Publications

antiviral activity of theaflavin digallate against herpes simplex virus type 1.	tea is the second most consumed drink in the world. the beneficial effects of tea have been mostly attributed to its catechin content. black tea is derived from the leaves of camellia sinensis plant, and it is rich in theaflavin polyphenols, in particular theaflavin (tf1), theaflavin-3-monogallate (tf2a), theaflavin-3'-monogallate (tf2b), and theaflavin-3,3'-digallate (tf3). vero and a549 cells were used to evaluate the effect of purified individual black tea theaflavins as anti-herpes simplex v ...	2015	25818500
honey and green/black tea consumption may reduce the risk of helicobacter pylori infection.	the aim of the study was to evaluate the influence of dietary and demographic factors and some habits on the prevalence of helicobacter pylori infection in 150 dyspeptic patients examined endoscopically and by the urea breath test. positivity rate was lower (50.6%) in patients consuming honey ≥1 day weekly compared with the remainder (70.8%) and in those consuming green/black tea ≥1 day weekly (45.2%) compared with the other patients (64.8%). logistic regression confirmed that the factors associ ...	2015	25779680
tea and soybean extracts in combination with milk fermentation inhibit growth and enterocyte adherence of selected foodborne pathogens.	this study examined the antibacterial and anti-adhesive properties of pure plant extracts (ppes) of green tea (gt), black tea (bt) and soybean individually or in combination with milk. fermented phenolic enriched-milk (fpem) was prepared by combining ppes with milk and fermented with lactic acid bacteria. antimicrobial activity of extracts was evaluated by broth-dilution and agar diffusion assay. anti-adhesive property of extracts was evaluated in caco-2 cell model. results from antibacterial te ...	2015	25766833
antagonistic potential of native trichoderma viride strain against potent tea fungal pathogens in north east india.	indigenous strains of trichoderma species isolated from rhizosphere soils of tea gardens of assam, north eastern state of india were assessed for in vitro antagonism against two important tea fungal pathogens namely pestalotia theae and fusarium solani. a potent antagonist against both tea pathogenic fungi, designated as sdrlin1, was selected and identified as trichoderma viride. the strain also showed substantial antifungal activity against five standard phytopathogenic fungi. culture filtrate ...	2015	26361476
antimicrobial activity of different tea varieties available in pakistan.	in this antimicrobial study, various extracts of green and black tea (camellia sinensis) and lemon grass (cymbopogon citrates) were evaluated for antimicrobial activities against six bacterial strains including both human pathogenic bacteria (escherichia coli, pseudomonas aeuroginosa, staphylococcus aureus and salmonella typhi) and plant pathogenic bacteria (erwinia carotovora, agro bacterium tumifaciens) and one fungal strain candida albicans by disc diffusion susceptibility method. of human pa ...	2015	26639502
effect of green tea extract and mouthwash without alcohol on candida albicans biofilm on acrylic resin.	to evaluate the effect of aqueous extract of green tea and the oral antiseptic without alcohol, on candida albicans biofilm formation to heat-curing acrylic resin plates.	2015	24846131
lactic acid bacteria: promising supplements for enhancing the biological activities of kombucha.	kombucha is sweetened black tea that is fermented by a symbiosis of bacteria and yeast embedded within a cellulose membrane. it is considered a health drink in many countries because it is a rich source of vitamins and may have other health benefits. it has previously been reported that adding lactic acid bacteria (lactobacillus) strains to kombucha can enhance its biological functions, but in that study only lactic acid bacteria isolated from kefir grains were tested. there are many other natur ...	2015	25763303
in vitro activity of 23 tea extractions and epigallocatechin gallate against candida species.	in this study, we investigate the susceptibility of candida albicans, candida glabrata, candida krusei, candida parapsilosis, candida tropicalis, and aspergillus fumigatus using the eucast microdilution minimum inhibitory concentration (mic) method (final tea supernatant concentration range 5.0-0.005 mg/ml) to 23 different teas and tea catechins including epigallocatechin gallate (egcg) isolated from green tea. all teas exhibited potent in vitro antifungal activity against c. glabrata. six out o ...	2015	25605775
compounds derived from epigallocatechin-3-gallate (egcg) as a novel approach to the prevention of viral infections.	pathogenic viral infections pose major health risks to humans and livestock due to viral infection-associated illnesses such as chronic or acute inflammation in crucial organs and systems, malignant and benign lesions. these lead to large number of illnesses and deaths worldwide each year. outbreaks of emerging lethal viruses, such as ebola virus, severe acute respiratory syndrome (sars) virus and middle east respiratory syndrome (mers) virus, could lead to epidemics or even pandemics if they ar ...	2015	26490660
effects of green tea on escherichia coli as a uropathogen.	escherichia coli is the most common cause of urinary tract infections. the development of antibiotic resistance in e. coli is an important problem. finding alternative antimicrobial agents from plant extracts has received growing interest. camellia sinensis is a safe, nontoxic, cheap beverage that has been reported to have antimicrobial effects against various pathogenic bacteria including e. coli. polyphenolic components of green tea ( lǜ chá) have antibacterial activity. catechins also have sy ...	2015	26151004
improvement of catechin production in escherichia coli through combinatorial metabolic engineering.	reconstruction of highly efficient biosynthesis pathways is essential for the production of valuable plant secondary metabolites in recombinant microorganisms. in order to improve the titer of green tea catechins in escherichia coli, combinatorial strategies were employed using the epathbrick vectors to express the committed catechin pathway: flavanone 3β-hydroxylase (f3h), dihydroflavonol 4-reductase (dfr), and leucoanthocyanidin reductase (lar). three f3h, three dfr, and two lar genes originat ...	2015	25527438
theaflavins inhibit pathogenic properties of p. gingivalis and mmps production in p. gingivalis-stimulated human gingival fibroblasts.	theaflavins, the main polyphenols in black tea, possesses a wide range of beneficial pharmacological properties. porphyromonas gingivalis (p. gingivalis) is a major aetiological agent associated with periodontitis, a chronic inflammatory disease affecting tooth-supporting tissues. the aim of the present study is to investigate the effect of theaflavins on pathogenic properties of p. gingivalis and on periodontitis by inhibiting matrix metalloproteinases (mmps) production induced by this oral pat ...	2015	25244614
