Publications

human rabies: epidemiological and laboratory studies in 80 cases.	epidemiological and laboratory studies were conducted on 80 clinically diagnosed human rabies cases. incidence of rabies was more in adult males (55%) and boys (37.5%) than adult females (5%) and girls (2.5%) and more in rural areas (76.2%) than urban areas (23.8%). dogs constituted the main vector of transmission (92.5%). incomplete course of antirabic vaccine had been received by 31% of cases and 2.5% of cases had complete course of antirabic vaccine. among the laboratory tests conducted 3.8% ...	1992	1401970
isolation and characterization of 115 street rabies virus isolates from ethiopia by using monoclonal antibodies: identification of 2 isolates as mokola and lagos bat viruses.	there were 115 isolates of rabies viruses recovered by tissue culture technique from 119 animal brains collected in ethiopia. by using 17 selected antinucleocapsid monoclonal antibodies (mabs), 113 isolates were classic street rabies viruses (serotype 1). an isolate of feline origin (eth-16) was a mokola virus (serotype 3) and another isolate (eth-58, obtained from a rabid dog) was serotype 2 (lagos bat virus). none of the 16 antiglycoprotein mabs used neutralized the eth-16 isolate, whereas eth ...	1992	1402044
a recombinant human fab expressed in escherichia coli neutralizes rabies virus.	a recombinant human anti-rabies monoclonal antibody (mab-57) fab was prepared by cloning the heavy (fd)- and light-chain domains into the same bacterial expression vector. to construct the recombinant fab, mrna was extracted from mab-57-producing hybridoma cells, reverse transcribed, and then amplified by polymerase chain reaction (pcr) by using oligonucleotides specific for immunoglobulin heavy- and light-chain dna sequences. pcr-amplified fd-chain cdna was fused, in frame, between a bacterial ...	1992	1404611
effects of post-mortem autolysis on the detection of rabies virus genomic rna and mrna in mouse brain by using in situ hybridization.	the effects of post-mortem autolysis were studied on the detection of rabies virus rna in the brains of mice with experimental rabies by using in situ hybridization (ish). the brains of cvs-infected mice were subjected to autolytic periods in situ of up to 72 h. ish was performed with 3h-labelled rna probes for rabies virus glycoprotein gene genomic rna and mrna. during the post-mortem period there was progressive loss of signals for genomic rna and mrna, which was greater for mrna. ish signals ...	1992	1406731
transfer of maternal antibodies results in inhibition of specific immune responses in the offspring.	a potentially detrimental consequence of maternally transferred antibodies was demonstrated in a mouse model for rabies virus, where pups from rabies virus-immune dams showed a decrease in the generation of specific b- and t-cell responses to immunization with rabies virus antigen, resulting in vaccine failures. the degree and duration of the vaccine failures was inversely correlated with the amounts of maternally transferred antibodies, and exceeded the time when maternal antibodies provided re ...	1992	1413989
characterization of rabies virus glycoprotein expressed by recombinant baculovirus.	a cdna of the glycoprotein (g protein) gene of rabies virus nishigahara strain was cloned and inserted into a baculovirus genome under the control of the polyhedrin promoter. infection of spodoptera frugiperda cells with this recombinant virus produced a large quantity of new protein instead of the parental polyhedrin protein. by immunofluorescent and immunoblotting analyses, the recombinant protein was antigenically similar to the authentic g protein. its molecular mass estimated by sodium dode ...	1992	1413990
inhibition of rabies virus transcription in rat cortical neurons with the dissociative anesthetic ketamine.	in a previous study (b. p. lockhart, h. tsiang, p. e. ceccaldi, and s. guillemer, antiviral chem. chemother. 2:9-15, 1991), we demonstrated an antiviral effect of the general anesthetic ketamine for rabies virus in neuronal cultures and in rat brain. this report describes an attempt to determine at what level ketamine acts on the rabies virus cycle in rat cortical neuron cultures. immunofluorescence and [35s]methionine labelling of infected neurons showed that ketamine (1 to 1.5 mm) inhibited vi ...	1992	1416859
conformation-dependent accessibility of the linear epitopes located on the rabies virus glycoprotein.	seven monoclonal antibodies (mabs) were derived from mice immunized with the rabies virus glycoprotein of the pitman-moore (pm) strain. these antibodies recognized at least five partially overlapping sites located in one immunodominant region. a panel of mabs was then used to characterize antigenic relationship between pm strain and sad-vnukovo strain of these rabies viruses. in immunoblot, all tested antibodies bound to the glycoprotein of both rabies strains, indicating shared antigenic determ ...	1992	1418319
protection from rabies by a vaccinia virus recombinant containing the rabies virus glycoprotein gene. 1984.		1992	1422063
peptide-induced proliferation and lymphokine production in human t cells in the absence of antigen-presenting cells: role of t-cell activation state and costimulatory signals.	the role of t-lymphocytes as antigen-presenting cells (apcs) for other t cells was investigated. activated rabies-virus-specific human t-cell clones were shown to present peptide to class ii major histocompatibility complex (mhc)-restricted t cells of a different fine specificity, resulting in lymphokine production and cell proliferation. furthermore, purified and activated antigen-specific t cells could produce lymphokines and proliferate as a result of the addition of antigenic peptide in the ...	1992	1429042
eradication of rabies in europe.		1992	1436089
pathogenicity of sad rabies vaccine given orally in chacma baboons (papio ursinus).		1992	1441164
inhibition of immune responses against rabies virus by monoclonal antibodies directed against rabies virus antigens.	treatment of mice with a cocktail of murine anti-rabies monoclonal antibodies (mab-c) interfered with the ability of these animals to mount a virus-neutralizing antibody response to rabies vaccine. administered mab-c did not affect the induction of rabies virus-specific t-helper cells. the magnitude of the inhibition of rabies virus-specific b-cell response was dependent on the concentration of the mab-c and the duration of the mab-mediated interference was inversely proportional to the biologic ...	1992	1441731
the distribution of challenge virus standard rabies virus versus skunk street rabies virus in the brains of experimentally infected rabid skunks.	the proposal that the bizarre behavioral changes which occur during rabies infection are due to selective infection of limbic system neurons was further studied in skunks (a species important in naturally occurring disease). a detailed immunohistochemical study of brains of skunks experimentally infected with either challenge virus standard (cvs) or street rabies virus revealed only trace amounts of viral antigen in many limbic system neurons and marked differences in viral distribution between ...	1992	1462765
