Publications

is bacterial vaginosis associated with cervical intraepithelial neoplasia?	previous research has produced conflicting results regarding the association of bacterial vaginosis (bv) and cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (cin). these studies have been weakened in their conclusions mainly by failure to adequately control for the presence of sexually transmitted infections (stis). one proposed mechanism suggesting that carcinogenic nitrosamines acting either independently or via human papilloma virus (hpv) has not been fully tested previously. we undertook a prospective, c ...	2003	12657117
pathologists who attained fame without using microscopy.	morgagni, baillie, and rokitansky were three giants in pathology. they established the foundations for classification of diseases. their combined contributions to clinical knowledge outweighed all that had been learned in medicine in the prior history of the human race. it is remarkable that their achievements were made without using microscopy.	2003	12661909
variation within genes encoding interleukin-1 and the interleukin-1 receptor antagonist influence the severity of meningococcal disease.	genetically determined variation in proinflammatory cytokine release influences severity of meningococcal disease and other serious infections.	2003	12667023
summaries for patients. gene forms and meningococcal disease.		2003	12667051
anatomists and entrepreneurs in early eighteenth-century london.	anatomical demonstration in the eighteenth century took place in many formats. in this essay i discuss public anatomical demonstration as performed by entrepreneurial anatomists in london between 1700 and 1740. these anatomists offered courses, advertised in newspapers, to anyone who was willing to pay. in contrast to courses offered in official settings to prospective physicians and surgeons, these courses emphasized natural philosophy and natural theology rather than practical knowledge. entre ...	2004	15109154
variation in the cranial base orientation and facial skeleton in dry skulls sampled from three major populations.	the aim of this study was to analyse the effects of cranial base orientation on the morphology of the craniofacial system in human populations. three geographically distant populations from europe (72), africa (48) and asia (24) were chosen. five angular and two linear variables from the cranial base component and six angular and six linear variables from the facial component based on two reference lines of the vertical posterior maxillary and frankfort horizontal planes were measured. the europ ...	2004	15130044
the clinical and cost-effectiveness of anakinra for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis in adults: a systematic review and economic analysis.	to review the evidence of the clinical and cost-effectiveness of anakinra, an interleukin-1 receptor antagonist (il-1ra), for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis (ra) in adults.	2004	15130461
an evaluation of occupational health services within the nhs in london.	to establish the nature, extent and organization of occupational health service provision for employees within the national health service (nhs) in london and to review the systems for monitoring performance.	2004	15133138
highly significant linkage to the sli1 locus in an expanded sample of individuals affected by specific language impairment.	specific language impairment (sli) is defined as an unexplained failure to acquire normal language skills despite adequate intelligence and opportunity. we have reported elsewhere a full-genome scan in 98 nuclear families affected by this disorder, with the use of three quantitative traits of language ability (the expressive and receptive tests of the clinical evaluation of language fundamentals and a test of nonsense word repetition). this screen implicated two quantitative trait loci, one on c ...	2004	15133743
syphilis clusters in walsall: case profiles and public health implications.	between the beginning of december 2002 and the end of march 2003, eight cases of infectious syphilis were diagnosed in walsall. two unrelated clusters were identified. the first consisted of three cases, two heterosexual patients and a baby with congenital syphilis. the infant had no congenital stigmata of syphilis, which is consistent with recent infection. the second cluster consisted of five cases in men who have sex with men (msm) who attended a local sauna that attracts men from the midland ...	2004	15137279
the human right to dignity v. physical integrity in manual handling.	in the case of the queen v. east sussex county council and the disability rights commission [2003] the position in english and european law with regard to the rights of disabled people to be lifted manually in their homes was reviewed. the judgement also reviewed the position with regard to the risks posed to carers when they manually lift. the judgement stated that where the human rights of disabled people were in issue--where their article 8 right to "dignity" was offended--then carers would i ...	2004	15150462
attitudes to self-sampling for hpv among indian, pakistani, african-caribbean and white british women in manchester, uk.	to examine attitudes to self-sampling for human papillomavirus (hpv) testing among women from contrasting ethnic groups.	2004	15153323
