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diversity of clinical and environmental isolates of vibrio cholerae in natural transformation and contact-dependent bacterial killing indicative of type vi secretion system activity.the bacterial pathogen vibrio cholerae can occupy both the human gut and aquatic reservoirs, where it may colonize chitinous surfaces that induce the expression of factors for three phenotypes: chitin utilization, dna uptake by natural transformation, and contact-dependent bacterial killing via a type vi secretion system (t6ss). in this study, we surveyed a diverse set of 53 isolates from different geographic locales collected over the past century from human clinical and environmental specimens ...201626944842
transcriptional repression of the vc2105 protein by vibrio fadr suggests that it is a new auxiliary member of the fad regulon.recently, our group along with others reported that the vibrio fadr regulatory protein is unusual in that, unlike the prototypical fadr product of escherichia coli, which has only one ligand-binding site, vibrio fadr has two ligand-binding sites and represents a new mechanism for fatty acid sensing. the promoter region of the vc2105 gene, encoding a putative thioesterase, was mapped, and a putative fadr-binding site (aa ctg gta aga gca ctt) was proposed. different versions of the fadr regulatory ...201626944841
cholera toxin b subunit pentamer reassembled from escherichia coli inclusion bodies for use in vaccination.the cholera toxin b subunit (ctb) is secreted in its pentameric form from escherichia coli if its leader peptide is replaced with one of e. coli origin. however, the secretion of the pentamer is generally severely impaired when the molecule is mutated or fused to a foreign peptide. therefore, we attempted to regenerate pentameric ctb from the inclusion bodies (ibs) of e. coli. stepwise dialysis of the ibs solubilized in guanidine hydrochloride predominantly generated soluble high-molecular-mass ...201626828455
characterization of vcc-1, a novel ambler class a carbapenemase from vibrio cholerae isolated from imported retail shrimp sold in canada.one of the core goals of the canadian integrated program for antimicrobial resistance surveillance (cipars) is to monitor major meat commodities for antimicrobial resistance. targeted studies with methodologies based on core surveillance protocols are used to examine other foods, e.g., seafood, for antimicrobial resistance to detect resistances of concern to public health. here we report the discovery of a novel ambler class a carbapenemase that was identified in a nontoxigenic strain of vibrio ...201626824956
cytoplasmic heme-binding protein (hutx) from vibrio cholerae is an intracellular heme transport protein for the heme-degrading enzyme, hutz.hutz is a cytoplasmic heme-binding protein from vibrio cholerae. although we have previously identified hutz as a heme-degrading enzyme [uchida, t., et al. (2012) chem. commun. 48, 6741-6743], the heme transport protein for hutz remained unknown. to identify the heme transport protein for hutz, we focused on the heme utilization operon, hutwxz. to this end, we constructed an expression system for hutx in escherichia coli and purified it to homogeneity. an absorption spectral analysis demonstrate ...201626807477
antibiotic use, its resistance in nepal and recommendations for action: a situation analysis.antibiotics are crucial, life-saving medicines in the fight against infectious disease, but resistance to these drugs is growing all over. this article presents key findings from a detailed situation analysis produced by the global antibiotic resistance partnership (garp)-nepal working group. in the absence of nationally-representative surveillance, it is not possible to fully describe antibiotic resistance in the country, but many important bacterial pathogens are highly resistant to most first ...201626744193
biochemical characterization of an α1,2-colitosyltransferase from escherichia coli o55:h7.colitose, also known as 3,6-dideoxy-l-galactose or 3-deoxy-l-fucose, is one of only five naturally occurring 3,6-dideoxyhexoses. colitose was found in lipopolysaccharide of a number of infectious bacteria, including escherichia coli o55 & o111 and vibrio cholera o22 & o139. to date, no colitosyltransferase (colt) has been characterized, probably due to the inaccessibility of the sugar donor, gdp-colitose. in this study, starting with chemically prepared colitose, 94.6 mg of gdp-colitose was prep ...201626703456
single-cell analysis of the plasmablast response to vibrio cholerae demonstrates expansion of cross-reactive memory b cells.we characterized the acute b cell response in adults with cholera by analyzing the repertoire, specificity, and functional characteristics of 138 monoclonal antibodies (mabs) generated from single-cell-sorted plasmablasts. we found that the cholera-induced responses were characterized by high levels of somatic hypermutation and large clonal expansions. a majority of the expansions targeted cholera toxin (ct) or lipopolysaccharide (lps). using a novel proteomics approach, we were able to identify ...201627999163
