Publications

wildlife rabies in perspective.	populations of a number of species of the orders carnivora and chiroptera maintain independent rabies epidemics in different parts of the world. however, in large parts of africa, asia, and latin america, rabid dogs outnumber diagnosed wildlife cases. rabies virus variants circulating in different host populations can be distinguished by the use of monoclonal antibodies and by genomic analysis. rabies virus strains and their hosts have to be co-adapted in order to allow their prolonged co-existe ...	1993	7777318
canid and viverrid rabies viruses in south africa.	historical records suggest that in south africa rabies was present in viverrids in the early 1800s. in the early 1950s a wave of canine rabies spread from namibia through botswana into the northern transvaal and by 1961 a second front had penetrated south from mozambique into swaziland and northern natal. today, rabies is regularly confirmed in a number of canid and viverrid species in most regions of south africa. a panel of anti-nucleoprotein monoclonal antibodies was used to examine 83 virus ...	1993	7777314
molecular epidemiology of rabies virus in south africa.	nucleic acid sequence analysis was used to determine the phylogenetic relationships amongst rabies viruses isolated from typical canid hosts such as bat-eared fox, jackal and dog in south africa (sa). geographical factors were taken into account in the selection of isolates and three different regions within the genomes of the isolates were compared for their use as phylogenetic indicators. the three genome regions, being the cytoplasmic domain of the g-gene, the g-l intergenic pseudogene and th ...	1993	7777315
rabies in wild and domestic carnivores of africa: epidemiological and historical associations determined by limited sequence analysis.	virus isolates from three important reservoirs for rabies in africa (domestic dogs, jackals and yellow mongooses) were compared by their reaction with a panel of monoclonal antibodies directed to the nucleocapsid protein and by the nucleotide sequence of a 200 base pair segment of the nucleocapsid gene. although antigenically dissimilar, the variants commonly transmitted in dogs and jackals were very closely related by genetic analysis. phylogenetic analysis and historical accounts support a com ...	1993	7777316
hungary remains free of scrapie and bovine spongiform encephalopathy (bse).	brains from 44 sheep and 43 cattle with cns clinical signs not due to rabies virus infection were collected from diagnostic institutes throughout hungary. the brains were examined for histological lesions diagnostic of scrapie/bovine spongiform encephalopathy (bse) and all were found to be negative. these findings confirm that hungary remains free of scrapie and bse.	1993	8017235
[the action of reserpine in experimental rabies infection].	experimental studies in laboratory animals showed reserpine in doses of 0.01-0.05 mg/kg body weight to inhibit the development of rabies infection in white mice and rabbits by 40.0-83.4% depending on the dose and mode of administration. the inhibiting properties of reserpine were demonstrated for both fixed and street rabies virus strains. the protective effect of the drug was manifested after parenteral and oral administration to the infected animals. the experimental data suggest that reserpin ...	1993	8059529
validation of virus inactivation and removal for the manufacturing procedure of two immunoglobulins and a 5% serum protein solution treated with beta-propiolactone.	intravenous immunoglobulins and serum protein solutions are manufactured from human plasma pools of healthy, screened donors. a step-by-step validation of virus removal and/or inactivation was performed for the manufacturing process, which includes cold ethanol fractionation, beta-propiolactone (beta-pl) treatment, uv irradiation, thermal inactivation and other chemical and physical purification steps. the total viral clearance factors achieved for the entire manufacturing process were by severa ...	1993	8117439
the abbreviated 2-1-1 schedule of purified chick embryo cell rabies vaccination for rabies postexposure treatment.	during august 1988 to january 1990, the immunogenicity and safety of purified chick embryo cell rabies vaccine (pcec) given by the conventional and abbreviated regimens in 82 vaccinees moderately to severely exposed to laboratory proven rabid animals were studied. the 16 vaccinees received pcec six doses as conventional schedule on days 0, 3, 7, 14, 28 and 90, the 11 vaccinees received six doses of pcec plus human rabies immune globulin (hrig) on day 0. the 29 vaccinees received an abbreviated s ...	1993	8160053
avirulent mutants of rabies virus and their use as live vaccine.	oral vaccination of foxes against rabies began in switzerland some 20 years ago and was later extended to several european countries. the vaccine strains, which were derivatives of the sad strain of rabies, retain a non-negligible pathogenicity for rodents and nontarget species. antigenic mutants of the sad bern vaccine strain, which are avirulent for adult mice, foxes and dogs, have been isolated and are presently under trial.	1993	8162418
rabies and bats in a rabies-endemic area of southern africa: application of two commercial test kits for antigen and antibody detection.	in southern africa, isolates of rabies-related viruses (i.e. duvenhage virus and lagos bat virus) have been made from insectivorous and frugivorous bats. as no recent formal bat virus survey has been reported in southern africa, a survey of bats in rabies-endemic areas was undertaken. five hundred and forty-seven bats (13 species) were collected from 21 localities in the orange free state, lesotho and the northern cape province. none of the 190 bat sera tested using the "trousse platelia rage" e ...	1993	7970582
cholinergic system in experimental rabies in mice.	a defect in cholinergic synaptic neurotransmission could explain the neuronal dysfunction that has been observed in rabies. the enzymatic activities of choline acetyltransferase (chat), acetylcholinesterase (ache), and enolase were assessed in the brains of rabies virus strain cvs-infected and uninfected mice. no statistically significant differences in activities of chat, ache, or enolase were observed in the cerebral cortex or hippocampus of moribund cvs-infected mice versus controls. binding ...	1993	8010187