synergy between antibiotics and natural agents results in increased antimicrobial activity against staphylococcus epidermidis.	staphylococcus epidermidis is one of the most frequent causes of biofilm-associated infections on indwelling medical devices. with the emergence of methicillin-resistant s. epidermidis (mrse), there is an urgent need to discover novel active agents against a range of gram-positive pathogens. we screened the clinical isolates of s. epidermidis for susceptibility/resistance against commonly prescribed antibiotics. furthermore, we tested some natural agents alone and in combination with antibiotics ...	2015	26409732
unravelling colletotrichum species associated with camellia: employing apmat and gs loci to resolve species in the c. gloeosporioides complex.	we investigated the phylogenetic diversity of 144 colletotrichum isolates associated with symptomatic and asymptomatic tissues of camellia sinensis and other camellia spp. from seven provinces in china (fujian, guizhou, henan, jiangxi, sichuan, yunnan, zhejiang), and seven isolates obtained from other countries, including indonesia, uk, and the usa. based on multi-locus (act, apmat, cal, gapdh, gs, its, tub2) phylogenetic analyses and phenotypic characters, 11 species were distinguished, includi ...	2015	26823629
codon usage bias analysis for the spermidine synthase gene from camellia sinensis (l.) o. kuntze.	the spermidine synthase (spds) gene exists widely in all types of plants. in this paper, the codon usage of the spds gene from camellia sinensis (csspds) was analyzed. the results showed that the codon usage of the csspds gene is biased towards the t-ended or a-ended codons, which is similar to that observed in 73 genes selected from the c. sinensis genome. an enc-plot for 15 spds genes from various plant species suggested that mutational bias was the major factor in shaping codon usage in these ...	2015	26214415
computational identification and analysis of mads box genes in camellia sinensis.	mads (minichromosome maintenance1 agamous deficiens serum response factor) box genes encode transcription factors and they play a key role in growth and development of flowering plants. there are two types of mads box genes- type i (serum response factor (srf)-like) and type ii (myocyte enhancer factor 2 (mef2)-like). type ii mads box genes have a conserved mikc domain (mads dna-binding domain, intervening domain, keratin-like domain, and c-terminal domain) and these were extensively studied in ...	2015	25914445
a systematic review of medicinal plants used for weight loss in brazil: is there potential for obesity treatment?	obesity is a pandemic disease and its prevalence is still increasing. moreover, it has important costs to public health. in brazil, many plants are used for weight loss by overweight or obese people, but there is a lack of scientific basis for this practice. many ethnobotanical studies aiming to characterize this usage have been published, but they are still limited by the region considered and the diversity of the popular knowledge.	2015	26520790
plants with potential use on obesity and its complications.	obesity is the most prevalent nutritional disease and a growing public health problem worldwide. this disease is a causal component of the metabolic syndrome related with abnormalities, including hyperglycemia, dyslipidemia, hypertension, inflammation, among others. there are anti-obesity drugs, affecting the fundamental processes of the weight regulation; however they have shown serious side effects, which outweigh their beneficial effects. most recent studies on the treatment of obesity and it ...	2015	26869866
natural products for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus.	type 2 diabetes mellitus is a metabolic disease characterized by persistent hyperglycemia. high blood sugar can produce long-term complications such as cardiovascular and renal disorders, retinopathy, and poor blood flow. its development can be prevented or delayed in people with impaired glucose tolerance by implementing lifestyle changes or the use of therapeutic agents. some of these drugs have been obtained from plants or have a microbial origin, such as galegine isolated from galega officin ...	2015	26132858
plants used as food and medicine by polish migrants in misiones, argentina.	in this article we discuss the importance of food plants, both introduced and native, in the pharmacopoeia of the polish community in misiones, argentina. food species constitute a relevant portion of all botanicals used by polish settlers in home therapies (41%), while introduced food species prevail among the continued herbal remedies used by the study group. we explain this pattern of use by food plant availability, their versatility as reflected in the number of medicinal applications, and a ...	2015	25602720
synergistic antimicrobial activity of camellia sinensis and juglans regia against multidrug-resistant bacteria.	synergistic combinations of antimicrobial agents with different mechanisms of action have been introduced as more successful strategies to combat infections involving multidrug resistant (mdr) bacteria. in this study, we investigated synergistic antimicrobial activity of camellia sinensis and juglans regia which are commonly used plants with different antimicrobial agents. antimicrobial susceptibility of 350 gram-positive and gram-negative strains belonging to 10 different bacterial species, was ...	2015	25719410
black tea extract and its theaflavin derivatives inhibit the growth of periodontopathogens and modulate interleukin-8 and β-defensin secretion in oral epithelial cells.	over the years, several studies have brought evidence suggesting that tea polyphenols, mostly from green tea, may have oral health benefits. since few data are available concerning the beneficial properties of black tea and its theaflavin derivatives against periodontal disease, the objective of this study was to investigate their antibacterial activity as well as their ability to modulate interleukin-8 and human β-defensin (hbd) secretion in oral epithelial cells. among the periodontopathogenic ...	2015	26581041
tea polyphenols as an antivirulence compound disrupt quorum-sensing regulated pathogenicity of pseudomonas aeruginosa.	green tea, a water extract of non-fermented leaves of camellia sinensis l., is one of the nonalcoholic beverages in china. it is becoming increasingly popular worldwide, because of its refreshing, mild stimulant and medicinal properties. here we examined the quorum sensing inhibitory potentials of tea polyphenols (tp) as antivirulence compounds both in vitro and in vivo. biosensor assay data suggested minimum inhibitory concentrations (mics) of tp against selected pathogens were 6.25 ~ 12.5 mg/m ...	2015	26548447
exposure to specific herbal products during pregnancy and the risk of low birth weight.	despite the fact that herbal products (hp) are used frequently during gestation worldwide, studies indicate that they may not be free of danger for fetuses. evidence about the safety of hp use during pregnancy and their impact on pregnancy outcomes is currently lacking.	2015	22516883
