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from mouth to macrophage: mechanisms of innate immune subversion by mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis.johne's disease (jd) is a chronic enteric infection of cattle caused by mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (map). the high economic cost and potential zoonotic threat of jd have driven efforts to develop tools and approaches to effectively manage this disease within livestock herds. efforts to control jd through traditional animal management practices are complicated by map's ability to cause long-term environmental contamination as well as difficulties associated with diagnosis of jd i ...201424885748
observed management practices in relation to the risk of infection with paratuberculosis and to the spread of mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis in swiss dairy and beef herds.many studies have been conducted to define risk factors for the transmission of bovine paratuberculosis, mostly in countries with large herds. little is known about the epidemiology in infected swiss herds and risk factors important for transmission in smaller herds. therefore, the presence of known factors which might favor the spread of paratuberculosis and could be related to the prevalence at animal level of fecal shedding of mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis were assessed in 17 in ...201424930008
genetic structure of mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis population in cattle herds in quebec as revealed by using a combination of multilocus genomic analyses.mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis is the etiological agent of paratuberculosis, a granulomatous enteritis affecting a wide range of domestic and wild ruminants worldwide. a variety of molecular typing tools are used to distinguish m. avium subsp. paratuberculosis strains, contributing to a better understanding of m. avium subsp. paratuberculosis epidemiology. in the present study, pcr-based typing methods, including mycobacterial interspersed repetitive units/variable-number tandem rep ...201424829229
host responses to the pathogen mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis and beneficial microbes exhibit host sex specificity.differences between microbial pathogenesis in male and female hosts are well characterized in disease conditions connected to sexual transmission. however, limited biological insight is available on variances attributed to sex specificity in host-microbe interactions, and it is most often a minimized variable outside these transmission events. in this work, we studied two gut microbes-a pathogen, mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis, and a probiotic, lactobacillus animalis np-51-and the i ...201424814797
virulence and immunity orchestrated by the global gene regulator sigl in mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis.mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis causes johne's disease in ruminants, a chronic enteric disease responsible for severe economic losses in the dairy industry. global gene regulators, including sigma factors are important in regulating mycobacterial virulence. however, the biological significance of such regulators in m. avium subsp. paratuberculosis rremains elusive. to better decipher the role of sigma factors in m. avium subsp. paratuberculosis pathogenesis, we targeted a key sigma f ...201424799632
evaluation of the single cervical skin test and interferon gamma responses to detect mycobacterium bovis infected cattle in a herd co-infected with mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis.this study reports the performance of the single intradermal tuberculin (sit) test and the interferon-gamma (ifn-γ) assay for mycobacterium bovis in a cattle herd with high prevalence of paratuberculosis (ptb). a total of 58/350 animals were selected for necropsy based on one or more of the following criteria: positive to sit, ifn-γ, a breeding cow that seroconverted to ptb and showed signs compatible with a wasting disease. infection status was determined by post mortem diagnostic tests that in ...201424794166
erratum to "apparent prevalence of beef carcasses contaminated with mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis sampled from danish slaughter cattle". 201424790769
evaluation of immunodominant proteins of mycobacterium avium paratuberculosis cell wall by western blot analysis.mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (m. paratuberculosis) is a slow growing mycobactin, whose dependence on mycobacterial species is known to be the causative agent of johne's disease (paratuberculosis) in all species of domestic ruminants worldwide. the organism is transmitted via close contact, ingestion, or transplacentally from mother to fetus and occurs commonly in grazing domestic animals. johne's disease (jd) is characterized by gradual weight loss, decreased milk production, ...201424746151
influence of stress connected with moving to a new farm on potentially map-infected mouflons.there is no european legislation concerning paratuberculosis that requires that imported animals be kept in quarantine and commonly they are directly released into areas with other animals. in this study, detection of latent infection of paratuberculosis in healthy mouflons previously diagnosed as paratuberculosis-free, but originating from a real time quantitative pcr- (qpcr-) positive herd, occurred after their transport to a new farm. during a twelve-day quarantine period, all mouflons irregu ...201424729908
lymphoproliferative and gamma interferon responses to stress-regulated mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis recombinant proteins.johne's disease in ruminants is a chronic infection of the intestines caused by mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis. an important strategy to control disease is early detection, and a potentially efficient method for early detection is measurement of cell-mediated immune responses developed by the host in response to exposure or infection. one method is to measure lymphoproliferation and cytokine release from the host cells when exposed to the organism or parts of the organism. in this s ...201424695774
mycobacterium avium subsp. avium infection in four veal calves: differentiation from intestinal tuberculosis.mycobacterium avium subsp. avium (maa) is an intracellular pathogen belonging to the mycobacterium avium-intracellulare complex (mac). reservoirs of mac are the natural environment, wildlife and domestic animals. in adult bovine, mac infections are typically caused by mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (map). maa infections in bovine are rarely reported but may cause clinical disease and pathological lesions similar to those observed in paratuberculosis or those induced by members of th ...201424689051
liver biopsy histopathology for diagnosis of johne's disease in sheep.sheep with johne's disease develop epithelioid macrophage microgranulomas, specific to mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (map) infection, in the terminal ileum, mesenteric lymph nodes, and organs distant to the alimentary tract such as the liver. the objectives of this study were to determine whether liver pathology was present in ewes affected by map and whether liver cores provide adequate tissue for this potential diagnostic marker. one hundred and twenty-six adult, low body conditi ...201424676594
comparison of the antimicrobial activities of gallium nitrate and gallium maltolate against mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis in vitro.johne's disease (jd) is an enteric infection of cattle and other ruminants caused by mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (map). this study compared the antimicrobial activities of gallium nitrate (gan) and gallium maltolate (gam) against two field map isolates by use of broth culture. the concentrations that resulted in 99% growth inhibition of isolates 1 and 2 were, respectively, 636 µm and 183 µm for gan, and 251 µm and 142 µm for gam. for both isolates, time to detection was significa ...201425155307
