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regulation of biofilm formation and cellular buoyancy through modulating intracellular cyclic di-gmp levels in engineered cyanobacteria.the second messenger cyclic dimeric (3'→5') gmp (cyclic di-gmp or c-di-gmp) has been implicated in the transition between motile and sessile lifestyles in bacteria. in this study, we demonstrate that biofilm formation, cellular aggregation or flocculation, and cellular buoyancy are under the control of c-di-gmp in synechocystis sp. pcc 6803 (synechocystis) and fremyella diplosiphon. synechocystis is a unicellular cyanobacterium and displays lower levels of c-di-gmp; f. diplosiphon is filamentous ...201626192200
cholera toxin b subunit pentamer reassembled from escherichia coli inclusion bodies for use in vaccination.the cholera toxin b subunit (ctb) is secreted in its pentameric form from escherichia coli if its leader peptide is replaced with one of e. coli origin. however, the secretion of the pentamer is generally severely impaired when the molecule is mutated or fused to a foreign peptide. therefore, we attempted to regenerate pentameric ctb from the inclusion bodies (ibs) of e. coli. stepwise dialysis of the ibs solubilized in guanidine hydrochloride predominantly generated soluble high-molecular-mass ...201626828455
characterization of vcc-1, a novel ambler class a carbapenemase from vibrio cholerae isolated from imported retail shrimp sold in canada.one of the core goals of the canadian integrated program for antimicrobial resistance surveillance (cipars) is to monitor major meat commodities for antimicrobial resistance. targeted studies with methodologies based on core surveillance protocols are used to examine other foods, e.g., seafood, for antimicrobial resistance to detect resistances of concern to public health. here we report the discovery of a novel ambler class a carbapenemase that was identified in a nontoxigenic strain of vibrio ...201626824956
cytoplasmic heme-binding protein (hutx) from vibrio cholerae is an intracellular heme transport protein for the heme-degrading enzyme, hutz.hutz is a cytoplasmic heme-binding protein from vibrio cholerae. although we have previously identified hutz as a heme-degrading enzyme [uchida, t., et al. (2012) chem. commun. 48, 6741-6743], the heme transport protein for hutz remained unknown. to identify the heme transport protein for hutz, we focused on the heme utilization operon, hutwxz. to this end, we constructed an expression system for hutx in escherichia coli and purified it to homogeneity. an absorption spectral analysis demonstrate ...201626807477
structural characterization and biomedical properties of sulfated polysaccharide from the gladius of sepioteuthis lessoniana (lesson, 1831).sulfated polysaccharide was extracted from the internal shell (gladius) of sepioteuthis lessoniana. the sulfated polysaccharide contained 61.3% of carbohydrate, 0.8% of protein, 28.2% of ash and 1.33% of moisture respectively. the elemental composition was analyzed using chns/o analyzer. the molecular weight of sulfated polysaccharide determined through page was found to be as 66 kda. monosaccharides analysis revealed that sulfated polysaccharide was composed of rhamnose, galactose, xylose and g ...201626724686
evaluation of antibacterial activity of plant mediated cao nanoparticles using cissus quadrangularis extract.an assessment of antibacterial activity of greenly synthesized nanoparticles using aqueous stem extract of cissus quadrangularis was carried out. the synthesized nanoparticles were characterized by uv-vis spectroscopy, sem, xrd, ftir and further subjected for antibacterial activity against the pathogens staphylococcus aureus, escherichia coli, klebsiella pneumoniae, pseudomonas aeruginosa, salmonella typhi, shigella dysenteriae and vibrio cholerae. the sem photograph represents cubic and hexagon ...201626723000
immunogenic properties of trivalent recombinant protein composed of b-subunits of lt, stx-2, and ct toxins.infectious diarrhoea remains an emerging problem in the world health program. among diarrheagenic agents, vibrio cholerae and enterotoxigenic and enterohemorrhagic escherichia coli are critical enteropathogens. ab5 toxin produced by these bacteria, heat-labile enterotoxin (lt), cholera enterotoxin (ct), and shiga-like cytotoxin (stx) can target the immune system and are subunit vaccine candidates. a chemically-synthesized chimeric construct composed of the binding subunits of these toxins (ltb, ...201626970204
prospective study of pathogens in asymptomatic travellers and those with diarrhoea: aetiological agents revisited.travellers' diarrhoea (td) remains the most frequent health problem encountered by visitors to the (sub)tropics. traditional stool culture identifies the pathogen in only 15% of cases. exploiting pcr-based methods, we investigated td pathogens with a focus on asymptomatic travellers and severity of symptoms. pre- and post-travel stools of 382 travellers with no history of antibiotic use during travel were analysed with a multiplex quantitative pcr for salmonella, yersinia, campylobacter, shigell ...201626970046
diversity of clinical and environmental isolates of vibrio cholerae in natural transformation and contact-dependent bacterial killing indicative of type vi secretion system activity.the bacterial pathogen vibrio cholerae can occupy both the human gut and aquatic reservoirs, where it may colonize chitinous surfaces that induce the expression of factors for three phenotypes: chitin utilization, dna uptake by natural transformation, and contact-dependent bacterial killing via a type vi secretion system (t6ss). in this study, we surveyed a diverse set of 53 isolates from different geographic locales collected over the past century from human clinical and environmental specimens ...201626944842
transcriptional repression of the vc2105 protein by vibrio fadr suggests that it is a new auxiliary member of the fad regulon.recently, our group along with others reported that the vibrio fadr regulatory protein is unusual in that, unlike the prototypical fadr product of escherichia coli, which has only one ligand-binding site, vibrio fadr has two ligand-binding sites and represents a new mechanism for fatty acid sensing. the promoter region of the vc2105 gene, encoding a putative thioesterase, was mapped, and a putative fadr-binding site (aa ctg gta aga gca ctt) was proposed. different versions of the fadr regulatory ...201626944841
biochemical and structural characterization of the novel sialic acid-binding site of escherichia coli heat-labile enterotoxin lt-iib.the structurally related ab5-type heat-labile enterotoxins of escherichia coli and vibrio cholerae are classified into two major types. the type i group includes cholera toxin (ct) and e. coli lt-i, whereas the type ii subfamily comprises lt-iia, lt-iib and lt-iic. the carbohydrate-binding specificities of lt-iia, lt-iib and lt-iic are distinctive from those of cholera toxin and e. coli lt-i. whereas ct and lt-i bind primarily to the gm1 ganglioside, lt-iia binds to gangliosides gd1a, gd1b and g ...201627562297