synergistic effect of black tea and curcumin in improving the hepatotoxicity induced by aflatoxin b1 in rats.	aflatoxin b1 (afb1) is a toxic compound commonly found as a contaminant in human food. it is carcinogenic due its potential in inducing the oxidative stress and distortion of the most antioxidant enzymes. since black tea possesses strong antioxidant activity, it protects cells and tissues against oxidative stress. curcumin (cmn), a naturally occurring agent, has a combination of biological and pharmacological properties that include antioxidant activity. therefore, the present study was carried ...	2015	23796760
[quality of sleep in students].	sleep quality is an important factor involved in students' learning process. using different methods, actual studies suggest that complaints about sleep problems are common in young medical students. the aim of this study was to evaluate if is any relation between factors like medium and lifestyle among students of the university of medicine and pharmacy "grigore t popa" from iaşi. the study group included 30 students (2 of them were excluded) who performed a polisomnography, self reported epwor ...	2015	22545485
influence of exogenous pigmentation on the optical properties of orthodontic elastic ligatures.	the aim of this study was to assess the optical properties of orthodontic elastic ligatures under the influence of exogenous pigments contained in the daily diet.	2015	23032209
ethylamine content and theanine biosynthesis in different organs of camellia sinensis seedlings.	we examined the distribution of ethylamine, glutamic acid and alanine, which are utilized in theanine biosynthesis, and other major amino acids in leaves, stems, cotyledons and roots of 6-week-old tea seedlings. ethylamine and glutamic acid, which are substrates of theanine synthetase, were distributed almost uniformly in all parts of the seedlings; the contents in micromol/g fresh wt varied from 0.44-0.88 (ethylamine) and 1.6-2.4 (glutamic acid). the content of alanine, a possible precursor of ...	2015	19678543
application of quechers based method for the determination of pesticides in nutraceutical products (camellia sinensis) by liquid chromatography coupled to triple quadrupole tandem mass spectrometry.	a quechers (quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged, and safe) based method has been evaluated and validated for the determination and quantification of approximately 100 lc-amenable pesticides in nutraceutical products obtained from green tea (camellia sinensis). extraction was performed with acidified acetonitrile (acetic acid 1% (v/v)), and additional clean-up steps were not necessary. pesticides determination was achieved using ultra high performance liquid chromatography coupled to triple qua ...	2015	25660875
black tea lowers blood pressure and wave reflections in fasted and postprandial conditions in hypertensive patients: a randomised study.	hypertension and arterial stiffening are independent predictors of cardiovascular mortality. flavonoids may exert some vascular protection. we investigated the effects of black tea on blood pressure (bp) and wave reflections before and after fat load in hypertensives. according to a randomized, double-blind, controlled, cross-over design, 19 patients were assigned to consume black tea (129 mg flavonoids) or placebo twice a day for eight days (13 day wash-out period). digital volume pulse and bp ...	2015	25658240
green tea polyphenol epigallocatechin-3-gallate attenuates tnf-α-induced intercellular adhesion molecule-1 expression and monocyte adhesion to retinal pigment epithelial cells.	epigallocatechin-3-gallate (egcg) is a major polyphenol component of green tea (camellia sinensis) and demonstrates anti-oxidant, anticancer and anti-inflammatory properties. egcg has been shown to protect retinal pigment epithelium (rpe) against oxidative stress-induced cell death. the pathogenesis of diseases in the retina is usually initiated by local inflammation at the rpe cell layer, and inflammation is mostly associated with leukocyte migration and the secretion of pro-inflammatory cytoki ...	2015	25644976
cloning of a caffeoyl-coenzyme a o-methyltransferase from camellia sinensis and analysis of its catalytic activity.	epigallocatechin-3-o-(3-o-methyl) gallate (egcg3"me) present in leaves of camellia sinensis has many beneficial biological activities for human health. however, egcg3"me occurs naturally in tea leaves in extremely limited quantities. finding an enzyme from c. sinensis to catalyze the synthesis of egcg3"me is an alternative method to make up for the scarcity of egcg3"me in natural situations. in the present study, a complementary dna (cdna) encoding region and genomic dna of the caffeoyl-coenzyme ...	2015	25644465
anti-melanogenic effects of black, green, and white tea extracts on immortalized melanocytes.	tea contains polyphenols and is one of the most popular beverages consumed worldwide. because most tyrosinase inhibitors that regulate melanogenesis are phenol/catechol derivatives, this study investigated the inhibitory effects of camellia sinensis water extracts (cswes), including black tea, green tea, and white tea extracts, on melanogenesis using immortalized melanocytes. cswes inhibited melanin accumulation and melanin synthesis along with tyrosinase activity in a concentration-dependent ma ...	2015	25643794
epigallocatechin-3-gallate, a promising molecule for parkinson's disease?	parkinson's disease (pd) is the second most common neurodegenerative disease, and it is characterized by the loss of the neurotransmitter dopamine and neuronal degeneration in the substantia nigra pars compacta. thus far, current therapeutic strategies have failed to address neuronal degeneration. it has been reported that overproduction of reactive oxygen species, resulting in oxidative stress, and neuroinflammation play an important role in neurodegenerative diseases through the induction of m ...	2015	25625827
studies on quality of orthodox teas made from anthocyanin-rich tea clones growing in kangra valley, india.	recently anthocyanin-rich purple tea varieties have been developed. the quality of these new purple tea varieties developed in kangra valley was assessed, and compared with the quality of tea from standard kangra clone. purple tea shoots (pl) recorded higher amount of polyphenols compared to standard green tea shoot (gl) while epigallocatechin gallate (egcg) recorded higher levels in gl. higher levels of theaflavins were recorded in orthodox black tea from purple shoots (btp) compared to black t ...	2015	25624244
exploring the nutraceutical potential of polyphenols from black, green and white tea infusions - an overview.	black, green, and white teas are the main commercial teas obtained from buds and leaves of camellia sinensis (l.). the postharvest processing treatments, together with genotype and growing techniques, may strongly affect the chemical composition of the tea infusion and, thereby, its potential effects on health. catechins constituted up to 30% of tea leaves dry weight. during fermentation, polyphenols undergo enzymatic oxidation, leading to the formation of condensed polymeric compounds regarded ...	2015	25601602