variable-number tandem repeats genotyping used to aid and inform management strategies for a bovine johne's disease incursion in tropical and subtropical australia.the application of variable-number tandem repeats (vntr) genotyping of mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis isolates to assist in investigating incidents of bovine johne's disease in a low-prevalence region of australia is described in the current study. isolates from a response to detection of bovine johne's disease in queensland were compared with strains from national and international sources. the tandem application of mycobacterial interspersed repetitive unit (miru) and multilocus s ...201425139793
evaluation of eight live attenuated vaccine candidates for protection against challenge with virulent mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis in mice.johne's disease is caused by mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (map), which results in serious economic losses worldwide in farmed livestock such as cattle, sheep, and goats. to control this disease, an effective vaccine with minimal adverse effects is needed. in order to identify a live vaccine for johne's disease, we evaluated eight attenuated mutant strains of map using a c57bl/6 mouse model. the persistence of the vaccine candidates was measured at 6, 12, and 18 weeks post vaccinat ...201425072031
screening of mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis mutants for attenuation in a bovine monocyte-derived macrophage model.vaccination remains a major tool for prevention and progression of johne's disease, a chronic enteritis of ruminants worldwide. currently there is only one licensed vaccine within the united states and two vaccines licensed internationally against johne's disease. all licensed vaccines reduce fecal shedding of mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (map) and delay disease progression. however, there are no available vaccines that prevent disease onset. a joint effort by the johne's disease ...201425072030
preparation and biological properties of ring-substituted naphthalene-1-carboxanilides.in this study, a series of twenty-two ring-substituted naphthalene-1-carboxanilides were prepared and characterized. primary in vitro screening of the synthesized carboxanilides was performed against mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis. n-(2-methoxyphenyl)naphthalene-1-carboxamide, n-(3-methoxy-phenyl)naphthalene-1-carboxamide, n-(3-methylphenyl)naphthalene-1-carboxamide, n-(4-methylphenyl)naphthalene-1-carboxamide and n-(3-fluorophenyl)naphthalene-1-carboxamide showed against m. avium s ...201425036151
association between cattle herd mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (map) infection and infection of a hare population.paratuberculosis has long been considered a disease of domestic and wild ruminants only. the known host range of mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (map) was recently extended to include non-ruminant wildlife species believed to be exposed to spillover of map from infected domestic cattle herds. the aim of the present study was to assess the association between cattle herd map infection pressure level and the infection level of a hare population in two dairy farms of southern chile. fif ...201425030465
genetic association analysis of paratuberculosis forms in holstein-friesian cattle.a genetic susceptibility to mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (map) infections in ruminants has been longtime suspected to exist. recently, natural infections in cattle have been reclassified into latent and patent forms based on histopathological findings and their associations with immunological and microbiological variables. this study aims to explore whether these newly defined phenotypes are associated with twenty-four single-nucleotide polymorphisms (snps) in six bovine candidate ...201424971191
snp genotyping of animal and human derived isolates of mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis.mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (map) is the aetiological agent of johne's disease (jd), a chronic granulomatous enteritis that affects ruminants worldwide. while the ability of map to cause disease in animals is clear, the role of this bacterium in human inflammatory bowel diseases remains unresolved. previous whole genome sequencing of map isolates derived from human and three animal hosts showed that human isolates were genetically similar and showed a close phylogenetic relations ...201424970365
three-dimensional in vitro models of granuloma to study bacteria-host interactions, drug-susceptibility, and resuscitation of dormant mycobacteria.mycobacterium tuberculosis, mycobacterium leprae, mycobacterium bovis, and mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis can survive within host macrophages in a dormant state, encased within an organized aggregate of immune host cells called granuloma. granulomas consist of uninfected macrophages, foamy macrophages, epithelioid cells, and t lymphocytes accumulated around infected macrophages. within granulomas, activated macrophages can fuse to form multinucleated giant cells, also called giant l ...201424967387
effectiveness of gudair™ vaccine for the control of ovine johne's disease in flocks vaccinating for at least 5 years.examine the prevalence of shedding of mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (mptb) at least 5 years after starting vaccination with gudair™ in flocks of varying initial prevalence of ovine johne's disease (ojd) and identify risk factors for variation in vaccine efficacy.201424964836
proteome-scale identification of outer membrane proteins in mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis using a structure based combined hierarchical approach.outer membrane proteins (omps) in eubacteria have several important roles, which range from membrane transport to the host-pathogen interactions. these are directly involved in pathogen attachment, entry and activation of several pathogen-induced signaling cascades in the cell. the cardinal structural features of omps include the presence of a β-barrel, a signal peptide and the absence of the transmembrane helix. this is the first report on proteome-wide identification of omps of ruminant pathog ...201424950976
repeated cycles of chemical and physical disinfection and their influence on mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis viability measured by propidium monoazide f57 quantitative real time pcr.mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (map) has a high degree of resistance to chemical and physical procedures frequently used for the elimination of other bacteria. recently, a method for the determination of viability by exposure of map to propidium monoazide (pma) and subsequent real time quantitative pcr (qpcr) was established and found to be comparable with culture. the aim of this study was to apply the pma qpcr method to determine the impact of increasing concentration or time and ...201424934261
lymphatic fluid for the detection of mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis in cows by pcr, compared to fecal sampling and detection of antibodies in blood and milk.johne's disease (jd), caused by mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (map), can cause considerable economic losses in affected herds. early diagnosis of jd is hampered by the chronic nature of the disease with a slow subclincal progression. the aim of the present study was to challenge the hypothesis that lymphatic fluid is of diagnostic value in the early stages of the disease. lymphatic fluid from 122 animals was collected and tested for map by nested pcr for is900 and compared to the r ...201424930984
expression of genes associated with cholesterol and lipid metabolism identified as a novel pathway in the early pathogenesis of mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis-infection in cattle.johne's disease (jd) is a chronic disease affecting ruminants and other species caused by the pathogenic mycobacterium, mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (map). map has developed a multitude of mechanisms to persist within the host, and these in turn are counteracted by the host through various immune pathways. identifying and characterising the different strategies employed by map to alter the host immune system in its favour, and thereby persist intracellularly, could hold the key to ...201424930699