raccoon poxvirus rabies virus glycoprotein recombinant vaccine in sheep.	twenty sheep were divided into groups and inoculated by various routes with recombinant raccoon poxvirus expressing the cvs rabies virus glycoprotein (rrcnv-g) or with raccoon poxvirus (rcnv). the apparent innocuous pathologic responses to each virus coupled with development of high levels of rabies virus neutralizing antibodies in animals vaccinated with rrcnv-g intradermally or intramuscularly suggested that the recombinant is effective and that rcnv would be a suitable substrate for further d ...	1993	8240013
protective activity of a murine monoclonal antibody against european bat lyssavirus 1 (ebl1) infection in mice.	a mouse model was designed to test in vivo the efficacy of rabies immune globulins and specific neutralizing monoclonal antibodies to prevent european bat lyssavirus 1 infection. human or equine rabies immune globulins previously found to contain variable amounts of neutralizing bat lyssavirus crossreactive antibodies were passively transferred to mice receiving intramuscularly a lethal dose of bat lyssavirus type 1. immune globulins did not protect mice well against bat lyssavirus 1 whereas the ...	1993	8256507
immune response to rabies vaccine in alaskan dogs: failure to achieve a consistently protective antibody response.	previous studies in thailand and tunisia have shown that one injection of dog pre-exposure rabies vaccine does not produce a lasting antibody titre in a significant group of animals. we therefore duplicated the thai study in a small north american community using healthy, owned dogs. a tissue culture vaccine of known high antigenicity was given intramuscularly as one primary injection and antibody titres were determined by the rapid fluorescent focus inhibition test on days 14, 30, 60, 180 and 3 ...	1993	8266418
rabies antibody titres in vaccinated reindeer.	one dose of inactivated, adjuvanted rabies vaccine of cell culture origin (rabisin) induced good but short-duration immunity in close to 100% of the 50 semi-domesticated reindeer (rangifer tarandus tarandus l.) vaccinated. most of the animals (44) had rabies virus antibody titre > or = 1.5 iu/ml at 38 days after vaccination. five animals had titre 0.5 iu. antibody titres were not, however, present 1 year after primary vaccination in most animals. about 1 year (360-413 days) after primary vaccina ...	1993	8266898
efficacy of three oral rabies vaccine-baits in the red fox: a comparison.	the three commercial vaccine-baits currently available in western europe were fed to caged red foxes. the vaccines were: sadb19, bundesforschunganstalt für viruskrankheiten der tiere-tübingen, germany: a live attenuated rabies strain; sag1 virbac, france: low pathogenicity mutant of the sad strain and "raboral", rhône-mérieux, france: a vaccinia rabies glycoprotein recombinant (v-rg). protection rates conferred by the vaccine-baits were respectively 7 of 15 (sadb19), 5 of 9 (sag1) and 6 of 12 (v ...	1993	8128598
preparation of human rabies vaccine in vero cell culture using a microcarrier system.	1. the rabies virus (pasteur pv strain) was propagated in vero cells attached to microcarriers in a 3.7-1 bioreactor. virus titers of about 10(6) ld50/ml were obtained regularly. 2. ultrafiltration was efficient for concentrating the virus suspensions, and the sucrose gradient reduced the residual vero cell dna to acceptable levels (less than 50 pg/dose). the remaining cell dna content was evaluated by dot-blot hybridization with a probe prepared with vero cell dna. 3. the final virus preparatio ...	1993	8136732
diagnosis of rabies by polymerase chain reaction with nested primers.	a simple, sensitive, and specific polymerase chain reaction (pcr) protocol for detection of rabies virus is described. the process consists of sample preparation, reverse transcription, two-step dna amplification, and detection of the amplified product. rna was extracted from animal and human brain by phenol-chloroform using guanidinium thiocyanate. viral rna was then amplified in a two-step pcr that used two sets of nested primers designed to amplify rabies nucleocapsid (n) sequence. rabies nuc ...	1993	8418168
[the validation of the possibility of obtaining antirabies donor plasma].	the possibility was studied of obtaining of a highly-specific antirabies plasma from donor blood actively immunized with concentrated culture antirabies vaccine and optimal terms were determined for obtaining immunoreactive raw material for manufacturing of antirabies immunoglobulin. technical aspects of manufacturing antirabies donor plasma are discussed.	1993	8191740
pathophysiology of rabies virus infection of the nervous system.		1993	8430523
occurrence of human rabies in peninsular malaysia.	the occurrence of a case of human rabies in peninsular malaysia is reported. despite the various control measures taken, sporadic cases of rabies have continued to occur in peninsular malaysia, especially in the northern states. clinical awareness of the occurrence of rabies is therefore important and effective post-exposure prophylaxis should be instituted as soon as possible to prevent the possible occurrence of this dreaded disease.	1993	8350795
low-ph conformational changes of rabies virus glycoprotein and their role in membrane fusion.	fusion of rabies virus with membranes occurs at acidic ph and is mediated by the viral spike glycoprotein (g). in this paper, we provide the basis for a description of structural transitions associated with exposure to low ph and of their role in membrane fusion. first, we have extended previous studies of fusion kinetics and we have shown that low-ph inhibition of fusion is detectable at 0.5 ph units higher than fusion. second, low-ph-induced conformational changes were analyzed by using electr ...	1993	8437221
rabies: a new look at an old disease.		1993	8438079
canine distemper virus l gene: sequence and comparison with related viruses.	we cloned the genomic rna of canine distemper virus (cdv) and determined the nucleotide sequence of the large (l) protein-coding gene. the l gene is 6573 nucleotides long and contains a single open reading frame coding for a polypeptide of 2161 amino acids (mw 246,354). the precise 5' end of the viral genome consists of a 38-nucleotide leader region. the cdv l protein shows over 77% amino acid similarity with its morbilliform relative measles virus (mv) with nearly 67% of their amino acids conse ...	1993	8438585
rabies in african wild dogs (lycaon pictus) in the serengeti region, tanzania.	rabies was confirmed as the cause of death of one african wild dog (lycaon pictus) in the serengeti region, tanzania. one adult african wild dog in the same pack showed central nervous signs consistent with rabies infection. inactivated rabies vaccine was administered intramuscularly to african wild dogs in two packs, by dart or by hand following anesthesia. these individuals comprised all known adults in the serengeti national park. in a limited study of seroprevalence of rabies antibody carrie ...	1993	8355341