in sickness and in health: the relationships between bacteria and bile in the human gut.colonization of a human host with a commensal microbiota has a complex interaction in which bacterial communities provide numerous health benefits to the host. an equilibrium between host and microbiota is kept in check with the help of biliary secretions by the host. bile, composed primarily of bile salts, promotes digestion. it also provides a barrier between host and bacteria. after bile salts are synthesized in the liver, they are stored in the gallbladder to be released after food intake. t ...201627565580
biosensing vibrio cholerae with genetically engineered escherichia coli.cholera is a potentially mortal, infectious disease caused by vibrio cholerae bacterium. current treatment methods of cholera still have limitations. beneficial microbes that could sense and kill the v. cholerae could offer potential alternative to preventing and treating cholera. however, such v. cholerae targeting microbe is still not available. this microbe requires a sensing system to be able to detect the presence of v. cholera bacterium. to this end, we designed and created a synthetic gen ...201627529184
identification and characterization of a putative manganese export protein in vibrio cholerae.manganese plays an important role in the cellular physiology and metabolism of bacterial species, including the human pathogen vibrio cholerae the intracellular level of manganese ions is controlled through coordinated regulation of the import and export of this element. we have identified a putative manganese exporter (vc0022), named mnea (manganese exporter a), which is highly conserved among vibrio spp. an mnea mutant exhibited sensitivity to manganese but not to other cations. under high-man ...201627481926
screening for transmembrane association in divisome proteins using toxgreen, a high-throughput variant of the toxcat assay.toxcat is a widely used genetic assay to study interactions of transmembrane helices within the inner membrane of the bacterium escherichia coli. toxcat is based on a fusion construct that links a transmembrane domain of interest with a cytoplasmic dna-binding domain from the vibrio cholerae toxr protein. interaction driven by the transmembrane domain results in dimerization of the toxr domain, which, in turn, activates the expression of the reporter gene chloramphenicol acetyl transferase (cat) ...201627453198
lcp crystallization and x-ray diffraction analysis of vcmn, a mate transporter from vibrio cholerae.multidrug and toxic compound extrusion (mate) transporters, one of the multidrug exporter families, efflux xenobiotics towards the extracellular side of the membrane. since mate transporters expressed in bacterial pathogens contribute to multidrug resistance, they are important therapeutic targets. here, a mate-transporter homologue from vibrio cholerae, vcmn, was overexpressed in escherichia coli, purified and crystallized in lipidic cubic phase (lcp). x-ray diffraction data were collected to 2 ...201627380372
quantitative microbial risk assessment (qmra) shows increased public health risk associated with exposure to river water under conditions of riverbed sediment resuspension.although higher microbial concentrations have been reported in sediments than in the overlying water column, most quantitative microbial risk assessment (qmra) studies have not clearly indicated the contribution of sediment-borne pathogens to estimated risks. thus, the present study aimed at determining the public health risk associated with exposure to pathogenic bacteria in polluted river water under undisturbed conditions and conditions of sediment resuspension in the apies river, gauteng, so ...201627297265
human fecal and pathogen exposure pathways in rural indian villages and the effect of increased latrine coverage.efforts to eradicate open defecation and improve sanitation access are unlikely to achieve health benefits unless interventions reduce microbial exposures. this study assessed human fecal contamination and pathogen exposures in rural india, and the effect of increased sanitation coverage on contamination and exposure rates. in a cross-sectional study of 60 villages of a cluster-randomized controlled sanitation trial in odisha, india, human and domestic animal fecal contamination was measured in ...201627192358
a single gene of a commensal microbe affects host susceptibility to enteric infection.indigenous microbes inside the host intestine maintain a complex self-regulating community. the mechanisms by which gut microbes interact with intestinal pathogens remain largely unknown. here we identify a commensal escherichia coli strain whose expansion predisposes mice to infection by vibrio cholerae, a human pathogen. we refer to this strain as 'atypical' e. coli (atec) because of its inability to ferment lactose. the atec strain is resistant to reactive oxygen species (ros) and proliferate ...201627173141