epidemiological features of a new strain of the influenza a virus--influenza a (h1n2) circulating in england and its public health implications.	the uk influenza season of 2001/2002 was characterized by widespread geographic circulation of a new subtype of influenza a (h1n2) virus throughout the duration of the season. younger children were predominantly infected, suggesting primary infection. despite this, the public health impact of this new virus was minimal. it remains to be seen whether influenza a (h1n2) virus will persist and co-circulate with the previously circulating subtypes of influenza a (h1n1 and h3n2), or whether it was a ...	2004	15163488
prenatal screening for down syndrome: the problem of recurrent false-positives.	it has been reported that, in prenatal screening programmes for down syndrome, women who have false-positive results in one pregnancy have an increased risk of a false-positive result in a subsequent pregnancy. we examined the effect of this in the screening programme conducted from the wolfson institute of preventive medicine with a view to determining the magnitude of the effect, and to describe a method of avoiding the problem.	2004	15164416
the nearest relative in mental health law.	this article considers the concept of the 'nearest relative' in mental health law in england and wales and argues, inter alia, for its retention in a way that avoids violation of the european convention on human rights and the human rights act 1998. it looks, first, at the meaning of nearest relative and then focuses on his/her role today, including its link with advance directives for mental health care, and on the tension between nearest relatives and approved social workers and the law. the p ...	2004	15176627
like a frog in boiling water: the public, the hfea and sex selection.	this paper analyses the british human fertilisation and embryology authority's 2002 public consultation on sex selection, a consultation that was mainly concerned with sex selection for non-medical reasons. based on a close reading of the consultation document and questionnaire it is argued that the consultation is biased towards certain outcomes and can most plausibly be construed as an attempt not to investigate but to influence public opinion.	2004	15186078
developing health and social care under the reforms of tony blair and clement attlee, prime ministers of great britain and northern ireland.	in july 1948, the british national health service (nhs) was introduced by then prime minister clement attlee with the aim of offering "free" medical treatment for the entire british population from cradle to grave. since then, the british public have come to see the nhs and its free health care as a fundamental human right and a cornerstone to their democracy, and subsequent governments have been understandably reluctant to change or reform this popular program. yet, funding issues, as well as s ...	2004	15053219
the involuntary detention of persons with mental disorder in england and wales--a human rights critique.		2004	15063637
measurement of antibody against contemporary virus lineages of human respiratory syncytial virus sub-group a in infants and their mothers.	human respiratory syncytial virus (hrsv) infects the majority of infants in their first year of life. maternal antibodies offer some protection although a small proportion of infected infants develop bronchiolitis and require admission to hospital. a number of lineages of the virus co-circulate in the population and the prevalent virus lineage changes from epidemic to epidemic. the effect of antigenic variation between virus lineages upon the protection offered by maternal antibodies has not bee ...	2004	15072758
the dental caries experience of 14-year-old children in england and wales. surveys co-ordinated by the british association for the study of community dentistry in 2002/2003.	this paper reports the results of standardised clinical caries examinations of 77,693 14-year-old children from across england, wales, jersey and the isle of man. these 2002/3 coordinated surveys are the latest in a series which seeks to monitor the dental health of children and to assess the delivery of dental services.	2004	15074872
will transplantation of kidneys from donors with blood group a2 into recipients with blood group b help british indo-asian patients with renal failure?	despite a high incidence of renal failure, disproportionately fewer indo-asians in the united kingdom receive a renal transplant, in part because of the high prevalence of blood group b. it is now clear that it is possible to safely transplant kidneys from donors with blood group a of the subtype a2 into recipients with blood group b if the latter have low titers of anti-a antibodies. we measured the anti-a titers in 25 indo-asian patients on dialysis being considered for transplantation and fou ...	2004	15084952
the dynamic flow of nursing and society: a united kingdom perspective.	society and the definition of health are dynamically fluid. the skill for nursing is to be involved in this process of growth. the process of change provokes one into examining issues from various perspectives. it requires reflection, questioning, and dialogue to develop solutions. could the developments launched in the united kingdom (specific focus england) advance intentional care to the fore? can the deeper ontological root of nursing be brought into the human development of becoming whole? ...	2004	15090095
carrying short-acting nitrates is not a contra-indication to the use of pde5 inhibitors.		2004	15095746
web-based behavioral surveillance among men who have sex with men: a comparison of online and offline samples in london, uk.	to compare the characteristics of men who have sex with men (msm) surveyed online (through gay internet chat rooms and profiles) and offline (in community venues) in london, uk.	2004	15097159
