Publications

recent trends in the epidemiology of shigella species in israel.	trends in the epidemiology of infections due to shigella species over a period of 6 years (1986-1991) in israel were studied by analysis of the results of 51,300 stool cultures, of which 2,987 yielded shigella species. in a university hospital, the relative prevalence of shigella sonnei in patients with shigellosis increased over the years from 60% in 1986 to 91% in 1991 (r = 0.93; p = .007); concomitantly, the prevalence of shigella flexneri decreased from 29% to only 8% (r = -0.80; p < .05). i ...	1993	8286636
use of the vibrio cholerae irga gene as a locus for insertion and expression of heterologous antigens in cholera vaccine strains.	vibrio cholerae may be a particularly effective organism for use in delivering heterologous antigens to stimulate a common mucosal immune response. a live attenuated vaccine strain of v. cholerae was constructed from the ctxa deletion mutant 0395-n1, containing the b subunit of shiga-like toxin i under the transcriptional control of the iron-regulated irga promoter. the b subunit of shiga-like toxin i is identical to the b subunit of shiga toxin (stxb). irga encodes the major iron-regulated oute ...	1993	8296486
evaluation of a technique for identification of shiga-like toxin-producing escherichia coli by using polymerase chain reaction and digoxigenin-labeled probes.	a polymerase chain reaction (pcr) technique for the identification of shiga-like toxin (slt)-producing escherichia coli was assessed by using 95 strains of slt-producing e. coli and 5 shigella dysenteriae type 1 strains. pcr was used for the amplification of slt gene sequences from whole bacterial colonies. a digoxigenin-labeled dna probe was used for identification of the pcr products in a spot blot hybridization assay. modifications were made to adapt this technique for the proper identificati ...	1993	8308107
sequence of a variant shiga-like toxin type-i operon of escherichia coli o111:h-.	pcr amplification was used to screen faecal isolates of escherichia coli from a 12-month-old boy with haemolytic uraemic syndrome for the presence of shiga-like toxin (slt)-encoding genes. one isolate, belonging to serotype o111:h-, was positive for slt-i by this method. uv induction indicated that the strain was lysogenic for a lambdoid bacteriophage, but this did not encode the toxin. southern hybridization analysis of chromosomal dna revealed that the slt-i gene was located on an 8.5-kb ecori ...	1993	8335264
purification and crystallization of shiga toxin from shigella dysenteriae.	the protein toxin produced by shigella dysenteriae consists of one enzymatically active a subunit of 293 amino acid residues and five b subunits of 69 amino acid residues that are involved with cell attachment. the holotoxin has been purified by blue sepharose and chromatofocusing column chromatography. two crystal forms of purified holotoxin have been grown by vapor diffusion. one grows as fine needles, hexagonal in cross-section, which do not diffract well enough to characterize crystallograph ...	1993	8345529
synthesis of a tetrasaccharide donor corresponding to the o-specific polysaccharide of shigella dysenteriae type 1.	o-(2,4-di-o-benzoyl-3-o-chloroacetyl-alpha-l-rhamnopyranosyl)-(1--> 2)-o-(3,4,6-tri-o-benzoyl-alpha-d-galactopyranosyl)-(1--> 3)-o-(2-acetamido-4,6-di-o-acetyl-2-deoxy-alpha-d-glucopyranosyl)-(1--> 3)-2,4-di-o-benzoyl-alpha-l-rhamnopyranosyl trichloroacetimidate (1) was synthesized in a stepwise manner, using the following monosaccharide units: 2-(trimethylsilyl)ethyl 2,4-di-o-benzoyl-alpha-l-rhamnopyranoside, 2-azido-4,6-o-benzylidene-3-o-chloroacetyl-2-deoxy-beta-d-glucopyranosyl chloride, met ...	1993	8348552
minimum domain of the shiga toxin a subunit required for enzymatic activity.	the minimum sequence of the enzymatic (a) subunit of shiga toxin (stx) required for activity was investigated by introducing n-terminal and c-terminal deletions in the molecule. enzymatic activity was assessed by using an in vitro translation system. a 253-amino-acid stx a polypeptide, which is recognized as the enzymatically active portion of the 293-amino-acid a subunit, expressed less than wild-type levels of activity. in addition, alteration of the proposed nicking site between ala-253 and s ...	1993	8349540
synthesis, characterization, and clinical evaluation of conjugate vaccines composed of the o-specific polysaccharides of shigella dysenteriae type 1, shigella flexneri type 2a, and shigella sonnei (plesiomonas shigelloides) bound to bacterial toxoids.	the theoretic basis for developing conjugate vaccines, to induce immunoglobulin g (igg) lipopolysaccharide (lps) antibodies for the prevention of shigellosis, has been described (j. b. robbins, c.-y. chu, and r. schneerson, clin. infect. dis. 15:346-361, 1992). the o-specific polysaccharides (o-sps) of shigella dysenteriae type 1, s. flexneri type 2a, and s. sonnei were covalently bound to carrier proteins. alone, the o-sps were not immunogenic in mice. conjugates of these o-sps, injected into y ...	1993	8359890
shiga toxin-associated hemolytic uremic syndrome: interleukin-1 beta enhancement of shiga toxin cytotoxicity toward human vascular endothelial cells in vitro.	development of hemolytic uremic syndrome (hus) after infection by shigella dysenteriae 1 or enterohemorrhagic escherichia coli has been associated with the production of shiga toxins (verotoxins). the putative target of shiga toxins in hus is the renal microvascular endothelium. this report shows that preincubation of human umbilical vein endothelial cells (huvec) with interleukin-1 beta (il-1 beta) enhances the cytotoxic potency of shiga toxin toward huvec. a preincubation of huvec with il-1 be ...	1993	8359910
mutator plasmid in a nalidixic acid-resistant strain of shigella dysenteriae type 1.	a clinical isolate of shigella dysenteriae from kashmir, resistant to seven antibacterial agents including nalidixic acid, carried four plasmids, only one of which was transferable by conjugation. this plasmid, designated pyd1, conferred trimethoprim resistance and increased the frequency of mutation to nalidixic acid resistance in recipient strains. thus, although nalidixic acid resistance was not carried on a transferable plasmid, the presence of pyd1 increased the frequency at which the strai ...	1993	8360123