deploying aptameric sensing technology for rapid pandemic monitoring.the genome of virulent strains may possess the ability to mutate by means of antigenic shift and/or antigenic drift as well as being resistant to antibiotics with time. the outbreak and spread of these virulent diseases including avian influenza (h1n1), severe acute respiratory syndrome (sars-corona virus), cholera (vibrio cholera), tuberculosis (mycobacterium tuberculosis), ebola hemorrhagic fever (ebola virus) and aids (hiv-1) necessitate urgent attention to develop diagnostic protocols and as ...201626381238
antibacterial activity of polyphenolic fraction of kombucha against enteric bacterial pathogens.the emergence of multi-drug-resistant enteric pathogens has prompted the scientist community to explore the therapeutic potentials of traditional foods and beverages. the present study was undertaken to investigate the efficacy of kombucha, a fermented beverage of sugared black tea, against enterotoxigenic escherichia coli, vibrio cholerae, shigella flexneri and salmonella typhimurium followed by the identification of the antibacterial components present in kombucha. the antibacterial activity w ...201627638313
biochemical and structural characterization of the novel sialic acid-binding site of escherichia coli heat-labile enterotoxin lt-iib.the structurally related ab5-type heat-labile enterotoxins of escherichia coli and vibrio cholerae are classified into two major types. the type i group includes cholera toxin (ct) and e. coli lt-i, whereas the type ii subfamily comprises lt-iia, lt-iib and lt-iic. the carbohydrate-binding specificities of lt-iia, lt-iib and lt-iic are distinctive from those of cholera toxin and e. coli lt-i. whereas ct and lt-i bind primarily to the gm1 ganglioside, lt-iia binds to gangliosides gd1a, gd1b and g ...201627562297
optimization and characterization of the synthetic secondary chromosome synvicii in escherichia coli.learning by building is one of the core ideas of synthetic biology research. consequently, building synthetic chromosomes is the way to fully understand chromosome characteristics. the last years have seen exciting synthetic chromosome studies. we had previously introduced the synthetic secondary chromosome synvicii in escherichia coli. it is based on the replication mechanism of the secondary chromosome in vibrio cholerae. here, we present a detailed analysis of its genetic characteristics and ...201628066763
evolution and structural dynamics of bacterial glycan binding adhesins.infectious disease processes like bacterial adherence or the activity of secreted toxins frequently gain host and tissue specificity by glycan binding interactions with the host glycome. recent functional and structural studies highlight the high niche specialization of bacterial lectins, but also reveal a remarkable plasticity in their glycan binding sites and mechanisms, to adapt to host glycome dynamics or changing environmental conditions at the site of infection. in this review we put empha ...201628043017
prospective study of pathogens in asymptomatic travellers and those with diarrhoea: aetiological agents revisited.travellers' diarrhoea (td) remains the most frequent health problem encountered by visitors to the (sub)tropics. traditional stool culture identifies the pathogen in only 15% of cases. exploiting pcr-based methods, we investigated td pathogens with a focus on asymptomatic travellers and severity of symptoms. pre- and post-travel stools of 382 travellers with no history of antibiotic use during travel were analysed with a multiplex quantitative pcr for salmonella, yersinia, campylobacter, shigell ...201626970046
competitive survival of escherichia coli, vibrio cholerae, salmonella typhimurium and shigella dysenteriae in riverbed sediments.studies on the survival of bacterial enteric pathogens in riverbed sediments have mostly focused on individual organisms. reports on the competitive survival of these pathogens in riverbed sediments under the same experimental setup are limited. we investigated the survival of escherichia coli, salmonella enterica ser. typhimurium, vibrio cholerae and shigella dysenteriae in riverbed sediments of the apies river. experiments were performed in flow chambers containing three sediment types and con ...201627193001
immunogenic properties of trivalent recombinant protein composed of b-subunits of lt, stx-2, and ct toxins.infectious diarrhoea remains an emerging problem in the world health program. among diarrheagenic agents, vibrio cholerae and enterotoxigenic and enterohemorrhagic escherichia coli are critical enteropathogens. ab5 toxin produced by these bacteria, heat-labile enterotoxin (lt), cholera enterotoxin (ct), and shiga-like cytotoxin (stx) can target the immune system and are subunit vaccine candidates. a chemically-synthesized chimeric construct composed of the binding subunits of these toxins (ltb, ...201626970204
structural characterization and biomedical properties of sulfated polysaccharide from the gladius of sepioteuthis lessoniana (lesson, 1831).sulfated polysaccharide was extracted from the internal shell (gladius) of sepioteuthis lessoniana. the sulfated polysaccharide contained 61.3% of carbohydrate, 0.8% of protein, 28.2% of ash and 1.33% of moisture respectively. the elemental composition was analyzed using chns/o analyzer. the molecular weight of sulfated polysaccharide determined through page was found to be as 66 kda. monosaccharides analysis revealed that sulfated polysaccharide was composed of rhamnose, galactose, xylose and g ...201626724686