organising services for influenza vaccination for older people.	to follow up a trial of home-administered influenza vaccination of older people to explore reasons for their immunisation behaviour, including their views on the organisation of services.	2004	15099455
factors influencing the incidence and scale of bovine tuberculosis in cattle in southwest england.	bovine tuberculosis (tb) in cattle is a major economic problem in britain. in the past 25 years, the infection has been concentrated in the southwest region of england. we investigated the effects of agricultural and farm-management characteristics on the occurrence and scale of tb in cattle in the region (1988-1996) using logistic and linear regression. factors relating to the existence of previous infection in cattle and the management of cattle and badgers are all linked to the incidence of t ...	2004	15099712
outcome of hiv-associated tuberculosis in the era of highly active antiretroviral therapy.	the benefit of highly active antiretroviral therapy (haart) in the treatment of patients coinfected with tuberculosis (tb) and human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) is unclear because of concerns about treatment-related complications.	2004	15478074
in the shadow of hiv-htlv infection in england and wales, 1987-2001.	like human immunodeficiency virus (hiv), human t-cell leukaemia/ lymphoma viruses (htlv) i and ii are persistent retroviral infections. once infected, the lifetime risk of developing the htlv-associated diseases, malignant or inflammatory, is low (approximately 5%). for those affected, however, these diseases are debilitating, with few treatment options and a poor prognosis. surveillance of htlv infections by the communicable disease surveillance centre (cdsc) has been ongoing since serological ...	2004	15481213
htlv infection in england and wales in 2002--results from an enhanced national surveillance system.	human t-cell lymphotropic virus (htlv) is a retrovirus transmitted through breastfeeding, sexual contact, blood transfusion and injecting drug use. htlv is endemic in the caribbean and parts of africa, japan and south america, with isolated foci in other areas. infection is life-long. less than 5% of those infected progress to one of the htlv-related diseases, but these are debilitating and often fatal. laboratory reports of new htlv diagnoses are followed up through clinicians to establish info ...	2004	15481214
quality assurance for clinical research: challenges in implementing research governance in uk hospitals.	the oversight of clinical research in the uk is currently in a state of flux. discusses the quality assurance problems that have arisen in the management of research and the protection of the rights of human participants. contrasts clinical governance and regulatory approaches to research quality assurance and performs a critical analysis of the department of health (england) research governance framework (rgf) to see where it falls within the continuum. highlights the implications for uk hospit ...	2004	15481690
factory's loss of licence halves supply of flu vaccine to us.		2004	15485949
the eyam plague revisited: did the village isolation change transmission from fleas to pulmonary?	back in the 17th century the derbyshire village of eyam fell victim to the black death, which is thought to have arrived from london in some old clothes brought by a travelling tailor. the village population was 350 at the commencement of plague, of which only 83 survived. led by the church leaders, the village community realized that the whole surrounding region was at risk from the epidemic, and therefore decided to seal themselves off from the other surrounding villages. in the first 275 days ...	2004	15488668
dementia with lewy bodies: no association of polymorphisms in the human synphilin gene.		2004	15490287
factors influencing increases in cd4 cell counts of hiv-positive persons receiving long-term highly active antiretroviral therapy.	highly active antiretroviral therapy (haart) results in an improvement in immunologic function. we sought to investigate the factors associated with increases in cd4 cell count among human immunodeficiency virus (hiv)-positive antiretroviral-naive patients starting haart.	2004	15499544
mind, brain, body, and soul: a review of the electrophysiological undercurrents for dr. frankenstein.	mary shelley's frankenstein is perhaps the most famous work of medical science fiction. she and her husband, the poet percy shelley, were aware of nascent neuroscience experimentation and the effects of electricity on neuromuscular function. such experiments generated theories of voluntary, involuntary, and unconscious neuromuscular function; animal electricity; and the anima--the human vital principle. in germany and italy, investigators were performing bizarre electrical experiments on animals ...	2004	15509919
doctors need not ventilate baby to prolong his life.		2004	15514327
a 77-kilobase region of chromosome 6p22.2 is associated with dyslexia in families from the united kingdom and from the united states.	several quantitative trait loci (qtls) that influence developmental dyslexia (reading disability [rd]) have been mapped to chromosome regions by linkage analysis. the most consistently replicated area of linkage is on chromosome 6p23-21.3. we used association analysis in 223 siblings from the united kingdom to identify an underlying qtl on 6p22.2. our association study implicates a 77-kb region spanning the gene ttrap and the first four exons of the neighboring uncharacterized gene kiaa0319. the ...	2004	15514892