characterisation of plesiomonas shigelloides strains that share type-specific antigen with shigella flexneri 6 and common group 1 antigen with shigella flexneri spp. and shigella dysenteriae 1.	three strains of plesiomonas shigelloides isolated from patients with diarrhoea were agglutinated with shigella flexneri 6 antiserum in slide and tube tests. all the strains were also agglutinated with a monoclonal antibody to the common group 1 antigen shared between s. flexneri serotypes and s. dysenteriae type 1. further studies with one strain also showed sharing of antigenicity in an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. the results suggest that the strains share type-specific antigen with s. ...	1993	8366520
hemolytic uremic syndrome: clinical picture and bacterial connection.		1993	8397909
production of mucinase and neuraminidase and binding of shigella to intestinal mucin.	production of mucinase and neuraminidase by shigella spp. and their ability to bind to mucin was investigated. all four species of shigella produced these enzymes. virulent and avirulent pairs of shigella did not differ in their ability to produce the enzymes after 18 h of growth. however, a significant difference in neuraminidase production was noted in shigella dysenteriae type 1 and s. boydii (12-15) at 10 h growth. avirulent strains of s. dysenteriae type 1, s. flexneri 2a, and s. boydii bou ...	1993	8409287
role of shigella dysenteriae type 1 slime polysaccharide in resistance to serum killing and phagocytosis.	shigella dysenteriae type 1 produce a slime polysaccharide when cultivated in vivo in adult rabbit ileal loops or in vitro in casamino acid yeast extract broth medium which promotes hemagglutination of these bacteria. seven strains of s. dysenteriae 1 grown in vitro and in vivo and possessing slime polysaccharides resisted killing by normal human serum as compared to bacteria grown under conditions which do not stimulate the production of capsular polysaccharide and did not resist serum killing ...	1993	8412617
enteric protein loss during shigellosis.	to determine whether protein-losing enteropathy occurs during shigellosis, we measured concentrations of alpha 1-antitrypsin in sequential stool samples from 110 adults hospitalized with acute dysentery due to shigella infection. mean stool concentrations of alpha 1-antitrypsin on admission were 10.9 micrograms/mg dry weight of stool. stool alpha 1-antitrypsin concentrations were significantly (p < 0.001) lower on the 3rd and 5th study days (4.1 and 2.2 micrograms/mg, respectively) than on admis ...	1993	8420274
concentrations of interleukin 6 and tumour necrosis factor in serum and stools of children with shigella dysenteriae 1 infection.	serum interleukin 6 (il-6) and tumour necrosis factor (tnf) were measured in children with dysentery during an epidemic caused by shigella dysenteriae 1. il-6 and tnf were also measured in fresh stool filtrates from children with acute gastroenteritis. the median serum il-6 concentration was raised significantly in the children with complications (haemolytic uraemic syndrome, leukemoid reaction, thrombocytopenia, thrombocytosis, and severe colitis lasting more than one week) during the first wee ...	1993	8432472
immune response against lipopolysaccharide and invasion plasmid-coded antigens of shigellae in vietnamese and swedish dysenteric patients.	the peripheral immune responses of adult vietnamese patients infected with shigella dysenteriae 1 and shigella flexneri 1b and 2a and those of s. flexneri-infected swedish patients were studied against various lipopolysaccharide and invasion plasmid-coded antigens (ipa-s) and compared with the titers for the corresponding local healthy populations. both vietnamese and swedish patients reacted with significant (p, < 0.05) titer increases in the immunoglobulin a and g classes against the homologou ...	1993	8432838
rectal histopathology in endemic shigella and salmonella diarrhea.	rectal histopathology was evaluated in 34 cases (2 months-12 yrs old) of endemic "invasive diarrhea" [> 20 wbcs per high-power field on stool microscopy with (rbc positive) or without (rbc negative) associated rbcs] where s. dysenteriae (n = 9), s. flexneri (n = 11), and nontyphoidal salmonella were isolated as the sole identifiable enteropathogens. persistent diarrhea (> 14 days duration) was more common with salmonella infection whereas rbc-positive "invasive diarrhea" was more frequent with s ...	1993	8433237
detection of escherichia coli in sewage and sludge by polymerase chain reaction.	a method in which the polymerase chain reaction (pcr) was used was developed to amplify either a uida gene fragment or a 16s rrna gene fragment from escherichia coli in sewage and sludge. because of interference caused by humic acidlike substances, crude dna extracts were purified with a sephadex g-200 spun column before the pcr was begun. a southern analysis in which a nonradioactive chemiluminescent method was used was performed to confirm the presence of pcr products. the sensitivity of detec ...	1993	8434906
use of the polymerase chain reaction and fluorescent-antibody methods for detecting viable but nonculturable shigella dysenteriae type 1 in laboratory microcosms.	epidemiological studies of shigellosis in bangladesh have demonstrated that surface-water sources can act as foci of infection. studies of laboratory microcosms have shown that shigellae become nonculturable but remain viable when exposed to environmental samples of water. the present study was carried out to detect viable but nonculturable shigella dysenteriae 1 from laboratory microcosms by the polymerase chain reaction and the fluorescent-antibody techniques. s. dysenteriae 1 was inoculated i ...	1993	8434918
superoxide dismutase and the resistance of escherichia coli to phagocytic killing by human neutrophils.	transformation of escherichia coli k-12-derived strains with a plasmid carrying the genetic determinants for synthesis of lipopolysaccharide o antigen by shigella dysenteriae allows the construction of phenotypically smooth derivatives. we show that such e. coli k-12 derivatives are highly resistant to killing by human serum. isogenic wild-type and sodb mutant (fe superoxide dismutase-deficient) strains were constructed. the results of experiments on phagocytic killing of these strains by human ...	1993	8454348
rapid detection of shigella dysenteriae and shigella flexneri in faeces by an immunomagnetic assay with monoclonal antibodies.	a rapid and sensitive method for the detection of shigella dysenteriae type 1 and shigella flexneri serotypes in faeces based on capture of the bacteria with immunomagnetic particles is described. the particles were coated with either of two different monoclonal antibodies specific for the o-antigens of shigella dysenteriae type 1 and shigella flexneri serotypes. captured bacteria were detected by an enzyme immunoassay with o-antigen specific rabbit antiserum. the whole assay required 2 to 3 hou ...	1993	8462557