evaluation of antibacterial activity of plant mediated cao nanoparticles using cissus quadrangularis extract.an assessment of antibacterial activity of greenly synthesized nanoparticles using aqueous stem extract of cissus quadrangularis was carried out. the synthesized nanoparticles were characterized by uv-vis spectroscopy, sem, xrd, ftir and further subjected for antibacterial activity against the pathogens staphylococcus aureus, escherichia coli, klebsiella pneumoniae, pseudomonas aeruginosa, salmonella typhi, shigella dysenteriae and vibrio cholerae. the sem photograph represents cubic and hexagon ...201626723000
strategies to block bacterial pathogenesis by interference with motility and chemotaxis.infections by motile, pathogenic bacteria, such as campylobacter species, clostridium species, escherichia coli, helicobacter pylori, listeria monocytogenes, neisseria gonorrhoeae, pseudomonas aeruginosa, salmonella species, vibrio cholerae, and yersinia species, represent a severe economic and health problem worldwide. of special importance in this context is the increasing emergence and spread of multidrug-resistant bacteria. due to the shortage of effective antibiotics for the treatment of in ...201627000091
killing of vibrio cholerae and escherichia coli strains carrying d-mannose-sensitive ligands by mytilus hemocytes is promoted by a multifunctional hemolymph serum protein.in aquatic environments, bivalve mollusks represent an important ecological niche for microorganisms. persistence of bacteria in bivalve tissues partly depends on their capacity to survive the bactericidal activity of the hemolymph due to both cellular (hemocyes) and soluble serum factors (e.g., enzymes, lectins, opsonins). the extrapallial protein (ep) present in serum of mytilus galloprovincialis (mgep) has been recently shown to work as an opsonin promoting d-mannose sensitive (ms) interactio ...201627041371
dna replication in engineered escherichia coli genomes with extra replication origins.the standard outline of bacterial genomes is a single circular chromosome with a single replication origin. from the bioengineering perspective, it appears attractive to extend this basic setup. bacteria with split chromosomes or multiple replication origins have been successfully constructed in the last few years. the characteristics of these engineered strains will largely depend on the respective dna replication patterns. however, the dna replication has not been investigated systematically i ...201627268399
antibacterial and antiviral effectiveness of two household water treatment devices that use monobrominated hydantoinylated polystyrene.many different household water treatment (hwt) methods have been researched and promoted to mitigate the serious burden of diarrheal disease in developing countries. however, hwt methods using bromine have not been extensively evaluated. two gravity-fed hwt devices (aquasure™ and waterbird™) were used to test the antimicrobial effectiveness of halopure(®) br beads (monobrominated hydantoinylated polystyrene) that deliver bromine. as water flows over the beads, reactive bromine species are eluted ...201627959873
low prevalence of vibrio cholerae o1 versus moderate prevalence of intestinal parasites in food-handlers working with health care personnel in haiti.food-handlers with poor personal hygiene working in food-service establishments could be potential sources of infection due to pathogenic organisms. in may 2011, a cross-sectional study was undertaken to determine the prevalence of bacteria and intestinal parasites among food-handlers working with cuban health personnel in haiti. stool specimens were collected from 56 food-handlers and samples were examined using standard procedures. of the food handlers, 26.8% had one bacterial or intestinal pa ...201627077312
mucosal vaccination for prevention of hiv infection and aids.most of hiv infections occur via the genital tract or the rectum and hiv replicates at high levels in lymphoid organs and intestinal mucosa, likely requiring a more diversified immunity than pathogens restricted to a single mucosal site, such as the gastrointestinal tract for vibrio cholera, or the respiratory airways for the influenza virus.201626957199
saharan dust nutrients promote vibrio bloom formation in marine surface waters.vibrio is a ubiquitous genus of marine bacteria, typically comprising a small fraction of the total microbial community in surface waters, but capable of becoming a dominant taxon in response to poorly characterized factors. iron (fe), often restricted by limited bioavailability and low external supply, is an essential micronutrient that can limit vibrio growth. vibrio species have robust metabolic capabilities and an array of fe-acquisition mechanisms, and are able to respond rapidly to nutrien ...201627162369
