyme, hutz.hutz is a cytoplasmic heme-binding protein from vibrio cholerae. although we have previously identified hutz as a heme-degrading enzyme [uchida, t., et al. (2012) chem. commun. 48, 6741-6743], the heme transport protein for hutz remained unknown. to identify the heme transport protein for hutz, we focused on the heme utilization operon, hutwxz. to this end, we constructed an expression system for hutx in escherichia coli and purified it to homogeneity. an absorption spectral analysis demonstrate ...201626807477
characterization of vcc-1, a novel ambler class a carbapenemase from vibrio cholerae isolated from imported retail shrimp sold in canada.one of the core goals of the canadian integrated program for antimicrobial resistance surveillance (cipars) is to monitor major meat commodities for antimicrobial resistance. targeted studies with methodologies based on core surveillance protocols are used to examine other foods, e.g., seafood, for antimicrobial resistance to detect resistances of concern to public health. here we report the discovery of a novel ambler class a carbapenemase that was identified in a nontoxigenic strain of vibrio ...201626824956
cholera toxin b subunit pentamer reassembled from escherichia coli inclusion bodies for use in vaccination.the cholera toxin b subunit (ctb) is secreted in its pentameric form from escherichia coli if its leader peptide is replaced with one of e. coli origin. however, the secretion of the pentamer is generally severely impaired when the molecule is mutated or fused to a foreign peptide. therefore, we attempted to regenerate pentameric ctb from the inclusion bodies (ibs) of e. coli. stepwise dialysis of the ibs solubilized in guanidine hydrochloride predominantly generated soluble high-molecular-mass ...201626828455
biochemical characterization of an α1,2-colitosyltransferase from escherichia coli o55:h7.colitose, also known as 3,6-dideoxy-l-galactose or 3-deoxy-l-fucose, is one of only five naturally occurring 3,6-dideoxyhexoses. colitose was found in lipopolysaccharide of a number of infectious bacteria, including escherichia coli o55 & o111 and vibrio cholera o22 & o139. to date, no colitosyltransferase (colt) has been characterized, probably due to the inaccessibility of the sugar donor, gdp-colitose. in this study, starting with chemically prepared colitose, 94.6 mg of gdp-colitose was prep ...201626703456
transcriptional repression of the vc2105 protein by vibrio fadr suggests that it is a new auxiliary member of the fad regulon.recently, our group along with others reported that the vibrio fadr regulatory protein is unusual in that, unlike the prototypical fadr product of escherichia coli, which has only one ligand-binding site, vibrio fadr has two ligand-binding sites and represents a new mechanism for fatty acid sensing. the promoter region of the vc2105 gene, encoding a putative thioesterase, was mapped, and a putative fadr-binding site (aa ctg gta aga gca ctt) was proposed. different versions of the fadr regulatory ...201626944841
antibiotic use, its resistance in nepal and recommendations for action: a situation analysis.antibiotics are crucial, life-saving medicines in the fight against infectious disease, but resistance to these drugs is growing all over. this article presents key findings from a detailed situation analysis produced by the global antibiotic resistance partnership (garp)-nepal working group. in the absence of nationally-representative surveillance, it is not possible to fully describe antibiotic resistance in the country, but many important bacterial pathogens are highly resistant to most first ...201626744193
an entamoeba histolytica adp-ribosyl transferase from the diphtheria toxin family modifies the bacterial elongation factor tu.adp-ribosyl transferases are enzymes involved in the post-translational modification of proteins; they participate in multiple physiological processes, pathogenesis and host-pathogen interactions. several reports have characterized the functions of these enzymes in viruses, prokaryotes and higher eukaryotes, but few studies have reported adp-ribosyl transferases in lower eukaryotes, such as parasites. the locus ehi_155600 from entamoeba histolytica encodes a hypothetical protein that possesses a ...201627234208
immunogenic properties of trivalent recombinant protein composed of b-subunits of lt, stx-2, and ct toxins.infectious diarrhoea remains an emerging problem in the world health program. among diarrheagenic agents, vibrio cholerae and enterotoxigenic and enterohemorrhagic escherichia coli are critical enteropathogens. ab5 toxin produced by these bacteria, heat-labile enterotoxin (lt), cholera enterotoxin (ct), and shiga-like cytotoxin (stx) can target the immune system and are subunit vaccine candidates. a chemically-synthesized chimeric construct composed of the binding subunits of these toxins (ltb, ...201626970204