sensitive and specific enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for detecting serum antibodies against mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis in fallow deer.the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) is the diagnostic test most commonly used in efforts to control paratuberculosis in domestic ruminants. however, commercial elisas have not been validated for detecting antibodies against mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis in wild animals. in this study, we compared the sensitivities and specificities of five elisas using individual serum samples collected from 41 fallow deer with or without histopathological lesions consistent with paratube ...201424872517
mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis is not discerned in diabetes mellitus patients in hyderabad, india.mycobacterium avium ssp. paratuberculosis (map) is an obligate intracellular pathogen. it causes chronic intestinal inflammation in ruminants known as johne's disease and is associated with human crohn's disease. furthermore, association of map with other autoimmune diseases, such as type-1 diabetes, has been established in patients from sardinia (italy) which is a map endemic and genetically isolated region. due to largest livestock population and consequently high map prevalence amidst a very ...201424863528
evaluation of viable mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis in milk using peptide-mediated separation and propidium monoazide qpcr.the causative agent of paratuberculosis in ruminants, mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (map), although still a matter of debate, has been linked with crohn's and other human diseases. the availability of rapid methods for assessing the viability of map cells in food, in particular milk, could be of great use for risk management in food safety. map viability is generally assessed using culture techniques that require prolonged incubation periods for the growth of map. to differentiate ...201424860938
deletion of rela abrogates the capacity of mycobacterium avium paratuberculosis to establish an infection in calves.previous comparative studies in goats revealed deletion of rela but not pkng abrogates the capacity of mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (map) to establish a persistent infection. the immune response elicited by the mutant cleared infection. the objective of the present study was to extend the studies in calves and compare the proliferative response elicited by the rela deletion mutant (δrela) and map using flow cytometry and quantitative reverse transcription real-time pcr (qrt-pcr). ...201424860792
gene expression profiling and putative biomarkers of calves 3 months after infection with mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis.mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (map) causes johne's disease (jd), a chronic granulomatous intestinal inflammation of ruminants. current diagnostic tools lack sensitivity to detect jd early in infection; therefore, alternatives are desired. the objective was to identify potential biomarkers in whole blood of high- and low-dose (ld) map-challenged holstein-friesian calves 3 months after inoculation. infected calves were designated map-positive using the ifn-γ release assay. differenti ...201424841487
evidence of passive faecal shedding of mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis in a limousin cattle herd.it has been suggested that passive shedding of mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (map) in faeces may occur, but reliable data are missing. passive shedding assumes the ingestion of map in contaminated feed and passive passage through the gastrointestinal tract without causing infection. in this study the presence of map in faeces in a closed herd of limousin cattle was monitored for 53 months using quantitative real time pcr (qpcr) and culture. the initial prevalence of map in the herd ...201424836889
serological studies to determine the occurrence of johne's disease and mycoplasma infection in the northern-east polish population of european bison (bison bonasus).a serological study of twenty three european bison (bison bonasus) derived from northern-east poland for the seroprevalence of mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis, mycoplasma bovis, mycoplasma mycoides subsp. mycoides sc, mycoplasma agalactiae and mycoplasma capricolum subsp. capripneumoniae was conducted. only specific antibodies to m. bovis were detected in two animals (8.7%) which were connected with the clinical signs and macroscopic anatomopathological lesions.201425638988
survey of mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis in road-killed wild carnivores in portugal.a survey to determine the occurrence of mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (map) in wild carnivores in portugal was conducted by testing samples from road-killed animals between 2009 and 2012. postmortem examinations were performed and tissues were collected from wild carnivores representing four families and six different species, with a total of 74 animals analyzed. cultures were performed by using löwenstein-jensen and middlebrook 7h11 solid media and acid-fast isolates were identifi ...201425632662
estimation of flock/herd-level true mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis prevalence on sheep, beef cattle and deer farms in new zealand using a novel bayesian model.the study aimed to estimate the national- and island-level flock/herd true prevalence (htp) of mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (map) infection in pastoral farmed sheep, beef cattle and deer in new zealand. a random sample of 238 single- or multi-species farms was selected from a postal surveyed population of 1940 farms. the sample included 162 sheep flocks, 116 beef cattle and 99 deer herds from seven of 16 geographical regions. twenty animals from each species present on farm were r ...201425457132
metabolomic profiling in cattle experimentally infected with mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis.the sensitivity of current diagnostics for johne's disease, a slow, progressing enteritis in ruminants caused by mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (map), is too low to reliably detect all infected animals in the subclinical stage. the objective was to identify individual metabolites or metabolite profiles that could be used as biomarkers of early map infection in ruminants. in a monthly follow-up for 17 months, calves infected at 2 weeks of age were compared with aged-matched controls. ...201425372282
generation and screening of a comprehensive mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis transposon mutant bank.mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (map) is the etiologic agent of johne's disease in ruminants. this enteritis has significant economic impact and worldwide distribution. vaccination is one of the most cost effective infectious disease control measures. unfortunately, current vaccines reduce clinical disease and shedding, but are of limited efficacy and do not provide long-term protective immunity. several strategies have been followed to mine the map genome for virulence determinants ...201425360421
molecular epidemiology of mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis isolated from sheep, cattle and deer on new zealand pastoral farms.the present study aimed to describe the molecular diversity of mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (map) isolates obtained from sheep, cattle (beef and dairy) and deer farms in new zealand. a total of 206 independent map isolates (15 beef cattle, 89 dairy cattle, 35 deer, 67 sheep) were sourced from 172 species-mobs (15 beef cattle, 66 dairy cattle, 31 deer, 60 sheep). seventeen subtypes were identified, using a combination of variable number of tandem repeats (vntr) and short sequence r ...201425315761
mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis in the etiology of crohn's disease, cause or epiphenomenon?the origin of inflammatory bowel disease is unknown. attempts have been made to isolate a microorganism that could explain the onset of inflammation, but no pathological agent has ever been identified. johne's disease is a granulomatous chronic enteritis of cattle and sheep caused by mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (map) and shows some analogies with crohn's disease (cd). several studies have tried to clarify if map has a role in the etiology of cd. the present article provides a ...201425278700
occurrence of mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis and neospora caninum in alberta cow-calf operations.mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (map) and neospora caninum (nc) are two pathogens causing important production limiting diseases in the cattle industry. significant impacts of map and nc have been reported on dairy cattle herds, but little is known about the importance, risk factors and transmission patterns in western canadian cow-calf herds. in this cross-sectional study, the prevalence of map and nc infection in southwest alberta cow-calf herds was estimated, risk factors for nc w ...201425277685
flock-level factors associated with the risk of mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (map) infection in greek dairy goat flocks.in this cross-sectional study we identified flock-level risk factors for mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (map) infection, in greek dairy goat flocks. we collected 1599 milk samples from does that were at the last stage of lactation in 58 randomly selected dairy goat flocks, during may to september 2012. the collected samples were tested with a commercial milk elisa (idexxpourquier, montpellier, france) and the results were interpreted at a cut-off that optimized the accuracy of the d ...201425257350
non-tuberculous mycobacterial infections of veterinary relevance.mycobacteria play an important role in human and animal health fields. we here examine the place of non tuberculous mycobacteria (ntm) infections in the veterinary context. relevant aspects of a reference laboratory experience and a literature review are presented in this article. importance is given both to productivity and to economic losses due to misdiagnosis with bovine tuberculosis and paratuberculosis. the impact ntm may have is relative to geographical location, ecology, husbandry, exten ...201425256964
whole-blood gene-expression profiles of cows infected with mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis reveal changes in immune response and lipid metabolism.mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (map) is the causative agent of johne's disease, a chronic debilitating disease affecting ruminants worldwide. in the present study, we aimed to determine the major gene networks and pathways underlying the immune response to map infection using whole-blood cells, as well as provide the potential transcriptional markers for identifying the status of map infection. we analyzed the transcriptional profiles of whole-blood cells of cattle identified and gr ...201525248984
application of cattle slurry containing mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (map) to grassland soil and its effect on the relationship between map and free-living amoeba.slurry from dairy farms is commonly used to fertilize crops and pastures. this mixture of manure, urine and water can harbor multiple microbial pathogens among which mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (map) is a major concern. persistence of map in soil and infection of soil acanthamoeba was evaluated by culture, real-time is900 pcr, and by staining of amoeba with acid-fast and vital stains comparing soils irrigated with map-spiked or control dairy farm slurry. map dna was detected in s ...201525448447
molecular analysis and miru-vntr typing of mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis strains from various sources.mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (map) is the causative agent of johne's disease. genotypic discrimination of map isolates is pivotal to epidemiological studies requisite for revealing infection sources and disease transmission. this study was undertaken to determine the genetic diversity of map strains from diverse sources.201525410632
identification of immunoreactive proteins of mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis.mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (map) is the cause of a chronic enteritis of ruminants (bovine paratuberculosis (ptb)--johne's disease) that is associated with enormous worldwide economic losses for the animal production. diagnosis is based on observation of clinical signs, the detection of antibodies in milk or serum, or evaluation of bacterial culture from feces. the limit of these methods is that they are not able to detect the disease in the subclinical stage and are applicable o ...201525404104
crohn's disease-specific anti-cuzd1 pancreatic antibodies are absent in ruminants with paratuberculosis.pancreatic autoantibodies (pabs) specifically recognizing gp2 and/or cuzd1 are present in more than 35% of patients with crohn's disease (crd). we have recently provided evidence of the presence of gp2-specific pabs in ruminants with paratuberculosis (ptb), a mycobacterium avium paratuberculosis (map)-induced disease resembling crd.201525575461
sensitivity and specificity of repeated test results from a commercial milk enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for detection of mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis in dairy cattle.to investigate the sensitivity and specificity of results of initial and repeated milk elisas (at 6- or 12-month intervals) to detect cows that were shedding mycobacterium avium subsp paratuberculosis (ie, were infectious) and to evaluate factors influencing the probability that the results of a repeated milk elisa would be positive for an infectious cow if the results of the initial milk elisa were negative.201525554941
envelope protein complexes of mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis and their antigenicity.mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (map) is the causative agent of johne's disease, a chronic enteric disease of ruminant animals. in the present study, blue native page electrophoresis and 2d sds-page were used to separate map envelope protein complexes, followed by mass spectrometry (ms) to identify individual proteins within the complexes. identity of individual proteins within complexes was further confirmed by ms upon excision of spots from 2d sds-page gels. among the seven putativ ...201525500374
cellular composition of granulomatous lesions in gut-associated lymphoid tissues of goats during the first year after experimental infection with mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis.mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (map) causes lesions in naturally and experimentally infected ruminants which greatly differ in severity, cellular composition and number of mycobacteria. morphologically distinct lesions are already found during the clinically inapparent phase of infection. the complex local host response and number of map were characterized at the initial sites of lesions, organized gut-associated lymphoid tissue, in experimentally infected goats. tissues were collec ...201525466387
herd-level prevalence and associated risk factors for mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis in cattle in the state of paraíba, northeastern brazil.a cross-sectional study based on a planned sampling was carried out to determine herd-level and animal-level prevalences, and to identify risk factors associated with herd-level prevalence for bovine paratuberculosis in the state of paraíba, northeastern brazil. the state was divided into three sampling groups: sampling stratum 1 (mesoregion of sertão), sampling stratum 2 (mesoregion of borborema), and sampling stratum 3 (mesoregions of zona da mata and agreste). for each sampling stratum, herd- ...201526092721