[epidemiology of rabies as a current problem].		1992	1463142
[the experimental infection of bats with lyssavirus serotypes 1 and 4].	the results of intramuscular inoculation of 111 bats (myotis daubentoni, myotis brandtii) with three strains of lyssaviruses--yuli, stade, and 1150 are presented. bats were found to have low susceptibility, especially to strains of serotype 4. after infection with serotype 4 viruses, fewer bats died but within shorter periods than after infection with serotype 1. after inoculation with strain 1150, 60% of bats yielded virus, whereas only 9-24% did after inoculation with type 4 strains. the survi ...	1992	1471342
practical significance of rabies antibodies in cats and dogs.	doubt has sometimes been cast upon the protective effect of rabies antibodies in serum. animals and humans suffering from fatal rabies often produce high antibody titres, while rabies cases are also observed in vaccinated animals. cellular immunity is also largely involved in protection. nevertheless, a large number of laboratory experiments and field observations clearly demonstrate that cats and dogs which develop antibodies after vaccination and before challenge have a very high probability o ...	1992	1472723
[experimental infection of sheep with a rabies virus of canine origin: study of the pathogenicity for that species].	the effects of the inoculation of a canine strain of rabies virus in sheep were studied using ten animals which received different amounts of this virus. two subjects, inoculated with 10(5.4) mouse intracerebral lethal doses 50% (micld50), died from rabies after 19 and 40 days of incubation. clinical signs were anorexia, emaciation, nervous reactions and prostration before death. the virus was recovered from different parts of the central nervous system and salivary glands with high titres. only ...	1992	1472729
consideration of inactivated rabies vaccines as oral immunogens of wild carnivores.	an experimental beta-propiolactone (bpl)-inactivated rabies virus vaccine was evaluated for the oral immunization of captive raccoons (procyon lotor) and red foxes (vulpes vulpes). none of 10 red foxes administered a single 1.0 ml dose of bpl-inactivated rabies virus vaccine (pm strain; 100 or 500 micrograms protein) per os developed detectable anti-rabies virus-neutralizing antibodies (vna) at any time over 8 wk of observation. foxes were excluded from further study. in two different groups of ...	1992	1474662
evaluation of new anti-infective drugs for the treatment of viral encephalitis. infectious diseases society of america and the food and drug administration.	viral encephalitis may develop subsequent to viremia, via neuronal spread, or by arthropod vector. diagnosis often requires invasive studies such as lumbar puncture and brain biopsy. this guideline addresses herpes simplex, rabies, and arbovirus infections of the central nervous system. clinical trials should be designed according to the availability of approved therapeutic agents. study designs with an active control (herpesvirus), a placebo control (arbovirus), or no control (rabies virus) are ...	1992	1477230
round table on epidemiology and control of fox rabies.	the current epizootic of rabies in europe has as its main host the fox. oral vaccination of the fox population has proven to be particularly effective. it is clear that the major components for a successful vaccination programme are a potent and stable vaccine, and an effective baiting system; the latter should attract the target animal but no non-target species. recently, vaccines of increased stability have been generated; amongst these is a vaccinia recombinant virus which expresses rabies vi ...	1992	1481362
human rabies: modes of transmission.	in contrast to past experience, transmission of rabies by routes other than bite or licking by rabid animals has been identified in recent years. man to man spread via corneal transplant is a well recognised phenomenon now. airborne infection in caves as well as in laboratories among workers dealing with rabies virus has been well documented. there is also a potential risk of infection to attendants of rabies patients. hence, adequate protective measures should be adopted.	1992	1483992
delineation of putative mechanisms involved in antibody-mediated clearance of rabies virus from the central nervous system.	the in vitro biological activities of several rabies virus-neutralizing monoclonal antibodies (mabs) were compared with their ability to prevent a lethal rabies virus encephalomyelitis. the protective activity of a particular mab in vivo did not correlate with its virus-neutralizing activity in vitro; rather it was related to the mab's ability to inhibit virus spread from cell to cell and to restrict rabies virus rna transcription. since treatment of rabies virus-infected cells with virus-neutra ...	1992	1496020
rabies antibody titers in vaccinees: protection, failure and prospects.	treatment of symptomatic rabies is a challenging task as no effective drug is yet available. hence, prophylactic immunization is an important step. the development of adequate level of antibody (greater than or equal to 0.5 iu/ml serum) is necessary for protection against the disease. in contrast to the nerve tissue vaccines, tissue culture vaccines particularly human diploid-cell strain type is highly potent and least reactogenic. to minimize the costs of immunization by this expensive vaccine, ...	1992	1506120
demonstration of rabies virus-specific antibody in the sera of free-ranging iowa raccoons (procyon lotor).	between 1984 and 1988, a study was conducted to evaluate the frequency of rabies virus neutralizing antibodies in raccoons (procyon lotor) in two counties in iowa. nine hundred eighty five raccoons were trapped and tagged in guthrie and cerro gordo counties during the spring, summer and fall of each year. sex, age and weight were recorded for each animal and a blood sample was collected. serum samples were tested for the presence of serum neutralizing antibodies (sna) by the rapid fluorescent fo ...	1992	1512869
detection of rabies virus mrna in mouse brain by using in situ hybridization with digoxigenin-labelled rna probes.	a non-isotopic method of in situ hybridization (ish) was developed for the detection of rabies virus rna in paraffin-embedded tissues. digoxigenin-labelled rna probes for rabies virus glycoprotein mrna were used. the method had good sensitivity and low backgrounds, and there was excellent cellular localization of signals. ish wih digoxigenin-labelled probes was compared with ish with 3h-labelled probes. this non-isotopic method of ish is more convenient than the radiolabelled method, and it is q ...	1992	1513342