biochemical and structural characterization of the novel sialic acid-binding site of escherichia coli heat-labile enterotoxin lt-iib.the structurally related ab5-type heat-labile enterotoxins of escherichia coli and vibrio cholerae are classified into two major types. the type i group includes cholera toxin (ct) and e. coli lt-i, whereas the type ii subfamily comprises lt-iia, lt-iib and lt-iic. the carbohydrate-binding specificities of lt-iia, lt-iib and lt-iic are distinctive from those of cholera toxin and e. coli lt-i. whereas ct and lt-i bind primarily to the gm1 ganglioside, lt-iia binds to gangliosides gd1a, gd1b and g ...201627562297
competitive survival of escherichia coli, vibrio cholerae, salmonella typhimurium and shigella dysenteriae in riverbed sediments.studies on the survival of bacterial enteric pathogens in riverbed sediments have mostly focused on individual organisms. reports on the competitive survival of these pathogens in riverbed sediments under the same experimental setup are limited. we investigated the survival of escherichia coli, salmonella enterica ser. typhimurium, vibrio cholerae and shigella dysenteriae in riverbed sediments of the apies river. experiments were performed in flow chambers containing three sediment types and con ...201627193001
killing of vibrio cholerae and escherichia coli strains carrying d-mannose-sensitive ligands by mytilus hemocytes is promoted by a multifunctional hemolymph serum protein.in aquatic environments, bivalve mollusks represent an important ecological niche for microorganisms. persistence of bacteria in bivalve tissues partly depends on their capacity to survive the bactericidal activity of the hemolymph due to both cellular (hemocyes) and soluble serum factors (e.g., enzymes, lectins, opsonins). the extrapallial protein (ep) present in serum of mytilus galloprovincialis (mgep) has been recently shown to work as an opsonin promoting d-mannose sensitive (ms) interactio ...201627041371
dna replication in engineered escherichia coli genomes with extra replication origins.the standard outline of bacterial genomes is a single circular chromosome with a single replication origin. from the bioengineering perspective, it appears attractive to extend this basic setup. bacteria with split chromosomes or multiple replication origins have been successfully constructed in the last few years. the characteristics of these engineered strains will largely depend on the respective dna replication patterns. however, the dna replication has not been investigated systematically i ...201627268399
antibacterial activity of polyphenolic fraction of kombucha against enteric bacterial pathogens.the emergence of multi-drug-resistant enteric pathogens has prompted the scientist community to explore the therapeutic potentials of traditional foods and beverages. the present study was undertaken to investigate the efficacy of kombucha, a fermented beverage of sugared black tea, against enterotoxigenic escherichia coli, vibrio cholerae, shigella flexneri and salmonella typhimurium followed by the identification of the antibacterial components present in kombucha. the antibacterial activity w ...201627638313
o-specific polysaccharide-specific memory b cell responses in young children, older children, and adults infected with vibrio cholerae o1 ogawa in bangladesh.cholera caused by vibrio cholerae o1 confers at least 3 to 10 years of protection against subsequent disease regardless of age, despite a relatively rapid fall in antibody levels in peripheral blood, suggesting that memory b cell responses may play an important role in protection. the v. cholerae o1-specific polysaccharide (osp) component of lipopolysaccharide (lps) is responsible for serogroup specificity, and it is unclear if young children are capable of developing memory b cell responses aga ...201627009211
an in silico, in vitro and in vivo investigation of indole-3-carboxaldehyde identified from the seawater bacterium marinomonas sp. as an anti-biofilm agent against vibrio cholerae o1.biofilm formation is a major contributing factor in the pathogenesis of vibrio cholerae o1 (vco1) and therefore preventing biofilm formation could be an effective alternative strategy for controlling cholera. the present study was designed to explore seawater bacteria as a source of anti-biofilm agents against vco1. indole-3-carboxaldehyde (i3c) was identified as an active principle component in marinomonas sp., which efficiently inhibited biofilm formation by vco1 without any selection pressure ...201626939983