two state model for a constant disease hazard in paratuberculosis (and other bovine diseases).many diseases are characterized by a long and varying sub-clinical period. two main mechanisms can explain such periods: a slow progress toward disease or a sudden transition from a healthy state to a disease state induced by internal or external events. we here survey epidemiological features of the amount of bacteria shed during mycobacterium avium paratuberculosis (map) infection to test which of these two models, slow progression or sudden transition (or a combination of the two), better exp ...201526092587
differences in intermittent and continuous fecal shedding patterns between natural and experimental mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis infections in cattle.the objective of this paper is to study shedding patterns of cows infected with mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (map). while multiple single farm studies of map dynamics were reported, there is not large scale meta-analysis of both natural and experimental infections. large difference in shedding patterns between experimentally and naturally infected cows were observed. experimental infections are thus probably driven by different pathological mechanisms. for further evaluations of s ...201526092571
the within host dynamics of mycobacterium avium ssp. paratuberculosis infection in cattle: where time and place matter.johne's disease or paratuberculosis, caused by mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (map), occurs in domestic and wild animals worldwide, causing a significant economic loss to livestock industries. after a prolonged incubation time, infected cattle shed map bacilli into feces and spread the disease to an uninfected animal population. it is largely unknown how (or whether) the interplay between the pathogen and the host immunity determines timing of shedding after the long incubation time ...201526092382
agent-based model for johne's disease dynamics in a dairy herd.johne's disease is an infectious gastrointestinal disease in ruminants caused by mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis that causes diarrhea, emaciation, decreased milk production and eventually death. the disease is transmitted in utero and via milk and colostrums to calves, and fecal-orally to all age classes. financial losses due to the disease are estimated to be over $200 million in the us dairy industry. the goal of this study was to evaluate the cost effectiveness of control measures ...201526091904
dam mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (map) infection status does not predetermine calves for future shedding when raised in a contaminated environment: a cohort study.uptake of mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (map) by calves in the first days of life from colostrum, milk and faeces is regarded an important moment of transmission. the objective of this study was to quantify the association between the map status of dams as determined by the presence of map dna and antibody in colostrum and that of dna in faeces and the environment with subsequent map shedding of their daughters. a cohort of 117 dam-daughter pairs giving birth/being born on eight co ...201526091807
detection of mycobacterium avium subspecies in the gut associated lymphoid tissue of slaughtered rabbits.rabbits are susceptible to infection by different species of the genus mycobacterium. particularly, development of specific lesions and isolation of mycobacterium avium subsp. avium and mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis, both subspecies of the m. avium complex, has been reported in wildlife conditions. although, rabbit meat production worldwide is 200 million tons per year, microbiological data on this source of meat is lacking and more specifically reports of mycobacterial presence in ...201526063469
proteome-scale identification and characterization of mitochondria targeting proteins of mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis: potential virulence factors modulating host mitochondrial function.mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis is the etiological agent of johne's disease among ruminants. during the course of infection, it expresses a number of proteins for its successful persistence inside the host that cause variety of physiological abnormalities in the host. mitochondrion is one of the attractive targets for pathogenic bacteria. employing a proteome-wide sequence and structural signature based approach we have identified 46 m. avium subsp. paratuberculosis proteins as poten ...201526048556
host gene expression for mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis infection in human thp-1 macrophages.mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (map) is the causative agent of johne's disease, which causes considerable economic loss in the dairy industry and has a possible relationship to crohn's disease (cd) in humans. as map has been detected in retail pasteurized milk samples, its transmission via milk is of concern. despite its possible role in the etiology of cd, there have been few studies examining the interactions between map and human cells. in the current study, we applied ingenuity ...201525877879
resolution of crohn's disease and complex regional pain syndrome following treatment of paratuberculosis.a cohort of family members with various chronic diseases including crohn's disease, asthma, complex regional pain syndrome, hypothyroidism, type 1 diabetes mellitus, and lymphangiomatosis and/or evidence of infection by mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (map) are described in this series of case reports. map was cultured from the blood of three members affected by the first five diseases and there was accompanying elevated anti-map igg in two members. the patient affected by the sixth ...201525852293
survey on the presence of mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis in ground beef from an industrial meat plant.paratuberculosis of ruminants is characterised by chronic enteritis but, at advanced stages of the disease, a systemic dissemination of mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (map) in tissues and organs can occur. map has been recovered from lymph nodes and muscles of clinical and sub-clinical cows. in most countries, dairy and beef cattle infected with paratuberculosis are routinely sent to slaughter and the consumption of their meat could be a possible route of human exposure to map. howe ...201525824129
optimisation of dna extraction and validation of pcr assays to detect mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis.the aim of this study was to investigate dna extraction methods and pcr assays suitable for the detection of mycobacterium paratuberculosis in bovine tissue. the majority of methods currently used to detect m. paratuberculosis have been developed using bovine samples, such as faeces, blood or tissue and, in many cases, have been based on detection from pooled samples from a herd. however most studies have not compared pcr results to culture results. in order to address this problem, four dna ext ...201525797305
limitations of variable number of tandem repeat typing identified through whole genome sequencing of mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis on a national and herd level.mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (map), the causative bacterium of johne's disease in dairy cattle, is widespread in the canadian dairy industry and has significant economic and animal welfare implications. an understanding of the population dynamics of map can be used to identify introduction events, improve control efforts and target transmission pathways, although this requires an adequate understanding of map diversity and distribution between herds and across the country. whole g ...201525765045