antibiotic use, its resistance in nepal and recommendations for action: a situation analysis.antibiotics are crucial, life-saving medicines in the fight against infectious disease, but resistance to these drugs is growing all over. this article presents key findings from a detailed situation analysis produced by the global antibiotic resistance partnership (garp)-nepal working group. in the absence of nationally-representative surveillance, it is not possible to fully describe antibiotic resistance in the country, but many important bacterial pathogens are highly resistant to most first ...201626744193
competitive survival of escherichia coli, vibrio cholerae, salmonella typhimurium and shigella dysenteriae in riverbed sediments.studies on the survival of bacterial enteric pathogens in riverbed sediments have mostly focused on individual organisms. reports on the competitive survival of these pathogens in riverbed sediments under the same experimental setup are limited. we investigated the survival of escherichia coli, salmonella enterica ser. typhimurium, vibrio cholerae and shigella dysenteriae in riverbed sediments of the apies river. experiments were performed in flow chambers containing three sediment types and con ...201627193001
killing of vibrio cholerae and escherichia coli strains carrying d-mannose-sensitive ligands by mytilus hemocytes is promoted by a multifunctional hemolymph serum protein.in aquatic environments, bivalve mollusks represent an important ecological niche for microorganisms. persistence of bacteria in bivalve tissues partly depends on their capacity to survive the bactericidal activity of the hemolymph due to both cellular (hemocyes) and soluble serum factors (e.g., enzymes, lectins, opsonins). the extrapallial protein (ep) present in serum of mytilus galloprovincialis (mgep) has been recently shown to work as an opsonin promoting d-mannose sensitive (ms) interactio ...201627041371
dna replication in engineered escherichia coli genomes with extra replication origins.the standard outline of bacterial genomes is a single circular chromosome with a single replication origin. from the bioengineering perspective, it appears attractive to extend this basic setup. bacteria with split chromosomes or multiple replication origins have been successfully constructed in the last few years. the characteristics of these engineered strains will largely depend on the respective dna replication patterns. however, the dna replication has not been investigated systematically i ...201627268399
antibacterial activity of polyphenolic fraction of kombucha against enteric bacterial pathogens.the emergence of multi-drug-resistant enteric pathogens has prompted the scientist community to explore the therapeutic potentials of traditional foods and beverages. the present study was undertaken to investigate the efficacy of kombucha, a fermented beverage of sugared black tea, against enterotoxigenic escherichia coli, vibrio cholerae, shigella flexneri and salmonella typhimurium followed by the identification of the antibacterial components present in kombucha. the antibacterial activity w ...201627638313
in sickness and in health: the relationships between bacteria and bile in the human gut.colonization of a human host with a commensal microbiota has a complex interaction in which bacterial communities provide numerous health benefits to the host. an equilibrium between host and microbiota is kept in check with the help of biliary secretions by the host. bile, composed primarily of bile salts, promotes digestion. it also provides a barrier between host and bacteria. after bile salts are synthesized in the liver, they are stored in the gallbladder to be released after food intake. t ...201627565580
biosensing vibrio cholerae with genetically engineered escherichia coli.cholera is a potentially mortal, infectious disease caused by vibrio cholerae bacterium. current treatment methods of cholera still have limitations. beneficial microbes that could sense and kill the v. cholerae could offer potential alternative to preventing and treating cholera. however, such v. cholerae targeting microbe is still not available. this microbe requires a sensing system to be able to detect the presence of v. cholera bacterium. to this end, we designed and created a synthetic gen ...201627529184
identification and characterization of a putative manganese export protein in vibrio cholerae.manganese plays an important role in the cellular physiology and metabolism of bacterial species, including the human pathogen vibrio cholerae the intracellular level of manganese ions is controlled through coordinated regulation of the import and export of this element. we have identified a putative manganese exporter (vc0022), named mnea (manganese exporter a), which is highly conserved among vibrio spp. an mnea mutant exhibited sensitivity to manganese but not to other cations. under high-man ...201627481926
screening for transmembrane association in divisome proteins using toxgreen, a high-throughput variant of the toxcat assay.toxcat is a widely used genetic assay to study interactions of transmembrane helices within the inner membrane of the bacterium escherichia coli. toxcat is based on a fusion construct that links a transmembrane domain of interest with a cytoplasmic dna-binding domain from the vibrio cholerae toxr protein. interaction driven by the transmembrane domain results in dimerization of the toxr domain, which, in turn, activates the expression of the reporter gene chloramphenicol acetyl transferase (cat) ...201627453198
lcp crystallization and x-ray diffraction analysis of vcmn, a mate transporter from vibrio cholerae.multidrug and toxic compound extrusion (mate) transporters, one of the multidrug exporter families, efflux xenobiotics towards the extracellular side of the membrane. since mate transporters expressed in bacterial pathogens contribute to multidrug resistance, they are important therapeutic targets. here, a mate-transporter homologue from vibrio cholerae, vcmn, was overexpressed in escherichia coli, purified and crystallized in lipidic cubic phase (lcp). x-ray diffraction data were collected to 2 ...201627380372
quantitative microbial risk assessment (qmra) shows increased public health risk associated with exposure to river water under conditions of riverbed sediment resuspension.although higher microbial concentrations have been reported in sediments than in the overlying water column, most quantitative microbial risk assessment (qmra) studies have not clearly indicated the contribution of sediment-borne pathogens to estimated risks. thus, the present study aimed at determining the public health risk associated with exposure to pathogenic bacteria in polluted river water under undisturbed conditions and conditions of sediment resuspension in the apies river, gauteng, so ...201627297265
human fecal and pathogen exposure pathways in rural indian villages and the effect of increased latrine coverage.efforts to eradicate open defecation and improve sanitation access are unlikely to achieve health benefits unless interventions reduce microbial exposures. this study assessed human fecal contamination and pathogen exposures in rural india, and the effect of increased sanitation coverage on contamination and exposure rates. in a cross-sectional study of 60 villages of a cluster-randomized controlled sanitation trial in odisha, india, human and domestic animal fecal contamination was measured in ...201627192358