rabies and borna disease. a comparative pathogenetic study of two neurovirulent agents.	rabies and borna disease viruses have been regarded as classical neurotropic agents. many pathogenetic similarities are shared by these two negative strand rna viruses. in view of recently gained data on the virology and pathology of these two diseases, and up-to-date comparative pathogenetic study seems to be justified.	1993	8450648
oral vaccination of racoons (procyon lotor) with baculovirus-expressed rabies virus glycoprotein.	successful field oral vaccination and protection against viral diseases have so far been achieved only with live-attenuated or live-recombinant virus vaccines. in this communication, we present data that demonstrate that a glycoprotein derived from recombinant baculovirus-infected insect cells is efficacious as an oral vaccine. the glycoprotein (g) of rabies virus (evelyn rokitnicki abelseth strain) was abundantly expressed in a baculovirus expression system and oral vaccination of racoons with ...	1993	8212838
immune response in cattle induced by inactivated rabies vaccine adjuvanted with aluminium hydroxide either alone or in combination with avridine.	in a comparative study of two commercial baby hamster kidney rabies vaccines produced in brazil, the authors were able to demonstrate the following: a) both vaccines provoked a high level of antibody response and protection against challenge in cattle b) in primary vaccination, at least, the addition of avridine (a synthetic lipoidal amine) enhances the immune response in terms of the level and persistence of antibody c) over 90% of cattle vaccinated with either vaccine were protected against ex ...	1993	8219344
the threat of rabies introduction and establishment in australia.		1993	8476362
polymerase chain reaction and other laboratory techniques in the diagnosis of long incubation rabies in australia.	blood and post-mortem tissues from a 10-years-old girl were submitted to the australian animal health laboratory. clinical signs and histopathological lesions had suggested a diagnosis of rabies, but, an unusually long incubation period of at least 5 years did not encourage such a diagnosis. serological examinations by the rapid fluorescent focus inhibition test revealed a dramatic increase in rabies virus-neutralising antibody during the 10-day period of hospitalisation. the results of a fluore ...	1993	8476363
structure and expression in baculovirus of the mokola virus glycoprotein: an efficient recombinant vaccine.	the sequence of the glycoprotein gene of the mokola virus, the more divergent element of the lyssavirus genus, has been determined and the predicted protein structure compared to its counterpart in rabies vaccine strains. a global similarity of 54.3% was observed. the divergence affects particularly the rabies antigenic sites involved in the b-cell response. this provides a molecular basis for the absence of cross-protection between mokola and rabies viruses and argues for the necessity of a spe ...	1993	8480429
deliberate release of a recombinant vaccinia-rabies virus for vaccination of wild animals against rabies.	since 1978, several european countries have conducted, at different times, large-scale field trials of oral vaccination of foxes (vulpes vulpes) against rabies, using the sad, standard or b19-modified attenuated strains of rabies virus. the use of attenuated strains of rabies virus remains controversial as far as safety and stability are concerned, since these virus strains retain pathogenicity for rodents or other wildlife species and are heat-sensitive. to improve both safety and stability of ...	1993	8281357
simplified fluorescent inhibition microtest for the titration of rabies neutralizing antibodies.	a simplified fluorescence inhibition microtest (sfimt) was standardized for the evaluation of antirabies serum neutralizing antibodies based on the rapid fluorescent focus inhibition test (rffit) and the fluorescence inhibition microtest (fimt). the simplified test showed reproducibility similar to that of the fimt with advantages as easier executation and quicker reading. a simple pre-treatment of brazilian microplates produced for immune enzymatic assays (prosil) gave equivalent results and su ...	1993	8284602
efficiency of n-linked core glycosylation at asparagine-319 of rabies virus glycoprotein is altered by deletions c-terminal to the glycosylation sequon.	in n-linked core glycosylation, the oligosaccharide glc3man9glcnac2 is transferred to the tripeptide sequon asn-x-ser/thr. however, this process must be regulated by additional protein signals, since many sequons are either poorly glycosylated or not glycosylated at all. since n-linked glycosylation can influence protein structure and function, understanding these signals is essential for the design and expression of recombinant glycoproteins. core glycosylation usually occurs cotranslationally ...	1993	8369313
a model of the rabies virus glycoprotein active site.	the glycoprotein from the neurotropic rabies virus shows a significant homology with the alpha neurotoxin that binds to the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor. the crystal structure of the alpha neurotoxins suggests that the arg 37 guanidinium group and the asp 31 side-chain carboxylate of the erabutoxin have stereochemical features resembling those of acetylcholine. conformational studies on the asn194-ser195-arg196-gly197 tetrapeptide, an essential part of the binding site of the rabies virus gl ...	1993	8318668
shedding of gs protein (a soluble form of the viral glycoprotein) by the rabies virus-infected bhk-21 cells.	we investigated a possible mechanism of g protein shedding occurring in the rabies virus-infected bhk-21 cell cultures. quantitative analysis showed that about 10% of the newly synthesized g proteins were shed from the cells as gs protein, a soluble form of g protein which lacked the c-terminal anchoring region of the protein, into the culture medium. pulse-chase experiments revealed that the release of tritium-labeled gs proteins began soon after the synthesis, but ceased after a short time (wi ...	1993	8337829
molecular diversity of the lyssavirus genus.	the sequence of 5568 nucleotides of the 3' moiety of the mokola virus genome (serotype 3 of lyssaviruses) encompassing the nucleoprotein (n), phosphoprotein, matrix protein, and glycoprotein genes is presented and compared to that of the vaccinal strains of serotype 1. it allowed us to determine consensus sequences derived from the transcriptional start/stop signals and the order of protein conservation (nucleoprotein > matrix protein > phosphoprotein) in lyssaviruses. the sequences of the n gen ...	1993	8386891