a monoclonal antibody to shigella dysenteriae serotype 13 cross-reacting with shiga toxin.	a monoclonal antibody (mab ict6) was produced against the newly described shigella dysenteriae serotype type 13. the mab was of igm isotype and recognized purified shiga toxin in elisa and immunoblot. it also recognized periplasmic extract s. dysenteriae type 13 in immunoblot as did an affinity-purified polyclonal rabbit antiserum and a previously described monoclonal antibody to the b subunit of shiga toxin. the mab ict6 did not neutralize the cytotoxic effects or s. dysenteriae type 13, shiga ...	1993	8472916
role of bacterial cytotoxins in hemolytic uremic syndrome and thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura.	bacterial cytotoxins, which are produced by shigella dysenteriae 1 and certain e. coli serotypes, kill mammalian cells by inhibiting protein synthesis. they have been related to hemolytic uremic syndrome and thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura, probably by initial insult to vascular endothelial cells. this insight opened new avenues of research and possible interventions.	1993	8476235
shigellemia in aids patients: case report and review of the literature.	shigella bacteremia in adult patients is rare and is usually associated with immunosuppressive diseases. to date, 12 hiv-positive patients with shigella bacteremia have been reported in the medical literature. we report a case of shigella dysenteriae bacteremia in a 39-year-old hiv-positive patient. although the patient presented with bloody and watery diarrhea, stool cultures failed to grow enteric pathogens. the patient responded well to appropriate antibiotic therapy.	1993	8491521
isolation of shigella dysenteriae serotypes 11, 12, and 13 from patients with diarrhea in bangladesh.	nine isolates of bacteria biochemically resembling shigella dysenteriae but not belonging to the 10 recognized serotypes were isolated from patients with diarrhea in bangladesh. further studies suggested that two, one, and six isolates belonged to the recently recognized s. dysenteriae serotypes 11, 12, and 13, respectively.	1993	8501251
cloning and sequencing of the gene encoding a 31-kilodalton antigen of haemophilus somnus.	immunoblots using bovine antibody against haemophilus somnus as the primary antibody consistently identified 31-, 40- and 78-kda proteins in sarkosyl-insoluble extracts of h. somnus. a genomic library of h. somnus 8025 dna was constructed in plasmid puc19, and 45 recombinants expressed proteins which were recognized by bovine antiserum in western blots (immunoblots). ten of the recombinants expressing a 31-kda protein caused the lysis of bovine erythrocytes. restriction endonuclease mapping indi ...	1993	8514383
molecular studies of plasmids of multiply-resistant shigella spp. in hong kong.	one hundred and two shigella spp. isolated in two hospitals in hong kong were analysed for antibiotic resistances, resistance plasmids and plasmid profiles. three quarters of the isolates were s. flexneri. all isolates harboured plasmids, up to a maximum of ten within one strain. plasmids of 220 kb encoding resistances to tetracycline, chloramphenicol and sulphonamide and probably also associated with invasiveness in the sereny test were found in 80 strains and were transferable in 18% of cases. ...	1993	8519309
[vaccination against the enterobacteria responsible for enteric infections].	development of vaccines against enterobacterial species responsible for enteric infections sounds like an unrealistic project. on the other hand, based on our growing understanding of the pathogenesis of infections caused by the major species (i.e. salmonella typhi, shigella flexneri and shigella dysenteriae 1, enterotoxigenic escherichia coli) and on our better characterization of the immunological parameters of mucosal protection, it is likely that a limited number of vaccines controlling dise ...	1994	8210205
stimulation of gastrointestinal antibody to shiga toxin by orogastric immunization in mice.	shiga toxin (st) is a protein toxin of shigella dysenteriae type 1, a causative agent of severe diarrhoea and dysentery. in this report we describe the gastrointestinal secretory antibody response of mice following orogastric immunization with st. gastrointestinal secretions were sampled by a gastrointestinal lavage technique weekly for 5 weeks after initial immunization. assay of lavage samples by elisa showed that mice vaccinated orogastrically with various doses of st developed gastrointestin ...	1994	8157288
pathogenesis of shigella diarrhea: xvii. a mammalian cell membrane glycolipid, gb3, is required but not sufficient to confer sensitivity to shiga toxin.	shiga toxin recognizes a galactose-alpha 1-->4-galactose terminal glycolipid, globotriaosylceramide (gb3), in sensitive mammalian cells and is translocated by endocytosis to the cytoplasm, where it blocks protein synthesis. to determine if gb3 is both required and sufficient for toxicity, gb3 content in cells was altered by blocking key biosynthetic or degradative path enzymes with specific inhibitors. the resulting decrease or increase in cellular gb3 was associated with a decrease or increase ...	1994	8158025
epidemic shigella dysenteriae type 1 in burundi: panresistance and implications for prevention.	an epidemic of shigella dysenteriae type 1 infections has affected africa since 1979. reported dysentery cases increase sharply in burundi during september through december. of stool samples from 189 patients reporting bloody diarrhea in november 1990, a pathogen was identified in 123 (65%). the pathogen was s. dysenteriae type 1 in 82 (67%). all s. dysenteriae type 1 isolates were resistant to ampicillin, chloramphenicol, nalidixic acid, streptomycin, sulfisoxazole, tetracycline, and trimethopr ...	1994	8169388
infection, diarrhea, and dysentery caused by shigella species and campylobacter jejuni among guatemalan rural children.	to examine the factors that may influence the outcome of infections by shigella spp. and campylobacter jejuni we followed for 24 consecutive months 321 rural guatemala children 0 to 35 months old. home visits were made to determine child morbidity patterns with emphasis on diarrhea and dysentery. fecal samples for microbiologic studies were obtained from the participants when they were ill and during healthy periods. shigella spp. were isolated from 9.8 and 4.0% of ill and healthy children, resp ...	1994	8177630