increasing incidence of resistance to nalidixic acid in shigellas from humans in england and wales: implications for therapy.	among shigellas isolated from patients in england and wales in 2002, 10% of subgroups a, b and c, and 13% of subgroup d (shigella sonnei), were resistant to nalidixic acid. as a consequence, should antimicrobial therapy be indicated, the efficacy of nalidixic acid as the preferred treatment for children with bacillary dysentery has been jeopardised.	2004	15522014
tnf and tnfr polymorphisms in severe sepsis and septic shock: a prospective multicentre study.	tumour necrosis factor (tnf) is an important pro-inflammatory cytokine produced in sepsis. studies examining the association of individual tnf single nucleotide polymorphisms with sepsis have produced conflicting results. this study investigated whether common polymorphisms of the tnf locus and the two receptor genes, tnfrsf1a and tnfrsf1b, influence circulating levels of encoded proteins, and whether individual polymorphisms or extended haplotypes of these genes are associated with susceptibili ...	2004	15526005
cervical screening in england and wales: an update.	the national health service cervical screening programme (nhscsp) has played a major role in reducing the mortality from cervical cancer in england and wales. however, the current system has numerous shortcomings and it is likely that its success has reached a plateau. in light of this, significant changes have recently been made to the programme. these alterations, as well as further potential developments, are considered here.	2004	15534446
is influenza vaccination cost effective for healthy people between ages 65 and 74 years? a randomised controlled trial.	the aim of this study was to determine the cost effectiveness of influenza vaccination for healthy people aged 65-74 years living in the uk. people without risk factors for influenza (chronic heart, lung or renal disease, diabetic, immunosuppressed or those living in an institution) were identified from 20 general practitioner (gp) practices in liverpool in september 1999. 729/5875 (12.4%) eligible individuals were recruited and randomised to receive either influenza vaccine or placebo (ratio 3: ...	2004	15542184
the nobel prize in physiology or medicine in 2003 to paul c. lauterbur, peter mansfield for magnetic resonance imaging.	imaging of human internal organs by exact and non-invasive methods is very important for medical diagnosis, treatment and follow-up. 2003 nobel laureates in physiology or medicine have made original discoveries in the use of magnetic resonance to visualize different structures. their discoveries have led to the development of modern magnetic resonance imaging, mri, which represents a breakthrough in medical diagnostics and research. atomic nuclei within a strong magnetic field rotate with a freq ...	2004	15543844
not for resuscitation instructions: the law for children in the uk.	case scenario: david glass, a boy of 13 years, was severely disabled with only a limited life span. his mother wished him to receive whatever medical treatment was necessary to prolong his life. following an incident in which the hospital gave the child diamorphine against the mother's wishes, family members resuscitated the child and prevented him from dying. there was a complete breakdown of trust between the family and the hospital. his mother, ms glass, sought a declaration as to the course ...	2004	15549015
how to deal with influenza: worthwhile surveillance system is in action.		2004	15550438
[the tortuose path of human evolution].	the human genome sequencing and also the chimpanzee's, among others alive beings in every kingdom, and the similarities between genomes, due to an unique life origin, has developed two movements in the biological sciences to the xxi century. in the first place to find a genetic explanation to understand the genomic affinity, very narrow in many cases, in front of the reality, with abyssal differences in behavior, which undervalue the significance of the genomic resemblance between the alive bein ...	2004	15553404
liverpool veterinary school: the first 100 years.	in 1904, liverpool veterinary school became the first uk veterinary school to be incorporated into a university. this weekend, it marks its centenary with a symposium celebrating veterinary science and its contribution to animal and human health and welfare. here, alison kraft traces the history of the school and argues that its foundation was a turning point for veterinary education in the uk.	2004	15573783
free speech, democracy, and eugenics.		2004	15574434
de facto imprisonment and covert medication use in general nursing homes for older people in south east england.	there is growing interest in ethical issues in nursing home care, including capacity to consent to residence and covert medication use. this study assessed capacity to consent to residence amongst a group of randomly selected residents of non-specialist uk nursing homes and examined the prevalence of de facto imprisonment and covert medication.	2004	15575128
a clinical service in the uk to predict fetal rh (rhesus) d blood group using free fetal dna in maternal plasma.	antenatal determination of fetal blood group is important in pregnancies with a significant risk of hemolytic anemia due to maternal alloimmunization. the international blood group reference laboratory (part of the national blood service) in bristol, uk, provides a fetal blood group genotyping service to obstetricians caring for immunized pregnant women with heterozygous partners. since 2001, fetal d typing has been offered using free fetal dna in maternal plasma. real-time polymerase chain reac ...	2004	15251949
