Publications

tetr hybrid transcription factors report cell signaling and are inhibited by doxycycline.	we developed a bigenic reporter system composed of a hybrid transcription factor that combines the regulatory and activation domains of either elk-1 or cyclic amp-responsive element binding protein (creb) with the dna binding, dimerization, and regulatory domains from a synthetic variant of the bacterial tet repressor (tetr). the novel hybrid transcription factor tetr-elk-1 was regulated by mapk erk kinase 1 (mek-1) overexpression, and tetr-creb was regulated by protein kinase a (pka) overexpres ...	2005	16235565
locoweed (oxytropis sericea)-induced lesions in mule deer (odocoileius hemionus).	locoweed poisoning has been reported in wildlife, but it is unknown whether mule deer (odocoileius hemionus) are susceptible. in areas that are heavily infested with locoweed, deer and elk (cervus elaphus nelsoni) have developed a spongiform encephalopathy, chronic wasting disease (cwd). although these are distinct diseases, no good comparisons are available. the purpose of this study was to induce and describe chronic locoweed poisoning in deer and compare it with the lesions of cwd. two groups ...	2005	16145203
efficacy of immobilizing free-ranging elk with telazol and xylazine hydrochloride using transmitter-equipped darts.	from january 1999 to april 2002, 14 free-ranging elk were darted with a mixture of telazol reconstituted with xylazine hydrochloride (hcl) in a forested habitat in southwestern oklahoma and north-central arkansas. elk were darted from ground blinds, tree stands, or a vehicle at distances of 14-46 m and were recovered 37-274 m from the dart site. elk were located using radiotelemetry with 3-cc disposable pneu-dart transmitter darts. mean+/-sd dose of telazol and xylazine hcl was 590+/-192 mg/ml a ...	2005	16107675
long-term estradiol deprivation in breast cancer cells up-regulates growth factor signaling and enhances estrogen sensitivity.	deprivation of estrogen causes breast tumors in women to adapt and develop enhanced sensitivity to this steroid. accordingly, women relapsing after treatment with oophorectomy, which substantially lowers estradiol for a prolonged period, respond secondarily to aromatase inhibitors with tumor regression. we have utilized in vitro and in vivo model systems to examine the biologic processes whereby long-term estradiol deprivation (lted) causes cells to adapt and develop hypersensitivity to estradio ...	2005	16113100
activation and mitogen-activated protein kinase regulation of transcription factors ets and nf-kappab in mycobacterium-infected macrophages and role of these factors in tumor necrosis factor alpha and nitric oxide synthase 2 promoter function.	previous studies have shown that primary murine macrophages infected with mycobacterium avium produced lower levels of tumor necrosis factor alpha (tnf-alpha) and inducible nitric oxide synthase 2 (nos2) compared to cells infected with nonpathogenic mycobacterium smegmatis. tnf-alpha and nos2 levels correlated with and were dependent on the activation of mitogen-activated protein kinases (mapks) p38 and extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (erk1/2). to define the macrophage transcriptional ...	2005	16177323
evaluation of western blotting methods using samples with or without sodium phosphotungstic acid precipitation for diagnosis of scrapie and chronic wasting disease.	the purpose of this study was to enhance the sensitivity of the western blot (wb) test for use as an alternative and confirmatory method for the diagnosis of scrapie and chronic wasting disease (cwd) in canada by comparing 2 sample preparation procedures: an abnormal prion protein (prpsc) concentration procedure using sodium phosphotungstic acid (pta) precipitation and a procedure using crude sample without precipitation. a total of 100 cerebrum samples (52 sheep and 48 elk), including 66 negati ...	2005	16187549
effectiveness of gun-safety counseling and a gun lock giveaway in a hispanic community.	to evaluate the effectiveness of gun-safety counseling, a gun-safety brochure, and a free gun lock in subsequent gun removal and safe storage.	2005	16275796
dismissing the family who refuses vaccines: a study of pediatrician attitudes.	parent refusal or deliberate delay of their child's vaccinations poses a challenge for pediatricians. some pediatricians may choose to dismiss these families from their practice.	2005	16203937
liver concentrations of copper, cobalt, and selenium in wild norwegian red deer (cervus elaphus).	liver samples from 245 wild red deer (cervus elaphus) collected during the licensed hunting season in 2001 from five different locations in western norway were analyzed for copper (cu), cobalt (co), and selenium (se). the associations between these trace elements and geographical location, age group, and sex were studied. the median (and range of) liver concentrations (microg/g wet weight) for all the examined deer were: cu 20 (1.7-103), co 0.08 (<0.01-0.18), and se 0.09 (0.04-1.0). the results ...	2005	16244067