rabid bat diagnosed in hawaii.	since 1966, the hawaii state government has been conducting fluorescent rabies antibody (fra) testing on animal brains as part of a statewide rabies-surveillance program. on april 3, 1991, the department of health (doh) laboratory diagnosed the first case of rabies detected in the state. a large brown bat, eptesicus fuscus fuscus, captured in a transport container that had just been off-loaded from a ship at honolulu harbor, was caught. it's brain was examined and showed typical fluorescent stai ...	1992	1517074
immune response to the nominal phosphoprotein of rabies virus.	the immune response to the nominal phosphoprotein (ns protein) of rabies virus was investigated with the use of a vaccinia recombinant virus that expressed the ns protein of a fixed rabies virus strain. mice of the h-2k haplotype that were injected with either live rabies virus or the vaccinia recombinant virus developed a strong cytolytic t-cell response specific for the ns protein. this response was under immune response (ir) gene control. the ns protein as presented by the vaccinia recombinan ...	1992	1534957
comparison of rabies virus g proteins produced by cdna-transfected animal cells that display either inducible or constitutive expression of the gene.	by using a retrovirus expression vector, pzip-neosv(x)1, we introduced a cloned cdna of the rabies virus g gene into bhk-21 cells and the na cell clone originated from the murine neuroblastoma c1300 line. using the neomycin resistance gene of the vector, we isolated several g418-resistant transformants of bhk-21 and na cells (referred to as g-bhk and g-na cells, respectively). g-bhk cells constitutively produced g proteins, whereas g-na cells produced the proteins only when treated with sodium b ...	1992	1538191
longevity of rabies antibody titre in recipients of human diploid cell rabies vaccine.	sera from individuals across the usa and peace corps volunteers (pcv) were assayed for neutralizing antibody to human diploid cell rabies vaccine (hdcv). a pairwise comparison between intramuscular (i.m.) and intradermal (i.d.) administration, pcv and non-pcv, revealed statistically significant differences between i.m. and i.d. for pcv and non-pcv, and between pcv and non-pcv for i.d. and i.m. administration. survival analysis and frequency tables employing chi 2 tests determined that the percen ...	1992	1539465
the nucleotide sequence of the l gene of marburg virus, a filovirus: homologies with paramyxoviruses and rhabdoviruses.	the nucleotide sequence of the l gene of marburg virus, strain musoke, has been determined. the l gene has a single long open reading frame encoding a polypeptide of 2330 amino acids (mw 267,175) that represents the viral rna-dependent rna polymerase. the putative transcription start signal (3'cuaccuauaauu 5') and the termination signal (3' uaauucuuuuu 5') of the gene could be identified. computer-assisted comparison of the l protein with l proteins of other nonsegmented negative-stranded rna vi ...	1992	1546452
rabies virus glycoprotein is a trimer.	the oligomerization state of the rabies virus envelope glycoprotein (g protein) was determined using electron microscopy and sedimentation analysis of detergent solubilized g. most of the detergents used in this study solubilized g in a 4 s monomeric form. however, when chaps was used, g had a sedimentation coefficient of 9 s. this high sedimentation coefficient allowed its further separation from m1 and m2. using electron microscopy of negatively stained samples, we studied the morphology of g ...	1992	1546457
experimental inoculation of raccoons (procyon lotor) with rabies virus of skunk origin.	to determine raccoon (procyon lotor) susceptibility and serum neutralizing antibody response to a skunk salivary gland rabies virus, raccoons were inoculated with a rabies virus isolated from a naturally-infected striped skunk (mephitis mephitis). raccoons were divided into four groups of three animals each. a dilution of the rabies virus suspension, 10(2.4), 10(3.4), or 10(4.8), mouse intracerebral lethal dose50 (micld50), was administered into the masseter muscles of each animal. three negativ ...	1992	1548802
the occurrence of rabies in the svalbard islands of norway.	after the first recorded outbreak of rabies in the svalbard islands (norway) in 1980, brain tissue from 817 trapped arctic foxes (alopex lagopus) was tested for rabies by a direct fluorescent antibody test. during the same period (1980 to 1990), 29 arctic foxes, 23 polar bears (ursus maritimus), 19 reindeer (rangifer tarandus) and five ringed seals (phoca hispida) were also tested using the same technique. these animals had either been found dead, killed because of abnormal behavior or were appa ...	1992	1548803
prerequisites for oral immunization of free-ranging raccoons (procyon lotor) with a recombinant rabies virus vaccine: study site ecology and bait system development.	a model baiting system suitable for the delivery of an oral rabies vaccine to free-ranging raccoons (procyon lotor) was developed and tested on barrier islands in south carolina (usa). features of barrier island physiography and ecology were studied relative to selective bait deployment and site biosecurity. capture-mark-recapture data were obtained from 228 raccoons. raccoon density estimates, using a modified census assessment technique, were one raccoon per 1.8 to 2.7 ha. mean (+/- se) and ra ...	1992	1548804
oral rabies vaccination of skunks and foxes with a recombinant human adenovirus vaccine.	a new recombinant rabies vaccine (human adenovirus 5 containing the rabies glycoprotein gene) was given to striped skunks (mephitis mephitis) and red foxes (vulpes vulpes). groups of skunks received the vaccine in baits, by direct instillation into the mouth, or intramuscularly. foxes were given vaccine by direct instillation into the oral cavity (dioc). selected groups of vaccinated skunks and foxes were challenged with street rabies virus. there were high rates of seroconversion (generally wit ...	1992	1550495
an immune stimulating complex (iscom) subunit rabies vaccine protects dogs and mice against street rabies challenge.	dogs and mice were immunized with either a rabies glycoprotein subunit vaccine incorporated into an immune stimulating complex (iscom) or a commercial human diploid cell vaccine (hdcv) prepared from a pitman moore (pm) rabies vaccine strain. pre-exposure vaccination of mice with two intraperitoneal (i.p.) doses of 360 ng iscom or 0.5 ml hdcv protected 95% (38/40) and 90% (36/40) of mice, respectively, against a lethal intracerebral (i.c.) dose with challenge virus strain (cvs). one 360 ng i.p. d ...	1992	1557935