isolation and molecular identification of vibrio spp. by sequencing of 16s rdna from seafood, meat and meat products in libya.the genus vibrio includes several food-borne pathogens that cause a spectrum of clinical conditions including septicemia, cholera and milder forms of gastroenteritis. several vibrio spp. are commonly associated with food-borne transmission including vibrio cholerae, vibrio parahemolyticus, and vibrio vulnificus. microbiological analysis for enumeration and isolation of vibrio spp. were carried out for a total of 93 samples of seafood, meat and meat products from different geographic localities i ...201627004169
naturally occurring igg antibodies provide innate protection against vibrio cholerae bacteremia by recognition of the outer membrane protein u.cholera epidemics are caused by vibrio cholerae serogroups o1 and o139, whereas strains collectively known as non-o1/non-o139 v. cholerae are found in cases of extraintestinal infections and bacteremia. the mechanisms and factors influencing the occurrence of bacteremia and survival of v. cholerae in normal human serum have remained unclear. we found that naturally occurring igg recognizing v. cholerae outer membrane protein u (ompu) mediates a serum-killing effect in a complement c1q-dependent ...201626934383
architectural transitions in vibrio cholerae biofilms at single-cell resolution.many bacterial species colonize surfaces and form dense 3d structures, known as biofilms, which are highly tolerant to antibiotics and constitute one of the major forms of bacterial biomass on earth. bacterial biofilms display remarkable changes during their development from initial attachment to maturity, yet the cellular architecture that gives rise to collective biofilm morphology during growth is largely unknown. here, we use high-resolution optical microscopy to image all individual cells i ...201626933214
the transmission and antibiotic resistance variation in a multiple drug resistance clade of vibrio cholerae circulating in multiple countries in asia.vibrio cholerae has caused massive outbreaks and even trans-continental epidemics. in 2008 and 2010, at least 3 remarkable cholera outbreaks occurred in hainan, anhui and jiangsu provinces of china. to address the possible transmissions and the relationships to the 7th pandemic strains of those 3 outbreaks, we sequenced the whole genomes of the outbreak isolates and compared with the global isolates from the 7th pandemic. the three outbreaks in this study were caused by a cluster of v. cholerae ...201626930352
non-o1vibrio cholerae bacteremia in an infant, first case report from pakistan.to the best of our knowledge, non-o1 vibrio cholerae (novc) bacteremia has never been documented in pakistan. this case report is the first reported case of bacteremia in an infant due to novc in pakistan. a neonate was admitted to a hospital with fever and no history of diarrhea. the isolate was identified biochemically and serologically and was sensitive to all the drugs tested as per clsi 2014 guidelines.201626927462
in vitro inhibition of cholera toxin production in vibrio cholerae by methanol extract of sweet fennel seeds and its components.a newly emerged vibrio cholerae o1 el tor variant strain with multidrug resistance is considered a threat to public health. recent strategies to suppress virulence factors production instead of bacterial growth may lead to less selective pressure for the emergence of resistant strains. the use of spices and their active constituents as the inhibitory agents against cholera toxin (ct) production in v. cholerae may be an alternative approach to treat cholera. in this study, we examined the potenti ...201626902215
chemoproteomic profiling of host and pathogen enzymes active in cholera.activity-based protein profiling (abpp) is a chemoproteomic tool for detecting active enzymes in complex biological systems. we used abpp to identify secreted bacterial and host serine hydrolases that are active in animals infected with the cholera pathogen vibrio cholerae. four v. cholerae proteases were consistently active in infected rabbits, and one, vc0157 (renamed ivap), was also active in human choleric stool. inactivation of ivap influenced the activity of other secreted v. cholerae and ...201626900865
par-1 mediated apoptosis of breast cancer cells by v. cholerae hemagglutinin protease.bacterial toxins have emerged as promising agents in cancer treatment strategy. hemagglutinin (hap) protease secreted by vibrio cholerae induced apoptosis in breast cancer cells and regresses tumor growth in mice model. the success of novel cancer therapies depends on their selectivity for cancer cells with limited toxicity for normal tissues. increased expression of protease activated receptor-1 (par-1) has been reported in different malignant cells. in this study we report that hap induced act ...201626897170