[the epidemiological characteristics of the spread of grigor'ev-shiga dysentery in the territories of the former ussr in recent years].	on the basis of special data on the registered cases of grigor'ev-shiga dysentery on the territory of the former ussr the spread of this nosological form of shigella infections since 1980 until the present moment has been analyzed. as shown by this analysis, grigor'ev-shiga dysentery is not widely spread on the whole territory of the former ussr, the cases of this disease being mostly registered in namangan (the uzbek republic). the study has shown that the area of the circulation of shigella dy ...	1994	8184610
a new class of proteins regulating gene expression in enterobacteria.	ymoa and hha are highly similar bacterial proteins downregulating gene expression in yersinia enterocolitica and escherichia coli, respectively. the phenotype of ymoa mutants evokes that of mutants affected in some histone-like proteins. this paper describes complementation of a ymoa mutation in y. enterocolitica by the hha gene from e. coli. we show that ymoa and hha are not only very similar proteins but that they are functionally interchangeable. genetic experiments indicate that hha can also ...	1994	8145648
in vivo r-plasmid transfer in a patient with a mixed infection of shigella dysentery.	transfer of shigella r-plasmids in vivo has seldom been demonstrated. strains of shigella dysenteriae type 1 and shigella flexneri type 5b were isolated from a bulgarian traveller who visited vietnam and developed dysentery, which was treated with trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole (tmp/smz) for a short time. both species of shigellae are unusual in bulgaria where strains of s. sonnei predominate. both shigella strains were multiresistant to the same antimicrobial agents. each strain contained a 48-k ...	1994	8149999
one-ended insertion of is911.	an apparently nonreplicative integration reaction mediated by the insertion sequence is911 has been analyzed. it is shown to involve the right-end inverted repeat (irr) of the element and sequences in the flanking vector dna. the flanking sequences appear to behave as a surrogate is911 end, since integration is greatly reduced when limited similarities with irr are eliminated by site-directed mutagenesis. data are presented which suggest that the activity of the irr junction results from the pro ...	1994	8106332
cytotoxicity of a shiga toxin a subunit-cd4 fusion protein to human immunodeficiency virus-infected cells.	shiga toxin (stx) is a ribosome-inactivating cytotoxin produced by shigella dysenteriae serotype 1. the enzymatic domain of the stx a polypeptide has been defined by introducing amino- and carboxy-terminal deletions in the polypeptide and assessing activity in a cell-free translation system. three recombinant forms of stxa which possess enzymatic activity were genetically fused to a 165-amino-acid polypeptide derived from cd4, the cellular receptor for human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) ...	1994	8112869
[bacterial dysentery in 1992].		1994	8073150
health status of displaced persons following civil war--burundi, december 1993-january 1994.	in burundi (1990 population: 5.7 million), located in central-east africa, seasonal epidemics of dysentery caused by shigella dysenteriae type 1 (sd1) have been documented each year since 1980. the assassination of the president of burundi on october 21, 1993, resulted in widespread violence involving major tribal groups. by december, an estimated 130,000 persons had become displaced within the country, and approximately 683,000 persons had fled to rwanda, tanzania, or zaire. many displaced pers ...	1994	8084334
detection of 4-quinolone resistance mutation in gyra gene of shigella dysenteriae type 1 by pcr.	to study 4-quinolone resistance, the n-terminal coding region of gyra from nalidixic acid-susceptible and -resistant isolates of shigella dysenteriae type 1 was amplified by pcr, cloned, and sequenced. dna sequence analysis of gyra from nalidixic acid-resistant isolates revealed a c-to-t transition at nucleotide position 248 leading to a ser-83-to-leu substitution which was absent in susceptible clinical isolates. direct hinfi digestion of pcr-amplified dna detected similar mutations. thus, dna ...	1994	7840594
infection with hiv, a risk factor for epidemic dysentery? a case-control study from zambia.		1994	7818833
modulation and recovery of immune response of balb/c mice to shigella dysenteriae antigens after cyclophosphamide treatment.	we have analysed the suppressive effect of cyclophosphamide, when given in vivo, on the antibody response of balb/c mice against shigella dysenteriae antigens using elisa and immunoblot. out of various protocols tried, it was found that co-injection of cyclophosphamide at 150 mg/kg bodyweight, i.p., at the time of antigen administration and then after a lapse of 24 h during both primary and secondary immunizations, was the most effective in suppressing antibody response of mice. analysis of sera ...	1994	7835986
shigellosis in jordanian children: a clinico-epidemiologic prospective study and susceptibility to antibiotics.	during a 2-year prospective study of children hospitalized with gastroenteritis, shigellosis was detected in 66 cases (9 per cent of 726 admissions). the age group for peak shigella incidence was 1-4 years. the incidence increased from 8 per cent in 1991, to 11 per cent in 1992. shigella flexneri was the most common isolate (65 per cent), followed by shigella sonnei (17 per cent), shigella boydi (11 per cent), and shigella dysenteriae (7 per cent). at presentation, 44 per cent had watery diarrho ...	1994	7853441
intestinal perforation in a child with shigella dysenteriae type 1 infection: a rare complication.		1994	7868832
short-term pefloxacin therapy in madagascan children with shigellosis due to multiresistant organisms.		1994	7888566
haemolytic-uraemic syndrome in adults with resistant shigella dysenteriae type i.		1994	7912809
monoclonal antibodies specific for shigella dysenteriae serotype 13. production, characterization, and diagnostic application.	three mouse monoclonal antibodies (mabs) (icl3, icl4, and icl5) were produced that specifically recognized the lipopolysaccharide antigen of the newly recognized shigella dysenteriae serotype-13 strain. all three mabs reacted with all nine reference isolates of s. dysenteriae 13 in different tests. the mabs also detected colonies of s. dysenteriae-13 isolates by direct slide agglutination test. the mabs also reacted with the reference escherichia coli 0150 strain and showed its close antigenic r ...	1994	7924205