resistance of mice vaccinated with rabies virus internal structural proteins to lethal infection.	mice were vaccinated with recombinant vaccinia virus (rvac) expressing the glycoprotein (g), nucleoprotein (n), phosphoprotein (ns) or matrix protein (m) of rabies virus and their resistance to peripheral lethal infection with street rabies virus was examined. mice vaccinated with rvac-g or rvac-n developed strong antibody responses to the corresponding proteins and essentially all mice survived challenge infection. mice vaccinated with rvac-ns or rvac-m developed only a slight antibody response ...	1993	8352659
rabies virus superantigen.		1993	8235045
isolation of a virus with rhabdovirus morphology from a white-beaked dolphin (lagenorhynchus albirostris).	a virus with rhabdovirus morphology which proved to be antigenically distinct from rabies virus and vesicular stomatitis virus was isolated from a dolphin that had beached on the dutch coast. neutralizing antibodies to this virus were found in several european marine mammal species.	1993	8240009
rabies virus antinucleoprotein antibody protects against rabies virus challenge in vivo and inhibits rabies virus replication in vitro.	we previously reported that a/wysnj mice vaccinated via a tail scratch with a recombinant raccoon poxvirus (rcn) expressing the rabies virus internal structural nucleoprotein (n) (rcn-n) were protected against a street rabies virus (d. l. lodmell, j. w. sumner, j.j. esposito, w.j. bellini, and l. c. ewalt, j. virol. 65:3400-3405, 1991). to improve our understanding of the mechanism(s) of this protection, we investigated whether sera of a/wysnj mice that had been vaccinated with rcn-n but not cha ...	1993	8371354
demonstration of rabies virus antigen at autopsy.		1993	8375865
a single point mutation in the vp7 major core protein of bluetongue virus prevents the formation of core-like particles.	to understand the assembly process of bluetongue virus (btv), we have established a functional assay which allows us to produce and manipulate btv core-like particles (clps) composed of the viral vp7 and vp3 proteins. a cdna clone encoding the 349-amino-acid vp7 protein has been manipulated to generate deletion, extension, and site-specific mutants. each mutant was coexpressed with the btv vp3 protein to generate clps. deletion and extension mutants involving the vp7 carboxy terminus prevented c ...	1993	8380082
differential effects of rabies and borna disease viruses on immediate-early- and late-response gene expression in brain tissues.	in situ hybridization and northern blot analysis were used to examine expression of the immediate-early-response genes (iegs) egr-1, junb, and c-fos, and the late response gene encoding enkephalin in the brains of rats infected intranasally with borna disease virus (bdv) or rabies virus. in both borna disease and rabies virus infections, a dramatic and specific induction of iegs was detected in particular regions of the hippocampus and the cortex. increased ieg mrna expression overlapped with th ...	1993	8411369
clonal analysis of a human antibody response. ii. sequences of the vh genes of human igm, igg, and iga to rabies virus reveal preferential utilization of vhiii segments and somatic hypermutation.	the construction of mab-producing cell lines has been instrumental in dissecting the fine specificities and genetic makeup of murine antibodies to exogenous and self ag. the analysis of the genetic composition of human antibody responses has been hampered by the difficulty in generating human mab of predetermined class and specificity. using b lymphocytes from three healthy subjects vaccinated with inactivated rabies virus vaccine, we generated nine human mab binding to rabies virus and analyzed ...	1993	8432980
characterization of rabies glycoprotein expressed in yeast.	the rabies virus surface glycoprotein was synthesized in saccharomyces cerevisiae using an expression vector which contains an inducible promoter from the copper metallothionein gene. the rabies g protein was also expressed constitutively in yeast when cloned under control of the triose dehydrogenase promoter. polypeptides of 65-68 kda, which migrated at the same molecular weight as authentic viral rabies g protein species, were synthesized by yeast transformants as detected by immunoblotting wi ...	1993	8435044
further studies on the susceptibility of raccoons (procyon lotor) to a rabies virus of skunk origin and comparative susceptibility of striped skunks (mephitis mephitis).	two raccoons (procyon lotor) were inoculated in the masseter muscles with 10(5.9) mouse intracerebral lethal dose50 (micd50) of a rabies virus isolated from a naturally infected iowa (usa) striped skunk (mephitis mephitis). five striped skunks were inoculated with either 10(0.7) or 10(2.1) micld50 of the same isolate. all five skunks died within 35 days following inoculation. both raccoons survived 273 days without adverse effects, and virus was not isolated from saliva samples taken at between ...	1993	8355351
rabies encephalitis in a patient with no history of exposure.	a 29-year-old man died of a rapidly progressive encephalitis without a clinical diagnosis and without a history of exposure to the rabies virus. a diagnosis of rabies was established postmortem by histologic and ultrastructural demonstration of rabies virus inclusions, by fluorescent antibody reaction, and by viral culture. viral inclusions were sparse, were generally irregular and poorly demarcated, and were confined almost exclusively to the cerebellar purkinje cells. a history of exposure was ...	1993	8418011
poliomyelomalacia and ganglioneuritis in a horse with paralytic rabies.		1993	8466989
beta-propiolactone treatment impairs the biological activity of residual dna from bhk-21 cells infected with rabies virus.	the effects of beta-propiolactone (bpl), an alkylating and virus inactivating agent, on the structural and in vitro biological properties of different dna preparations from bhk-21 cells were investigated. both uninfected and rabies virus-infected cells were used. purified cellular dna (celdna) was used as the reference, and supernatants from infected cells were treated with bpl. for structural and biological studies three types of dna preparation were tested: celdna; purified dna from cell (infe ...	1993	8427040