single-dose live oral cholera vaccine cvd 103-hgr protects against human experimental infection with vibrio cholerae o1 el tor.no licensed cholera vaccine is presently available in the united states. cholera vaccines available in other countries require 2 spaced doses. a single-dose cholera vaccine that can rapidly protect short-notice travelers to high-risk areas and help control explosive outbreaks where logistics render 2-dose immunization regimens impractical would be a major advance.pxvx0200, based on live attenuated vibrio cholerae o1 classical inaba vaccine strain cvd 103-hgr, elicits seroconversion of vibriocida ...201627001804
genetic characterization of øvc8 lytic phage for vibrio cholerae o1.epidemics and pandemics of cholera, a diarrheal disease, are attributed to vibrio cholera serogroups o1 and o139. in recent years, specific lytic phages of v. cholera have been proposed to be important factors in the cyclic occurrence of cholera in endemic areas. however, the role and potential participation of lytic phages during long interepidemic periods of cholera in non-endemic regions have not yet been described. the purpose of this study was to isolate and characterize specific lytic phag ...201627000701
rpos is required for natural transformation of vibrio cholerae through regulation of chitinases.vibrio species naturally reside in the aquatic environment and a major metabolite in this habitat is the chitinous exoskeletons of crustacean zooplankton. in addition to serving as a nutrient, chitin-derived oligosaccharides also induce natural genetic competence in many vibrio spp., a physiological state in which bacteria take up dna from the extracellular environment and can integrate it into their chromosome by homologous recombination. another inducing cue required for competence are quorum- ...201626999629
draft genome sequence of an ortho-nitrophenyl-β-d-galactoside (onpg)-negative strain of vibrio cholerae, isolated from drakes bay, california.we present the draft whole-genome sequence of a vibrio cholerae strain (vc25-3) isolated from drakes bay, california. this environmental isolate has an atypical morphology and is ortho-nitrophenyl-β-d-galactoside (onpg)-negative.201626988050
anion inhibition studies of the β-carbonic anhydrase from the pathogenic bacterium vibrio cholerae.the genome of the pathogenic bacterium vibrio cholerae encodes for three carbonic anhydrases (cas, ec 4.2.1.1) belonging to the α-, β- and γ-classes. here we report and anion inhibition study of the β-ca, vchcaβ with anions and other small molecules which inhibit metalloenzymes. the best vchcaβ anion inhibitors were sulfamide, sulfamate, phenylboronic acid and phenylarsonic acid, which showed kis in the range of 54-86μm. diethyldithiocarbonate was also an effective vchcaβ inhibitor, with an inhi ...201626853167
enterobacteria and vibrio from macrobrachium amazonicum prawn farming in fortaleza, ceará, brazil.to investigate the isolation of enterobacteria associated with macrobrachium amazonicum (m. amazonicum) farming and evaluate the in vitro antimicrobial susceptibility of vibrio strains.201626851782
high-resolution spatial analysis of cholera patients reported in artibonite department, haiti in 2010-2011.cholera is caused by vibrio cholerae, and is transmitted through fecal-oral contact. infection occurs after the ingestion of the bacteria and is usually asymptomatic. in a minority of cases, it causes acute diarrhea and vomiting, which can lead to potentially fatal severe dehydration, especially in the absence of appropriate medical care. immunity occurs after infection and typically lasts 6-36 months. cholera is responsible for outbreaks in many african and asian developing countries, and cause ...201626972509
comparison of the sulfonamide inhibition profiles of the α-, β- and γ-carbonic anhydrases from the pathogenic bacterium vibrio cholerae.carbonic anhydrases (ca, ec 4.2.1.1) are ubiquitous metalloenzymes, which catalyze the conversion of carbon dioxide (co2) to bicarbonate (hco3(-)) and protons (h(+)). in prokaryotes, the existence of genes encoding for α-, β- and γ-classes suggests that these enzymes play an important role in the prokaryotic physiology. it has been demonstrated, in fact, that their inhibition in vivo leads to growth impairment or growth defects of the microorganism. ultimately, we started to investigate the bioc ...201626972117
the antimicrobial activity of zno nanoparticles against vibrio cholerae: variation in response depends on biotype.the potency of zinc oxide nanoparticles (nps), with a core size of ~7-10nm, to inhibit cholera disease was investigated by demonstrating the effect on two biotypes (classical and el tor) of o1 serogroup of vibrio cholerae-el tor was more susceptible both in planktonic and in biofilm forms. interaction with zno np results in deformed cellular architecture. increased fluidity and depolarization of membrane, and protein leakage further confirmed the damages inflicted on vibrio by np. np was shown t ...201626970029