purification, pore-forming ability, and antigenic relatedness of the major outer membrane protein of shigella dysenteriae type 1.	the major outer membrane protein (momp), the most abundant outer membrane protein, was purified to homogeneity from shigella dysenteriae type 1. the purification method involved selective extraction of momp with sodium dodecyl sulfate in the presence of 0.4 m sodium chloride followed by size exclusion chromatography with sephacryl s-200 hr. momp was found to form hydrophilic diffusion pores by incorporation into artificial liposome vesicles composed of egg yolk phosphatidylcholine and dicetylpho ...	1994	7927692
purified shiga-like toxins induce expression of proinflammatory cytokines from murine peritoneal macrophages.	infections with shiga toxin-producing shigella dysenteriae type 1 and shiga-like toxin (slt)-producing escherichia coli cause outbreaks of bloody diarrhea in which patients are at risk for developing life-threatening complications involving the renal and central nervous systems. histopathology studies and in vitro experiments suggested that the toxins damage toxin receptor-expressing endothelial cells (ec) lining glomerular and central nervous system capillaries. in the presence of inducible hos ...	1994	7927791
[clinical study in treating intractable ulcerative colitis with traditional chinese medicine].	clinical double blind study in treating 153 intractable ulcerative colitis with chinese medicinal herbs was conducted, the patients were randomly assigned to three groups. group i is administered with jian pi ling (jpl) tablet with retention-enema of radix sophorae flavescentis and flos sophora (rsf-fs) decoction per night, group ii with salicylazosulfapyridine (sasp) and retention-enema of dexamethasone, group iii with placebo and retention-enema of decoction as that in group i. after 90 days e ...	1994	7950223
shigellosis in calcutta during 1990-1992: antibiotic susceptibility pattern and clinical features.	of 230 cases of bloody diarrhoea studied, 100 (43.5%) were positive for shigellae by stool culture, of which shigella dysenteriae type 1 was isolated from 56 cases, s. flexneri from 35, s. boydii from 5 and s. sonnei from 4. the major clinical manifestations of the patients infected with shigella spp. were abdominal pain, anorexia, vomiting, tenesmus, and fever. fever of above 100.5 degrees f and frequency of stool of more than 15 per day were noticed more among cases infected with s. dysenteria ...	1994	7963341
serum igg antibody responses to shigella invasion plasmid-coded antigens detected by immunoblot.	serum igg antibody responses to shigella invasion plasmid-coded antigens (ipa) from 58 shigella flexneri, s. sonnei, and s. dysenteriae infected swedish patients were investigated by immunoblot technique. intense responses to most components of ipa (ipas a, b, c, d, and virg-virulence determinant on sali fragment g of the plasmid) were evident in sera from s. flexneri infected patients. the strongest response was to ipa b and the weakest, to ipa d. in contrast, there were weaker responses to ipa ...	1994	7984976
methionine uptake and cytopathogenicity of viable but nonculturable shigella dysenteriae type 1.	a pathogenic strain of shigella dysenteriae type 1 was selected for study to elucidate the physiology and potential pathogenicity of organisms in the viable but nonculturable (vbnc) state in the environment. studies in our laboratory have shown that s. dysenteriae type 1 survives in laboratory microcosms in the vbnc state for long periods of time, i.e., more than 6 months. vbnc cells of s. dysenteriae type 1 were found to retain cytopathogenicity for cultured hela cells. to determine whether vbn ...	1994	7986035
synthesis and two-dimensional nuclear magnetic resonance analysis of a tetra- and a hexa-saccharide fragment of the o-specific polysaccharide of shigella dysenteriae type 1.	the synthesis of the tetra- and hexa-saccharide methyl glycosides alpha-d-galp-(1-->3)-alpha-d-glcpnac-(1-->3)-alpha-l-rhap-(1-->3)- alpha-l-rhap- ome (1), and alpha-l-rhap-(1-->3)-alpha-l-rhap-(1-->2)-alpha-d-galp-(1--> 3)-alpha-d-glcpnac- (1-->3)-alpha-l-rhap-(1-->3)-alpha-l-rhap-ome (3) is described, which represent various epitopes of the o-specific polysaccharide of shigella dysenteriae type 1. the following monosaccharide intermediates were used: 1,3-di-o-acetyl-2-o-benzoyl-4-o-benzyl-alph ...	1994	8013005
shigellosis in neonates and young infants.	to determine the clinical features and outcome of shigellosis in young infants, we reviewed the hospital records of 159 infants < or = 3 months of age (including 30 neonates) and 159 children 1 to 10 years of age with shigellosis who were admitted to the diarrhoea treatment centre in dacca, bangladesh. infants more commonly had a history of nonbloody diarrhea (82.8% vs 42.7%; p < 0.001), moderate or severe dehydration (59.9% vs 32.1%; p < 0.001), or bacteremia (12.0% vs 5.0%; p = 0.027) and less ...	1994	8021764
immunopathological patterns in the rectal mucosa of patients with shigellosis: expression of hla-dr antigens and t-lymphocyte subsets.	expression of hla-dr antigens and infiltration of t-lymphocyte subsets (cd4, cd8), cell activation marker (cd25), b cells (cd20), macrophages (cd68 and ber-mac 3) and natural killer cells (cd56) in the rectal mucosa of patients with bacillary dysentery and in healthy controls were studied in an effort to interpret the immunopathological changes taking place in the rectal mucosa during the acute phase of shigellosis. the epithelium of the rectal mucosa from 21 of 32 patients was hla-dr+. conventi ...	1994	8024739
nucleotide sequence of the pseudomonas aeruginosa insertion sequence is222: another member of the is3 family.	sequence analysis of the pseudomonas aeruginosa insertion sequence element is222 revealed it to be 1234 bp in size with 23 bp imperfect terminal inverted repeats. insertion caused a 5-bp duplication of the insertion site. two orfs were identified, one of which, orfa, could encode a basic (pi 10.5) polypeptide with a mass of 11,709. this sequence bears strong homology to the putative orfa product from the shigella dysenteriae insertion sequence element is911, which is a member of the is3 family o ...	1994	8029330