generation of human monoclonal antibodies by transformation of lymphoblastoid b cells with ras oncogene.	human monoclonal antibodies (hu-mabs) of predetermined specificity and isotype are potentially important for a variety of applications, including therapy and diagnosis. their efficient generation, however, is still hampered by technical difficulties. even the most established approaches to the generation of hu-mabs, i.e., b cell immortalization by epstein-barr virus (ebv) and/or fusion with appropriate myeloma cell lines, are characterized by a relatively low efficiency. it has been shown that e ...	1993	8450236
the neurotoxin-like sequence of human immunodeficiency virus gp120: a comparison of sequence data from patients with and without neurological symptoms.	a region of the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) envelope glycoprotein gp 120 has been claimed previously to be homologous to parts of snake venom neurotoxins and rabies virus glycoprotein ("the neurotoxic loop"). we have determined dna sequences directly from a polymerase chain reaction amplified fragment corresponding to this region of hiv-1 gp 120 and have translated these to protein sequences. this was performed with the prototype hivsf2 isolate and several swedish hiv-1 strains, ...	1993	8470367
rabies: a review.		1993	8473555
a comparative study of the effect of dextran sulfate on the fusion and the in vitro replication of influenza a and b, semliki forest, vesicular stomatitis, rabies, sendai, and mumps virus.	the effect of dextran sulfate on the fusion of a series of enveloped viruses, bearing specifically different fusion proteins, was investigated. the fusion with model- and with biological membranes was monitored by an r18 fluorescence-dequenching fusion assay. dextran sulfate strongly suppresses the fusion of orthomxyo- (influenza a (h1n1 and h3n2 subtypes) and influenza b), of toga- (semliki forest virus), and of rhabdoviruses (vesicular stomatitis and rabies virus). the fusion of the paramyxo-v ...	1993	8517791
human rabies: a review.	human rabies is a rarely observed but frequently prophylaxed disease in north america. presented in this review is a typical emergency department case and a summary of the epidemiology of the rabies virus, its clinical appearances, diagnosis, and management. emphasis is placed on issues pertinent to the emergency physician practicing in the united states. current recommendations for the administration of both active and passive immunotherapy for preexposure and postexposure prophylaxis are discu ...	1993	8489675
rabies virus selectively alters 5-ht1 receptor subtypes in rat brain.	rabies virus infection in man induces a series of clinical symptoms, some suggesting involvement of the central serotonergic system. the results of the present study show that, 5 days after rabies virus infection in rat, the total reversible high-affinity binding of [3h]5-ht in the hippocampus is not affected, suggesting that 5-ht1a binding is not altered. 5-ht1b sites identified by [125i]cyanopindolol binding are not affected in the cortex 3 and 5 days after the infection. accordingly, the cell ...	1993	8491253
chemiluminescence of mononuclear cells is enhanced during antigen recognition.	stimulation of phagocytes by several cytokines causes superoxide generation and consequently chemiluminescence. since antigen-activated lymphocytes generate cytokines, we investigated whether antigen recognition by mononuclear cells, which contain both lymphocytes and monocytes, is accompanied by changes in lucigenin-dependent chemiluminescence. mononuclear cells which underwent antigen-induced proliferation showed a delayed rise in lucigenin-dependent chemiluminescence in the absence of other s ...	1993	8493886
[pre-exposure rabies immunization in occupational exposed milieu. a 5-year prospective and comparative study of immunogenicity].	pre-exposure rabies immunization has been the object of numerous immunogenicity studies with cultivated cell vaccines. several primary immunizations and booster injection schedules have been suggested. the purpose of the present study was to compare simultaneously the immunogenicities of two vaccines at 5 years and those of two primary immunization schedules with a booster injection at 1 year. we compared the vaccine prepared from vero cell cultures (pvrv) versus the reference vaccine prepared f ...	1993	8511091
new era of antirabic vaccine.		1993	8491981
identification of regional variants of the rabies virus within the canadian province of ontario.	although rabies outbreaks in most parts of the world tend to be host species-specific the rabies currently enzootic in the canadian province of ontario is hosted by two wildlife species, the red fox and the striped skunk. previous studies employing monoclonal antibody panels failed to identify any host-specific differences in ontario rabies virus street isolates, but certain observations suggested the existence of more than one viral strain in terrestrial mammals of this region. the extent of va ...	1993	8492088
alteration of potassium-evoked 5-ht release from virus-infected rat cortical synaptosomes.	potassium-evoked 3h-serotonin (5-ht) release from rat cerebrocortical synaptosomes was performed after peripheral inoculation with fixed rabies virus cvs (challenge virus strain). at the onset of clinical symptoms, the rats were sacrificed, synaptosomes were prepared from dissected cortices and assayed for k+ evoked 5-ht release. the results show a decrease in evoked 5-ht release from virus-infected synaptosomes. alterations in serotoninergic transmission in rabies virus infected brain cortex in ...	1993	8513137
comparisons of nucleotide and deduced amino acid sequences of the glycoprotein genes of a chinese street strain (cgx89-1) and a chinese vaccine strain (3ag) of rabies virus.	we analyzed the glycoprotein gene sequences of a chinese street rabies virus strain (cgx89-1) and a chinese human rabies vaccine strain (3ag). the complete glycoprotein gene sequence of each strain has 1575 nucleotides and encodes a polypeptide of 524 amino acids. the overall nucleotide homology of these glycoprotein genes is 84.5%, and the deduced amino acid homology is 89.5%. twenty-one percent of the base changes result in amino acid substitutions. comparison of the homologies of the glycopro ...	1993	8460524
comparative sequence analysis of the m gene among rabies virus strains and its expression by recombinant vaccinia virus.	nucleotide sequences and the deduced amino acid sequences of the gene encoding the matrix (m) protein of the nishigahara and the cvs strains of rabies virus have been determined. the m gene is 609 nucleotides long and is capable of coding for a peptide composed of 202 amino acids. sequence comparison of these m genes with those of other stains [pasteur (pv), era, avol] revealed that there is 89.7-91.5% homology at the nucleotide level, and 90.1-92.1% homology at amino acid level, between almost ...	1993	8470369