a single gene of a commensal microbe affects host susceptibility to enteric infection.indigenous microbes inside the host intestine maintain a complex self-regulating community. the mechanisms by which gut microbes interact with intestinal pathogens remain largely unknown. here we identify a commensal escherichia coli strain whose expansion predisposes mice to infection by vibrio cholerae, a human pathogen. we refer to this strain as 'atypical' e. coli (atec) because of its inability to ferment lactose. the atec strain is resistant to reactive oxygen species (ros) and proliferate ...201627173141
strategies to block bacterial pathogenesis by interference with motility and chemotaxis.infections by motile, pathogenic bacteria, such as campylobacter species, clostridium species, escherichia coli, helicobacter pylori, listeria monocytogenes, neisseria gonorrhoeae, pseudomonas aeruginosa, salmonella species, vibrio cholerae, and yersinia species, represent a severe economic and health problem worldwide. of special importance in this context is the increasing emergence and spread of multidrug-resistant bacteria. due to the shortage of effective antibiotics for the treatment of in ...201627000091
non-protein coding rna-based genosensor with quantum dots as electrochemical labels for attomolar detection of multiple pathogens.the ability of a diagnostic test to detect multiple pathogens simultaneously is useful to obtain meaningful information for clinical treatment and preventive measures. we report a highly sensitive and specific electrochemical biosensor assay for simultaneous detection of three gene targets using quantum dots (qds). the targets are novel non-protein coding rna (npcrna) sequences of vibrio cholerae, salmonella sp. and shigella sp., which cause diarrheal diseases. qds (pbs, cds, zns) were synthesiz ...201626513287
hemagglutinin protease secreted by v. cholerae induced apoptosis in breast cancer cells by ros mediated intrinsic pathway and regresses tumor growth in mice model.conventional anticancer therapies are effective but have side effects, so alternative targets are being developed. bacterial toxins that can kill cells or alter the cellular processes like proliferation, apoptosis and differentiation have been reported for cancer treatment. in this study we have shown antitumor activity of hemagglutinin protease (hap) secreted by vibrio cholerae. one µg of hap showed potent antitumor activity when injected into ehrlich ascites carcinoma (eac) tumors in swiss alb ...201626558913
immunosensor based on nanocomposite of nanostructured zirconium oxide and gelatin-a.we have reported the studies related to the fabrication of a nanocomposite, comprising of sol-gel derived inorganic zirconium oxide nanoparticles (zro2 nps) and organic biopolymer gelatin-a (ga), deposited on indium-tin-oxide (ito) coated glass substrate by drop casting method. the ga-zro2/ito electrode was used for immobilization of monoclonal antibodies (ab) specific to antigen vibrio cholerae (vc) followed by bovine serum albumin (bsa) for antigen vc detection using electrochemical techniques ...201626515440
ctxb1 outcompetes ctxb7 in vibrio cholerae o1, bangladesh. 201626487638
surviving the acid barrier: responses of pathogenic vibrio cholerae to simulated gastric fluid.when bacteria are subjected to low acidic phs of the gastric environment, they may enter the viable but nonculturable (vbnc) state of survival. in this state, bacteria cannot be cultured on solid media, still exhibit signs of metabolic activity (viability). in this study, the response of pathogenic vibrio cholerae o1 and o139 to low ph-simulated environments of the human stomach was evaluated for their survival by culturability (plate count) and viability (flow cytometry-fc) assays. bacteria wer ...201626496916
identification of vibrio cholerae serotypes in high-risk marine products with non-gel sieving capillary electrophoresis.vibrio cholerae, a natural inhabitant of the marine environment, poses a threat to human health, and its new epidemic variants have been reported. a method of multiplex polymerase chain reaction-capillary electrophoresis-laser-induced fluorescence (pcr-ce-lif) detection has been developed to detect and identify v. cholerae in marine products sensitively, rapidly, and reliably. four sets of primers were selected to amplify genus-specific vcc gene, o139 serogroup-specific o139 gene, o1 serogroup-s ...201626548956
parallel quorum sensing signaling pathways in vibrio cholerae.quorum sensing (qs) is a microbial signaling process for monitoring population density and complexity. communication among bacterial cells via qs relies on the production, secretion, and detection of small molecules called autoinducers. many bacteria have evolved their qs systems with different network architectures to incorporate information from multiple signals. in the human pathogen vibrio cholerae, at least four parallel signaling pathways converge to control the activity of a single regula ...201626545759
non-o1, non-o139 vibrio cholerae bacteremic skin and soft tissue infections.non-o1, non-o139 vibrio cholerae can cause sporadic cases of gastroenteritis and extra-intestinal invasive infections, following exposure to contaminated seawater or freshwater or after consumption of raw seafood. bacteremic infections with skin and soft tissue manifestations are uncommon and in most cases are associated with liver cirrhosis, haematologic malignancies, diabetes mellitus and other immunosuppressed conditions.201626503346
distribution and molecular characteristics of vibrio cholerae o1 el tor isolates recovered in guangdong province, china, 1961-2013.china's guangdong province is located along the same latitude as kolkata, india and dhaka, bangladesh, and is also considered a source of epidemic cholera. however, molecular description and the genetic relationships between vibrio cholerae o1 el tor isolates in guangdong remain unclear. in this study, 381 clinical v. cholerae o1 isolates recovered from cholera cases presenting in guangdong between 1961 and 2013 were investigated by pcr, amplicon sequencing and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis ( ...201626554719
vibrio cholerae o1 el tor from southern vietnam in 2010 was molecularly distinct from that present from 1999 to 2004.the vibrio cholerae o1 (vco1) el tor biotype appeared during the seventh cholera pandemic starting in 1961, and new variants of this biotype have been identified since the early 1990s. this pandemic has affected vietnam, and a large outbreak was reported in southern vietnam in 2010. pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (pfge) and multilocus variable-number tandem-repeat analyses (mlva) were used to screen 34 vco1 isolates from the southern vietnam 2010 outbreak (23 patients, five contact persons, an ...201626554547
cholera toxin production induced upon anaerobic respiration is suppressed by glucose fermentation in vibrio cholerae.the causative agent of pandemic cholera, vibrio cholerae, infects the anaerobic environment of the human intestine. production of cholera toxin (ct), a major virulence factor of v. cholerae, is highly induced during anaerobic respiration with trimethylamine n-oxide (tmao) as an alternative electron acceptor. however, the molecular mechanism of tmao-stimulated ct production is not fully understood. herein, we reveal that ct production during anaerobic tmao respiration is affected by glucose ferme ...201626718467