sulfonamide inhibition studies of the β-carbonic anhydrase from the pathogenic bacterium vibrio cholerae.the genome of the pathogenic bacterium vibrio cholerae encodes for three carbonic anhydrases (cas, ec 4.2.1.1) belonging to the α-, β- and γ-classes. vchca, the α-ca from this species was investigated earlier, whereas the β-class enzyme, vchcaβ was recently cloned, characterized kinetically and its x-ray crystal structure reported by this group. here we report an inhibition study with sulfonamides and one sulfamate of this enzyme. the best vchcaβ inhibitors were deacetylated acetazolamide and me ...201626850377
the oral cholera vaccine shanchol™ when stored at elevated temperatures maintains the safety and immunogenicity profile in bangladeshi participants.the oral cholera vaccine (ocv), shanchol™ has shown protective efficacy lasting up to 5 years, however, requirement for a cold chain limits its use in resource poor settings. the study was conducted to determine the safety and immunogenicity of shanchol in adult participants in bangladesh when stored at elevated temperatures.201626896684
adjusting for unmeasured confounding due to either of two crossed factors with a logistic regression model.motivated by an investigation of the effect of surface water temperature on the presence of vibrio cholerae in water samples collected from different fixed surface water monitoring sites in haiti in different months, we investigated methods to adjust for unmeasured confounding due to either of the two crossed factors site and month. in the process, we extended previous methods that adjust for unmeasured confounding due to one nesting factor (such as site, which nests the water samples from diffe ...201626892025
identification of a vibrio cholerae chemoreceptor that senses taurine and amino acids as attractants.vibrio cholerae, the etiological agent of cholera, was found to be attracted by taurine (2-aminoethanesulfonic acid), a major constituent of human bile. mlp37, the closest homolog of the previously identified amino acid chemoreceptor mlp24, was found to mediate taxis to taurine as well as l-serine, l-alanine, l-arginine, and other amino acids. methylation of mlp37 was enhanced upon the addition of taurine and amino acids. isothermal titration calorimetry demonstrated that a purified periplasmic ...201626878914
oligonol promotes anti-aging pathways via modulation of sirt1-ampk-autophagy pathway.oligonol, mainly found in lychee fruit, is an antioxidant polyphenolic compound which has been shown to have anti-inflammatory and anti-cancer properties. the detailed mechanisms by which oligonol may act as an anti-aging molecule have not been determined.201626865910
[effect of osmotic and oxidative stress on strains of genovariants of vibrio cholerae el tor biovar].study the effect of osmotic and oxidative stress on survivability and changes in phenotypic and genetic properties of strains of genovariants of v. cholerae el tor biovar.201626950990
[determination of types of epidemic manifestations of cholera in regions of the crimea federal district (republic of crimea)].the aim of the study was determination of the type of epidemic manifestations of cholera in the republic of crimea based on evaluation of epidemic manifestations of cholera risk of introduction and spread of the infection. it was concluded, that, based on the cholera outbreaks, that had taken place, contamination of surface water bodies (fresh and sea) and sewage by vibrio cholerae o1 ctxa+ and vibrio cholerae o1 ctxa- potential epidemic danger of introduction of the infection by various types o ...201626950987
characterization of vibrio cholerae strains isolated from the nigerian cholera outbreak in 2010.we examined clinical samples from nigerian patients with acute watery diarrhea for vibrio cholerae during the 2010 cholera outbreak. a total of 109 suspected isolates were characterized, but only 57 v. cholerae strains could be confirmed using multiplex real-time pcr as well as rpob sequencing and typed as v. cholerae o:1 ogawa biotype el tor. this finding highlighted the need for accurate diagnosis of cholera in epidemic countries to implement life-saving interventions.201627487957
effects of tcpb mutations on biogenesis and function of the toxin-coregulated pilus, the type ivb pilus of vibrio cholerae.vibrio cholerae is the etiological agent of the acute intestinal disorder cholera. the toxin-coregulated pilus (tcp), a type ivb pilus, is an essential virulence factor of v. cholerae recent work has shown that tcpb is a large minor pilin encoded within the tcp operon. tcpb contributes to efficient pilus formation and is essential for all tcp functions. here, we have initiated a detailed targeted mutagenesis approach to further characterize this salient tcp component. we have identified (thus fa ...201627481929