ompa-fmdv vp1 fusion proteins: production, cell surface exposure and immune responses to the major antigenic domain of foot-and-mouth disease virus.	exposure at the bacterial outer surface of the major antigenic epitope of the foot-and-mouth disease (fmdv) viral protein vp1 was studied using protein fusion with outer membrane protein a (ompa) of shigella dysenteriae for production and transport of the foreign polypeptide to the outer membrane of escherichia coli. fusion constructs with vp1 peptide insertions of up to 56 amino acids in the third outer domain of ompa could be demonstrated on the bacterial surface by indirect immunofluorescence ...	1994	8036821
[short-term ciprofloxacin treatment of bacillary dysentery due to shigella dysenteriae type 1 in rwandan refugees].	in 1994, an outbreak of dysentery caused by shigella dysenteriae type i resistant to all public health antibiotics in vitro occurred among rwandan refugees in zaïre. the only active antimicrobial agent available was ciprofloxacin. it was administered to hospitalized patients in a conventional 5-day schedule. to ration the supply for the benefit of the greatest number, a randomized blinded study was performed to compare the effectiveness of short-term treatment (1 g of ciprofloxacin in a single d ...	1994	7746123
[diarrhea, dysentery, cholera, new frontiers?].		1994	7746137
the detection of vero cytotoxin-producing escherichia coli and shigella dysenteriae type 1 in faecal specimens using polymerase chain reaction gene amplification.	fifty consecutive faecal specimens received by the lep were examined for the presence of vero cytotoxin (vt) genes by polymerase chain reaction (pcr) gene amplification. nineteen were positive by pcr and from 16 of these, vt positive escherichia coli o157 were isolated. the remaining three samples were positive for vt genes by pcr but vtec were not isolated. in a preliminary experiment, shigella dysenteriae type 1 was isolated from a case of bloody diarrhoea following a positive amplification re ...	1994	7765704
typing of shigella dysenteriae strains of different serogroups by lectins.	ten different serogroups of shigella dysenteriae were typed with the aid of lectins of known sugar specificity resulting from their interactions with the carbohydrates on lipopolysaccharides in the outer membrane of bacteria as evidenced by the agglutination-inhibition assay with simple carbohydrates. lipopolysaccharides of two serogroups of shigella were precipitated with different lectins and the results were corroborated by those derived from the agglutination assay suggesting that shigella d ...	1994	7803930
antitumor activity of bacterial endotoxins and their subunits in in vitro test.	the tumoricidal effect of endotoxins and their subunits of shigella dysenteriae serovar 1 of both growth forms and certain other representatives of the enterobacteriaceae family was tested against németh-kellner mouse lymphoma cells using an in vitro assay based on the use of sodium chromate solution yielding labelled hexavalent 51cr ions. the most effective in vitro activity was evidenced in both growth forms by s. dysenteriae 1 lipopolysaccharide-protein complex (lpsp) (76-92%), lipid a and li ...	1994	7812253
characterization of a 38 kda penicillin-binding protein and its possible involvement in maintaining stationary-phase cells of shigella dysenteriae.	this paper reports the first attempt to characterize the penicillin-binding proteins (pbps) of shigella dysenteriae, an important human pathogen. the pbp pattern of the membranes of s. dysenteriae closely resembles that of escherichia coli membranes. a 38 kda pbp which is an important target for the penem sch34343, the cephamycin cefoxitin and the oxacephem moxalactam, has been purified. this pbp is immunologically related to a pbp of similar molecular mass in e. coli and is present at high leve ...	1994	7812457
synthesis of methyl o-alpha-l-rhamnopyranosyl-(1-->2)-alpha-d-galactopyranosides specifically deoxygenated at position 3, 4, or 6 of the galactose residue.	the title disaccharides were synthesized by condensation of 2,3,4-tri-o-benzoyl-alpha-l-rhamnopyranosyl bromide with suitably protected, deoxygenated derivatives of methyl alpha-d-galactopyranoside. deoxygenation was achieved via activation of a protected methyl alpha-d-gluco- or galacto-pyranoside with n,n'-thiocarbonyldiimidazole followed by treatment with tributyltin hydride and azobisisobutyronitrile. at position 3, the deoxygenation was more successful when performed with the tri-o-benzoyla ...	1994	7511986
genes for tdp-rhamnose synthesis affect the pattern of lipopolysaccharide heterogeneity in escherichia coli k-12.	the rough lipopolysaccharide (lps) of commonly used strains of escherichia coli k-12 has two distinctly different band patterns when analyzed by high-resolution polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. the lps of ancestral strains such as w1485f- consists primarily of a single broad gel band. in contrast, the lps of strains derived from strain y10 such as ab1133 or c600 gives three sharp gel bands. complementation studies using dna fragments from the rfb gene cluster of shigella dysenteriae 1 indicat ...	1994	7517388
genetic analysis of the o-specific lipopolysaccharide biosynthesis region (rfb) of escherichia coli k-12 w3110: identification of genes that confer group 6 specificity to shigella flexneri serotypes y and 4a.	we recently reported a novel genetic locus located in the sbcb-his region of the chromosomal map of escherichia coli k-12 which directs the expression of group 6-positive phenotype in shigella flexneri lipopolysaccharide, presumably due to the transfer of o-acetyl groups onto rhamnose residues of the s. flexneri o-specific polysaccharide (z. yao, h. liu, and m. a. valvano, j. bacteriol. 174:7500-7508, 1992). in this study, we identified the genetic region encoding group 6 specificity as part of ...	1994	7517390
structure of the o antigen of escherichia coli k-12 and the sequence of its rfb gene cluster.	escherichia coli k-12 has long been known not to produce an o antigen. we recently identified two independent mutations in different lineages of k-12 which had led to loss of o antigen synthesis (d. liu and p. r. reeves, microbiology 140:49-57, 1994) and constructed a strain with all rfb (o antigen) genes intact which synthesized a variant of o antigen o16, giving cross-reaction with anti-o17 antibody. we determined the structure of this o antigen to be -->2)-beta-d-galf-(1-->6)-alpha-d-glcp- (1 ...	1994	7517391