differentiation of two rabies strains in estonia with reference to recent finnish isolates.	we compared 24 rabies samples collected in estonia in 1989 to 1992, to identify the kinds of rabies strains circulating in this country. eleven of the strains came from the islands of saaremaa, hiiumaa and muhu, off the baltic coast; 13 came from the mainland. the mainland strains, like those from the 1988 to 1989 epizootic in finland, were antigenically different from the 11 island isolates. the island isolates reacted negatively with monoclonal antibody w-187.5 as does the sad b19 rabies vacci ...	1993	8487369
effect of natural and semisynthetic polymers on rabies virus infection in cer cells.	different natural and semisynthetic polymeric carbohydrates inhibited rabies virus infection in chicken-embryo-related cells by interfering with the virus adsorption process; a dose-dependent relationship was exhibited. among polysaccharides tested, the neutral polymer scleroglucan and the negatively charged keltrol, glyloid sulphate 4324, glyloid sulphate 4327 and alginic acid were the most effective and remained active at concentrations far below the cytotoxicity threshold. data obtained indic ...	1993	8511399
studies on the antigenicity and nucleotide sequence of the rabies virus nishigahara strain, a current seed strain used for dog vaccine production in japan.	the nishigahara strain of rabies virus, a current seed strain used for animal vaccine production in japan, is believed to derived from the original pasteur strain obtained from paris in or before 1915. in japan, the virus was serially passaged through several kinds of animals and cell cultures. reactions with anti-nucleocapsid protein monoclonal antibodies (mab-n) indicated the nishigahara strain had maintained the antigenic profile of the pasteur virus. reactions with monoclonal antibodies to t ...	1994	8209421
rabies encephalitis in humans: pathology, pathogenesis and pathophysiology.		1994	8301314
human rabies--california, 1994.	in january 1994, a 44-year-old california man died from a bat-associated strain of rabies; he had had no known animal bite or other rabies exposure. rabies was not clinically suspected nor confirmed until 1 month after his death. this report summarizes the case investigation.	1994	8208235
rabies in endemic countries.		1994	8136662
long-term humoral and cellular immunity after vaccination with cell culture rabies vaccines in man.	to determine the duration of anti-rabies immunity, peripheral blood of 18 vaccinees was obtained between 2 and 14 years after immunization. peripheral blood mononuclear cells (pbmc) and serum were tested for the presence of either rabies virus-specific antibodies or rabies antigen-specific proliferation. neutralizing immunoglobulin class g anti-rabies virus antibodies could be detected in sera of all vaccinees, but not in 18 age- and sex-matched controls. rabies antigen-induced proliferation of ...	1994	8200131
human rabies. new york, 1993.		1994	8193012
experimental rabies infection of non-nervous tissues in skunks (mephitis mephitis) and foxes (vulpes vulpes).	non-neural tissues, from three male and four female stripped skunks (mephitis mephitis), 5 to 7 months old, and one male and two female red foxes (vulpes vulpes), 12 to 16 months old, experimentally infected with street rabies virus, were examined by light microscopic immunohistochemical and electron microscopic methods. this is the first report of ultrastructural lesions in rabies-infected adrenal medulla, cornea, and nasal glands. using the streptavidin biotin peroxidase technique, antigen was ...	1994	8140732
[post-exposure antirabies prophylaxis in pregnant women].	rabies infection in humans is still a major public health problem. a review of the literature shows 25 cases of pregnant human exposure to rabies virus. we report two patients with rabies exposure during the second and third trimester of pregnancy, that received immunization respectively with vero cell vaccine and fuenzalida vaccine. there were no repercutions in the products or in the mothers attributed to the prophylaxis, which appear safe when given during pregnancy. because of the high likel ...	1994	8168717
genomic organization of lettuce necrotic yellows rhabdovirus.	we have mapped the genome of lettuce necrotic yellows virus (lnyv), the type member of the genus cytorhabdovirus of the family rhabdoviridae. we have cloned and sequenced all intergenic regions and the 3' leader and 5' trailer of the negative-sense, single-stranded rna genome of lnyv. the lnyv genome appears to contain six genes, the five expected genes coding for the virion proteins, and a sixth gene of unknown function, as for sonchus yellow net virus (synv), a member of the genus nucleorhabdo ...	1994	8178430
both the n- and the c-terminal domains of the nominal phosphoprotein of rabies virus are involved in binding to the nucleoprotein.	the interaction of the nominal phosphoprotein (ns) and the nucleoprotein (n) of rabies virus (evelyn rokitnicki abelseth strain) was investigated by expressing these proteins in insect cells and in an in vitro coupled transcription-translation system. the n and ns proteins individually expressed in insect cells interacted with each other in vitro and formed complexes at a n:ns ratio similar to those found in rabies virions. in the in vitro transcription-translation system, both the n and ns prot ...	1994	8178445
[virus infections--disease pictures and laboratory diagnosis. part 8: slow viruses, rabies virus, varicella zoster virus and cytomegalovirus].		1994	8163256
epizootic canine rabies transmitted by coyotes in south texas.	prior to 1988, rabies was reported only sporadically in coyotes. however, in the final 4 months of 1988, starr county, tex, which is situated on the us-mexico border, experienced an epizootic of canine rabies, consisting of 6 laboratory-confirmed cases of rabies in coyotes and of 2 cases in domestic dogs. the first 3 cases were detected in coyotes, and the first case in a domestic dog was observed 84 days after the index case. adjacent hidalgo county reported 9 cases of rabies in dogs during the ...	1994	8163414
rescue of synthetic genomic rna analogs of rabies virus by plasmid-encoded proteins.	proteins entirely expressed from cdna were used to rescue synthetic rna genome analogs into infectious defective particles of rabies virus (rv). synthetic negative-stranded rnas containing 3'- and 5'-terminal rv sequences and transcriptional signal sequences were transcribed from plasmids transfected into cells expressing t7 rna polymerase from recombinant vaccinia virus. after simultaneous expression of rv n, p, and l proteins from plasmids containing a t7 rna polymerase promoter, the synthetic ...	1994	8289375