comparative genomic analysis of two isolates of vibrio cholerae o1 ogawa el tor isolated during outbreak in mariupol in 2011.cholera is a water-borne, severe enteric infection essentially caused by toxigenic strains of vibrio cholera o1 and o139 serogroups. an outbreak of cholera was registered during may-july 2011 in mariupol, ukraine, with 33 cholera cases and 25 carriers of cholera. following this outbreak, the toxigenic strain of v. cholerae 2011el-301 was isolated from seawater in the recreation area of taganrog city on the territory of russia. the aim of our study was to understand genomic features of mariupol i ...201627480918
understanding, monitoring, and controlling biofilm growth in drinking water distribution systems.in drinking water distribution systems (dwds), biofilms are the predominant mode of microbial growth, with the presence of extracellular polymeric substance (eps) protecting the biomass from environmental and shear stresses. biofilm formation poses a significant problem to the drinking water industry as a potential source of bacterial contamination, including pathogens, and, in many cases, also affecting the taste and odor of drinking water and promoting the corrosion of pipes. this article crit ...201627479445
unique clones of vibrio cholerae o1 el tor with haitian type ctxb allele implicated in the recent cholera epidemics from nigeria, africa.the antimicrobial susceptibility patterns and genetic characteristics of vibrio cholerae o1, which is responsible for several cholera epidemics in nigeria, are not reported in detail since 2007. in this study, we screened v. cholerae o1 el tor biotype isolates from cholera cases and water samples from different states to investigate their phenotypic and genetic attributes with special reference to their clonality.201627479360
the complete genomic analysis of an imported vibrio cholerae from myanmar in southwest china.we sequenced and analyzed an imported vibrio cholerae from mynamar in 2011 by using whole genome sequencing method in yunnan province, southwest china. other 3 isolates of v. cholerae in yunnan were also sequenced for comparing purpose. illumina hiseq2500 was used and the sequencing results were assembled and annotated. the comparative genomic analysis was also performed with 101 reference strains from china and abroad. the results showed the imported v. cholerae (yn2011004) had two chromosomes ...201627448952
multi-scale molecular dynamics study of cholera pentamer binding to a gm1-phospholipid membrane.the ab5 type toxin produced by the vibrio cholerae bacterium is the causative agent of the cholera disease. the cholera toxin (ct) has been shown to bind specifically to gm1 glycolipids on the membrane surface. this binding of ct to the membrane is the initial step in its endocytosis and has been postulated to cause significant disruption to the membrane structure. in this work, we have carried out a combination of coarse-grain and atomistic simulations to study the binding of ct to a membrane m ...201627474868
sequences of a co-existing sxt element, a chromosomal integron (ci) and an inca/c plasmid and their roles in multidrug resistance in a vibrio cholerae o1 el tor strain.the ongoing seventh cholera pandemic is attributed to vibrio cholerae o1 el tor biotype strains. although antibiotic therapy ameliorates symptoms in patients and reduces pathogen transfer to the environment, multidrug resistance remains a major clinical threat. an o1 el tor strain isolated from a patient in 1998 was intermediate or resistant to 13 antibiotics and could potentially produce extended-spectrum β-lactamase (esbl), which is very rare in o1 strains. using genome sequencing, three relev ...201627470490
isolation and identification of vibrio cholerae and vibrio parahaemolyticus from prawn (penaeus monodon) seafood: preservation strategies.bacterial diseases are one of the major problems which affects the production, development and expansion of aqua culture. vibrio sp. are widespread in marine and estuarine environments. the several pathogenic species are commonly associated with outbreaks of vibrio species and it is mainly associated with food poisonings. in this research, the occurrence of vibrio sp. was studied by the isolation and it is confirmed by the biochemical methods. the growth rate was studied by changing the differen ...201627457973