the sooterkin doctor: the london career of john maubray, md (1700-1732), "andro-boethogynist".	dr john maubray (1700-1732) was one of the most prominent man-midwives of georgian london. his emphasis on the importance of physical examination and a combination of theoretical and practical teaching seems to have foreshadowed later methods of training in midwifery. his espousal of the non-instrumental deventerian system of obstetrics and his activities in the parish of st george's, hanover square in london, identified him with the dominant whig party. although he failed to acquire a major pat ...	2004	15257350
immunity and exposure to hepatitis a virus in pre-adolescent children from a multi-ethnic inner city area.	seroprevalence data among ethnic minority groups within england and wales are rare. an opportunistic approach was taken to test residual oral fluid, collected from pre-adolescent school children from an ethnically diverse region of northwest england, for anti-hepatitis a virus (hav) igg. individual data on ethnicity and country of birth were also available. of the 257 children who consented to participate, 62% were of south asian ethnic origin. the overall seroprevalence was 18.8%, higher than 1 ...	2004	15259416
conceptual precursors to language.	because human languages vary in sound and meaning, children must learn which distinctions their language uses. for speech perception, this learning is selective: initially infants are sensitive to most acoustic distinctions used in any language, and this sensitivity reflects basic properties of the auditory system rather than mechanisms specific to language; however, infants' sensitivity to non-native sound distinctions declines over the course of the first year. here we ask whether a similar pr ...	2004	15269769
rosy and jim: the mystery of the double helix.		2004	15282909
caring for people with learning disability using care management.	current government health policy is moving towards the delivery of services for clients with a learning disability through mainstream primary care services. at present there are difficulties in providing health services that meet the needs of clients. these include lack of resources (financial, physical and human), time and expertise. yet clients with learning disabilities often have some of the most complex physical and mental health needs and they have a right to expect access to services that ...	2004	15284646
lack of a genetic association between the frizzled-3 gene and schizophrenia in a british population.	in recent studies, the frizzled-3 (fzd3) locus was found to be associated with schizophrenia in both japanese and chinese populations. to validate the initial finding, we detected three single nucleotide polymorphisms (snps) present in a 10-kb segment of dna at the fzd3 locus, as described in a previous study with a chinese population. we totally recruited 120 british family trios consisting of fathers, mothers and affected offspring with schizophrenia. the transmission disequilibrium test (tdt) ...	2004	15288446
man wins battle to keep receiving life support.		2004	15297329
evidence of admixture from haplotyping in an epidemiological study of uk caucasian males: implications for association analyses.	cohort and case-control genetic association studies offer the greatest power to detect small genotypic influences on disease phenotypes, relative to family-based designs. however, genetic subdivisions could confound studies involving unrelated individuals, but the topic has been little investigated. we examined geographical and interallelic association of snp and microsatellite haplotypes of the y chromosome, of regions of chromosome 11, and of autosomal snp genotypes relevant to cardiovascular ...	2004	15297808
a chimeric bovine enteric calicivirus: evidence for genomic recombination in genogroup iii of the norovirus genus of the caliciviridae.	the norovirus genus of the caliciviridae encompasses viruses that cause outbreaks of gastroenteritis in human and viruses that have been associated with diarrhea in cattle. the two bovine noroviruses, bo/newbury2/76/uk and bo/jena/80/de, represent two distinct genetic clusters in the newly described genogroup iii. in the present study, jena-like polymerase sequences were identified for the first time in the uk, but one of these, bo/thirsk10/00/uk, was a chimeric virus. bo/thirsk10/00/uk had a je ...	2004	15302209
snca multiplication is not a common cause of parkinson disease or dementia with lewy bodies.	the authors recently have shown that triplication of the alpha-synuclein gene (snca) can cause parkinson disease (pd) and diffuse lewy body disease within the same kindred. the authors assessed 101 familial pd probands, 325 sporadic pd cases, 65 patients with dementia with lewy bodies, and 366 neurologically normal control subjects for snca multiplication. the authors did not identify any subjects with multiplication of snca and conclude this mutation is a rare cause of disease.	2004	15304594
an outbreak due to peanuts in their shell caused by salmonella enterica serotypes stanley and newport--sharing molecular information to solve international outbreaks.	salmonellosis is a global problem caused by the international movement of foods and high incidence in exporting countries. in september 2001, in an outbreak investigation australia isolated salmonella stanley from imported peanuts, which resulted in a wider investigation in canada, england & wales and scotland. patients infected with salmonella serotypes known to be isolated from peanuts and reported to surveillance systems were interviewed to determine exposure histories. tagged image file form ...	2004	15310157