convergent synthesis of an octasaccharide fragment of the o-specific polysaccharide of shigella dysenteriae type 1.	a stereocontrolled, convergent synthesis is described of the linear octasaccharide methyl glycoside alpha-l-rha p-(1-->2)-alpha-d-gal p-(1-->3)-alpha-glc p nac-(1-->3)-al pha-l-rha p-(1-->3)-alpha-l-rha p-(1-->2)-alpha-d-gal p-(1-->3) -alpha-d-glc p nac-(1-->3)-alpha-l-rha p-ome (11), which corresponds to two contiguous repeating units of the o-specific polysaccharide of shigella dysenteriae type 1.	1994	7518739
fluorination at position 6 of derivatives of methyl alpha-d-galactopyranoside.		1994	7518742
synthesis of specifically monofluorinated ligands related to the o-polysaccharide of shigella dysenteriae type 1.	the synthesis is reported of galactopyranose nucleophiles monofluorinated at positions 3, 4, or 6 and protected by 4,6-o-benzylidene, 3,6-di-o-benzyl, or 3,4-o-isopropylidene groups, respectively. the condensation of these nucleophiles with 2,3,4-tri-o-benzoyl-alpha-l-rhamnosyl bromide gave, after deprotection, the disaccharide analogues of methyl o-alpha-l-rhamnopyranosyl-(1-->2)-alpha-d-galactopyranoside, monofluorinated at position 3, 4, or 6 of the galactoside residue.	1994	7518745
production of slime polysaccharides by shigella dysenteriae type 1.	electron microscopy of ruthenium red-stained ultrathin section of strains of shigella dysenteriae type 1 grown in the casamino acids-yeast extract broth medium showed the presence of an extracellular slime layer. the slime appeared as a dense sheath covering bacteria. the presence of slime promoted hemagglutinating activity of the bacteria. the slime polysaccharide (sps) isolated from the cell-free culture supernatant or the bacterial surface was less than 162,000 daltons in size and immunochemi ...	1994	7519716
epitope mapping of six monoclonal antibodies recognizing the shigella dysenteriae type 1 o-antigenic repeating unit expressed in escherichia coli k-12.	mouse and rat monoclonal antibodies were generated against lipopolysaccharides expressed in escherichia coli k-12/shigella dysenteriae type 1 hybrids and native shigella dysenteriae type 1 bacteria. six monoclonal antibodies, all igm and reacting with the e. coli k-12/shigella dysenteriae type 1 hybrids, were selected and characterized. the specificities were studied in inhibition experiments using purified native and synthetic saccharides, representing different parts of the s. dysenteriae type ...	1994	7520112
lipopolysaccharide o-antigen biosynthesis in shigella dysenteriae serotype 1: analysis of the plasmid-carried rfp determinant.	the o-antigen polysaccharide of the lipopolysaccharide of shigella dysenteriae serotype 1 is encoded by determinants located on a 9 kb plasmid (rfp) and on the chromosome near the his locus (rfb). molecular genetic and biochemical studies of the rfp determinant reported here show that the rfp region contains two genes, rfpa and rfpb, lying in an operon. rfpb was demonstrated to encode a membrane-bound galactosyl-transferase. the low g+c content of rfp dna suggests that it did not originate in sh ...	1994	7520113
antigenicity and antigenic relatedness of the outer membrane proteins of shigella species.	sds-page analysis of the outer membrane proteins (omp) of shigella dysenteriae, s. flexneri, s. boydii and s. sonnei showed similar profiles after isolation from shigella species grown at 30, 37 and 42 degrees c. in s. dysenteriae there was a 25 and a 17 kd polypeptide at 37 degrees c only, compared with the other two temperatures. in all four shigella spp the major protein band was around 34-38 kd. antibodies raised in mice against formalinized bacteria gave a strong omp specific response in bo ...	1994	7521507
crystal structure of the holotoxin from shigella dysenteriae at 2.5 a resolution.	shigella dysenteriae is the pathogen responsible for the severe form of dysentery in humans. it produces shiga toxin, the prototype of a family of closely related bacterial protein toxins. we have determined the structure of the holotoxin, an ab5 hexamer, by x-ray crystallography. the five b subunits form a pentameric ring, encircling a helix at the carboxy terminus of the a subunit. the a subunit interacts with the b pentamer via this c-terminal helix and a four-stranded mixed beta-sheet. the f ...	1994	7656009
cholera epidemic among rwandan refugees: experience of icddr,b in goma, zaire.	in july 1994, one of the worst cholera epidemics broke out among the nearly a million rwandan refugees in goma, eastern zaire. the united nations high commission for refugees estimated that nearly 12,000 people died during the epidemic. the international centre for diarrhoeal disease research, bangladesh (icddr,b) sent an eight-member medical team to goma headed by dr ak siddique, a senior scientist of the center and head of the epidemic control preparedness program, dacca, bangladesh. during th ...	1994	12288419
[changes in the melanin content in the kupffer cells of rana esculenta l., induced by parenteral administration of heme].		1994	303113
prognostic aspects of endometrial carcinoma.	a retrospective analysis of 91 patients with endometrial carcinoma is presented with emphasis on important factors in relation to survival. patients with stage 1 carcinoma were treated with a standardized mode of preoperative radiation and extended abdominal hysterectomy. an 87.1% 5-year survival rate was obtained for patients with well differentiated lesions, with only 1 patient developing a vault metastasis. the assessment of residual tumour after intracavity radiotherapy proved reliable in pr ...	1994	284770
independent eye movements in the turtle.	in order to evaluate the normal eye movements of the turtle, pseudemys scripta elegans, the positions of each eye were recorded simultaneously using two search-coil contact lenses. optokinetic nystagmus (okn) was strikingly unyoked in this animal such that one eye's slow-phase velocity was substantially independent of that of the other eye. on the other hand, the fast-phase motions of both eyes occurred more or less in synchrony. an eye's slow-phase gain is primarily dependent on the direction a ...	1994	2271458
myocardial abscess: clinical and pathologic findings in twenty patients.		1995	295369
[epr- and ir-spectroscopic study of the processes of carbonization of amino acid crystals].	initial stages of "low temperature" carbonization in crystal amino acids have been studied by esr- and ir-spectroscopy. it was revealed that block polycondensation of amino acids with the formation of polypeptide chains took place. in the air oxygen also surface carbonization of crystals took place; it became stronger with the occurrence of radiation defects.	1995	173400