daily consumption of white tea (camellia sinensis (l.)) improves the cerebral cortex metabolic and oxidative profile in prediabetic wistar rats.	diabetes mellitus (dm) is a major public health problem and its incidence is rising dramatically. the brain, particularly the cerebral cortex, is very susceptible to glucose fluctuations and hyperglycaemia-induced oxidative stress. tea (camellia sinensis (l.)) is widely consumed; however, the antidiabetic properties of white tea remain largely unexplored. in the present study, we investigated the effects of daily consumption of white tea on the cerebral cortex of prediabetic rats. the cerebral c ...	2015	25716141
selected tea and tea pomace extracts inhibit intestinal α-glucosidase activity in vitro and postprandial hyperglycemia in vivo.	type 2 diabetes mellitus (t2dm) is a metabolic disorder characterized by postprandial hyperglycemia, which is an early defect of t2dm and thus a primary target for anti-diabetic drugs. a therapeutic approach is to inhibit intestinal α-glucosidase, the key enzyme for dietary carbohydrate digestion, resulting in delayed rate of glucose absorption. although tea extracts have been reported to have anti-diabetic effects, the potential bioactivity of tea pomace, the main bio waste of tea beverage proc ...	2015	25906471
integrated rna-seq and srna-seq analysis identifies chilling and freezing responsive key molecular players and pathways in tea plant (camellia sinensis).	tea [camellia sinensis (l) o. kuntze, theaceae] is one of the most popular non-alcoholic beverages worldwide. cold stress is one of the most severe abiotic stresses that limit tea plants' growth, survival and geographical distribution. however, the genetic regulatory network and signaling pathways involved in cold stress responses in tea plants remain unearthed. using rna-seq, dge and srna-seq technologies, we performed an integrative analysis of mirna and mrna expression profiling and their reg ...	2015	25901577
molecular cloning of a dehydration-responsive protein gene (mrd22) from mulberry, and determination of abiotic stress patterns of mrd22 gene expression.	a full-length cdna sequence coding for dehydration-responsive protein gene of mulberry tree, which we designated was mrd22 (genbank accession number: jq804833) was cloned based on mulberry expressed sequence tags (ests). mrd22 is 1503 bp long, contains a 334 bp 5'-utr (untranslated region) and a 563 bp 3'-utr, encodes 201 amino acids with a predicted molecular weight of 54.28 kda and an isoelectric point of 9.35. phylogenetic analysis based on mrd22 sequences from different species showed that m ...	2015	25895340
polymorphism and evolution of ribosomal dna in tea (camellia sinensis, theaceae).	ribosomal dna (rdna) repeats often exhibit a high level of within-species homogeneity, but intra-individual polymorphism of rdna has been found in camellia species. in order to reveal the evolutionary pattern of rdna repeats in tea [camellia sinensis (l.) o. kuntze], we identified the 45s rdna loci, estimated their copy number, and cloned partial regions of them from different pcr products and from digested genomic dna. the results show that there are 3 loci (6 sites) containing 45s rdna in the ...	2015	25871774
heterozygosities and genetic relationship of tea cultivars revealed by simple sequence repeat markers and implications for breeding and genetic mapping programs.	genetic maps are essential tools for quantitative trait locus analysis and marker-assisted selection breeding. in order to select parents that are highly heterozygous for genetic mapping, the heterozygosity (hs) of 24 tea cultivars (camellia sinensis) was analyzed with 72 simple sequence repeat markers. in total, 359 alleles were obtained with an average of 4.99 per marker. the hs varied greatly from 37.5 to 71.0% with an average of 51.3%. on average, tea cultivars from fujian province showed a ...	2015	25867299
multiresidue pesticide analysis in nutraceuticals from green tea extracts by comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography with time-of-flight mass spectrometry.	a new analytical method was developed and validated for simultaneous analysis of 423 pesticides, isomers, and pesticide metabolites in nutraceutical products obtained from green tea (camellia sinensis) extract. response surface methodology was employed to optimize a generic extraction method. the automated extraction procedure was achieved in a simple disposable pipet extraction. comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography with time-of-flight mass spectrometry was used for the separation an ...	2015	25865796
determination of flavonol glycosides in green tea, oolong tea and black tea by uhplc compared to hplc.	an uhplc method for the determination of flavonol glycosides (fog) from green and oolong tea vs. black tea has been developed for the first time. sample clean-up method by means of polyamide column chromatography was optimized with multiple-step elution. using uhplc and hplc with gradient elution and photodiode array detection, eighteen fog compounds were determined with the aid of electrospray tandem mass spectrometry. these fog compounds were qualified on both uhplc and hplc, and this uhplc me ...	2015	25863606
protective effect of kombucha on rats fed a hypercholesterolemic diet is mediated by its antioxidant activity.	kombucha (kt) is claimed to have various beneficial effects on human health, but there is very little scientific evidence available in the literature.	2015	25856715
decaffeinated green tea and voluntary exercise induce gene changes related to beige adipocyte formation in high fat-fed obese mice.	we have previously reported that decaffeinated green tea extract (gte) in combination with voluntary exercise (ex) reduces metabolic syndrome in high fat-fed c57bl/6j mice. here, we examined for the first time the effect of treatment with 77 mg/g gte, ex, or both (gte + ex) on genes related to the conversion of white adipose tissue (wat) to brown fat-like adipose tissue (blat) in this model. gte+ex induced genes related to lipolysis (hormone sensitive lipase [3.0-fold] and patatin-like phospholi ...	2015	25844091
epigallocatechin-3-gallate attenuates lipopolysaccharide-induced mastitis in rats via suppressing mapk mediated inflammatory responses and oxidative stress.	green tea (camellia sinensis) is an extremely popular beverage worldwide. epigallocatechin-3-gallate (egcg) is one of the major catechins isolated from green tea and contributes to its beneficial therapeutic functions including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and anti-cancer effects. however, the effect of egcg on mastitis is not yet known. this study was to investigate the protective potential of egcg against mastitis in rats. the rat mastitis model was induced by injecting lipopolysaccharide (l ...	2015	25840281
structure characterization of an arabinogalactan from green tea and its anti-diabetic effect.	a water-soluble polysaccharide, 7wa, with an average molecular mass of 7.1×10(4)da, was isolated from the leaves of green tea. monosaccharide composition analysis indicated that 7wa mainly contained arabinose and galactose in the molar ratio of 1.0:0.96. by using the methods of methylation analysis, partial hydrolysis, and nmr, 7wa was characterized to possess a backbone consisting of 1,3- and 1,6-linked galactopyranosyl residues, with branches attached to o-3 of 1,6-linked galactose residues, a ...	2015	25839799