characterization of an erk-binding domain in microphthalmia-associated transcription factor and differential inhibition of erk2-mediated substrate phosphorylation.	efficient and specific signaling by mitogen-activated protein kinases (mapks) is enhanced by docking sites found on many mapk substrates and regulators. here we show that the mapks erk1 and erk2 form a stable complex (kd approximately 6 microm) with their substrate the microphthalmia-associated transcription factor (mitf). complex formation requires a domain of mitf of approximately 100 residues that is nearby, but c-terminal to, the mapk phosphorylation site at ser73. mitf derivatives lacking t ...	2005	16246839
immunoglobulin g1 enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for diagnosis of johne's disease in red deer (cervus elaphus).	this study was designed to develop a customized enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) for the serodiagnosis of johne's disease (jd) in farmed deer. two antigens were selected on the basis of their superior diagnostic readouts: denatured purified protein derivative (ppdj) and undenatured protoplasmic antigen (ppag). elisa development was based on the antigen reactivity of the immunoglobulin g1 (igg1) isotype, which is a highly specific marker for mycobacterial disease seroreactivity in deer. ...	2005	16339063
[wegener's granulomatosis: an analysis of 50 patients].	to evaluate the rate of different organs involvement in 50 patients with wegener's granulomatosis (gw), and to describe their clinical manifestations and their response to treatment.	2005	16258603
heavy metal levels in tissues of red deer (cervus elaphus) from eastern croatia.	the aim of this study was to measure the levels of some toxic and essential metals in the kidney cortex and jawbone of red deer caught in baranja region, eastern croatia. kidneys and jawbones of 57 red deer (17 males, 40 females), aged six months to ten years, were collected and the concentrations of metals determined using atomic absorption spectrometry (aas). the median mass fraction of toxic cadmium, mercury, and lead in the kidney were 0.099 mg kg(-1), 0.362 mg kg(-1), and 0.578 mg kg(-1) (w ...	2005	16180608
citicoline inhibits map kinase signalling pathways after focal cerebral ischaemia.	the link between membrane phospholipids and different intracellular signal transduction pathways affected by cerebral ischaemia is unclear. cdp-choline, a major neuronal membrane lipid precursor and its intracellular target proteins and transcription factors were studied to further understand its role in ischaemic stroke. cerebral ischaemia was produced by distal, permanent occlusion of the middle cerebral artery (mcao) in the rat. animals receiving 500 mg/kg of cdp-choline in 0.5 ml of 0.9% sal ...	2005	16258856
smooth muscle-specific genes are differentially sensitive to inhibition by elk-1.	understanding the mechanism of smooth muscle cell (smc) differentiation will provide the foundation for elucidating smc-related diseases, such as atherosclerosis, restenosis, and asthma. in the current study, overexpression of elk-1 in smcs down-regulated expression of several endogenous smooth muscle-restricted proteins, including telokin, sm22alpha, and smooth muscle alpha-actin. in contrast, down-regulation of endogenous elk-1 in smooth muscle cells increased the expression of only telokin an ...	2005	16260603
the phosphorylation status of merlin is important for regulating the ras-erk pathway.	the neurofibromatosis type2 (nf2) tumor suppressor gene product, merlin, is structurally related to the ezrin-radixin-moesin (erm) family of proteins that anchor the actin cytoskeleton to specific membrane proteins and participate in cell signaling. however, the basis of the tumor suppressing activity of merlin is not well understood. previously, we identified a role of merlin as an inhibitor of the ras-erk signaling pathway. recent studies have suggested that phosphorylation of merlin, as of ot ...	2005	16267393
cocaine induction of erk proteins in dorsal striatum of fischer rats.	cocaine is an addictive psychostimulant that induces fos and opioid gene expression by activating the dopamine receptors and the pka pathways in dopamine d1 and a glutamate nmda-dependent mechanisms in the striatum. in this study, we show that a single cocaine administration induces erk phosphorylation in the caudate/putamen of fischer rats. this increase in phospho-erk is diminished by pre-administration of sch23390, or mk801 but not with pre-administration of eticlopride. furthermore, this sin ...	2005	16271798
potential vertebrate reservoir hosts and invertebrate vectors of anaplasma marginale and a. phagocytophilum in central spain.	organisms in the genus anaplasma are obligate intracellular pathogens that multiply in both vertebrate and invertebrate hosts. the type species, a. marginale, causes bovine anaplasmosis and only infects ticks and ruminants. a. phagocytophilum causes human and animal granulocytic anaplasmosis, and genetically closely related strains show a wide host range, including ticks, ruminants, rodents, equids, canids, birds, and humans. recent reports demonstrated that a. marginale and a. phagocytophilum c ...	2005	16417435