surgical reconstruction of the upper extremity in cerebral palsy.		1995	3437126
the gangliosidoses.	the gangliosidoses are hereditary diseases with a recessive mode of inheritance and are caused by a genetically induced enzymatic block, which results in the accumulation of gangliosides in various tissues of the body, mainly in the brain. although tay-sachs disease, the most commonly occurring of the gangliosidoses, has been known for nearly 100 years, additional variants of ganglioside "storage" disorders have been discovered during the past 15 years. considerable progress in the knowledge of ...	1995	170187
frequency and prognosis of liver changes associated with cholelithiasis.		1995	228185
upper gastrointestinal bleeding from merkel cell carcinoma.	merkel cell carcinoma is a rare small cell carcinoma of the dermis with aggressive clinical features and frequent local recurrence. intra-abdominal spread of the cancer has previously been noted primarily in the liver and retroperitoneal nodes. we report a patient with previously diagnosed merkel cell carcinoma of the right buttock with metastases to the stomach and duodenum presenting with acute upper gastrointestinal bleeding.	1995	1415105
the complexion and complexity of the nursing profession.		1995	2486684
subcellular localization of ipac, an invasion plasmid antigen of shigella dysenteriae type 1 and its in-vitro binding capability to mammalian cells.	invasion plasmid antigen c (ipac), a 45-kda protein encoded by an invasion plasmid of shigella, is associated with the invasion of epithelial cells by the bacteria. invasive strains of s. dysenteriae type 1 secreted more proteins into the extracellular environment than a non-invasive strain and secreted more ipac protein. an anti-ipac mouse monoclonal antibody was used as a probe to determine the subcellular localization of ipac and its involvement in invasion of mammalian cells. immunogold labe ...	1995	24414917
regulation of cell-wall morphology and growth encoded by plasmids in shigella dysenteriae type 1.	shigella dysenteriae type 1, isolated locally, was found to contain six plasmids and these could be eliminated using sds. a 70-kb plasmid was necessary to maintain the normal cell-wall morphology. synthesis of nine major membrane proteins (90 to 40 kda) was severely impaired in all-plasmid cured strains. electron microscopy revealed a prominent separation between the outer and inner membranes of the cured strains, indicating that plasmid loss led to defects in the cell envelope. the growth rates ...	1995	24414647
[technology of processing carbonized root of sanguisorba of ficinalis l. and the quality standards for its prepared pieces].	the technology of processing carbonized root of sanguisorba of ficinalis was selected using orthogonal experiment design. the result shows that the best way is to stir-fry the drug in a pan for 7.5 min at 250 degrees c. the contents of trace elements in the prepared piece are significantly increased, and the prepared piece have marked hemostatic and bacteriostastic effects.	1995	8703334
does treatment of bloody diarrhea due to shigella dysenteriae type 1 with ampicillin precipitate hemolytic uremic syndrome?		1995	8903184
diarrhoea in children in papua new guinea.	national data for diarrhoeal disease in children can only be used as a very rough guide to morbidity and mortality, since they are based on incomplete reporting. furthermore, when only one diagnosis per attendance, admission or cause of death is recorded, the true importance of diarrhoea as a cause of morbidity and mortality may be obscured. this may in part explain discrepancies between figures recorded in national and hospital statistics and those recorded in detailed studies of diarrhoeal adm ...	1995	9522866
serogroup prevalence of shigellae in bombay.	prevalence of shigellae serotypes in bombay was studied from june 1988 to may 1991. a total of 2758 faecal specimens were collected from paediatric patients (< 12 yrs) with acute gastroenteritis. a total of 90 shigella were isolated giving the isolation rate of 3.2%. shigella flexneri was the predominant serogroup (73.3%) followed by shigella dysenteriae (16.6%). all the isolates were sensitive to nalidixic acid. eighty percent of the shigellae were multidrug resistant. present data were compare ...	1995	10707731
pivmecillinam resistant shigella infections in rural bangladesh.		1995	7660498
role of amylase-treated, energy-dense liquid diet in the nutritional management of acute shigellosis in children: a controlled clinical trial.	to evaluate if an energy-dense porridge liquefied by amylase-rich flour (arf) from germinated wheat increased the calorie intake in children with acute shigellosis, we studied 66 children, aged 6-35 months, in a randomized, controlled clinical trial. children were randomized to receive either an energy-dense porridge liquefied with arf (group 1), a thick unaltered porridge (group 2) or a porridge diluted with water (group 3) to a similar viscosity as that in group 1. mean +/- sd calorie intakes ...	1995	7488808
shigellosis in mozambique: the 1993 outbreak rehabilitation--a follow-up study.	in this paper we describe a dysentery outbreak in mozambique during 1993. a total of 47,483 cases and 199 deaths were reported, with an incidence rate of 292.5/100,000 and a fatality rate of 0.25% for the whole country. of the 144 districts in the country 123 were affected: those situated along the principal communications routes and corridors had high incidence rates, up to 3308/100,000. all the provincial capitals were affected with incidence rates between 59.6 and 4381.8/100,000. shigella dys ...	1995	7502323
mucosal immune response in patients with dysentery.		1995	7502926
a monoclonal antibody to shigella dysenteriae serotype 13 cross-reacting with shiga toxin.		1995	7502927
a distinct array of proinflammatory cytokines is expressed in human colon epithelial cells in response to bacterial invasion.	pathogenic bacteria that penetrate the intestinal epithelial barrier stimulate an inflammatory response in the adjacent intestinal mucosa. the present studies asked whether colon epithelial cells can provide signals that are important for the initiation and amplification of an acute mucosal inflammatory response. infection of monolayers of human colon epithelial cell lines (t84, ht29, caco-2) with invasive strains of bacteria (salmonella dublin, shigella dysenteriae, yersinia enterocolitica, lis ...	1995	7814646