molecular detection of the three major pathogenic vibrio species from seafood products and sediments in tunisia using real-time pcr.vibrio spp. have emerged as a serious threat to human health worldwide. v. parahaemolyticus , v. cholerae , and v. vulnificus pose a considerable public health risk in tunisia because they cause sporadic and epidemic foodborne infections associated with the consumption of raw or undercooked contaminated seafood. more recently, toxr-positive v. alginolyticus was also reported to be a potential source of contaminated seafood. a total of 247 samples, including 113 fishes ( labrus viridis , penaeus ...201628221954
world health organization estimates of the relative contributions of food to the burden of disease due to selected foodborne hazards: a structured expert elicitation.the foodborne disease burden epidemiology reference group (ferg) was established in 2007 by the world health organization (who) to estimate the global burden of foodborne diseases (fbds). this estimation is complicated because most of the hazards causing fbd are not transmitted solely by food; most have several potential exposure routes consisting of transmission from animals, by humans, and via environmental routes including water. this paper describes an expert elicitation study conducted by t ...201626784029
characterization of prohibitin 1 as a host partner of vibrio vulnificus rtxa1 toxin.rtxa1 toxin, which results in cytoskeletal rearrangement, contact cytotoxicity, hemolysis, tissue invasion, and lethality in mice, is the most potent cytotoxic virulence factor of vibrio vulnificus. bioinformatics analysis of rtxa1 predicted 4 functional domains that presumably performed discrete functions during host cell killing. v. vulnificus rtxa1 has a unique domain designated as rtxa1-d2, corresponding to amino acids 1951-2574, which is absent in vibrio cholerae multifunctional-autoprocess ...201626136468
synthesis and biological evaluation of 5,7-dihydroxyflavanone derivatives as antimicrobial agents.a series of 5,7-dihydroxyflavanone derivatives were efficiently synthesized. their antimicrobial efficacy on gram-negative, gram-positive bacteria and yeast were evaluated. among these compounds, most of the halogenated derivatives exhibited the best antimicrobial activity against gram-positive bacteria, the yeast saccharomyces cerevisiae, and the gram-negative bacterium vibrio cholerae. the cytotoxicities of these compounds were low as evaluated on hepg2 cells using a cell viability assay. this ...201627210435
local and global consequences of flow on bacterial quorum sensing.bacteria use a chemical communication process called quorum sensing (qs) to control collective behaviours such as pathogenesis and biofilm formation(1,2). qs relies on the production, release and group-wide detection of signal molecules called autoinducers. to date, studies of bacterial pathogenesis in well-mixed cultures have revealed virulence factors and the regulatory circuits controlling them, including the overarching role of qs(3). although flow is ubiquitous to nearly all living systems( ...201627571752
biofilm formation and detachment in gram-negative pathogens is modulated by select bile acids.biofilms are a ubiquitous feature of microbial community structure in both natural and host environments; they enhance transmission and infectivity of pathogens and provide protection from human defense mechanisms and antibiotics. however, few natural products are known that impact biofilm formation or persistence for either environmental or pathogenic bacteria. using the combination of a novel natural products library from the fish microbiome and an image-based screen for biofilm inhibition, we ...201626992172
vibrio cholerae hemagglutinin(ha)/protease: an extracellular metalloprotease with multiple pathogenic activities.vibrio cholerae of serogroup o1 and o139, the etiological agent of the diarrheal disease cholera, expresses the extracellular zn-dependent metalloprotease hemagglutinin (ha)/protease also reported as vibriolysin. this enzyme is also produced by non-o1/o139 (non-cholera) strains that cause mild, sporadic illness (i.e. gastroenteritis, wound or ear infections). orthologs of ha/protease are present in other members of the vibrionaceae family pathogenic to humans and fish. ha/protease belongs to the ...201626952544
[n-acetyl-β-d-glucosaminidase of vibrio cholerae].study n-acetyl-β-d-glucosaminidase (chitobiase) (ec 3.2.1.30) in strains of vibrio cholerae of o1/non-o1 serogroups of various origin, that is a component of chitinolytic complex taking into account object of isolation and epidemiologic significance of strains.201627228670
isolation, identification, and evaluation of novel probiotic strains isolated from feces of breast-fed infants.to isolate, identify, and evaluate the probiotic properties of lactic acid bacteria (lab) isolated from the feces of breast-fed infants.201626817236