a retrospective study of the causes of morbidity and mortality in farmed elk (cervus elaphus).	a survey of north american farmed elk (cervus elaphus) producers was performed to determine the causes of sickness and mortality in farmed elk and to estimate mortality rates. records over a 10-year period from 8 north american veterinary diagnostic pathology laboratories were also examined and summarized. the primary diagnosis for each record was used to classify diseases into categories such as parasitic, infectious, toxicological, and neoplastic. nonspecific trauma was the most frequently rep ...	2005	16422063
evaluation of remotely delivered leuprolide acetate as a contraceptive agent in female elk (cervus elaphus nelsoni).	practical application of fertility control technology in free-ranging wild ungulates often requires remote delivery of the contraceptive agent. the objective of this investigation was to evaluate the potential of remote delivery of leuprolide acetate for suppressing fertility in female elk (cervus elaphus nelsoni). fifteen captive adult female elk were randomly allocated to one of three experimental groups. six elk were injected intramuscularly with a dart containing leuprolide, and the remainin ...	2005	16456165
new ruminant hosts and wider geographic range identified for babesia odocoilei (emerson and wright 1970).	babesia odocoilei was found to infect two previously unknown host species, desert bighorn sheep (ovis canadensis nelsoni) and musk oxen (ovibos moschatus), both of which are members of the family bovidae. previously, b. odocoilei has been reported in only cervidae hosts. new geographic regions where b. odocoilei infections have not been reported previously include pennsylvania and new york, where fatal babesiosis has occurred in reindeer (rangifer tarandus tarandus); new hampshire, where elk (ce ...	2005	16456156
herpesvirus infection in woodland caribou in alberta, canada.	sera and genital swabs collected from 121 adult woodland caribou (rangifer tarandus caribou) in five subpopulations in northern alberta, canada, between december 1997 and october 1999, were examined for evidence of infection with herpesviruses or pestiviruses. no virus was isolated from sera or swabs, and no antibodies against bovine viral diarrhea virus were detected. however, 63 (52%) of the 121 animals had neutralizing antibody titers against bovine herpesvirus 1. there was sufficient serum f ...	2005	16456173
a model for short alpha-neurotoxin bound to nicotinic acetylcholine receptor from torpedo californica: comparison with long-chain alpha-neurotoxins and alpha-conotoxins.	short-chain alpha-neurotoxins from snakes are highly selective antagonists of the muscle-type nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nachr). although their spatial structures are known and abundant information on topology of binding to nachr is obtained by labeling and mutagenesis studies, the accurate structure of the complex is not yet known. here, we present a model for a short alpha-neurotoxin, neurotoxin ii from naja oxiana (ntii), bound to torpedo californica nachr. it was built by comparative ...	2005	16290328
reproductive performance of pubertal red deer (cervus elaphus) hinds: effects of genetic introgression of wapiti subspecies on pregnancy rates at 18 months of age.	low reproductive productivity of young red deer (cervus elaphus) hinds on new zealand deer farms appears to reflect high incidences of puberty failure at 16 months of age. this is despite the general attainment of average liveweights 15-25 kg in excess of the accepted minimum threshold for puberty in subspecies of western european origin (scoticus, elaphus and hippelaphus) that form the basis of the national herd. the present study tests the hypotheses that introgression of the larger north amer ...	2005	16298276
suspected clostridium difficile-associated hemorrhagic diarrhea in a 1-week-old elk calf.	clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea was suspected in a 1-week-old elk (cervus elaphus) calf. the isolation of a toxigenic strain of c. difficile from a diarrheic fecal sample, along with exclusion of other enteropathogens, formed the basis of this presumptive diagnosis. further study is indicated to evaluate the role of c. difficile in neonatal diarrhea in elk.	2005	16422066
importance of climatological downscaling and plant phenology for red deer in heterogeneous landscapes.	understanding how climate influences ecosystems represents a challenge in ecology and natural resource management. although we know that climate affects plant phenology and herbivore performances at any single site, no study has directly coupled the topography-climate interaction (i.e. the climatological downscaling process) with large-scale vegetation dynamics and animal performances. here we show how climatic variability (measured by the north atlantic oscillation 'nao') interacts with local t ...	2005	16243701