anticancer effect of black tea extract in human cancer cell lines.	in this study we investigated effects of natural extract from the black tea camellia sinensis (bte) against human colon carcinoma cell line ht-29, human breast carcinoma cell line mcf-7, human alveolar carcinoma cell line a549 and healthy cell line nih-3t3. we identified concentration range for cytotoxic/antiproliferative effects using mtt assay and the trypan blue assay, gel electrophoresis we employed to determine the type of cell death induced by bte and dna damage we determined by comet assa ...	2015	25825685
assessing biochemical changes during standardization of fermentation time and temperature for manufacturing quality black tea.	in black tea manufacturing, one of the most important steps is fermentation which influences the quality of tea. the macerated tea leaves were fermented at various temperatures (20, 25, 30, 35 °c) for different duration. changes in polyphenoloxidase and peroxidase activities, depletion patterns of individual catechins, differences in individual theaflavin levels and formation of thearubigins were measured in leaves during fermentation. higher stability of polyphenoloxidase and peroxidase enzymes ...	2015	25825546
consumption of black and green teas as a dietary source of polyphenols in polish inhabitants of the mazovian region.	tea is a very popular drink throughout many parts of the world, that includes poland. the tea infusion (cup of tea) itself contains phenolic compounds with anti-oxidant properties that constitute 30% of the dry mass of tea leaves responsible for a health promoting effect on the human body.	2015	25813071
dietary and demographical risk factors for oesophageal squamous cell carcinoma in the eastern anatolian region of turkey where upper gastrointestinal cancers are endemic.	oesophageal squamous cell carcinoma (escc) is endemic in the eastern anatolian region of turkey. the present study was performed to identify risk factors for escc that specifically reflect the demography and nutritional habits of individuals living in this region.	2015	25773844
maternal total caffeine intake, mainly from japanese and chinese tea, during pregnancy was associated with risk of preterm birth: the osaka maternal and child health study.	the relation of maternal caffeine intake with birth outcomes is still inconclusive and has not been examined in japan, where the sources of caffeine intake are different from those in western countries. we hypothesized that maternal consumption of total caffeine and culture-specific major sources of caffeine would be associated with birth outcomes among japanese pregnant. the study subjects were 858 japanese women who delivered singleton infants. maternal diet during pregnancy was assessed using ...	2015	25773355
enhanced resistance to blister blight in transgenic tea (camellia sinensis [l.] o. kuntze) by overexpression of class i chitinase gene from potato (solanum tuberosum).	tea is the second most consumed beverage in the world. a crop loss of up to 43 % has been reported due to blister blight disease of tea caused by a fungus, exobasidium vexans. thus, it directly affects the tea industry qualitatively and quantitatively. solanum tuberosum class i chitinase gene (af153195) is a plant pathogenesis-related gene. it was introduced into tea genome via agrobacterium-mediated transformation with hygromycin phosphotransferase (hpt) gene conferring hygromycin resistance as ...	2015	25772466
model system-based mechanistic studies of black tea thearubigin formation.	thearubigins are the most abundant pigments found in black tea, comprising polyphenolic oxidation products, whose composition and chemical nature have remained unresolved until recently. in the course of studying the mechanism of thearubigin formation from green tea flavan-3-ols, a model system, based on electrochemical oxidation of one of the main tea flavan-3-ol substrates, epigallocatechin gallate (egcg), was employed. reaction intermediates and products were subsequently analysed using mass ...	2015	25766828
fermented green tea extract alleviates obesity and related complications and alters gut microbiota composition in diet-induced obese mice.	obesity is caused by an imbalance between caloric intake and energy expenditure and accumulation of excess lipids in adipose tissues. recent studies have demonstrated that green tea and its processed products (e.g., oolong and black tea) are introduced to exert beneficial effects on lipid metabolism. here, we propose that fermented green tea (fgt) extract, as a novel processed green tea, exhibits antiobesity effects. fgt reduced body weight gain and fat mass without modifying food intake. mrna e ...	2015	25764354
tea and flavonoid intake predict osteoporotic fracture risk in elderly australian women: a prospective study.	observational studies have linked tea drinking, a major source of dietary flavonoids, with higher bone density. however, there is a paucity of prospective studies examining the association of tea drinking and flavonoid intake with fracture risk.	2015	26269364
africa's oesophageal cancer corridor: do hot beverages contribute?	hot beverage consumption has been linked to oesophageal squamous cell cancer (ec), but its contribution to the poorly understood east african ec corridor is not known.	2015	26245249
determination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in dry tea.	twenty-eight different tea samples sold in the united states were evaluated using high-performance liquid chromatography (hplc) with fluorescence detection (fld) for their contamination with polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (pahs). many pahs exhibit carcinogenic, mutagenic, and teratogenic properties and have been related to several kinds of cancer in man and experimental animals. the presence of pahs in environmental samples such as water, sediments, and particulate air has been extensively stu ...	2015	26065515
occurrence, biosynthesis and metabolism of theanine (γ-glutamyl-l-ethylamide) in plants: a comprehensive review.	theanine (γ-glutamyl-l-ethylamide) is the most abundant non-protein amino acid in tea leaves. in addition to camellia sinensis, theanine occurs in several plants belonging to the ericales. biosynthesis of theanine from glutamic acid and ethylamine by theanine synthetase is present in all organs of tea seedlings, but roots are the major site of theanine biosynthesis in adult tea trees. theanine is transported from roots to young leaves via the xylem sap. theanine is hydrolysed to glutamic acid an ...	2015	26058162
occurrence and de novo biosynthesis of caffeine and theanine in seedlings of tea (camellia sinensis).	caffeine (1,3,7-trimethyl xanthine) and theanine (γ-glutamyl-l-ethylamide) are the major nitrogen-containing secondary metabolites in tea leaves. the aim of the present study was to elucidate the relative concentration and amounts of these compounds and the de novo biosynthetic activity in different parts of tea seedlings grown for 27-, 106- and 205 days. the results indicated that caffeine and its biosynthetic activity occur only in leaves and stems, while theanine is distributed in all organs, ...	2015	26058139