species-dependent hydrodynamics of flagellum-tethered bacteria in early biofilm development.monotrichous bacteria on surfaces exhibit complex spinning movements. such spinning motility is often a part of the surface detachment launch sequence of these cells. to understand the impact of spinning motility on bacterial surface interactions, we develop a hydrodynamic model of a surface-bound bacterium, which reproduces behaviours that we observe in pseudomonas aeruginosa, shewanella oneidensis and vibrio cholerae, and provides a detailed dictionary for connecting observed spinning behaviou ...201626864892
genetic control of bacterial biofilms.nearly all bacterial species, including pathogens, have the ability to form biofilms. biofilms are defined as structured ecosystems in which microbes are attached to surfaces and embedded in a matrix composed of polysaccharides, edna, and proteins, and their development is a multistep process. bacterial biofilms constitute a large medical problem due to their extremely high resistance to various types of therapeutics, including conventional antibiotics. several environmental and genetic signals ...201626294280
antibacterial activity of aquatic gliding bacteria.the study aimed to screen and isolate strains of freshwater aquatic gliding bacteria, and to investigate their antibacterial activity against seven common pathogenic bacteria. submerged specimens were collected and isolated for aquatic gliding bacteria using four different isolation media (dw, ma, sap2, and vy/2). gliding bacteria identification was performed by 16s rrna gene sequencing and phylogenetic analysis. crude extracts were obtained by methanol extraction. antibacterial activity against ...201626885469
the α-hydroxyketone lai-1 regulates motility, lqs-dependent phosphorylation signalling and gene expression of legionella pneumophila.the causative agent of legionnaires' disease, legionella pneumophila, employs the autoinducer compound lai-1 (3-hydroxypentadecane-4-one) for cell-cell communication. lai-1 is produced and detected by the lqs (legionella quorum sensing) system, comprising the autoinducer synthase lqsa, the sensor kinases lqss and lqst, as well as the response regulator lqsr. lqs-regulated processes include pathogen-host interactions, production of extracellular filaments and natural competence for dna uptake. he ...201626538361
clinical features of human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients presenting with cholera in port-au-prince, haiti.human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) infection has been postulated to alter the natural history of cholera, including increased susceptibility to infection, severity of illness, and chronic carriage of vibrio cholerae haiti has a generalized hiv epidemic with an adult hiv prevalence of 1.9% and recently suffered a cholera epidemic. we conducted a prospective study at the cholera treatment center (ctc) of gheskio in haiti to characterize the coinfection. adults admitted at the ctc for acute diarrhe ...201627549637
characterization of mdaφ, a temperate filamentous bacteriophage of neisseria meningitidis.the mechanism by which neisseria meningitidis becomes invasive is not well understood. comparative genomics identified the presence of an 8 kb island in strains belonging to invasive clonal complexes. this island was designated mda for meningococcal disease associated. mda is highly conserved among meningococcal isolates and its analysis revealed a genomic organization similar to that of a filamentous prophage such as ctxφ of vibrio cholerae. subsequent molecular investigations showed that the m ...201626602366
pasteurella multocida toxin: targeting mast cell secretory granules during kiss-and-run secretion.pasteurella multocida toxin (pmt), a virulence factor of the pathogenic gram-negative bacterium p. multocida, is a 146 kda protein belonging to the a-b class of toxins. once inside a target cell, the a domain deamidates the α-subunit of heterotrimeric g-proteins, thereby activating downstream signaling cascades. however, little is known about how pmt selects and enters its cellular targets. we therefore studied pmt binding and uptake in porcine cultured intestinal mucosal explants to identify su ...201626763205
development of lipopolysaccharide-mimicking peptides and their immunoprotectivity against vibrio cholerae serogroup o1.vibrio cholerae serogroup o1 is the main causative agent of cholera diseases defined by life threatening rice watery diarrhea. cholera routine vaccination has failed in controlling epidemics in developing countries because of their hard and expensive production. in this study, our aim was to investigate phage displayed mimotopes that could mimic v. cholerae lipopolysaccharide (lps). although lps of vibrio, as an endotoxin, can stimulate the immune system, thereby making it a suitable candidate f ...201627766741
anticancer and antibacterial secondary metabolites from the endophytic fungus penicillium sp. cam64 against multi-drug resistant gram-negative bacteria.the emergence of multiple-drug resistance bacteria has become a major threat and thus calls for an urgent need to search for new effective and safe anti-bacterial agents.201627917206