molecular epidemiology of vibrio cholerae o1 in northern vietnam (2007-2009), using multilocus variable-number tandem repeat analysis.cholera is an infectious disease of major concern in vietnam and other asian countries. in 2009, there was a large outbreak of cholera in northern vietnam. to investigate relationships among isolates of the causative pathogen vibrio cholerae in this region since 2007, we carried out a multilocus variable-number tandem repeat analysis (mlva) of 170 isolates collected between 2007 and 2009. a total of 24 mlva types were identified using seven loci. five clones (1-5) were identified using five loci ...201627452304
chemical synthesis of the galacturonic acid containing pentasaccharide antigen of the o-specific polysaccharide of vibrio cholerae o139 and its five fragments.three pentasaccharides, two tetrasaccharides, and a trisaccharide fragment of the o-specific antigen of vibrio cholerae o139 were synthesized by applying 1 + 1, 2 + 1, 3 + 1, and 4 + 1 coupling strategies. the most challenging tasks involved were the synthesis of the 1,2-cis-glycosidic linkage between galactose and the linker (spacer) molecule and final purification of the target multicharged substances. difficulties with final deprotection by hydrogenation/hydrogenolysis caused by the presence ...201627452084
(1)h, (15)n and (13)c resonance assignments of the c-terminal domain of vibrio cholerae tola protein.vibrio cholerae is the bacterial causative agent of the human disease cholera. non-pathogenic bacterium can be converted to pathogenic following infection by a filamentous phage, ctxφ, that carries the cholera toxin encoding genes. a crucial step during phage infection requires a direct interaction between the ctxφ minor coat protein (piii(ctx)) and the c-terminal domain of v. cholerae tola protein (tolaiiivc). in order to get a better understanding of tola function during the infection process, ...201627436120
survival of vibrio cholerae o1 on fomites.it is well established that the contamination sources of cholera causing bacteria, vibrio cholerae, are water and food, but little is known about the transmission role of the fomites (surfaces that can carry pathogens) commonly used in households. in the absence of appropriate nutrients or growth conditions on fomites, bacteria have been known to assume a viable but non-culturable (vbnc) state after a given period of time. to investigate whether and when v. cholerae o1 assumes such a state, this ...201627430513
genome sequence of the k139-like phage vcp032 originating from the vibrio cholerae o1 el tor ogawa serotype.vibrio cholerae is the cause of large cholera outbreaks, especially in endemic regions with high poverty and inadequate sanitation. here, we announce the complete genome sequence of the virulence-associated broad host range v. cholerae phage vcp032, including a brief summary of its genotypic and phenotypic features.201627445393
development of an immunosensor using oriented immobilized anti-ompw for sensitive detection of vibrio cholerae by surface plasmon resonance.the first spr sensor for detection of bacteria was reported in 1998 with high detection limit as much as 10(7)cfu/ml. since then, a lot of effort has been made to lower detection limit and increase sensitivity of detection mainly by using of different assay formats, immobilization strategies, suitable antibodies, minimizing non-specific adsorption and improving the quality of spr devices. the aim of this paper is to introduce the potential of an antibody against recombinant outer membrane protei ...201627442077
hybridoma as a specific, sensitive, and ready to use sensing element: a rapid fluorescence assay for detection of vibrio cholerae o1.over the last decade, isolation and purification of monoclonal antibodies, for diagnostic analysis, have been carried out using the hybridoma expression system. the present study describes a novel example of a detection system using hybridoma cells containing antibody against o1 antigen directly for v. cholerae diagnosis, which is a major health problem in many parts of the world, especially in developing countries. this method has advantages such as simplicity, ease of process, and it does not ...201627438715
comparison of dot-elisa and standard-elisa for detection of the vibrio cholerae toxin in culture supernatants of bacteria isolated from human and environmental samples.a comparison of dot-elisa and standard-elisa was made for detection of vibrio cholerae toxin in culture supernatants of bacteria isolated from human and environmental samples. a total of 293 supernatants were tested in a double blind assay. a correlation of 100 % was obtained between both techniques. the cholera toxin was found in 20 inaba and 3 ogawa strains. positive samples were from seafood (17 samples), potable water (1 sample) and sewage (5 samples). the dot-elisa was useful as the standar ...201627407304