validity of the estimates of oral cholera vaccine effectiveness derived from the test-negative design.the test-negative design (tnd) has emerged as a simple method for evaluating vaccine effectiveness (ve). its utility for evaluating oral cholera vaccine (ocv) effectiveness is unknown. we examined this method's validity in assessing ocv effectiveness by comparing the results of tnd analyses with those of conventional cohort analyses.201626707378
a luminescent hybridoma-based biosensor for rapid detection of v. cholerae upon induction of calcium signaling pathway.in this study, a hybridoma based biosensor was developed for rapid, sensitive and selective detection of vibrio cholerae o1 which converts the antibody-antigen binding to bioluminescence light. after investigation on hybridoma performance, the biosensor was constructed by transfecting specific hybridoma cells with aequorin reporter gene and the bioluminescence activities of stable biosensor were measured. the sensitivity of biosensor was as few as 50 cfu/ml and it showed no responses to other en ...201626706943
starch dust explosion and flame burn injury in a patient complicated with severe cellulites caused by non-o1 vibrio cholerae. 201626687236
a new nano-worm structure from gold-nanoparticle mediated random curving of zinc oxide nanorods.creating novel nanostructures is a primary step for high-performance analytical sensing. herein, a new worm like nanostructure with zinc oxide-gold (zno/au) hybrid was fabricated through an aqueous hydrothermal method, by doping au-nanoparticle (aunp) on the growing zno lattice. during zno growth, fine tuning the solution temperature expedites random curving of zno nanorods and forms nano-worms. the nano-worms which were evidenced by morphological, physical and structural analyses, revealed elon ...201626584078
regulation of competence-mediated horizontal gene transfer in the natural habitat of vibrio cholerae.the human pathogen vibrio cholerae is an autochthonous inhabitant of aquatic environments where it often interacts with zooplankton and their chitinous molts. chitin induces natural competence for transformation in v. cholerae, a key mode of horizontal gene transfer (hgt). recent comparative genomic analyses were indicative of extensive hgt in this species. however, we can still expand our understanding of the complex regulatory network that drives competence in v. cholerae. here, we present rec ...201626615332
the dna-uptake process of naturally competent vibrio cholerae.the sophisticated dna-uptake machinery used during natural transformation is still poorly characterized, especially in gram-negative bacteria where the transforming dna has to cross two membranes as well as the peptidoglycan layer before entering the cytoplasm. the dna-uptake machinery was hypothesized to take the form of a pseudopilus, which, upon repeated cycles of extension and retraction, would pull external dna towards the cell surface or into the periplasmic space, followed by translocatio ...201626614677
molecular epidemiology of vibrio cholerae associated with flood in brahamputra river valley, assam, india.cholera is often caused when drinking water is contaminated through environmental sources. in recent years, the drastic cholera epidemics in odisha (2007) and haiti (2010) were associated with natural disasters (flood and earthquake). almost every year the state of assam india witnesses flood in brahamputra river valley during reversal of wind system (monsoon). this is often followed by outbreak of diarrheal diseases including cholera. beside the incidence of cholera outbreaks, there is lack of ...201626656743
transmission of infectious vibrio cholerae through drinking water among the household contacts of cholera patients (chobi7 trial).recurrent cholera causes significant morbidity and mortality among the growing population of dhaka, the capital city of bangladesh. previous studies have demonstrated that household contacts of cholera patients are at >100 times higher risk of cholera during the week after the presentation of the index patient. our prospective study investigated the mode of transmission of vibrio cholerae, the cause of cholera, in the households of cholera patients in dhaka city. out of the total 420 rectal swab ...201627803695
clinical and environmental surveillance for vibrio cholerae in resource constrained areas: application during a 1-year surveillance in the far north region of cameroon.biological confirmation of the presence of vibrio cholerae in clinical and environmental samples is often constrained due to resource- and labor-intensive gold standard methods. to develop low-cost, simple, and sustainable surveillance techniques, we modified previously published specimen sampling and culture techniques and applied the use of enriched dipstick testing in conjunction with the use of filter paper for dna specimen preservation during clinical and environmental surveillance in the f ...201626755564
evaluation in cameroon of a novel, simplified methodology to assist molecular microbiological analysis of v. cholerae in resource-limited settings.vibrio cholerae is endemic in south asia and africa where outbreaks of cholera occur widely and are particularly associated with poverty and poor sanitation. knowledge of the genetic diversity of toxigenic v. cholerae isolates, particularly in africa, remains scarce. the constraints in improving this understanding is not only the lack of regular cholera disease surveillance, but also the lack of laboratory capabilities in endemic countries to preserve, store and ship isolates in a timely manner. ...201626735969
hybrid microarray based on double biomolecular markers of dna and carbohydrate for simultaneous genotypic and phenotypic detection of cholera toxin-producing vibrio cholerae.life-threatening diarrheal cholera is usually caused by water or food contaminated with cholera toxin-producing vibrio cholerae. for the prevention and surveillance of cholera, it is crucial to rapidly and precisely detect and identify the etiological causes, such as v. cholerae and/or its toxin. in the present work, we propose the use of a hybrid double biomolecular marker (dbm) microarray containing 16s rrna-based dna capture probe to genotypically identify v. cholerae and gm1 pentasaccharide ...201626735874
molecular evolution and functional divergence of vibrio cholerae.the purpose of this review is to synopsize and highlight the recent subtle genetic changes in cholera causing toxigenic vibrio cholerae with special reference to their virulence, integrating and conjugative elements and toxin-antitoxin systems. it is not intended to cover issues on the whole genome sequence and epidemiology of cholera.201627537830
vibrio cholerae o1 imported from iraq to kuwait, 2015. 201627532267
vibrio cholerae leuo links the toxr regulon to expression of lipid a remodeling genes.vibrio cholerae is an intestinal pathogen that causes the diarrheal disease cholera. colonization of the intestine depends upon the expression of genes that allow v. cholerae to overcome host barriers, including low ph, bile acids, and the innate immune system. toxr is a major contributor to this process. toxr is a membrane-spanning transcription factor that coordinates gene expression in response to environmental cues. in previous work we showed that toxr upregulated leuo expression in response ...201627550934