a molecular epidemiological study of rabies virus in central ontario and western quebec.	rabies persists in ontario wildlife in two predominant species: the red fox (vulpes vulpes) and the striped skunk (mephitis mephitis). a protocol applying reverse transcription/polymerase chain reaction (rt/pcr) and restriction endonuclease analysis (rea) to the rabies virus nucleoprotein gene was previously reported by nadin-davis et al. (journal of general virology 74, 829-837, 1993) to be useful for discrimination of rabies virus variants in ontario. four main types, which showed no host spec ...	1994	7931145
[the role of small terrestrial mammals in the epidemiology of rabies].	the examination should help to elucidate the possibility of virus occurrence in free living small terrestrial rodents. the examination was oriented on the following: 1. animals living in natural surroundings. 2. rodents examined after injuring man. the examination was carried out by means of the direct immunofluorescent test and, partially, also by biological assay on suckling laboratory mice. in the first part of experiment, more than 10,000 small terrestrial mammals were entrapped, belonging t ...	1994	7953086
[advances in rabies research].	recent advances in research into rabies, based on the technological process of the biological sciences mainly molecular biology and genetic engineering, are mentioned. the current knowledge of the characteristics, properties pathogeny and immunology of the rabies views is presented, as well as the development of new diagnostic and vaccine evaluation techniques. the epidemiological importance of the identification of different immunogenic rabies virus strains and the role in immunoprophylaxis of ...	1994	7997828
the role of sialic acid and ca2+ ions in rabies virus-infected foxes brain.	the receptors for rabies virus on the neuron membranes are polysialogangliosides arranged in multicomponent gelate structures. the impulse conductivity at the synapse membranes also depends on the interactions between negatively charged sialic acid from the oligosaccharide parts of gangliosides and positively charged ca ions. from individual brain regions of healthy foxes and foxes naturally infected with rabies virus glycolipoprotein preparations were isolated. in them, the presence of polysial ...	1994	8004936
modification of tritiated gamma-amino-n-butyric acid transport in rabies virus-infected primary cortical cultures.	the role of brain neurotransmitter transport processes in rabies virus infection of neurons was examined. the uptake and release of gamma-amino-n-butyric acid (gaba) in rabies virus-infected embryonic rat cortical neurons was assayed using tritiated ligands. a 45% reduction of [3h]gaba uptake was observed 3 days post-infection, when a maximum level of infectious particle release occurs. at this time, kinetic analysis revealed significant changes in vmax, whereas no changes were found in km value ...	1994	8126458
a simple method to test the ability of individual viral proteins to induce immune responses.	immune responses to a mouse fibroblast line, transfected with a plasmid that causes expression of the rabies virus glycoprotein under the control of a simian virus 40 early promoter, were studied. transfected cells were shown to be recognized in vitro by a panel of monoclonal antibodies directed to conformational epitopes of the different antigenic sites of the glycoprotein. they stimulated rabies virus glycoprotein-specific t helper cells in the presence of antigen-presenting cells and were, fu ...	1994	8051219
[new data on the spread of p-41-positive strains of the rabies virus in arctic and extra-arctic regions].	271 strains of rabies virus, isolated in different regions of the former ussr, were studied with the use of monoclonal antibodies p-41 (germany). all strains isolated in the arctic regions, as well as some of the strains isolated in nonarctic regions situated 300-1700 km south of the polar circle (the baltic countries, central yakutia, the eastern part of the transbaikal region), gave positive reaction with these antibodies. cases of hydrophobia caused by virus with the 41 (+) marker were descri ...	1994	8017128
development of human monoclonal antibodies to rabies.	a total of nine human monoclonal antibodies (mabs) to rabies virus were generated from peripheral b lymphocytes of subjects immunized with human diploid cell rabies vaccine by somatic cell hybridization. the mabs were analyzed for their antigen-binding specificities using elisa, western blot, and immunoprecipitation assays. the different assays made it possible to identify mabs directed to the surface glycoprotein, nucleoprotein, nominal phosphoprotein, and matrix protein. one of the mabs that r ...	1994	7860096
protective efficacy in mice of post-exposure vaccination with vaccinia virus recombinant expressing either rabies virus glycoprotein or nucleoprotein.	mice vaccinated intraperitoneally (i.p.) with 10(7) p.f.u. of a vaccinia virus recombinant expressing either the glycoprotein (rvac-g) or nucleoprotein (rvac-n) of rabies virus 3 weeks before challenge were protected against peripheral lethal infection. similarly, by post-exposure vaccination in which mice were first infected with rabies virus and subsequently vaccinated i.p. with the recombinant, rvac-g conferred protection when given immediately following infection and up to 24 h after infecti ...	1994	8207400
survey of fox trappers in northern alaska for rabies antibody.	the purpose of this research was to determine whether trappers in northern alaska acquired immunity to rabies virus from non-bite exposures while trapping and skinning arctic foxes (alopex lagopus). in coastal alaska recurring epizootics presumably provide trappers ample opportunity for contact with rabid animals. serum neutralization analyses of blood samples collected from 26 individuals were conducted. all but three had negative rabies neutralizing antibody levels (< 0.05 i.u./ml). two of the ...	1994	8062870
analysis of the nucleocapsid gene of lettuce necrotic yellows rhabdovirus.	the complete nucleotide sequence of the nucleocapsid (n) gene of lettuce necrotic yellows virus (lnyv), the type member of the genus cytorhabdovirus of plant rhabdoviruses, has been determined from cdna clones of both the viral genomic and messenger rnas. the previously identified n gene was adjacent to the 3' leader rna and began at position 91 from the 3' end of the lnyv genome. analysis of the sequence showed that the n mrna contained a 78-nt 5' untranslated region, followed by a 1377-nt open ...	1994	8030210