sickness and recovery of dogs challenged with a street rabies virus after vaccination with a vaccinia virus recombinant expressing rabies virus n protein.	dogs were vaccinated intradermally with vaccinia virus recombinants expressing the rabies virus glycoprotein (g protein) or nucleoprotein (n protein) or a combination of both proteins. the dogs vaccinated with either the g or g plus n proteins developed virus-neutralizing antibody titers, whereas those vaccinated with only the n protein did not. all dogs were then challenged with a lethal dose of a street rabies virus, which killed all control dogs. dogs vaccinated with the g or g plus n protein ...	1992	1560518
nyvac: a highly attenuated strain of vaccinia virus.	a highly attenuated vaccinia virus strain, nyvac (vp866), was derived from a plaque-cloned isolate of the copenhagen vaccine strain by the precise deletion of 18 open reading frames (orfs) from the viral genome. among the orfs deleted from nyvac (vp866) are two genes involved in nucleotide metabolism, the thymidine kinase (orf j2r) and the large subunit of the ribonucleotide reductase (orf i4l); the gene encoding the viral hemagglutinin (orf a56r); the remnant (orf a26l) of a highly expressed ge ...	1992	1566575
[comparison of pvrv and hdcv rabies vaccines as to immunity, reliability and protective value].	world health organization (who) recommends a new inactivated rabies vaccine grown on vero cells, (pvrv: purified vero rabies vaccine) with the vaccine cultivated on human diploid cells (hdcv: human diploid cell vaccine), for both pre and post-exposure prophylaxis. following the widespread use of hdcv and pvrv, many comparative clinical trials have been conducted, studying the safety and predictive values of these two vaccines. in the present study, using the schedule recommended by the who for p ...	1992	1574019
oral rabies vaccination of arctic foxes (alopex lagopus) with an attenuated vaccine.	arctic foxes were immunized with the sag1 oral rabies vaccine. the effectiveness was determined by the serological response and by the survival to a challenge dose of rabies virus from an alaskan fox. vaccine virus was isolated from saliva 1 h after the liquid vaccine was placed directly into the mouth but not subsequently (tested up to 1 week postvaccination). two weeks after vaccination, protective antibody levels were present in all foxes and all vaccinated foxes survived challenge at 9 weeks ...	1992	1574916
control of rabies in wildlife.		1992	1585150
studies on the stability of a human adenovirus-rabies recombinant vaccine.	human adenovirus type 5 containing the rabies virus glycoprotein gene (rhad-rg1) has potential for the oral vaccination of animals. the stability of this recombinant was tested indoors and outdoors by measuring the loss in virus infectivity. under indoor conditions the stability of the recombinant virus was studied in an egg yolk-containing commercial stabilizer and a simple buffered salt solution (ebss; earle's balanced salt solution) at 4 degrees c and room temperature (24-25 degrees c). over ...	1992	1586891
n-linked glycosylation of rabies virus glycoprotein. individual sequons differ in their glycosylation efficiencies and influence on cell surface expression.	many eukaryotic proteins are modified by n-linked glycosylation, a process in which oligosaccharides are added to asparagine residues in the sequon asn-x-ser/thr. however, not all such sequons are glycosylated. for example, rabies virus glycoprotein (rgp) contains three sequons, only two of which appear to be glycosylated in virions. to examine further the signals in proteins which regulate n-linked core glycosylation, the glycosylation efficiencies of each of the three sequons in the antigenic ...	1992	1587845
molecular epidemiology of rabies virus in france: comparison with vaccine strains.	a molecular epidemiological study of the rabies virus currently prevalent in france was carried out by directly sequencing polymerase chain reaction-amplified genes. the rabies virus pseudogene psi was chosen as the most divergent genomic area, and as such the best 'clock' for measuring virus evolution. sequence comparisons between 12 wild rabies virus isolates indicated strong conservation whatever the host and wherever the virus had been isolated. this holds true for a unique wild reservoir, t ...	1992	1588319
studies on efficacy and stability of a vaccine bait containing era strain of rabies virus propagated in a bhk-21 cell line.	in a dose response study in foxes, the median protective dose of era bhk21 vaccine in a blister pack bait was 10(6.0) tissue culture infective doses (tcid)/ml, while artificially aged baits with titers of 10(6.3) tcid/ml induced seroconversion in 78% of foxes. there was no significant difference in the development of antibodies in foxes receiving 1, 2 or 3 ml volumes of vaccine in the bait. when baits were exposed to the elements and fed to foxes over a 21 day period, 85% of the animals seroconv ...	1992	1591656
primate responses to a vaccinia-rabies glycoprotein recombinant virus vaccine.	over the past decade, a vaccinia-rabies glycoprotein (v-rg) recombinant vaccine virus has been developed for the potential control of wildlife rabies through oral immunization via baits. prior to widespread field applications in varying ecological settings, extensive laboratory safety testing is necessary in a number of target and non-target species to quantify real or perceived risks and to monitor potential adverse health effects. moreover, in order to mitigate concerns over inadvertent human ...	1992	1598786
an epidemic of sylvatic rabies in finland--descriptive epidemiology and results of oral vaccination.	when rabies reappeared in finland in april 1988, the country had been rabies free since 1959. soon a picture of sylvatic rabies become evident, its main vector and victim being the raccoon dog (nyctereutes procyonoides). between 8 april 1988 and 16 february 1989, 66 virologically verified cases were recorded (48 raccoon dogs, 12 red foxes, 2 badgers, 2 cats, 1 dog and 1 dairy bull) in an area estimated at 1700 km2 in south-eastern finland. the greatest distance between recorded cases was 67 km. ...	1992	1598857
immune response to purified chick embryo cell culture rabies vaccine manufactured in india.	the immunogenic efficacy of the first batch of indigenous purified chick embryo cell culture grown (pcec) rabies virus vaccine has been measured in ten subjects. all of them were immunologically naive to rabies virus, and were given 5 doses of the vaccine in the post-exposure regime of injections on days 0, 3, 7, 14 and 30. on day 7, four subjects had developed very low levels of rabies virus neutralizing antibody, as detected and measured in the suckling mouse neutralization test. on day 14, al ...	1992	1601469