cell division licensing in the multi-chromosomal vibrio cholerae bacterium.cell division must be coordinated with chromosome replication and segregation to ensure the faithful transmission of genetic information during proliferation. in most bacteria, assembly of the division apparatus, the divisome, starts with the polymerization of a tubulin homologue, ftsz, into a ring-like structure at mid-cell, the z-ring(1). it typically occurs at half of the cell cycle when most of the replication and segregation cycle of the unique chromosome they generally harbour is achieved( ...201627562255
vibriosis, not cholera: toxigenic vibrio cholerae non-o1, non-o139 infections in the united states, 1984-2014.toxigenic strains of vibrio cholerae serogroups o1 and o139 have caused cholera epidemics, but other serogroups - such as o75 or o141 - can also produce cholera toxin and cause severe watery diarrhoea similar to cholera. we describe 31 years of surveillance for toxigenic non-o1, non-o139 infections in the united states and map these infections to the state where the exposure probably originated. while serogroups o75 and o141 are closely related pathogens, they differ in how and where they infect ...201627510301
catalases and phob/phor system independently contribute to oxidative stress resistance in vibrio cholerae o1.all cells are subjected to oxidative stress, a condition under which reactive oxygen species (ros) production exceeds elimination. bacterial defences against ros include synthesis of antioxidant enzymes like peroxidases and catalases. vibrio cholerae can produce two distinct catalases, katb and katg, which contribute to ros homeostasis. in this study, we analysed the mechanism behind katg and katb expression in two v. cholerae o1 pandemic strains, o395 and n16961, of classical and el tor biotype ...201627665757
necrotizing fasciitis due to vibrio cholerae non-o1/non-o139 after exposure to austrian bathing sites.we report on two cases of necrotizing fasciitis of the lower leg due to nontoxigenic vibrio cholerae (v. cholerae). a 73-year-old woman (case 1) and an 80-year-old man (case 2) were hospitalized with symptoms of necrotizing fasciitis on july 18 and august 15, 2015, respectively. in both cases, symptoms started the day after swimming in local ponds. swabs gained intraoperatively and a blood culture from the male patient, yielded v. cholerae non-o1/non-o139, negative for cholera toxin gene ctx and ...201626825075
notes from the field: ongoing cholera outbreak - kenya, 2014-2016.on january 6, 2015, a man aged 40 years was admitted to kenyatta national hospital in nairobi, kenya, with acute watery diarrhea. the patient was found to be infected with toxigenic vibrio cholerae serogroup o1, serotype inaba. a subsequent review of surveillance reports identified four patients in nairobi county during the preceding month who met either of the kenya ministry of health suspected cholera case definitions: 1) severe dehydration or death from acute watery diarrhea (more than four e ...201626820494
strategies to prevent cholera introduction during international personnel deployments: a computational modeling analysis based on the 2010 haiti outbreak.introduction of vibrio cholerae to haiti during the deployment of united nations (un) peacekeepers in 2010 resulted in one of the largest cholera epidemics of the modern era. following the outbreak, a un-commissioned independent panel recommended three pre-deployment intervention strategies to minimize the risk of cholera introduction in future peacekeeping operations: screening for v. cholerae carriage, administering prophylactic antimicrobial chemotherapies, or immunizing with oral cholera vac ...201626812236
detection and quantification of vibrio cholerae, vibrio parahaemolyticus, and vibrio vulnificus in coastal waters of guinea-bissau (west africa).v. cholerae, v. parahaemolyticus, and v. vulnificus are recognized human pathogens. although several studies are available worldwide, both on environmental and clinical contexts, little is known about the ecology of these vibrios in african coastal waters. in this study, their co-occurrence and relationships to key environmental constraints in the coastal waters of guinea-bissau were examined using the most probable number-polymerase chain reaction (mpn-pcr) approach. all vibrio species were uni ...201626940502
an in silico, in vitro and in vivo investigation of indole-3-carboxaldehyde identified from the seawater bacterium marinomonas sp. as an anti-biofilm agent against vibrio cholerae o1.biofilm formation is a major contributing factor in the pathogenesis of vibrio cholerae o1 (vco1) and therefore preventing biofilm formation could be an effective alternative strategy for controlling cholera. the present study was designed to explore seawater bacteria as a source of anti-biofilm agents against vco1. indole-3-carboxaldehyde (i3c) was identified as an active principle component in marinomonas sp., which efficiently inhibited biofilm formation by vco1 without any selection pressure ...201626939983
occurrence and molecular characterisation of vibrio parahaemolyticus in crustaceans commercialised in venice area, italy.infections due to the pathogenic human vibrios, vibrio parahaemolyticus, vibrio cholerae and vibrio vulnificus, are mainly associated with consumption of raw or partially cooked bivalve molluscs. at present, little is known about the presence of vibrio species in crustaceans and the risk of vibriosis associated with the consumption of these products. the aim of the present study was to evaluate the prevalence and concentration of the main pathogenic vibrio spp. in samples of crustaceans (n=143) ...201626773255
imported cholera with acute renal failure after a short business-trip to the philippines, germany, october 2015.a german businessman developed acute watery diarrhoea after a three-day trip to the philippines. he was admitted with severe hypotension and acute renal failure, but recovered with rapid rehydration. vibrio cholerae o1 serotype ogawa was isolated. physicians need to be aware of endemic cholera in asia including the philippines and consider this in their pre-travel advice.201626767388
role of the na(+)-translocating nadh:quinone oxidoreductase in voltage generation and na(+) extrusion in vibrio cholerae.for vibrio cholerae, the coordinated import and export of na(+) is crucial for adaptation to habitats with different osmolarities. we investigated the na(+)-extruding branch of the sodium cycle in this human pathogen by in vivo (23)na-nmr spectroscopy. the na(+) extrusion activity of cells was monitored after adding glucose which stimulated respiration via the na(+)-translocating nadh:quinone oxidoreductase (na(+)-nqr). in a v. cholerae deletion mutant devoid of the na(+)-nqr encoding genes (nqr ...201626721205
naturally occurring igg antibodies provide innate protection against vibrio cholerae bacteremia by recognition of the outer membrane protein u.cholera epidemics are caused by vibrio cholerae serogroups o1 and o139, whereas strains collectively known as non-o1/non-o139 v. cholerae are found in cases of extraintestinal infections and bacteremia. the mechanisms and factors influencing the occurrence of bacteremia and survival of v. cholerae in normal human serum have remained unclear. we found that naturally occurring igg recognizing v. cholerae outer membrane protein u (ompu) mediates a serum-killing effect in a complement c1q-dependent ...201626934383