role of indole production on virulence of vibrio cholerae using galleria mellonella larvae model.cell to cell communication facilitated by chemical signals plays crucial roles in regulating various cellular functions in bacteria. indole, one such signaling molecule has been demonstrated to control various bacterial phenotypes such as biofilm formation and virulence in diverse bacteria including vibrio cholerae. the present study explores some key factors involved in indole production and the subsequent pathogenesis of v. cholerae. indole production was higher at 37 °c than at 30 °c, althoug ...201627407302
mechanisms underlying the immune response generated by an oral vibrio cholerae vaccine.mechanistic details underlying the resulting protective immune response generated by mucosal vaccines remain largely unknown. we investigated the involvement of toll-like receptor signaling in the induction of humoral immune responses following oral immunization with dukoral, comparing wild type mice with tlr-2-, tlr-4-, myd88- and trif-deficient mice. although all groups generated similar levels of igg antibodies, the proliferation of cd4+ t-cells in response to v. cholerae was shown to be medi ...201627384558
[possibilities of application of maldi-tof mass-spectrometry for study of carbohydrate-specific receptors for diagnostic bacteriophage el tor].study mechanisms of interaction of diagnostic bacteriophage el tor with sensitive strain vibrio cholerae el tor 18507 using direct protein profiling, identification of constant and variable proteins, taking part in interaction of the phage and cell, as well as carbohydrate-specific phage receptors.201627228677
staying alive: vibrio cholerae's cycle of environmental survival, transmission, and dissemination.infectious diseases kill nearly 9 million people annually. bacterial pathogens are responsible for a large proportion of these diseases, and the bacterial agents of pneumonia, diarrhea, and tuberculosis are leading causes of death and disability worldwide. increasingly, the crucial role of nonhost environments in the life cycle of bacterial pathogens is being recognized. heightened scrutiny has been given to the biological processes impacting pathogen dissemination and survival in the natural en ...201627227302
prevalence and distribution of vibrio spp. in wild aquatic birds of the southern caribbean sea, venezuela, 2011-12.vibrio spp. are associated with waterbirds mainly in temperate latitudes. we evaluated the prevalence and distribution of vibrio spp. from fecal samples of resident and migratory aquatic birds collected during october 2011 and march 2012 at two coastal sites in the tropical southern caribbean sea. we amplified dna by pcr in 40% of samples, resulting in 47% and 36% estimated prevalence for resident and migratory birds in cuare wildlife refuge, and 33% and 44% in margarita island, respectively. we ...201627224211
a small number of phylogenetically distinct clonal complexes dominate a coastal vibrio cholerae population.vibrio cholerae is a ubiquitous aquatic microbe in temperate and tropical coastal areas. it is a diverse species, with many isolates that are harmless to humans, while others are highly pathogenic. most notable among them are strains belonging to the pandemic o1/o139 serogroup lineage, which contains the causative agents of cholera. the environmental selective regimes that led to this diversity are key to understanding how pathogens evolve in environmental reservoirs. a local population of v. ch ...201627371587
heme-independent redox sensing by the heme-nitric oxide/oxygen-binding protein (h-nox) from vibrio cholerae.heme nitric oxide/oxygen (h-nox)-binding proteins act as nitric oxide (no) sensors among various bacterial species. in several cases, they act to mediate communal behavior such as biofilm formation, quorum sensing, and motility by influencing the activity of downstream signaling proteins such as histidine kinases (hiska) in a no-dependent manner. an h-nox/hiska regulatory circuit was recently identified in vibrio cholerae, and the h-nox protein has been spectroscopically characterized. however, ...201627358409
the na+-translocating nadh:quinone oxidoreductase enhances oxidative stress in the cytoplasm of vibrio cholerae.we searched for a source of reactive oxygen species (ros) in the cytoplasm of the human pathogen vibrio cholerae and addressed the mechanism of ros formation using the dye 2',7'-dichlorofluorescein diacetate (dcfh-da) in respiring cells. by comparing v. cholerae strains with or without active na(+)-translocating nadh:quinone oxidoreductase (na(+)-nqr), this respiratory sodium ion redox pump was identified as a producer of ros in vivo the amount of cytoplasmic ros detected in v. cholerae cells pr ...201627325677
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