chemopreventive opportunities to control basal cell carcinoma: current perspectives.	basal cell carcinoma (bcc) is a major health problem with approximately 2.8 million new cases diagnosed each year in the united states. bcc incidences have continued to rise due to lack of effective chemopreventive options. one of the key molecular characteristics of bcc is the sustained activation of hedgehog signaling through inactivating mutations in the tumor suppressor gene patch (ptch) or activating mutations in smoothened. in the past, several studies have addressed targeting the activate ...	2015	26053157
effects of temperature change and beverage on mechanical and tribological properties of dental restorative composites.	the aim of this study was to investigate the effects of temperature change and immersion in two common beverages on the mechanical and tribological properties for three different types of dental restorative materials. thermocycling procedure was performed for simulating temperature changes in oral conditions. black tea and soft drink were considered for beverages. universal composite, universal nanohybrid composite and universal nanofilled composite, were used as dental materials. the nanoindent ...	2015	26046269
black tea protects against hypertension-associated endothelial dysfunction through alleviation of endoplasmic reticulum stress.	hypertensive patients have been found to be associated with elevated levels of homocysteine, known as hyperhomocysteinemia. homocysteine (hcy) can induce endoplasmic reticulum (er) stress in endothelial cells. this study aims to investigate whether black tea (bt) protects against hypertension-associated endothelial dysfunction through alleviation of er stress. rat aortae and cultured rat aortic endothelial cells were treated with hcy, bt extract, and theaflavin-3,3'-digallate (tf3). male sprague ...	2015	25976123
hepatotoxicity of green tea: an update.	green tea (gt), obtained from the leaves of camellia sinensis (l.) kuntze (fam. theaceae), is largely used for its potential health benefits such as reduction in risk of cardiovascular diseases and weight loss. nevertheless, it is suspected to induce liver damage. present work reviews the hepatic adverse reactions associated with gt-based herbal supplements, published by the end of 2008 to march 2015. a systematic research was carried out on pubmed, medlineplus, scopus and google scholar databas ...	2015	25975988
anti-inflammatory activity of green versus black tea aqueous extract in a rat model of human rheumatoid arthritis.	recently, there has been an increasing interest in tea (camellia sinensis) as a protective agent against inflammatory diseases. here, we evaluated/compared the anti-inflammatory activity of two different doses (0.5 and 1.0 g/kg body weight) of green tea aqueous extract (gte, rich in catechins) and black tea aqueous extract (bte, rich in theaflavins and thearubigins) in rat adjuvant-induced arthritis (aia).	2015	25964045
protective effect of theaflavin-enriched black tea extracts against dimethylnitrosamine-induced liver fibrosis in rats.	liver cirrhosis is responsible for hepatic fibrosis resulting in high mortality and is also a risk factor for developing hepatocellular carcinoma (hcc), which is the fifth most common cancer in men and the seventh in women globally. several studies have found effective anti-cancer activities of theaflavins, the major black tea polyphenols. the objective of this study was to investigate the protective effects of theaflavin-enriched black tea extracts (tf-bte) on hepatic fibrosis induced by dimeth ...	2015	25927469
evaluation of the anti-inflammatory and analgesic effects of green tea (camellia sinensis) in mice.	to evaluate the anti-inflammatory and analgesic effects of green tea (camellia sinensis) in mice.	2015	25923256
volatile glycosylation in tea plants: sequential glycosylations for the biosynthesis of aroma β-primeverosides are catalyzed by two camellia sinensis glycosyltransferases.	tea plants (camellia sinensis) store volatile organic compounds (vocs; monoterpene, aromatic, and aliphatic alcohols) in the leaves in the form of water-soluble diglycosides, primarily as β-primeverosides (6-o-β-d-xylopyranosyl-β-d-glucopyranosides). these vocs play a critical role in plant defenses and tea aroma quality, yet little is known about their biosynthesis and physiological roles in planta. here, we identified two udp-glycosyltransferases (ugts) from c. sinensis, ugt85k11 (csgt1) and u ...	2015	25922059
a case-control study of stomach cancer in relation to camellia sinensis in china.	the purpose of our study was to investigate the association between green tea (camellia sinensis) drinking habits and risk of stomach cancer in china.	2015	25920351
influence of the interactions between tea (camellia sinensis) extracts and ascorbic acid on their antioxidant activity: analysis with interaction indexes and isobolograms.	products containing natural additives, including antioxidants, are usually perceived by consumers as safer than those with synthetic ones. natural antioxidants, besides having a preservative activity, may exert beneficial health effects. interactions between antioxidants may significantly change their antioxidant activity, thus in designing functional foods or food/cosmetic ingredients knowledge about the type of interactions could be useful. in the present study, the interactions between ascorb ...	2015	26035225
efficient extraction strategies of tea (camellia sinensis) biomolecules.	tea is a popular daily beverage worldwide. modulation and modifications of its basic components like catechins, alkaloids, proteins and carbohydrate during fermentation or extraction process changes organoleptic, gustatory and medicinal properties of tea. through these processes increase or decrease in yield of desired components are evident. considering the varied impacts of parameters in tea production, storage and processes that affect the yield, extraction of tea biomolecules at optimized co ...	2015	26028699
effect of tea on blood pressure for secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.	tea has been proposed as an antihypertensive agent for individuals with elevated blood pressure, yet the evidence for this has not been systematically reviewed to date.	2015	26024546
impact of tea drinking upon tuberculosis: a neglected issue.	tuberculosis (tb) is a global public health issue posing serious harm to the human health. many studies have suggested that smoking and excessive alcohol consumption are risk factors for tb. laboratory evidence suggests that egcg in tea leaves can arrest the growth of tubercle bacillus. can drinking tea lead to decreased susceptibility of tb in humans?	2015	26021567
the impact of green tea consumption on the prevention of hemorrhagic stroke.	different types of tea may have varying effects on the risk of hemorrhagic stroke, but previous studies have generated inconsistent results. we performed a nationwide, multi-center, case-control study to evaluate the association between the consumption of tea and the risk of hemorrhagic stroke.	2015	26021303