incidence of rabies virus complement-fixing antibodies in unvaccinated dogs, humans and livestock in anambra state of nigeria.	a total of 376 serum samples from dogs, humans and livestock were examined for complement-fixing (cf) antibodies against rabies virus. high cf antibody titres (up to 1:1024) were detected among unvaccinated dogs aged 3 months and above as in vaccinated ones, thus establishing endemicity of the virus in the area. an antibody titre of 1:128 was detected in the serum of a puppy aged below 3 months and is unlikely to be due to residual maternal antibodies. it rather provides evidence for seroconvers ...	1992	1602992
syncytium formation is induced in the murine neuroblastoma cell cultures which produce pathogenic type g proteins of the rabies virus.	we investigated comparatively the interactions of host cells with two types of rabies virus g protein, an avirulent type g (gln) and a virulent type g (arg) protein, having glutamine and arginine at position 333, respectively. for this purpose, we established four types of cell lines (referred to as g(gln)-na, g(arg)-na, g(gln)-bhk, and g(arg)-bhk cells, respectively) by transfecting either the g(gln)-cdna or g(arg)-cdna into two kinds of cells, murine neuroblastoma c1300 (clone na) and nonneuro ...	1992	1604811
a modified rapid enzyme immunoassay for the detection of rabies and rabies-related viruses: rreid-lyssa.	this paper presents a modification of the previously described rapid rabies enzyme immuno-diagnosis test (rreid) by using biotinylated antibodies, streptavidin conjugate and a mixture of monospecific polyclonal antibodies against several lyssaviruses. in the modified technique (rreid-lyssa), microplates were sensitized with a mixture of purified antibodies against ribonucleoprotein (rnp) from pasteur virus (lyssavirus serotype 1), european bat lyssavirus (ebl, unclassified) and mokola virus (lys ...	1992	1610558
potential pathogenicity for rodents of vaccines intended for oral vaccination against rabies: a comparison.	different oral vaccines intended to control fox rabies were administered to 271 wild rodents. vaccines were administered orally or by the mucosal route to four different european species belonging to the genera apodemus, arvicola, clethrionomys and microtus. these rodents are likely to consume baits and to have contact with the vaccine. two genetically engineered vaccines were tested: sag1 (an avirulent mutant of the rabies virus) and v-rg (vaccinia recombinant virus expressing the rabies glycop ...	1992	1621416
rabies case in new south wales, 1990: public health aspects.	to identify the source of rabies in the recent case in new south wales, and to determine the need for post-exposure rabies prophylaxis among contacts of the patient.	1992	1625610
nucleocapsid specific t and b cell responses in humans after rabies vaccination.	the importance of the immune response directed to the internal component of the rabies virus, the nucleocapsid (nc), was evaluated in humans after rabies vaccination. t cell activation was measured with a bulk proliferative assay and relative frequencies of circulating nc-specific pbl were calculated with the limiting dilution technique. vaccinees were classified into two groups: nc responders and nc non-responders. in nc responders, the frequency of nc-specific circulating lymphocytes was up to ...	1992	1626425
mongoose rabies in the caribbean.	mongooses (herpestes auropunctatus) have been introduced into most of the larger caribbean islands, some notable exceptions being dominica, tobago, and montserrat. rabies in caribbean mongooses is present in puerto rico, cuba, the dominican republic (and presumably haiti), and grenada. bat rabies is known on cuba, grenada, and trinidad, although mongooses found on trinidad are free of the disease. none of the other islands is known to have rabies, although it could be present in sequestered bat ...	1992	1626884
rabies virus neuritic paralysis: immunopathogenesis of nonfatal paralytic rabies.	two pathogenetically distinct disease manifestations are distinguished in a murine model of primary rabies virus infection with the evelyn-rokitnicky-abelseth strain, rabies virus neuritic paralysis (rvnp) and fatal encephalopathogenic rabies. rvnp develops with high incidence in immunocompetent mice after intraplantar infection as a flaccid paralysis restricted to the infected limb. the histopathologic correlate of this monoplegia is a degeneration of the myelinated motor neurons of the periphe ...	1992	1629964
epidemiologic and historical relationships among 87 rabies virus isolates as determined by limited sequence analysis.	nucleotide sequence analysis of a 200-bp region of the nucleoprotein (n) gene of rabies virus differentiated unique genetic groups of rabies virus from samples collected in areas where dog rabies is enzootic in asia, africa, europe, and the americas. patterns of nucleotide sequence identified for an outbreak area were conserved in samples collected over three decades. epidemiologic relationships among isolates were determined by patterns of conserved nucleotide sequence, and the degree of sequen ...	1992	1634801
basis of neurovirulence of avirulent rabies virus variant av01 with stereotaxic brain inoculation in mice.	av01 is a variant of the challenge virus standard strain of fixed rabies virus that was selected with a neutralizing anti-glycoprotein monoclonal antibody, and has a single amino acid change in the glycoprotein. it is avirulent after both intracerebral and peripheral routes of inoculation in adult mice. in this study, av01 was found to be neurovirulent with stereotaxic brain inoculation in either the striatum or cerebellum of adult mice. mice that had been inoculated simultaneously with av01 by ...	1992	1634878
poor response to rabies vaccination by the intradermal route.		1992	1640614
baculovirus-expressed rabies virus m1 protein is not phosphorylated: it forms multiple complexes with expressed rabies n protein.	the rabies n, m1, m2, and g antigens have been expressed in spodoptera frugiperda cells from single gene expression vectors or dual gene vectors (n/m1 or m2/g) using the baculovirus system. although n protein was phosphorylated, no evidence for m1 phosphorylation was obtained. n-m1 complexes were formed in vivo using dual infections or the coexpression vectors, as well as in vitro in mixing experiments. the free or complexed rabies n and m1 proteins reacted with available monoclonal and polyclon ...	1992	1641989
detection of rabies antibody by elisa and rffit in unvaccinated dogs and in the endangered simien jackal (canis simensis) of ethiopia.	varying levels of rabies antibody have been detected both by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) and rapid fluorescent focus inhibition test (rffit) in the sera collected from wild and domestic canids in the bale mountains national park (bmnp) of southern ethiopia. rabies antibody was detected in 80% (8 out of 10) of domestic dog samples, 13.3% (2 out of 15) of simien jackal samples and in one common jackal. rabies virus was isolated from one dog in an area where contact with the simien ja ...	1992	1642078