what role does mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis play in crohn's disease?crohn's disease (cd) is a chronic, debilitating inflammatory bowel disease with no etiological agent yet identified. studies have demonstrated that the bacterium mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (map) is present in a high percentage of cd patients. although map has been isolated from human specimens, current techniques fail to show the presence of map in 100 % of tissues or biopsies obtained from cd patient lesions, and thus map cannot meet koch's postulate as the etiological agent of ...201525754452
virulence attenuation of a mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis s-type strain prepared from intestinal mucosa after bacterial culture. evaluation in an experimental ovine model.the differences in pathogenicity between an inoculum derived directly from an intestinal tissue homogenate from a paratuberculosis affected sheep and the s-type mycobacterium avium subsp. partuberculosis (map) strain isolated in laboratory media from the mentioned homogenate were assessed in two experiments in lambs. specific peripheral immune responses were significantly lower in animals inoculated with the cultured organisms that showed only granulomatous lesions in the intestinal lymphoid tis ...201525744432
proteome-wide b and t cell epitope repertoires in outer membrane proteins of mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis have vaccine and diagnostic relevance: a holistic approach.mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (map) is an etiological agent of chronic inflammation of the intestine among ruminants and humans. currently, there are no effective vaccines and sensitive diagnostic tests available for its control and detection. for this, it is of paramount importance to identify the map antigens, which may be immunologically recognized by the host immune system. to address this challenge, we performed identification of the immunogenic epitopes in the map outer membr ...201525727233
evaluation of quantitative polymerase chain reaction assays targeting mycobacterium avium, m. intracellulare, and m. avium subspecies paratuberculosis in drinking water biofilms.mycobacterium avium (ma), mycobacterium intracellulare (mi), and mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (map) are difficult to culture due to their slow growing nature. a quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qpcr) method for the rapid detection of ma, mi, and map can be used to provide data supporting drinking water biofilms as potential sources of human exposure. the aim of this study was to characterize two qpcr assays targeting partial 16s rrna gene sequences of ma and mi and use thes ...201525719473
improvement of sensitivity for mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (map) detection in bovine fecal samples by specific duplex f57/ic real-time and conventional is900 pcrs after solid culture enrichment.mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (map) is the etiological agent of johne's disease in ruminants and a probable pathogen of crohn's disease in humans. accurate, cost-effective, and time-relevant diagnostics are the basis for efficient control programs. this study was conducted as an attempt to re-evaluate map detection improvement by coupling solid media enrichment to a more specific is900 conventional pcr and a very specific f57/ic real-time pcr. in a spiking experiment, we investigat ...201525716216
increased viability but decreased culturability of mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis in macrophages from inflammatory bowel disease patients under infliximab treatment.mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (map) has long been implicated as a triggering agent in crohn's disease (cd). in this study, we investigated the growth/persistence of both m. avium subsp. hominissuis (mah) and map, in macrophages from healthy controls (hc), cd and ulcerative colitis patients. for viability assessment, both cfu counts and a pre16srrna rna/dna ratio assay (for map) were used. phagolysosome fusion was evaluated by immunofluorescence, through analysis of lamp-1 colocaliz ...201525702170
blocking the mitogen activated protein kinase-p38 pathway is associated with increase expression of nitric oxide synthase and higher production of nitric oxide by bovine macrophages infected with mycobacterium avium subsp paratuberculosis.this study evaluated the role of the mitogen-activated protein kinase (mapk)-p38 pathway in the nitric oxide synthase (inos) expression and nitric oxide (no) production by bovine monocyte-derived macrophages ingesting mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (map) organisms in vitro. bovine monocyte-derived macrophages were incubated with map organisms with or without a specific inhibitor of the mapkp38 pathway and activation of the mapkp38, interleukin - (il) il-10, il-12, inos mrna expressi ...201525700780
the vesicle-associated function of nod2 as a link between crohn's disease and mycobacterial infection.although crohn's disease (cd) etiology remains unclear, a growing body of evidence suggests that cd may include an infectious component, with mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (map) being the most likely candidate for this role. however, the molecular mechanism of the map involvement in cd pathogenesis remains unclear. the polymorphism of the nod2 gene, coding for an intracellular pattern recognition receptor, is a factor of predisposition to mycobacterial infections and cd. recent fin ...201525653718
sequential development of lesions 3, 6, 9, and 12 months after experimental infection of goat kids with mycobacterium avium subsp paratuberculosis.the development of lesions after infection with mycobacterium avium subsp paratuberculosis (map) was examined in an experimental infection model. goat kids were orally inoculated 10 times with 10 mg bacterial wet mass of map (total dose 2.6 × 10(8) colony-forming units). six to 7 inoculated goats and 3 controls were autopsied 3, 6, 9, and 12 months postinoculation (mpi), lesions were documented, and samples were collected for histology, immunohistochemistry (ihc), and bacterial culture. twenty-f ...201524829286
environmental risk factors in the incidence of johne's disease.this review addresses the survival and persistence of mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (map), the causative pathogen of johne's disease (jd), once it has left its ruminant host. jd has significant economic impact on dairy, beef and sheep industries and is difficult to control due to the long-term sub-clinical nature of the infection, intermittent or persistent map shedding during and after this period, inadequate test effectiveness, and the potential for map to exist for extended peri ...201524670062
lack of humoral response against helicobacter pylori peptides homologous to human znt8 in hashimoto's thyroiditis patients.the helicobacter pylori (hp) reinfection rate seems to be higher in developing countries than in developed ones. an increased seroprevalence of hp has also been reported in patients with type 1 diabetes (t1d) and hashimoto's thyroiditis (ht). mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (map) has been linked to both t1d and ht. quite a few lines of evidence indicate that autoantibodies against several epitopes belonging to human zinc transporter 8 (znt8) cross-recognize the homologous map3865c ep ...201526142673
detection of mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis infection in two different camel species by conventional and molecular techniques.paratuberculosis (john's disease) is infectious and chronically progressive granulomatous disease which affects domestic and wild ruminants. the causative agent is mycobacterium avium paratuberculosis (map), a slow growing mycobactin dependent acid-fast bacillus. we investigated the detection and frequency of map in apparently healthy dromedary and bactrian camels by insertion sequence 900 (is900) polymerase chain reaction (pcr) and acid fast staining of fecal samples in iran. acid fast staining ...201526973771