work-related symptoms among workers exposed to black tea dust.	tea may be classified as unfermented green, semi-ferinented oolong and fermented black. all of these types are derived from camellia sinensis, the tea plant, which contains the low molecular weight (lmw) agent epigallocatechin gallate (egcg), probably responsible for allergic reactions. the aim of our study was to asses the work-related allergic symptoms and ige-mediated sensitivity among black tea packers.	2015	26016041
the combined use of camellia sinensis and metronomic zoledronate in 4t1 mouse carcinoma against tumor growth and metastasis.	in previous studies, we demonstrated that the green tea camellia sinensis (cs) water extract had potent antitumor and antimetastatic effects on 4t1 breast cancer. the metronomic regimen (0.0125 mg/kg twice a week for 4 weeks) of zoledronate (zol) was found to be effective in decreasing tumor burden and metastasis as compared with conventional regimen. the aim of the present study was to investigate the antitumor, antimetastatic and anti-osteolytic effects of the combined use of cs water extract ...	2015	25998578
tea consumption and endometrial cancer risk: meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies.	several lines of evidence suggest that tea consumption may reduce the risk of endometrial cancer due to antioxidant properties of tea, but the results of prospective data to date are inconsistent. we thus conducted a meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies to examine the relationship between tea consumption and endometrial cancer risk, using a random-effects model. we identified 5 eligible cohort studies, which included 231,870 female participants and 1831 cases for endometrial cancer. the p ...	2015	25996185
effect of black tea and black tea pomace polyphenols on α-glucosidase and α-amylase inhibition, relevant to type 2 diabetes prevention.	this study evaluates the potential mechanism of action and bioactivity of black tea and black tea pomace for type 2 diabetes prevention via inhibition of carbohydrate hydrolyzing enzymes. black tea leaves were extracted in hot water and black tea pomace was extracted in 70% acetone. the phenolic content of the water extract (wbt) and pomace acetone extracts (aobt) were 5.77 and 8.9 mg/ml, respectively, both based on the same concentration of solid tea in the extract. the water extract was subjec ...	2015	25988132
[responses of rhizosphere nitrogen and phosphorus transformations to different acid rain intensities in a hilly red soil tea plantation].	tea (camellia sinensis) plantation in hilly red soil region has been long impacted by acid deposition, however its effects on nitrogen (n) and phosphorus (p) transformations in rhizosphere soils remain unclear. a 25-year old tea plantation in a typical hilly red soil region was selected for an in situ simulation experiment treated by ph 4.5, ph 3.5, ph 2.5 and control. rhizosihere and bulk soils were collected in the third year from the simulated acid deposition experiment. soil mineral n, avail ...	2015	25985647
a study on quality components and sleep-promoting effects of gaba black tea.	the aims of this study were to analyze the changes in quality components of gamma (γ)-aminobutyric acid (gaba) black tea during processing, and to investigate the effect of three dosages of gaba black tea on sleep improvement. the results showed that the gaba content was increased significantly up to 2.70 mg g(-1) after vacuum anaerobic and aerobic treatment. in addition, the content of gaba after drying reached 2.34 mg g(-1), which achieved the standard of gaba tea. during the entire processing ...	2015	26290415
effect of brewing duration on the antioxidant and hepatoprotective abilities of tea phenolic and alkaloid compounds in a t-bhp oxidative stress-induced rat hepatocyte model.	tea is an interesting source of antioxidants capable of counteracting the oxidative stress implicated in liver diseases. we investigated the impact of antioxidant molecules provided by a mixture of teas' leaves (green, oolong, pu-erh) after different infusion durations in the prevention of oxidative stress in isolated rat hepatocytes, by comparison with pure epigallocatechin-3-gallate (egcg), the main representative of tea catechins. dried aqueous tea extracts (ate) obtained after 5, 15 and 30 m ...	2015	26287152
molecular cloning and characterization of spermine synthesis gene associated with cold tolerance in tea plant (camellia sinensis).	spermine synthase (spms, ec 2.5.1.22), enzyme of spermine (spm) biosynthesis, has been shown to be related to stress response. in this study, attempts were made to clone and characterize a gene encoding spms from tea plant (camellia sinensis). the effect of exogenous application of spm in c. sinensis subjected to low-temperature stress was also investigated. a full-length spms complementary dna (cdna) (csspms) with an open reading frame of 1113 bp was cloned using reverse transcription-pcr and r ...	2015	26276446
black tea extract improves anti-oxidant profile in experimental diabetic rats.	the purpose of this study was to investigate the in vivo anti-oxidant effect of black tea extract (bte) supplemented to normal and alloxan-induced diabetic rats.	2015	26120044
quantification of total polyphenols, catechin, caffeine, l-theanine, determination of antioxidant activity and effect on antileishmanial drugs of ethiopian tea leaves extracts.	in this study four tea samples gumero black, wushwush black and wushwush green from agri- ceft plc and east africa black tea leaves from east african agribusiness plc were investigated for total polyphenols, caffeine, catechin and l-theanine content.	2015	26109792
a comparative proteomic analysis of the buds and the young expanding leaves of the tea plant (camellia sinensis l.).	tea (camellia sinensis l.) is a perennial woody plant that is widely cultivated to produce a popular non-alcoholic beverage; this beverage has received much attention due to its pleasant flavor and bioactive ingredients, particularly several important secondary metabolites. due to the significant changes in the metabolite contents of the buds and the young expanding leaves of tea plants, high-performance liquid chromatography (hplc) analysis and isobaric tags for relative and absolute quantitati ...	2015	26096006
tea polyphenols in parkinson's disease.	parkinson's disease (pd) is a common motor neurodegenerative disorder with multifactorial etiology that is an increasing burden on our aging society. pd is characterized by nigrostriatal degeneration which might involve oxidative stress, α-synuclein (αs) aggregation, dysregulation of redox metal homeostasis and neurotoxicity. although the exact cause remains unknown, both genetic and environmental factors have been implicated. among the various environmental factors tea consumption has attracted ...	2015	26092629