immunohistochemical and histopathological study of experimental rabies infection in mice.	an immunohistochemical and histopathological study using the abc technique was carried out to examine time-sequential virus spread in the central nervous system (cns) of mice after inoculation with the cvs strain of fixed rabies virus by different routes; intracerebral (ic), intraocular (io), intranasal (in), intramuscular (im) and subcutaneous (sc). only the ic and io inoculations caused fatal infections, so that detailed analysis was conducted on mice inoculated by these two routes. in ic-inoc ...	1992	1643165
features and treatment of rabies.	the epidemiology, virology, transmission, pathology, clinical manifestations, diagnosis, and treatment of rabies infection are described. the incidence of rabies is increasing. the virus is usually transmitted through the bite of an infected animal; however, corneal transplantation from an infected donor and viral inhalation may also result in infection. the clinical course of rabies occurs in five stages. stage i is the incubation period, stage ii is the prodromal period, stage iii is the neuro ...	1992	1730177
paralysis of street rabies virus-infected mice is dependent on t lymphocytes.	street rabies virus (srv)-infected t-lymphocyte-deficient (nude) mice, in contrast to euthymic mice, did not develop hindlimb paralysis prior to death. to document the role of t lymphocytes in rabies virus-associated paralysis, 10(8) spleen cells from normal immunocompetent euthymic mice were transferred to nude mice and the recipient mice were challenged with srv. one hundred percent of the reconstituted mice developed paralysis and died. depletion of t cells from the donor spleen suspension pr ...	1992	1731103
temperature-sensitivity of the replication of rabies virus (hep-flury strain) in bhk-21 cells. i. alteration of viral rna synthesis at the elevated temperature.	we investigated the nature of temperature sensitivity of the hep strain of rabies virus. after initial incubation for appropriate period (more than 12 hr) at the permissive temperature (36-37 degrees), incubation temperature of the rabies virus infected cultures was shifted to a nonpermissive temperature (39.5-40.5 degrees). upon the upshift, virion production was ceased, but the rate of viral rna synthesis was greatly increased and reached almost 10 times that of 36 degrees-infection within 8-1 ...	1992	1733101
rapid sequence evolution of street rabies glycoprotein is related to the highly heterogeneous nature of the viral population.	the sequence of the glycoprotein gene of a street rabies virus was determined directly using fragments of a rabid dog brain after pcr amplification. compared with that of the prototype strain cvs, this sequence displayed 10% divergence in overall amino acid composition. however only 6% divergence was noted in the ectodomain suggesting that structural constraints are exerted on this portion of the glycoprotein. a human strain isolated on cell culture from the saliva of a patient with clinical rab ...	1992	1736537
common and different antigenic properties of the rabies virus glycoprotein of strains sad-vnukovo and pitman-moore.	two fixed rabies virus strains, sad-vnukovo and pitman-moore (pm) were used as combined immunogens for the generation of hybridomas secreting specific monoclonal antibodies (moabs). the obtained hybridomas were primarily screened by an elisa for production of moabs to antigen of sad-vnukovo strain. six positive clones were established. a panel of moabs has been characterized according to reactivity in immunofluorescence, immunoblot, elisa and neutralization tests. all moabs were positive in immu ...	1992	1284868
development of a recombinant vaccinia-rabies vaccine for oral vaccination of foxes against rabies.	to improve both safety and stability of the vaccines used in the field to vaccinate foxes against rabies by the oral route, a recombinant vaccinia virus, expressing the immunizing g protein of rabies virus (vvtgg rab-26d3 187 x p strain) has been developed. the c-dna corresponding to the glycoprotein of the era strain of rabies virus has been inserted into the thymidine kinase (tk) gene of the vaccinia virus (copenhagen strain). the efficacy of this recombinant strain was tested by the oral rout ...	1992	1286744
suppression of cell-mediated immunity by street rabies virus infection.	an attempt to define a severe suppression of cell-mediated immunity by street rabies virus infection was undertaken by using the mice lethally and peripherally infected with a street rabies virus (1088 strain). the cell-mediated cytotoxic (cmc) activity of the spleen cells from those mice once slightly increased until day 4 after infection but declined rapidly thereafter until their death on days 10 to 12 after infection. in parallel with a decrease of cmc response of the spleen cells from 1088- ...	1992	1287404
[a lyssavirus with an unusual antigenic structure isolated from a bat in southern kyrgyzstan].	examination of 191 specimens of chiroptera in osh province of kyrgyzstan yielded 1 strain of lyssavirus from myotis blythi, the isolate not belonging to serotype 1. the virus was designated aravan by the area of its isolation. its antigenic structure was studied using antinucleocapsid monoclonal antibodies of the wistar institute (philadelphia, isa) and central veterinary laboratory of great britain (waybridge, great britain). the paper presents its antigenic profile, brief characteristics of si ...	1992	1290226
detection of rabies virus in different tissues of experimentally infected mice at preclinical and postclinical stages of the disease.	rabies fixed virus (cvs) was passaged 10 times in mice by intramuscular (im) route followed by experimental inoculation of the titrated virus in 4 groups of mice with the dose of 0.1 ml of 1000 mouse (ld50 0.03 ml) using intracerebral (ic), intravenous (iv), intramuscular (im), intraocular (io), and intranasal (in) routes respectively. no marked variation in clinical signs due to variation of routes could be detected. involvement of brain with io route could be detected even in preclinical stage ...	1992	1293012
koolpinyah: a virus related to kotonkan from cattle in northern australia.	two closely related viruses were isolated from the blood of bovines near darwin, northern territory, australia. when studies of virus morphology indicated that these were rhabdoviruses, serologic studies were done. these isolates are closely related or identical and are related to, but distinct from, the rabies-related kotonkan virus. other serologic studies showed that these are two isolates of a newly recognized virus, for which the name koolpinyah virus is proposed.	1992	1302250