on deaf ears, mycobacterium avium paratuberculosis in pathogenesis crohn's and other diseases.the historic suggestion that mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (map) might be a zoonotic pathogen was based on the apparent similarity of lesions in the intestine of patients with crohn's disease (cd) with those present in cattle infected with map, the etiological agent of johne's disease. reluctance to fully explore this possibility has been attributed to the difficulty in demonstrating the presence of map in tissues from patients with cd. advances in technology have resolved this pro ...201526730151
iron acquisition in mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis.mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis is a host-adapted pathogen that evolved from the environmental bacterium m. avium subsp. hominissuis through gene loss and gene acquisition. growth of m. avium subsp. paratuberculosis in the laboratory is enhanced by supplementation of the media with the iron-binding siderophore mycobactin j. here we examined the production of mycobactins by related organisms and searched for an alternative iron uptake system in m. avium subsp. paratuberculosis. throug ...201526712939
distribution of mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis in a subclinical naturally infected german fleckvieh bull.although it has been known for years that mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (map) is detectable in the reproductive organs and semen of infected bulls, only few studies have been conducted on this topic worldwide. this study surveyed the map status of a bull, naturally infected due to close contact with its subclinically infected parents over a period of 4 years. from the age of 7 weeks to necropsy, faecal, blood and, after sexual maturity, semen samples were drawn repeatedly. already ...201526671341
predicting the role of il-10 in the regulation of the adaptive immune responses in mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis infections using mathematical models.mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (map) is an intracellular bacterial pathogen that causes johne's disease (jd) in cattle and other animals. the hallmark of map infection in the early stages is a strong protective cell-mediated immune response (th1-type), characterized by antigen-specific γ-interferon (ifn-γ). the th1 response wanes with disease progression and is supplanted by a non-protective humoral immune response (th2-type). interleukin-10 (il-10) is believed to play a critical ro ...201526619346
superior protection elicited by live-attenuated vaccines in the murine model of paratuberculosis.mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (m. paratuberculosis) causes johne's disease, a chronic enteric infection in ruminants with severe economic impact on the dairy industry in the usa and worldwide. currently, available vaccines have limited protective efficacy against disease progression and does not prevent spread of the infection among animals. because of their ability to elicit wide-spectrum immune responses, we adopted a live-attenuated vaccine approach based on a sigh knock-out ...201526546738
a new compartmental model of mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis infection dynamics in cattle.models of mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (map), a chronic infectious agent of cattle, are used to identify effective control programs. however, new biological findings show that adult infections occur and that infected animals can be separated into 2 paths: animals that will become high-shedding and, eventually, experience clinical disease (high-path); and animals that will shed only small quantities of map and will remain subclinical (low-path). longitudinal data analysis found tha ...201526520176
interferon gamma response to mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis specific lipopentapeptide antigen l5p in cattle.after mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (map) infection the cell-mediated immune (cmi) response indicative of early th1 activation may be detected using interferon-gamma release assay (igra). currently, the purified protein derivatives (ppds), i.e., the total extract of mycobacteria antigens are used to recall cmi responses against map. this study aimed to assess the ability of the chemically synthesized map specific cell wall lipopentapeptide l5p to induce cmi response in cows infecte ...201526412530
modelling of paratuberculosis spread between dairy cattle farms at a regional scale.mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (map) causes johne's disease, with large economic consequences for dairy cattle producers worldwide. map spread between farms is mainly due to animal movements. locally, herd size and management are expected to influence infection dynamics. to provide a better understanding of map spread between dairy cattle farms at a regional scale, we describe the first spatio-temporal model accounting simultaneously for population and infection dynamics and indirec ...201526407894
characterization and expression of monoclonal antibody-defined molecules on resting and activated bovine αβ, γδ t and nk cells.monoclonal antibodies (mabs) specific for leukocyte differentiation molecules (ldms) were developed during the past few decades to expand reagents for research in ruminants, pigs, and horses. the specificity of some of the mab-defined molecules was determined through participation in international workshops. other molecules identified with mabs during this time, and more recently with mabs developed after the workshops, have remained partially characterized. efforts are now underway to character ...201526384699
comprehensive insights in the mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis genome using new wgs data of sheep strain jiii-386 from germany.mycobacterium avium (m. a.) subsp. paratuberculosis (map) - the etiologic agent of johne's disease - affects cattle, sheep and other ruminants worldwide. to decipher phenotypic differences among sheep and cattle strains (belonging to map-s [type-i/iii] respectively map-c [type-ii]) comparative genome analysis needs data from diverse isolates originating from different geographic regions of the world. the current study presents the so far best assembled genome of a map-s-strain: sheep isolate jii ...201526384038
comparative genomics between human and animal associated subspecies of the mycobacterium avium complex: a basis for pathogenicity.a human isolate of mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (m. paratuberculosis 43525) was sequenced and compared genomically to other mycobacterial pathogens. m. paratuberculosis 43525 was recently isolated from a patient with ulcerative colitis and belongs to the m. avium complex, a group known to infect both humans and animals. while m. paratuberculosis is a known pathogen of livestock, there are only 20 human isolates from the last 20 years, therefore we took the opportunity to perform a ...201526370227
in silico epitope analysis of unique and membrane associated proteins from mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis for immunogenicity and vaccine evaluation.mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (map) is the etiologic agent of paratuberculosis disease affecting ruminants worldwide. the aim of this study was to identify potential candidate antigens and epitopes by bio and immuno-informatic tools which could be later evaluated as vaccines and/or diagnosis. 110 protein sequences were selected from map k-10 genome database: 48 classified as putative enzymes involved in surface polysaccharide and lipopolysaccharide synthesis, as membrane associated ...201526279134
molecular typing of argentinian mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis isolates by multiple-locus variable number-tandem repeat analysis.multiple-locus variable number-tandem repeat analysis (mlva) of mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (map) isolates may contribute to the knowledge of strain diversity in argentina. although the diversity of map has been previously investigated in argentina using is900-rflp, a small number of isolates were employed, and a low discriminative power was reached. the aim of the present study was to test the genetic diversity among map isolates using an mlva approach based on 8 repetitive ...201526273274