newcastle centre gains licence for therapeutic cloning.		2004	15321886
is mad cow disease caused by a bacteria?	transmissible spongioform enchephalopathies (tse's), include bovine spongiform encephalopathy (also called bse or "mad cow disease"), creutzfeldt-jakob disease (cjd) in humans, and scrapie in sheep. they remain a mystery, their cause hotly debated. but between 1994 and 1996, 12 people in england came down with cjd, the human form of mad cow, and all had eaten beef from suspect cows. current mad cow diagnosis lies solely in the detection of late appearing "prions", an acronym for hypothesized, ge ...	2004	15325025
bridging between basic theory and clinical practice.	this paper articulates and discusses the parts played by different processes and representations in the overall conduct of applied clinical science. it distinguishes two sorts of representation, theories in the science base and bridging representations needed to map from real world behaviour to basic theory and from theory back to the real world. it is then argued that macro-theories of the "normal" human mental architecture could help synthesise basic theoretical accounts of diverse psychopatho ...	2004	15325897
linkage analysis of the genetic loci for high myopia on 18p, 12q, and 17q in 51 u.k. families.	to determine the extent to which high myopia in a cohort of 51 u.k. families can be attributed to currently identified genetic loci.	2004	15326098
seroepidemiology of group c rotavirus infection in england and wales.	a total of 3199 serum samples collected in 1993--1994 from two population cohorts from england and wales were tested for the prevalence of igg antibodies specifically directed against group c rotavirus vp6. seroprevalence was 39% (95% confidence intervals: 37.0-40.4%). seroprevalence was highest (46.0%) in the oldest age group (61-70 years of age). infection with group c rotaviruses occurred at an earlier age and with higher incidence in rural than in urban populations. these results may suggest ...	2004	15330133
man wins battle to keep receiving life support: pro-choice living wills are essential.		2004	15331491
man wins battle to keep receiving life support: doctors must always give patients best possible care.		2004	15331492
herpes simplex virus infection of the central nervous system in human immunodeficiency virus-type 1-infected patients.	we report clinical, radiological and virological data from nine consecutive hiv-infected patients with herpes simplex virus (hsv) infection of the central nervous system (cns). three patients presented with confusion, two with fever and headache, two with anxiety and depression, one with slow mentation and memory loss and one with expressive dysphasia. five patients had previous aids-defining diagnoses: four of these five patients had previous cutaneous hsv infection. hsv dna was detected by the ...	2004	15339367
microbiological water quality in a large in-building, water recycling facility.	the thames water recycling plant at the millennium dome, london, reclaimed three sources of water: greywater from the washbasins, rainwater from the dome roof and groundwater from a borehole on site. these were pre-treated separately, and the mixed stream filtered using ultrafiltration and reverse osmosis membranes. monitoring for indicator microorganisms was undertaken throughout the plant and in the reclaimed water distribution system, as well as ad-hoc monitoring for the presence of pathogens ...	2004	15344787
breast cancer incidence and its possible spatial association with pesticide application in two counties of england.	this study examines the spatial distribution of breast cancer incidence in lincolnshire and leicestershire, and its association with the application of selected pesticides.	2004	15351225
managing errors in radiology: a working model.	to develop a practical mechanism for reviewing reporting discrepancies as addressed in the royal college of radiologists publication "to err is human. the case for review of reporting discrepancies".	2004	15351251
virtual interactive practice: a strategy to enhance learning and competence in health care students.	this paper reports the processes and initial outcomes of a pilot study which investigated a week long 'virtual' children's ward experience for nursing students. providing sufficient and meaningful experiences which enable students to quickly and effectively achieve competence in diverse areas of practice is often frustrated by the realities of available clinical experiences. our response to this challenge was to more fully exploit and evaluate technologies which can be used to provide these lear ...	2004	15360937
investigating the environmental transport of human pharmaceuticals to streams in the united kingdom.	the occurrence of 12 selected pharmaceutical compounds and pharmaceutical compound metabolites in sewage treatment works (stw) effluents and surface waters was investigated. the substances selected for the monitoring programme were identified by a risk ranking procedure to identify those substances with the greatest potential to pose a risk to the aquatic environment. stw final effluent and surface water samples were collected from corby, great billing, east hyde, harpenden and ryemeads stws. te ...	2004	15364527
an early illustrated comparative anatomy of the brain: samuel collins' a systeme of anatomy (1685) and the emergence of comparative neurology in 17th century england.	the concept of comparing of the brains of various animals and of individual human brains was launched in the last half of the 17th century in england and was much influenced by the formation of the european scientific societies and their attempts to guide naturalist observations into a new systematics. an ambitious attempt to document this trend in an extensively illustrated work of encyclopedic pretensions was the singular publication of samuel collins (1618-1710), an energetic anatomist and pr ...	2004	15370307