architectural transitions in vibrio cholerae biofilms at single-cell resolution.many bacterial species colonize surfaces and form dense 3d structures, known as biofilms, which are highly tolerant to antibiotics and constitute one of the major forms of bacterial biomass on earth. bacterial biofilms display remarkable changes during their development from initial attachment to maturity, yet the cellular architecture that gives rise to collective biofilm morphology during growth is largely unknown. here, we use high-resolution optical microscopy to image all individual cells i ...201626933214
vibrio cholerae biofilms and cholera pathogenesis.vibrio cholerae can switch between motile and biofilm lifestyles. the last decades have been marked by a remarkable increase in our knowledge of the structure, regulation, and function of biofilms formed under laboratory conditions. evidence has grown suggesting that v. cholerae can form biofilm-like aggregates during infection that could play a critical role in pathogenesis and disease transmission. however, the structure and regulation of biofilms formed during infection, as well as their role ...201626845681
the bacterial dicarboxylate transporter vcindy uses a two-domain elevator-type mechanism.secondary transporters use alternating-access mechanisms to couple uphill substrate movement to downhill ion flux. most known transporters use a 'rocking bundle' motion, wherein the protein moves around an immobile substrate-binding site. however, the glutamate-transporter homolog gltph translocates its substrate-binding site vertically across the membrane, through an 'elevator' mechanism. here, we used the 'repeat swap' approach to computationally predict the outward-facing state of the na(+)/s ...201626828963
biochemical and full genome sequence analyses of clinical vibrio cholerae isolates in mexico reveals the presence of novel v. cholerae strains.the first week of september 2013, the national epidemiological surveillance system identified two cases of cholera in mexico city. the cultures of both samples were confirmed as vibrio cholerae serogroup o1, serotype ogawa, biotype el tor. initial analyses by pfge and by pcr-amplification of the virulence genes, suggested that both strains were similar, but different from those previously reported in mexico. the following week, four more cases were identified in a community in the state of hidal ...201626828665
randomized controlled trial of hospital-based hygiene and water treatment intervention (chobi7) to reduce cholera.the risk for cholera infection is >100 times higher for household contacts of cholera patients during the week after the index patient seeks hospital care than it is for the general population. to initiate a standard of care for this high-risk population, we developed cholera-hospital-based-intervention-for-7-days (chobi7), which promotes hand washing with soap and treatment of water. to test chobi7, we conducted a randomized controlled trial among 219 intervention household contacts of 82 chole ...201626811968
comparative transcriptome analysis of vibrio splendidus jz6 reveals the mechanism of its pathogenicity at low temperatures.yesso scallop-pathogenic vibrio splendidus strain jz6 was found to have the highest virulence at 10°c, while its pathogenicity was significantly reduced with increased temperature and completely incapacitated at 28°c. in the present study, comparative transcriptome analyses of jz6 and another nonpathogenic v. splendidus strain, tz19, were conducted at two crucial culture temperatures (10°c and 28°c) in order to determine the possible mechanism of temperature regulation of virulence. comparisons ...201626801576
o-specific polysaccharide-specific memory b cell responses in young children, older children, and adults infected with vibrio cholerae o1 ogawa in bangladesh.cholera caused by vibrio cholerae o1 confers at least 3 to 10 years of protection against subsequent disease regardless of age, despite a relatively rapid fall in antibody levels in peripheral blood, suggesting that memory b cell responses may play an important role in protection. the v. cholerae o1-specific polysaccharide (osp) component of lipopolysaccharide (lps) is responsible for serogroup specificity, and it is unclear if young children are capable of developing memory b cell responses aga ...201627009211
isolation and molecular identification of vibrio spp. by sequencing of 16s rdna from seafood, meat and meat products in libya.the genus vibrio includes several food-borne pathogens that cause a spectrum of clinical conditions including septicemia, cholera and milder forms of gastroenteritis. several vibrio spp. are commonly associated with food-borne transmission including vibrio cholerae, vibrio parahemolyticus, and vibrio vulnificus. microbiological analysis for enumeration and isolation of vibrio spp. were carried out for a total of 93 samples of seafood, meat and meat products from different geographic localities i ...201627004169
6-gingerol inhibits vibrio cholerae-induced proinflammatory cytokines in intestinal epithelial cells via modulation of nf-κb.context the effect of 6-gingerol (6g), the bioactive component of zingiber officinale roscoe (zingiberaceae), in the reduction of vibrio cholerae (vibrionaceae)-induced inflammation has not yet been reported. materials and methods cell viability assay was performed to determine the working concentration of 6g. elisa and rt-pcr were performed with int 407 cells treated with 50 μm 6g and 100 multiplicity of infection (moi) v. cholerae for 0, 2, 3, 3.5, 6 and 8 h to determine the concentration of i ...201626987371
the impact of spatial arrangements on epidemic disease dynamics and intervention strategies.the role of spatial arrangements on the spread and management strategies of a cholera epidemic is investigated. we consider the effect of human and pathogen movement on optimal vaccination strategies. a metapopulation model is used, incorporating a susceptible-infected-recovered system of differential equations coupled with an equation modelling the concentration of vibrio cholerae in an aquatic reservoir. the model compared spatial arrangements and varying scenarios to draw conclusions on how t ...201626981710
the transmission and antibiotic resistance variation in a multiple drug resistance clade of vibrio cholerae circulating in multiple countries in asia.vibrio cholerae has caused massive outbreaks and even trans-continental epidemics. in 2008 and 2010, at least 3 remarkable cholera outbreaks occurred in hainan, anhui and jiangsu provinces of china. to address the possible transmissions and the relationships to the 7th pandemic strains of those 3 outbreaks, we sequenced the whole genomes of the outbreak isolates and compared with the global isolates from the 7th pandemic. the three outbreaks in this study were caused by a cluster of v. cholerae ...201626930352
non-o1vibrio cholerae bacteremia in an infant, first case report from pakistan.to the best of our knowledge, non-o1 vibrio cholerae (novc) bacteremia has never been documented in pakistan. this case report is the first reported case of bacteremia in an infant due to novc in pakistan. a neonate was admitted to a hospital with fever and no history of diarrhea. the isolate was identified biochemically and serologically and was sensitive to all the drugs tested as per clsi 2014 guidelines.201626927462