rabies neutralizing antibody in serum of children compared to adults following post-exposure prophylaxis.	rabies neutralizing antibody concentrations in serum (srna) elicited by experimental post-exposure prophylaxis (pep) regimens are used to assess their potential clinical efficacy. although pep with human rabies immunoglobulin (hrig) plus human diploid-cell culture vaccine (hdcv) is almost completely protective, the limited availability of these components has stimulated the search for alternative regimens. since 33% to over 60% of pep is administered to children, a need exists for data on the sr ...	1992	1305405
rabies vaccine standardization: international collaborative study for the characterization of the fifth international standard for rabies vaccine.	a collaborative study was carried out to establish a replacement for the international standard for rabies vaccine, the stocks of which are exhausted. three rabies vaccines for human use derived from different rabies virus strains and prepared on different cell culture substrates were compared with the international standard for rabies vaccine using in vivo and in vitro assay methods in a collaborative study involving 14 participants. the proposed fifth international standard (pisrav) which was ...	1992	1305406
intradermal simulated rabies postexposure prophylaxis using purified chick embryo rabies vaccine.	the antibody responses of 65 volunteers receiving an i.d. regimen (0.1 ml given at two different sites on days 0, 3, 7 and 0.1 ml given at one site on days 30 and 90) were compared with a control group of 35 volunteers receiving the standard i.m. regimen. by day 14, seroconversion was observed in all vaccinees in both groups. geometric mean titers remained higher than 0.5 iu/ml throughout the study period. at the end of the observation period on day 365, antibodies persisted in all subjects. the ...	1992	1307387
post exposure human-prophylaxis for rabies in developing countries.		1992	1308073
[production of monoclonal antibodies against a wild strain of rabies virus].	production of monoclonal antibodies against a wild strain of rabies virus. cell fusion of sp 2/o, a murine myeloma against a wild strain of rabies virus has originated five monoclonal antibodies (m.a.) specific for virus nucleocapsid , one m.a. specific for virus glycoprotein and one m.a. specific for a viral membrane protein.	1992	1309144
the microepidemiology of wasting syndrome, a common link to diarrheal disease, cancer, rabies, animal models of aids, and hiv-aids yhaids). the feline leukemia virus and rabies virus models.	infant cats were inoculated intracranially with rabies or feline leukemia viruses in an experimental study of wasting syndrome. the daily pre- and postinoculation body weights were recorded until kittens were moribund. affected animals in both groups manifested growth failure or wasting syndrome. immunodepression, manifested by a conspicuous depletion of thymic cortex, the thymus dependent areas of the spleen, and growth hormone producing-alpha adenopituicytes was significantly (p less than 0.01 ...	1992	1320842
identification of heat shock protein 70 in the rabies virion.	we investigated a 73-kda polypeptide (p73), a minor component of the rabies virion (hep-flury and era strains), accounting for as much as 1% of total virion proteins. two-dimensional gel electrophoresis and immunoblotting with the antiserum against the heat shock protein 70 (hsp70) demonstrated that p73 was identical to a constitutive type of cellular hsp70. the antiserum also detected p73/hsp70 in the purified virions of other negative-stranded rna viruses, such as vesicular stomatitis virus (n ...	1992	1325709
outbreak of human rabies in the peruvian jungle.	transmission of rabies to man by vampire bats has been known for 60 years but there have been few reports of the features of rabies transmitted in this way. these aspects of the disease were investigated during an outbreak in peru in early 1990. between jan 1 and april 30, 1990, 29 (5%) of 636 residents of the two rural communities in the amazon jungle in peru acquired an illness characterised by hydrophobia, fever, and headache and died shortly thereafter. a census in one of the two towns revea ...	1992	1346669
rabies virus, paralytic and classical.		1992	1347828
immunisation with canarypox virus expressing rabies glycoprotein.	poxviruses have many useful features as vectors for genes that carry immunising antigens from other viruses, such as ease of production and induction of cellular and humoral immunity, but there is concern about the safety of vaccinia virus. we turned to an avian poxvirus (canarypox); this virus undergoes abortive replication in mammalian cells that enables presentation of early gene products to the immune system. canarypox virus was used as a vector for the rabies glycoprotein g gene. the safety ...	1992	1351126
binding rate of rabies virus to alpha interferon primed mouse neuroblastoma cells.	mouse neuroblastoma cells (mna) were primed with 20 i.u. of alpha interferon (mu ifn-alpha) prior to exposure to the challenge virus standard strain of rabies virus (cvs). saturation of cvs receptor sites occurred when 0.71 microgram of 3h-cvs protein bound to 20,000 mna cells. after 180 min incubation time, the amount of viral protein attributed to specific binding was estimated to be 0.45 microgram. mu ifn-alpha treatment of man cells did not increase the number of specific cell receptor sites ...	1992	1360753
rabies virus antigenicity: an overview.		1993	7539906
evidence from the anti-idiotypic network that the acetylcholine receptor is a rabies virus receptor.	we have developed idiotype-anti-idiotype monoclonal antibodies that provide evidence for rabies virus binding to the acetylcholine receptor (achr). hybridoma cell lines 7.12 and 7.25 resulted after fusion of ns-1 myeloma cells with spleen cells from a balb/c mouse immunized with rabies virus strain cvs. antibody 7.12 reacted with viral glycoprotein and neutralized virus infectivity in vivo. it also neutralized infectivity in vitro when pc12 cells, which express neuronal achr, but not cer cells o ...	1993	7677960
rabies rna synthesis, detected with cdna probes, as a marker for virus transport in the rat nervous system.	the kinetics of viral rna synthesis in different parts of the rat brain, infected with fixed or street rabies virus strains, is correlated with their anatomical neuronal connections with the masseter muscles, using hybridization with rabies cdna probes. viral rna synthesis is first detected in the brain-stem and in the pons where the direct anatomical projection of the masseter muscle nervous arborization into the sensory and motor nuclei is located, through the trigeminus nerve. rabies rna dete ...	1993	7681151
[expression of hepatitis c virus genome].	complementary dnas from hcv genome were expressed and analyzed. c8-2 protein, a part of ns5, and core protein were synthesized in e. coli. core protein (jcc) was appeared to be very useful for diagnostic probe of hcv infection. predicted envelope glycoproteins (e1 and e2/ns1) produced in infected insect cells were glycosylated and secreted into the culture media when the signal sequence of rabies virus g protein was introduced. an elisa was developed using each purified recombinant protein. anti ...	1993	7681882