'racist abuse ruined my life'.	rosie purves, a black nurse who was prevented from looking after a white baby, won a racial discrimination claim against her employer in may this year. ms purves was awarded pounds sterling 20,000--the highest payout possible for her type of claim--after an employment tribunal ruled that southampton university hospitals nhs trust was 'effectively silent and complicit' in the racist demands made by a woman who did not want her baby treated by black staff. here ms purves tells nursing times her ha ...	2004	15373153
polymorphism and transcription at the p44-1/p44-18 genomic locus in anaplasma phagocytophilum strains from diverse geographic regions.	a polymorphic multigene family (p44) of anaplasma phagocytophilum encodes the immunodominant 44-kda major outer membrane proteins. with p44-specific pcr and gene-specific probes, p44-1 was found in all human isolates from new york state but not in isolates from minnesota, whereas p44-18 and two other p44 species were found in isolates from both regions. we therefore sequenced the genomic locus corresponding to the p44-1/p44-18 tandem locus of a. phagocytophilum hz in 14 other geographically dive ...	2004	15385454
antenatal screening for hiv; are those who refuse testing at higher risk than those who accept testing?	the uk department of health recommends that all pregnant women are offered screening for infection with human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) and had encouraged maternity units to achieve uptake targets of 90 per cent by the end of 2002. many maternity units fail to meet this target and there is concern that those women who are still refusing testing may include a higher proportion of women at high risk of infection. in consequence, those infected with hiv are not being identified and are not recei ...	2004	15454598
'wonderment and dread': representations of dna in ethical disputes about forensic dna databases.	the national dna database of england & wales is the largest forensic dna database in the world. since 1995 it has quickly developed to hold the genetic profiles of over two million people. this collection of tissue samples, taken without consent from a sizeable collection of the population, has engendered a number of ethical commentaries on its legitimacy as a proportionate response to crime. this paper examines the ways in which the ethical discourses, which surround the uses of the national dn ...	2004	15460615
returning to the alder hey report and its reporting: addressing confusions and improving inquiries.	the royal liverpool children's inquiry investigated the circumstances leading to the removal, retention, and disposal of human tissue, including children's organs, at the royal liverpool children's nhs trust (the alder hey hospital). it recommended changes to procedures for obtaining consent for postmortems and retaining organs and tissues for research or education. however, the report contains five areas of confusion. firstly, it allowed the cultural and historical traditions of horror over the ...	2004	15467079
what can experience add to early medical education? consensus survey.	to provide a rationale for integrating experience into early medical education ("early experience").	2004	15472265
provision of safe potable water for immunocompromised patients in hospital.	we conducted a survey of hospital drinking water provision for patients with immunocompromising conditions in 15 trusts in the north of england. ten trusts replied, reporting on provision of drinking water in 14 separate units. of these, nine provided only tap water to all patients, irrespective of underlying condition. in two units, iced water, with ice from commercially available makers, was used. five units distinguished between neutropenic and non-neutropenic patients, with the former group ...	2004	15474188
vaccinations against influenza and pneumococcus in children with diabetes: telephone questionnaire survey.		2004	14739188
lung cancer mortality in uk nickel-cadmium battery workers, 1947-2000.	to investigate mortality from lung cancer in nickel-cadmium battery workers in relation to cumulative exposure to cadmium hydroxide.	2004	14739376
prevalence of hsv-1/hsv-2 antibodies in hiv seropositive patients in coventry, united kingdom.		2004	14755048
preconception care: practice and beliefs of primary care workers.	a number of lifestyle modifications and medical interventions can be of benefit to maternal and neonatal health, when applied prior to conception. these include smoking cessation, supplementation with folic acid, cessation or moderation of alcohol intake and improvement of diabetic control. however, preconception care (pcc) is not widely practised in the uk, despite being apparently acceptable to health professionals and to women of childbearing age.	2004	14760039
methods for sentinel virological surveillance of influenza in europe - an 18-country survey.	the european influenza surveillance scheme (eiss) is based on an integrated clinical and virological surveillance model. to assess the comparability of virological data, a questionnaire was sent to participants in june 2002 enquiring about specimen collection, laboratory diagnosis of influenza and tests for other respiratory infections. the results showed differences, but also uniformity in virological data collection methods. similarities were reported for the specimen collection procedures; th ...	2004	14762319