antibacterial and cytotoxic cytochalasins from the endophytic fungus phomopsis sp. harbored in garcinia kola (heckel) nut.the continuous emergence of multidrug-resistant (mdr) bacteria drastically reduced the efficacy of our antibiotic armory and consequently, increased the frequency of therapeutic failure. the search for bioactive constituents from endophytic fungi against mdr bacteria became a necessity for alternative and promising strategies, and for the development of novel therapeutic solutions. we report here the isolation and structure elucidation of antibacterial and cytotoxic compounds from phomopsis sp., ...201627842536
antibacterial activity of a novel fatty acid (14e, 18e, 22e, 26e)-methyl nonacosa-14, 18, 22, 26 tetraenoate isolated from amaranthus spinosus.amaranthus spinosus linn. (amaranthaceae), commonly known as ''spiny pigweed'', is used in both indian traditional system and folk medicine for treatment of infectious diseases for a long time in several traditional herbal medicinal preparations. a novel fatty acid [(14e, 18e, 22e, 26e)-methyl nonacosa-14, 18, 22, 26 tetraenoate] is the major metabolite present.201627043360
"non-toxic" proteins of the botulinum toxin complex exert in-vivo toxicity.the botulinum neurotoxin (bont) causes muscle paralysis and is the most potent toxin in nature. bont is associated with a complex of auxiliary "non-toxic" proteins, which constitute a large-sized toxin complex (l-tc). however, here we report that the "non-toxic" complex of serotype d botulinum l-tc, when administered to rats, exerts in-vivo toxicity on small-intestinal villi. moreover, serotype c and d of the "non-toxic" complex, but not bont, induced vacuole-formation in a rat intestinal epithe ...201627507612
the unusual redox properties of c-type oxidases.cytochrome cbb3 (also known as c-type) oxidases belong to the family of heme-copper terminal oxidases which couple at the end of the respiratory chain the reduction of molecular oxygen into water and the pumping of protons across the membrane. they are expressed most often at low pressure of o2 and they exhibit a low homology of sequence with the cytochrome aa3 (a-type) oxidases found in mitochondria. their binuclear active site comprises a high-spin heme b3 associated with a cub center. the pro ...201627664317
the epidemiology and antimicrobial resistance of cholera cases in iran during 2013.cholera is an endemic diarrheal disease in iran, caused by vibrio cholerae. the epidemiology, transmission route, environmental determinants and antimicrobial resistant pattern of cholera have been changed during recent years. in this study the epidemiology and antimicrobial resistance of cholera in iran during 2013 outbreak was investigated.201628210461
role of non-coding regulatory rna in the virulence of human pathogenic vibrios.in recent decades, the identification of small non-coding rnas in bacteria has revealed an important regulatory mechanism of gene expression involved in the response to environmental signals and to the control of virulence. in the family vibrionaceae, which includes several human and animal pathogens, small non-coding rnas (srnas) are closely related to important processes including metabolism, quorum sensing, virulence, and fitness. studies conducted in silico and experiments using microarrays ...201628123382
cross-protection against vibrio cholerae infection by monoclonal antibodies against vibrio vulnificus rtxa1/martxvv.gram-negative vibrio species secrete multifunctional autoprocessing repeats-in-toxin (martx) toxins associated with bacterial pathogenesis. here, the cross-reactivity and cross-protectivity of mabs against v. vulnificus rtxa1/martxvv was evaluated. passive administration of any of these mabs (21ra, 24ra, 46ra, 47ra and 50ra) provided strong protection against lethal v. cholerae infection. interestingly, 24ra and 46ra, which map to the cysteine protease domain of v. cholerae martxvc , inhibited c ...201627921342
selective and efficient elimination of vibrio cholerae with a chemical modulator that targets glucose metabolism.vibrio cholerae, a gram-negative bacterium, is the causative agent of pandemic cholera. previous studies have shown that the survival of the seventh pandemic el tor biotype v. cholerae strain n16961 requires production of acetoin in a glucose-rich environment. the production of acetoin, a neutral fermentation end-product, allows v. cholerae to metabolize glucose without a ph drop, which is mediated by the production of organic acid. this finding suggests that inhibition of acetoin fermentation c ...201627900286
nitrosative stress response in vibrio cholerae: role of s-nitrosoglutathione reductase.vibrio cholerae, the causative agent of cholera, poses serious threats to humans worldwide. v. cholerae faces host inflammatory response and encounters nitrosative stress before establishing successful colonization. it is not clear how v. cholerae combats nitric oxide and reactive nitrogen species. in the present study, we used three clinical strains of v. cholerae and tested their nitrosative stress response pattern towards sodium nitroprusside (snp) and s-nitrosoglutathione (gsno). among them, ...201628000045