immunoperoxidase test for rabies: utility as a diagnostic test.	although a fast and reliable fluorescent antibody (fa) test for rabies diagnosis is available, ideally the diagnostic procedure requires fresh or frozen brain tissues. in some instances (and particularly for retrospective studies), fresh or frozen tissues may not be available. in such cases, immunohistochemical tests may be utilized. because such tests have been used only in a limited number of cases, their diagnostic reliability has not been thoroughly evaluated. this study documents the result ...	1994	8068744
structural and antigenic analysis of the nucleoprotein of bovine ephemeral fever rhabdovirus.	the nucleotide sequence of the bovine ephemeral fever virus (befv) genome has been determined from the 3' terminus to the end of the nucleoprotein (n) gene. the 3' leader sequence comprises 50 nucleotides and shares a common terminal three nucleotides (3'-ugc-) and a downstream u-rich domain with vesicular stomatitis virus (vsv) and rabies virus. the n gene comprises 1328 nucleotides from the transcription initiation consensus sequence (aacagg) to the conserved transcription termination-poly(a) ...	1994	8046391
modulation of antiviral immune responses by exogenous cytokines: effects of tumour necrosis factor-alpha, interleukin-1 alpha, interleukin-2 and interferon-gamma on the immunogenicity of an inactivated rabies vaccine.	in vivo administration of exogenous cytokines may influence elicited immune responses, and hence may change the efficacy of a vaccine. we investigated the effects of tumour necrosis factor-alpha (tnf-alpha), interleukin-1 alpha (il-1 alpha), interleukin-2 (il-2) and interferon-gamma (ifn-gamma) on the immune response elicited by inactivated rabies virus vaccine in a mouse model. each of the cytokines increased virus-specific igg responses after primary and after secondary immunization. a single ...	1994	8113740
vaccination with a plasmid vector carrying the rabies virus glycoprotein gene induces protective immunity against rabies virus.	a plasmid vector, termed psg5rab.gp, that expresses the rabies virus glycoprotein under the control of an sv40 early promoter, was tested in c3h/he mice for induction of rabies virus-specific immune responses. mice immunized intramuscularly with the psg5rab.gp vector developed rabies virus glycoprotein-specific cytolytic t cells, lymphokine-secreting t helper cells of the th1 subset, and rabies virus-neutralizing antibodies. mice vaccinated with the psg5rab.gp vector were fully protected against ...	1994	8116236
acute toxoplasmosis in a gray fox (urocyon cinereoargenteus).	toxoplasmosis was diagnosed in a gray fox (urocyon cinereoargenteus) found moribund in lake loundes park, mississippi. there was almost total necrosis of mesenteric lymph nodes, focal hemorrhage and necrosis in the brain. lesions in all of these organs were associated with numerous toxoplasma gondii tachyzoites. tissue cysts were seen in the brain. organisms reacted with anti-t. gondii serum in an avidin-biotin immunohistochemical test. there was no evidence of concurrent distemper or rabies vir ...	1994	8171835
rabies ribonucleocapsid as an oral immunogen and immunological enhancer.	the administration of rabies ribonucleocapsid (rnp) by oral as well as parenteral routes was found to prime specific t cells and elicit n-protein-specific antibodies. per os and intramuscular immunization led to the production of antibodies of the iga and igg isotypes, respectively. mice primed orally with rnp produced significantly enhanced amounts of virus-neutralizing antibody, compared with non-immune controls, upon subsequent parenteral booster immunization with inactivated rabies virus. th ...	1994	7971982
[isolation and multiplication of rabies virus in cell lines under conditions of routine rabies diagnosis].	isolation of rabies street virus from brains of animals with rabies was performed on cells of mouse neuroblastoma, infecting cells with suspension of tested brain tissue diluted 1:10, incubating at 37 degrees c in standard incubator (culture in legroux bottles and leighton tubes with rubber stoppers) and in 37 degrees c in an incubator with moist chamber and regulated flow of carbon dioxide (mirco-well plates, bottom-flat tubes, bottles produced by nuc, 25-chamber plates produced by flow). the m ...	1994	7996940
vaccination against rabies: construction and characterization of sag2, a double avirulent derivative of sadbern.	a double avirulent mutant was isolated from the sadbern strain of rabies virus by two successive selection steps using neutralizing anti-glycoprotein monoclonal antibodies. both mutations affect the triplet coding for amino acid 333 of the glycoprotein. the resulting virus, called sag2, has a glutamate coded by gaa in position 333 instead of an arginine. this new codon differs by two nucleotides from all the arginine triplets. sag2 is avirulent in adult mice by intracerebral and intramuscular ro ...	1994	8178553
in vivo interaction of rabies virus phosphoprotein (p) and nucleoprotein (n): existence of two n-binding sites on p protein.	the rabies virus phosphoprotein (p) and nucleoprotein (n) are involved in transcription and replication of the viral genome. interaction between n and p was studied in vivo in transfected cells expressing both proteins. co-immunoprecipitation assays revealed that the n-p complex is present in cells expressing both proteins as well as in infected cells. furthermore, immunostaining showed that coexpression of n and p was sufficient to induce the formation of cytoplasmic inclusions similar to those ...	1994	7964600
a unique mutation of glycoprotein gene of the attenuated rc-hl strain of rabies virus, a seed virus used for production of animal vaccine in japan.	although the rc-hl strain of rabies virus is avirulent in adult mice, the amino acid at position 333 of its g protein is arginine, which is thought to be necessary for virulence in adult mice upon intracerebral inoculation of the virus. this result suggests that besides arginine at position 333, some other positions of g protein might also be involved in determining the virulence of rabies virus.	1994	7968680
structures associated with the expression of rabies virus structural genes in insect cells.	when rabies virus structural genes were expressed in insect cells, major observed alterations were a high level of cytoplasmic vacuolization caused by the matrix protein m2 and the glycoprotein g. ring-like structures, 16 nm in diameter, were observed in cell-free extracts from insect cells that expressed the n protein alone. hexagonally shaped structures, 16-20 nm in diameter, and regular lattice aggregates of the same structures appeared on co-expression of n and m1 proteins. co-expression of ...	1994	8165865