terrorism--the scientific response. march 2003. bma memorandum of evidence to the science and technology committee (hc): inquiry into the scientific response to terrorism.		2004	14763653
genotypic and antibiotic susceptibility characteristics of a campylobacter coli population isolated from dairy farmland in the united kingdom.	campylobacter infections are the most common cause of bacterial enteritis in humans, and nearly 8% of such infections are caused by campylobacter coli. most studies have concentrated on campylobacter jejuni, frequently isolated from intensively farmed poultry and livestock production units, and few studies have examined the spread and relatedness of campylobacter across a range of geographical and host boundaries. systematic sampling of a 100-km2 area of mixed farmland in northwest england yield ...	2004	14766560
community-acquired pneumonia mortality: a potential link to antibiotic prescribing trends in general practice.	community prescribing of antibiotics has decreased substantially in the uk in recent years. we examine the association between pneumonia mortality and recent changes in community-based antibiotic prescribing for lower respiratory tract infections (lrti).	2004	14959809
association study of notch 4 polymorphisms with alzheimer's disease.	the notch4 gene is located at 6p21.3, a site shown in several studies to have significant linkage with alzheimer's disease.	2004	14966150
guatemalan forensic work brings award and death threats.		2004	14973442
variant creutzfeldt-jakob disease and the acquired and transmissible spongiform encephalopathies.	in 1995 a fatal epidemic of spongiform encephalopathy appeared in great britain. the new epidemic condition was clinically and pathologically similar to creutzfeldt-jakob disease (cjd), a rare sporadic encephalopathy, and was called "variant cjd" (vcjd). the vcjd epidemic was detected by active epidemiologic surveillance, which had been set up in response to a british epizootic of another new disease called "bovine spongiform encephalopathy" (bse). widespread cattle exposure to the bse agent (a ...	2004	14986255
evidence for the presence of hepatitis e virus in pigs in the united kingdom.	samples of serum, tissue and faeces from two pig herds in england were examined for hepatitis e virus by reverse-transcriptase pcr (rt-pcr), and a virus strain from each herd was partially sequenced. eleven of 42 faecal samples and 16 of 21 tissue samples from two pigs were positive for the virus by rt-pcr. analysis of two unique but closely related nucleotide sequences obtained from the two herds showed that the viruses clustered in genotype iii (6) with a human strain of the virus from an auto ...	2004	15005446
regulating the health care workforce: next steps for research.	this article explores the recent ferment surrounding professional self-regulation in medicine and other health professions. it reviews the academic literature and sets out an agenda for research. the first section considers definitions, acknowledging the particularly complex regulatory maze in uk health care at present, in which professional self-regulation is only one part. the second section reviews academic writing, currently dispersed among the disciplines. 'the logic of light touch regulati ...	2004	15006229
national survey for salmonella in pigs, cattle and sheep at slaughter in great britain (1999-2000).	the objective of these surveys was to estimate the prevalence of faecal carriage of salmonella in healthy pigs, cattle and sheep at slaughter, and of pig carcase contamination with salmonella. these data can be used as a baseline against which future change in salmonella prevalence in these species at slaughter can be monitored.	2004	15012813
historical analysis of the neural control of movement from the bedrock of animal experimentation to human studies.	the history of the investigation of the sensorimotor control of movement is outlined from its inception at the beginning of the 19th century. particular emphasis is placed on the opening up of new possibilities by the development of new techniques, from chronophotography to magnetic brain stimulation, all of which have exploited developments in technology. extrapolating from history, future advance in physiological understanding can be guaranteed to require seizing the new tools provided by the ...	2004	15016792
teaching anatomy without cadavers.	anatomy learning is generally seen as essential to medicine, and exposure to cadavers is generally seen as essential to anatomy learning around the world. few voices dissenting from these propositions can be identified.	2004	15025643
new estimates of herpes simplex virus type 2 seroprevalence in england: 'high' but stable seroprevalence over the last decade.	there have been few recent population-based herpes simplex virus type 2 (hsv-2) seroprevalence studies in england, but reports from the united states have indicated a 30% rise in hsv-2 seroprevalence between 1976 and 1994. this study aimed to ascertain trends in hsv-2 infection in england between 1991 and 2000.	2004	15028940
serum insulin-like growth factor-i concentrations in late middle age: no association with birthweight in three uk cohorts.	small body size at birth and during infancy is associated with an increased risk of adult osteoporosis and cardiovascular disease. fetal programming of the growth hormone-insulin-like growth factor (gh-igf) axis may provide a mechanism for these epidemiological findings.	2004	15030377
hospital breached boy's human rights by treating him against his mother's wishes.		2004	15031222