within- and between-herd prevalence variation of mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis infection among control programme herds in denmark (2011-2013).this study aimed to estimate the between- (htp) and within- (tp) herd true prevalence distribution of mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (map) infection in dairy cattle herds participating in the danish map control programme. all herds enrolled in the programme between 2011 and 2013 were included in the analysis, and one annual milk-elisa test of all lactating cows present in such herds was considered. a bayesian latent class model was used to obtain htp and tp posterior distributions f ...201526272435
seroprevalence of igg1 and igg4 class antibodies against mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis in japanese population.mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (map) is the established causative agent of johne's disease in cattle and other ruminants, and it has also been speculated to be a putative etiological agent of several human autoimmune diseases. it is acknowledged that dairy products deriving from infected animals play a role (could be vehicles) in exposing humans to map. map could stimulate the human immune system by means of their complex antigen (in the case of lipids, multivalent antigens) and may ...201526267654
effect of various dietary regimens on oral challenge with mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis in a rabbit model.rabbits are susceptible to infection by mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (map) in both wildlife and experimental conditions. under the hypotheses that nutrient balance might influence the establishment of infection, we designed an experiment where map intestinal colonization was assessed under three dietary regimens: high fiber, high protein, and regular diet in new zealand white rabbits submitted to oral challenge with map. lowest weight gain (f=5.17, p=0.024), higher tissue cult ...201526267094
mean effective sensitivity for mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis infection in cattle herds.mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (map) infections in cattle are generally challenging to detect and cost-effective test strategies are consequently difficult to identify. map-specific antibody elisas for milk and serum are relatively inexpensive, but their utility is influenced by a number of factors such as herd size, herd composition and diagnostic sensitivity. the sensitivity of the test increases with the age of the tested animal, and therefore the general, or "mean effective sens ...201526253222
detection of mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis in a sheep flock in tuscany.paratuberculosis is an infectious disease which affects ruminants. in this work, a sheep flock in garfagnana district (tuscany, italy) was examined by agar gel immune-diffusion (agid) tests, culture, and pcr from feces, milk, tissue samples, and cheeses. at the first agid test, 7/280 (2.5 %) animals were positive. from these animals, feces and milk samples were collected: 4/7 feces (57.14 %) and 2/7 milk samples (28.57 %) were positive to culture and 7/7 (100 %) feces samples and 1/7 milk sample ...201526245917
risk factors for mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (map) and mycobacterium bovis coinfection at individual animal level in southern chile cattle populations.mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (map) causes a chronic intestinal infection mainly in domestic and wild ruminants and is transmitted primarily by the fecal-oral route. mycobacterium bovis (m. bovis) produces a chronic infection principally of the respiratory system. it affects most domestic mammals, wild species, and humans and is spread via the respiratory or oral route. it is important to note that m. bovis is considered a major zoonotic agent. the term coinfection refers to the co ...201526193778
bovine immunoinhibitory receptors contribute to suppression of mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis-specific t-cell responses.johne's disease (paratuberculosis) is a chronic enteritis in cattle that is caused by intracellular infection with mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis. this infection is characterized by the functional exhaustion of t-cell responses to m. avium subsp. paratuberculosis antigens during late subclinical and clinical stages, presumably facilitating the persistence of this bacterium and the formation of clinical lesions. however, the mechanisms underlying t-cell exhaustion in johne's disease ...201526483406
macrophage polarization in cattle experimentally exposed to mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis.mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (map), the causative agent of johne's disease (jd) in cattle, has significant impacts on the livestock industry and has been implicated in the etiology of crohn's disease. macrophages play a key role in jd pathogenesis, which is driven by the manipulation of host immune mechanisms by map. a change in the macrophage microenvironment due to pathogenic or host-derived stimuli can lead to classical (m1) or alternative (m2) polarization of macrophages. ...201526454271
host transcriptional profiles and immunopathologic response following mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis infection in mice.paratuberculosis or johne's disease is a chronic granulomatous enteropathy in ruminants caused by mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (map) infection. in the present study, we examined the host response to map infection in spleens of mice in order to investigate the host immunopathology accompanying host-pathogen interaction. transcriptional profiles of the map-infected mice at 3 and 6 weeks p.i. showed severe histopathological changes, whereas those at 12 weeks p.i. displayed reduced le ...201526439498
zap-70, ctla-4 and proximal t cell receptor signaling in cows infected with mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis.paratuberculosis is a chronic intestinal disease of ruminant animals caused by mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (map). a hallmark of paratuberculosis is a transition from a cell-mediated th1 type response to a humoral th2 response with the progression of disease from a subclinical to clinical state. the objective of this study was to investigate the expression of two crucial molecules in t cell function, zap-70 (zeta-chain-associated protein of 70 kda) and ctla-4 (cytotoxic t-lymphocy ...201526163934
application of multiple laboratory tests for mycobacterium avium ssp. paratuberculosis detection in crohn's disease patient specimens.the difficulties involved in detecting and enumerating mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (map) as a pathogen potentially involved in crohn's disease (cd) are well known. this study aimed to improve this situation through the application of multiple laboratory diagnostic tests to detect and isolate this bacterium from different specimens collected from cd-patients and non-cd subjects as controls. a total of 120 samples (terminal ileum and colon biopsies, blood and stool) were obtained f ...201526147146
functional analysis of 3'utr polymorphisms in the caprine slc11a1 gene and its association with the mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis infection.the study aimed to investigate whether the genetic polymorphisms in the 3'utr of the caprine slc11a1 gene are functional, and to assess the role of map as a regulatory parameter in gene expression. to this goal we constructed plasmids expressing the luciferase reporter gene in transient transfections of a mouse (balb/c) macrophage cell line (raw264.7), incorporating those polymorphisms that our previous work indicated as more prominent in terms of slc11a1 expression and responsiveness to map inf ...201526117376
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