us gulf-like toxigenic o1 vibrio cholerae causing sporadic cholera outbreaks in china.cholera is potentially a life threatening disease caused by toxigenic vibrio cholerae. here we report the identification and characterisation of 76 non-7th pandemic clone o1 v. cholerae isolates including 65 clinical isolates from diarrhoeal patients from 2005 to 2014 in zhejiang province, china.201626920786
extraintestinal infections caused by non-toxigenic vibrio cholerae non-o1/non-o139.vibrio cholerae is an aerobic, sucrose fermentative gram-negative bacterium that generally prevails in the environment. pathogenic v. cholerae is well-known as causative agent of acute diarrhea. apart from enteric infections, v. cholerae may also cause other diseases. however, their role in causing extraintestinal infections is not fully known as it needs proper identification and evaluation. four cases of extraintestinal infections due to v. cholerae non-o1/non-o139 have been investigated. the ...201626904017
in vitro inhibition of cholera toxin production in vibrio cholerae by methanol extract of sweet fennel seeds and its components.a newly emerged vibrio cholerae o1 el tor variant strain with multidrug resistance is considered a threat to public health. recent strategies to suppress virulence factors production instead of bacterial growth may lead to less selective pressure for the emergence of resistant strains. the use of spices and their active constituents as the inhibitory agents against cholera toxin (ct) production in v. cholerae may be an alternative approach to treat cholera. in this study, we examined the potenti ...201626902215
chemoproteomic profiling of host and pathogen enzymes active in cholera.activity-based protein profiling (abpp) is a chemoproteomic tool for detecting active enzymes in complex biological systems. we used abpp to identify secreted bacterial and host serine hydrolases that are active in animals infected with the cholera pathogen vibrio cholerae. four v. cholerae proteases were consistently active in infected rabbits, and one, vc0157 (renamed ivap), was also active in human choleric stool. inactivation of ivap influenced the activity of other secreted v. cholerae and ...201626900865
par-1 mediated apoptosis of breast cancer cells by v. cholerae hemagglutinin protease.bacterial toxins have emerged as promising agents in cancer treatment strategy. hemagglutinin (hap) protease secreted by vibrio cholerae induced apoptosis in breast cancer cells and regresses tumor growth in mice model. the success of novel cancer therapies depends on their selectivity for cancer cells with limited toxicity for normal tissues. increased expression of protease activated receptor-1 (par-1) has been reported in different malignant cells. in this study we report that hap induced act ...201626897170
the oral cholera vaccine shanchol™ when stored at elevated temperatures maintains the safety and immunogenicity profile in bangladeshi participants.the oral cholera vaccine (ocv), shanchol™ has shown protective efficacy lasting up to 5 years, however, requirement for a cold chain limits its use in resource poor settings. the study was conducted to determine the safety and immunogenicity of shanchol in adult participants in bangladesh when stored at elevated temperatures.201626896684
adjusting for unmeasured confounding due to either of two crossed factors with a logistic regression model.motivated by an investigation of the effect of surface water temperature on the presence of vibrio cholerae in water samples collected from different fixed surface water monitoring sites in haiti in different months, we investigated methods to adjust for unmeasured confounding due to either of the two crossed factors site and month. in the process, we extended previous methods that adjust for unmeasured confounding due to one nesting factor (such as site, which nests the water samples from diffe ...201626892025
identification of a vibrio cholerae chemoreceptor that senses taurine and amino acids as attractants.vibrio cholerae, the etiological agent of cholera, was found to be attracted by taurine (2-aminoethanesulfonic acid), a major constituent of human bile. mlp37, the closest homolog of the previously identified amino acid chemoreceptor mlp24, was found to mediate taxis to taurine as well as l-serine, l-alanine, l-arginine, and other amino acids. methylation of mlp37 was enhanced upon the addition of taurine and amino acids. isothermal titration calorimetry demonstrated that a purified periplasmic ...201626878914
oligonol promotes anti-aging pathways via modulation of sirt1-ampk-autophagy pathway.oligonol, mainly found in lychee fruit, is an antioxidant polyphenolic compound which has been shown to have anti-inflammatory and anti-cancer properties. the detailed mechanisms by which oligonol may act as an anti-aging molecule have not been determined.201626865910
anion inhibition studies of the β-carbonic anhydrase from the pathogenic bacterium vibrio cholerae.the genome of the pathogenic bacterium vibrio cholerae encodes for three carbonic anhydrases (cas, ec 4.2.1.1) belonging to the α-, β- and γ-classes. here we report and anion inhibition study of the β-ca, vchcaβ with anions and other small molecules which inhibit metalloenzymes. the best vchcaβ anion inhibitors were sulfamide, sulfamate, phenylboronic acid and phenylarsonic acid, which showed kis in the range of 54-86μm. diethyldithiocarbonate was also an effective vchcaβ inhibitor, with an inhi ...201626853167
enterobacteria and vibrio from macrobrachium amazonicum prawn farming in fortaleza, ceará, brazil.to investigate the isolation of enterobacteria associated with macrobrachium amazonicum (m. amazonicum) farming and evaluate the in vitro antimicrobial susceptibility of vibrio strains.201626851782
sulfonamide inhibition studies of the β-carbonic anhydrase from the pathogenic bacterium vibrio cholerae.the genome of the pathogenic bacterium vibrio cholerae encodes for three carbonic anhydrases (cas, ec 4.2.1.1) belonging to the α-, β- and γ-classes. vchca, the α-ca from this species was investigated earlier, whereas the β-class enzyme, vchcaβ was recently cloned, characterized kinetically and its x-ray crystal structure reported by this group. here we report an inhibition study with sulfonamides and one sulfamate of this enzyme. the best vchcaβ inhibitors were deacetylated acetazolamide and me ...201626850377
role of vibrio cholerae exochitinase chia2 in horizontal gene transfer.vibrio cholerae exochitinase chia2 plays a key role in acquisition of nutrients by chitin hydrolysis in the natural environment as well as in pathogenesis in the intestinal milieu. in this study we demonstrate the importance of chia2 in horizontal gene transfer in the natural environment. we found that the expression of chia2 and tfox, the central regulator of v. cholerae horizontal gene transfer, varied with changes in environmental conditions. the activity of chia2 was also dependent on these ...201626849349
the rna domain vc1 regulates downstream gene expression in response to cyclic diguanylate in vibrio cholerae.in many bacterial species, including the aquatic bacterium and human pathogen vibrio cholerae, the second messenger cyclic diguanylate (c-di-gmp) modulates processes such as biofilm formation, motility, and virulence factor production. by interacting with various effectors, c-di-gmp regulates gene expression or protein function. one type of c-di-gmp receptor is the class i riboswitch, representatives of which have been shown to bind c-di-gmp in vitro. herein, we examined the in vitro and in vivo ...201626849223