association between dietary pattern and risk of cardiovascular disease among adults in the middle east and north africa region: a systematic review.	this paper reviews the evidence related to the association of dietary pattern with coronary heart disease (chd), strokes, and the associated risk factors among adults in the middle east and north africa (mena) region.	2015	26088003
determination of aluminum and zinc in infusion tea cultivated in north of iran.	to determine aluminum and zinc levels in black tea cultivated in north of iran, 105 black tea samples were collected from the tea growing regions of guilan and mazandaran provinces and were analyzed for al and zn concentration of tea infusion. contents of all elements were analyzed three times separately by using an inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry (icp - aes). the solubility of al and zn in infusions at 5, 15 and 60 min with boiling water showed that the mean level of al ...	2015	26085934
determination of 5-caffeoylquinic acid (5-cqa) as one of the major classes of chlorogenic acid in commercial tea and coffee samples.	tea and coffee are one of the most widely consumed beverages in the world due to their beneficial health effects which are largely associated with their phenolic compounds composition, including chlorogenic acid. the main aim of this study was to determine 5-caffeoylquinic acid (5-cqa), as one of the major classes of chlorogenic acid, in various commercial tea and coffee samples present at the serbian market.	2015	26731977
the effect of different drinks on the color stability of different restorative materials after one month.	the aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of three different drinks on the color parameters of four different restorative materials.	2015	26587410
estimation of flavonoid intake in older australians: secondary data analysis of the blue mountains eye study.	flavonoids, consumed in plant-based foods, have been linked to risk reduction of cancers, cardiovascular, and neurodegenerative diseases. the paucity of information on dietary sources and quantities of flavonoid intake in older adults limits interpretation of epidemiological studies that link flavonoid intake with health outcomes in this population. it was our aim to describe total flavonoid intake, including flavonoid subclasses, in older australians and to identify rich and commonly consumed s ...	2015	26571356
regulation of formation of volatile compounds of tea (camellia sinensis) leaves by single light wavelength.	regulation of plant growth and development by light wavelength has been extensively studied. less attention has been paid to effect of light wavelength on formation of plant metabolites. the objective of this study was to investigate whether formation of volatiles in preharvest and postharvest tea (camellia sinensis) leaves can be regulated by light wavelength. in the present study, in contrast to the natural light or dark treatment, blue light (470 nm) and red light (660 nm) significantly incre ...	2015	26567525
genome-wide identification of genes probably relevant to the uniqueness of tea plant (camellia sinensis) and its cultivars.	tea (camellia sinensis) is a popular beverage all over the world and a number of studies have focused on the genetic uniqueness of tea and its cultivars. however, molecular mechanisms underlying these phenomena are largely undefined. in this report, based on expression data available from public databases, we performed a series of analyses to identify genes probably relevant to the uniqueness of c. sinensis and two of its cultivars (lj43 and zh2). evolutionary analyses showed that the evolutiona ...	2015	26543846
new sample preparation method for quantification of phenolic compounds of tea (camellia sinensis l. kuntze): a polyphenol rich plant.	chemical analysis of the sri lankan tea (camellia sinensis, l.) germplasm would immensely contribute to the success of the tea breeding programme. however, the polyphenols, particularly catechins (flavan-3-ols), are readily prone to oxidation in the conventional method of sample preparation. therefore, optimization of the present sample preparation methodology for the profiling of metabolites is much important. two sample preparation methodologies were compared, fresh leaves (as in the conventio ...	2015	26543665
cs-mir156 is involved in the nitrogen form regulation of catechins accumulation in tea plant (camellia sinensis l.).	the nitrogen source affects the growth of tea plants and regulates the accumulation of catechins in the leaves. in this report, we assessed the influences of nh4(+) and no3(-) on plant growth, catechins accumulation and associated gene expression. compared with the preferential nitrogen source nh4(+), when no3(-) was supplied as the sole nitrogen source, tea plants showed similar symptoms with the nitrogen-free treatments and showed lower nitrogen, free amino acid accumulation, chlorophyll conte ...	2015	26520678
analysis of stereochemistry and biosynthesis of epicatechin in tea plants by chiral phase high performance liquid chromatography.	tea (camellia sinensis) is rich in flavan-3-ols (catechins), especially epicatechin (ec), which is the predominant extension unit of polymeric proanthocyanidins (pas). however, studies assessing ec's stereochemistry are scarce. here, a high performance liquid chromatography column using amylose tris-(3, 5-dimethylphenylcarbamate) immobilized on silica-gel as chiral stationary phases (csps) was applied to explore its stereochemistry and biosynthetic pathway in tea plants. the results revealed (-) ...	2015	26519617
erratum: relationship between gene expression and the accumulation of catechin during spring and autumn in tea plants (camellia sinensis l.).	[this corrects the article doi: 10.1038/hortres.2015.11.][this corrects the article doi: 10.1038/hortres.2015.11.].	2015	26506527
relationship between gene expression and the accumulation of catechin during spring and autumn in tea plants (camellia sinensis l.).	the tea plant (camellia sinensis l.) is an important commercial crop with remarkably high catechin concentrations. tea is popular worldwide given the plant's health benefits. catechins are the main astringent substance in tea and are synthesized mainly via the phenylpropanoid pathway. in this study, eight cultivars of tea plants harvested both in spring and autumn were used to investigate differences in catechin concentrations by using high-performance liquid chromatography. the expression level ...	2015	26504566
nontargeted analysis using ultraperformance liquid chromatography-quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry uncovers the effects of harvest season on the metabolites and taste quality of tea (camellia sinensis l.).	the chemical composition and taste quality of tea fluctuate seasonally. however, the compounds responsible for the seasonal variation of metabolic pattern and taste quality are far from clear. this study compared the metabolite profiles of green teas of nine varieties that were plucked in spring, summer, and autumn by using ultraperformance liquid chromatography-quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (uplc-q-tof/ms) on a reversed phase column. a multivariate analysis indicated distinct diff ...	2015	26494158