cholera rapid test with enrichment step has diagnostic performance equivalent to culture.cholera rapid diagnostic tests (rdt) could play a central role in outbreak detection and surveillance in low-resource settings, but their modest performance has hindered their broad adoption. the addition of an enrichment step may improve test specificity. we describe the results of a prospective diagnostic evaluation of the crystal vc rdt (span diagnostics, india) with enrichment step and of culture, each compared to polymerase chain reaction (pcr), during a cholera outbreak in south sudan. rdt ...201627992488
origins of pandemic vibrio cholerae from environmental gene pools.some microorganisms can transition from an environmental lifestyle to a pathogenic one(1-3). this ecological switch typically occurs through the acquisition of horizontally acquired virulence genes(4,5). however, the genomic features that must be present in a population before the acquisition of virulence genes and emergence of pathogenic clones remain unknown. we hypothesized that virulence adaptive polymorphisms (vaps) circulate in environmental populations and are required for this transition ...201627991885
ribavirin suppresses bacterial virulence by targeting lysr-type transcriptional regulators.targeting bacterial virulence mechanisms without compromising bacterial growth is a promising strategy to prevent drug resistance. lysr-type transcriptional regulators (lttrs) possess structural conservation across bacterial species and regulate virulence in numerous pathogens, making them attractive targets for antimicrobial agents. we targeted aphb, a vibrio cholerae lttr, which regulates the expression of genes encoding cholera toxin and toxin-co-regulated pilus for inhibitor designing. since ...201627991578
polymer-based oral rehydration solution for treating acute watery diarrhoea.acute diarrhoea is one of the main causes of morbidity and mortality among children in low-income countries. glucose-based oral rehydration solution (ors) helps replace fluid and prevent further dehydration from acute diarrhoea. since 2004, the world health organization (who) has recommended the osmolarity of less than 270 mosm/l (ors ≤ 270) versus greater than 310 mosm/l formulation (ors ≥ 310). polymer-based ors (for example, prepared using rice or wheat) slowly releases glucose and may be sup ...201627959472
[anton musger on his 70th birthday]. 20164880808
[atypical case of gonococcal bacteremia]. 20165100586
new directions in information resources for industrial hygiene and occupational health. 20164894902
genetic equilibrium under selection. 20164864567
another density gradient fractionator. 20164711111
effect of pesticides applied to the soil on the biological activity of the soil. 20165085639
childhood genitourinary neoplasms that do not present as palpable masses. 20165079760
[experience in treating patients with circulatory insufficiency with acedoxin]. 20165029806
[precapillary pulmonary arterial hypertension and chronic pulmonary heart disease due to bilharziasis]. 20165035874
[practical numerical index of spirometric measurements (fvc, fev 1 , fev percent), eliminating the influence of age and height]. 20165018508
[60th birthday of stanislav pavlovich chepulis]. 20164926155
[use of the peripheral blood leukocyte migration inhibition test in systemic lupus erythematosus]. 20164804625
immunochemical determination of serum transferrin in patients with anaemia of pregnancy. 20164989314
release and return rates for patients in state mental hospitals of maryland. 20164959228
senile purpura, sublingual hemorrhages, and ascorbic acid. 20164864210
bilateral vagal nerve block in evaluation of adams-stokes syndrome in infanty: a case report. 20165061722
[electromyographic characterization of the a line]. 20164870346
metabolism of the heart in health and disease. ii. 20164882561
quantum chemical and other theoretical techniques for the understanding of the psychoactive action of the phenothiazines. 20164836201
forced-choice adjectival masculinity-femininity scale. 20164820512
synergism of terramycin to inhibit the reproductivity of aphis fabae scop. 20165045184
epidemiological trends in gonorrhoea in recent years. 20165014421
[on the diagnostic possibilities of high-speed electrosphygmography in certain cerebrovascular affections]. 20164957787
studies in non-gonococcal urethritis therapy. the long-term value of tetracycline. 20164923984
[semmelweis, pasteur, lister]. 20164869881
operating room apparel and drapes. 20164835674
ultrasonic diagnosis of abdominal aortic aneurysms. 20164846789
[rehabilitation of outpatients following surgery on lower limb arteries]. 20164839702
[letter: teratogenic hazards in antiepileptic therapy]. 20164815439
[present forensic dentistry, from early times to today]. 20164898140
late aseptic endophthalmitis after cataract surgery. 20164735907
subvocalization: aural and emg feedback in reading. 20165095797
[hepato-portal hemodynamics and liver function in heart diseases]. 20165079456
appendicitis and the abdominal roentgenogram in children. 20164800530
[pathological occlusion]. 20164898812
primary coliform peritonitis. 20165101352
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