phylogenetic diversity of vibrio cholerae associated with endemic cholera in mexico from 1991 to 2008.an outbreak of cholera occurred in 1991 in mexico, where it had not been reported for more than a century and is now endemic. vibrio cholerae o1 prototype el tor and classical strains coexist with altered el tor strains (1991 to 1997). nontoxigenic (ctx(-)) v. cholerae el tor dominated toxigenic (ctx(+)) strains (2001 to 2003), but v. cholerae ctx(+) variant el tor was isolated during 2004 to 2008, outcompeting ctx(-) v. cholerae. genomes of six mexican v. cholerae o1 strains isolated during 199 ...201626980836
construction and preclinical evaluation of mmct, a novel mutant cholera toxin adjuvant that can be efficiently produced in genetically manipulated vibrio cholerae.there is an urgent need for new adjuvants that are effective with mucosally administered vaccines. cholera toxin (ct) is the most powerful known mucosal adjuvant but is much too toxic for human use. in an effort to develop a useful mucosal adjuvant we have generated a novel non-toxic mutant ct molecule that retains much of the adjuvant activity of native ct. this was achieved by making the enzymatically active a subunit (cta) recalcitrant to the site-specific proteolytic cleavage ("nicking") req ...201626973069
[effect of osmotic and oxidative stress on strains of genovariants of vibrio cholerae el tor biovar].study the effect of osmotic and oxidative stress on survivability and changes in phenotypic and genetic properties of strains of genovariants of v. cholerae el tor biovar.201626950990
[determination of types of epidemic manifestations of cholera in regions of the crimea federal district (republic of crimea)].the aim of the study was determination of the type of epidemic manifestations of cholera in the republic of crimea based on evaluation of epidemic manifestations of cholera risk of introduction and spread of the infection. it was concluded, that, based on the cholera outbreaks, that had taken place, contamination of surface water bodies (fresh and sea) and sewage by vibrio cholerae o1 ctxa+ and vibrio cholerae o1 ctxa- potential epidemic danger of introduction of the infection by various types o ...201626950987
characterization of environmental vibrio cholerae serogroups o1 and o139 in the pearl river estuary, china.toxigenic isolates of vibrio cholerae serogroups o1 and o139 from aquatic reservoirs are a key source for recurrent epidemics of cholera in human populations. however, we do not have an optimal understanding of the microbiology of the strains within these reservoirs, particularly outside of the time periods when there are active cholera cases in the surrounding community. the main objective of the present study was to identify and characterize v. cholerae o1 and o139 in the pearl river estuary a ...201626674584
redox pathway sensing bile salts activates virulence gene expression in vibrio cholerae.vibrio cholerae, the causative agent of the severe diarrheal disease cholera, has evolved signal transduction systems to control co-ordinately the expression of virulence determinants. it was previously shown that the presence of the bile salts glycocholate and taurocholate in the small intestine causes dimerization of the transmembrane transcription factor tcpp by inducing intermolecular disulphide bonds in the tcpp periplasmic domain. in this study, they further investigated the mechanism of h ...201627610607
sialylation transmogrifies human breast and pancreatic cancer cells into 3d multicellular tumor spheroids using cyclic rgd-peptide induced self-assembly.multicellular tumor spheroids (mts) have been at the forefront of cancer research, designed to mimic tumor-like developmental patterns in vitro. tumor growth in vivo is highly influenced by aberrant cell surface-specific sialoglycan structures on glycoproteins. aberrant sialoglycan patterns that facilitate mts formation are not well defined. matrix-free spheroids from breast mcf-7 and pancreatic panc1 cancer cell lines and their respective tamoxifen (tmx) and gemcitabine (gem) resistant variants ...201627608845
phenotypic and genetic heterogeneity in vibrio cholerae o139 isolated from cholera cases in delhi, india during 2001-2006.incidence of epidemic vibrio cholerae serogroup o139 has declined in cholera endemic countries. however, sporadic cholera caused by v. cholerae o139 with notable genetic changes is still reported from many regions. in the present study, 42 v. cholerae o139 strains isolated from 2001 to 2006 in delhi, india, were retrospectively analyzed to understand their phenotype and molecular characteristics. the majority of isolates were resistant to ampicillin, furazolidone and nalidixic acid. though the i ...201627555841
heme-independent redox sensing by the heme-nitric oxide/oxygen-binding protein (h-nox) from vibrio cholerae.heme nitric oxide/oxygen (h-nox)-binding proteins act as nitric oxide (no) sensors among various bacterial species. in several cases, they act to mediate communal behavior such as biofilm formation, quorum sensing, and motility by influencing the activity of downstream signaling proteins such as histidine kinases (hiska) in a no-dependent manner. an h-nox/hiska regulatory circuit was recently identified in vibrio cholerae, and the h-nox protein has been spectroscopically characterized. however, ...201627358409
aaa+ proteases and their role in distinct stages along the vibrio cholerae lifecycle.the facultative human pathogen vibrio cholerae has to adapt to different environmental conditions along its lifecycle by means of transcriptional, translational and post-translational regulation. this study provides a first comprehensive analysis regarding the contribution of the cytoplasmic aaa+ proteases lon, clpp and hslv to distinct features of v. cholerae behaviour, including biofilm formation, motility, cholera toxin expression and colonization fitness in the mouse model. while absence of ...201627345492
structural and functional evidence indicates selective oxygen signaling in caldanaerobacter subterraneus h-nox.acute and specific sensing of diatomic gas molecules is an essential facet of biological signaling. heme nitric oxide/oxygen binding (h-nox) proteins are a family of gas sensors found in diverse classes of bacteria and eukaryotes. the most commonly characterized bacterial h-nox domains are from facultative anaerobes and are activated through a conformational change caused by formation of a 5-coordinate fe(ii)-no complex. members of this h-nox subfamily do not bind o2 and therefore can selectivel ...201627328180
comparative genomic analysis of two isolates of vibrio cholerae o1 ogawa el tor isolated during outbreak in mariupol in 2011.cholera is a water-borne, severe enteric infection essentially caused by toxigenic strains of vibrio cholera o1 and o139 serogroups. an outbreak of cholera was registered during may-july 2011 in mariupol, ukraine, with 33 cholera cases and 25 carriers of cholera. following this outbreak, the toxigenic strain of v. cholerae 2011el-301 was isolated from seawater in the recreation area of taganrog city on the territory of russia. the aim of our study was to understand genomic features of mariupol i ...201627480918
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