in vivo expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase in experimentally induced neurologic diseases.	the purpose of this study was to investigate the induction of inducible nitric oxide synthase (inos) mrna in the brain tissue of rats and mice under the following experimental conditions: in rats infected with borna disease virus and rabies virus, in mice infected with herpes simplex virus, and in rats after the induction of experimental allergic encephalitis. the results showed that inos mrna, normally nondetectable in the brain, was present in animals after viral infection or after induction o ...	1993	7681993
mechanisms of rabies virus neutralization.	the number of immunoglobulins necessary to neutralize rabies virus (cvs strain) was estimated using igg and igm monoclonal antibodies (mab) specific to the three antigenic sites of the glycoprotein. it was estimated that below 130 igg or 30 igm bound per virions, infectivity was totally preserved. neutralization occurred for an average of 1 or 2 igg for 3 spikes and 1 igm for 9 to 10 spikes on the virus surface. saturation was obtained for 1 to 3 igg per spike, depending on the antibody, and 1 i ...	1993	7683158
secretion and purification of hepatitis c virus ns1 glycoprotein produced by recombinant baculovirus-infected insect cells.	recombinant baculoviruses that produce a putative non-structural protein 1 (ns1) of hepatitis c virus (hcv), predicted to be the second envelope glycoprotein, were constructed. the recombinant ns1 protein (re-ns1) produced in infected insect cells was localized on the cell surface and was apparently glycosylated, because it was susceptible to treatment with both tunicamycin and n-glycanase. furthermore, re-ns1 was effectively secreted into the culture supernatant when the putative ns1 signal pep ...	1993	7686870
structural and functional studies on a unique linear neutralizing antigenic site (g5) of the rabies virus glycoprotein.	the core of a unique linear neutralization epitope (g5) on the glycoprotein of rabies virus, recognized by a virus-neutralizing mouse monoclonal antibody (mab 6-15c4), was determined by pepscan analysis. the g5 epitope was defined as an octapeptide (lhdfrsde). the contribution of the individual amino acids of the g5 epitope to the binding of mab 6-15c4 was analysed with a set of synthetic peptides in which the individual amino acids had been replaced in turn by each of the other 19 naturally occ ...	1993	7688410
the cvs strain of rabies virus as transneuronal tracer in the olfactory system of mice.	the sequential distribution of transneuronally infected neurons was studied in the olfactory pathway of mice after unilateral inoculation of the challenge virus standard (cvs) strain in the nasal cavity. a first cycle of viral multiplication was observed in a subpopulation of receptor cells scattered in the main olfactory epithelium and in the septal organ. no viral spread from cell body to cell body was reported even in later stages of infection. the second round of viral replication which took ...	1993	7690671
the rabies virus genome: an overview.	the replication strategy, genome organization and extent of variation within the genome of the genus lyssavirus is briefly reviewed. strategies used in the approach to genome studies are discussed.	1993	7777310
monoclonal antibody studies on rabies-related viruses.	rabies and rabies-related viruses are divided into four serotypes, although it has been suggested that the inclusion of european bat lyssaviruses results in six genotypes. sixty-four rabies-related viruses were tested against a panel of 36 anti-nucleocapsid monoclonal antibodies prepared from the immunization of balb/c mice with five prototypic rabies-related viruses. reaction patterns obtained confirmed the original distinction between serotype 1-4 viruses and revealed multiple variants of lago ...	1993	7777312
molecular analysis of rabies-related viruses from ethiopia.	from brain samples collected from domestic animals in ethiopia, two rabies-related viruses were isolated. according to their reactivity pattern with anti-nucleocapsid monoclonal antibodies, they were characterized as lagos bat virus (isolate eth-58) and mokola virus (isolate eth-16). this classification was confirmed by neutralization experiments with mokola and lagos bat specific antisera. two potent anti-rabies vaccines were unable to protect mice against the two rabies-related viruses. in ord ...	1993	7777313
canid and viverrid rabies viruses in south africa.	historical records suggest that in south africa rabies was present in viverrids in the early 1800s. in the early 1950s a wave of canine rabies spread from namibia through botswana into the northern transvaal and by 1961 a second front had penetrated south from mozambique into swaziland and northern natal. today, rabies is regularly confirmed in a number of canid and viverrid species in most regions of south africa. a panel of anti-nucleoprotein monoclonal antibodies was used to examine 83 virus ...	1993	7777314
molecular epidemiology of rabies virus in south africa.	nucleic acid sequence analysis was used to determine the phylogenetic relationships amongst rabies viruses isolated from typical canid hosts such as bat-eared fox, jackal and dog in south africa (sa). geographical factors were taken into account in the selection of isolates and three different regions within the genomes of the isolates were compared for their use as phylogenetic indicators. the three genome regions, being the cytoplasmic domain of the g-gene, the g-l intergenic pseudogene and th ...	1993	7777315
rabies in wild and domestic carnivores of africa: epidemiological and historical associations determined by limited sequence analysis.	virus isolates from three important reservoirs for rabies in africa (domestic dogs, jackals and yellow mongooses) were compared by their reaction with a panel of monoclonal antibodies directed to the nucleocapsid protein and by the nucleotide sequence of a 200 base pair segment of the nucleocapsid gene. although antigenically dissimilar, the variants commonly transmitted in dogs and jackals were very closely related by genetic analysis. phylogenetic analysis and historical accounts support a com ...	1993	7777316
wildlife rabies in perspective.	populations of a number of species of the orders carnivora and chiroptera maintain independent rabies epidemics in different parts of the world. however, in large parts of africa, asia, and latin america, rabid dogs outnumber diagnosed wildlife cases. rabies virus variants circulating in different host populations can be distinguished by the use of monoclonal antibodies and by genomic analysis. rabies virus strains and their hosts have to be co-adapted in order to allow their prolonged co-existe ...	1993	7777318