field evaluation of the efficacy of fenbendazole in captive wild ruminants.	the efficacy of in-feed fenbendazole at a dose rate of 7.5 mg/kg bodyweight for three consecutive days was assessed in five arabian oryx (oryx leucoryx), six scimitar-horned oryx (oryx dammah), 14 slender-horned gazelles (gazella leptoceros), eight soay sheep (ovis aries aries soay), 13 alpine ibex (capra ibex ibex), six red deer (cervus elaphus hippelaphus) and 11 nelson's elk (cervus elaphus nelsoni) kept in five herds in a zoo. the efficacy was assessed by means of repeated faecal egg count r ...	2005	16272545
osteocyte lacuna population densities in sheep, elk and horse calcanei.	osteocytes, the most prevalent cell type in bone, appear to communicate via gap junctions. in limb-bone diaphyses, it has been hypothesized that these cellular networks have the capacity to monitor habitual strains, which can differ significantly between cortical locations of the same bone. regional differences in microdamage associated with prevalent/predominant strain mode (tension, compression, or shear) and/or magnitude may represent an important "variable" detected by this network. this hyp ...	2005	16439816
effect of elk velvet antler supplementation on the hormonal response to acute and chronic exercise in male and female rowers.	to examine the effects of elk velvet antler supplementation (eva) combined with training on resting and exercise-stimulated hormonal response, male (n = 25) and female (n = 21) rowers ingested either eva (560 mg/d) or placebo (pl) during 10 wk of training. vo(2max), 2000 m rowing time, leg and bench press strength were determined before and after 5 and 10 wk of training. serum hormone levels were measured prior to and 5 and 60 min after a simulated 2000 m rowing race. vo(2max)and strength increa ...	2005	16286669
the ternary complex factor net regulates cell migration through inhibition of pai-1 expression.	net, elk-1, and sap-1 are members of the ternary complex factor (tcf) subfamily of ets transcription factors. they form ternary complexes with serum response factor (srf) on serum response elements of immediate early genes such as c-fos and egr-1 and mediate responses to growth factors and mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling. although the tcfs have been extensively studied as intermediates in signaling cascades, surprisingly little is known about their different target genes and physiolog ...	2005	16314510
quantifying erk2-protein interactions by fluorescence anisotropy: pea-15 inhibits erk2 by blocking the binding of dejl domains.	while mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling pathways constitute highly regulated networks of protein-protein interactions, little quantitative information for these interactions is available. here we highlight recent fluorescence anisotropy binding studies that focus on the interactions of erk1 and erk2 with pea-15 (antiapoptotic phosphoprotein enriched in astrocytes-15 kda), a small protein that sequesters erk2 in the cytoplasm. the regulation of erk2 by pea-15 is appraised in the light of ...	2005	16324895
defective nuclear translocation of nuclear factor of activated t cells and extracellular signal-regulated kinase underlies deficient il-2 gene expression in wiskott-aldrich syndrome.	proliferation and il-2 production in response to t-cell receptor ligation are impaired in patients with wiskott-aldrich syndrome (was). the transcription factors nuclear factor-kappab (nf-kappab), nuclear factor of activated t cells (nf-at), and activating protein-1 (ap-1) play a critical role in il-2 gene expression.	2005	16337472
experiences in deer sperm cryopreservation under practical conditions--a pilot study.	the genetic potential of the red and fallow deer populations in hungary is well known. conserving the variability in this excellent genetic material for game preservation is one of our most important task. the aim of the present pilot study was to test the logistical steps of a sperm processing and storing system in which deer sperm can be stored at a level that meets quality standards accepted for domestic animals. moreover, two different semen extenders, commercially used for freezing bull sem ...	2005	16257607
recovery of dictyocaulus species from the lungs of a kashmir red deer (cervus elaphus hanglu).		2005	16272548
[the occurrence of intestinal parasites of roe deer and red deer in the western pomerania voivodeship].	the aim of the study was to establish the parasite prevalence of roe deer and red deer in western pomerania.	2005	16913504
reconstructing prions: fibril assembly from simple yeast to complex mammals.	with the epizootics of bovine spongiform encephalopathy (bse) in north american cattle, bse infections in goats, new forms of human creutzfeldt-jakob disease (cjd) and the spread of chronic wasting disease in north american deer and elk, one wonders whether we are gaining control over the transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (tses). although many basic scientific questions in the prion field remain hotly debated and unresolved [1], including the function of the cellular prion protein (prp), ...	2005	16908997
[range and ecology of dermacentor reticulatus (fabricius, 1794) in mazuria focus. iv. host specificity].	during two consecutive open seasons, i.e. in the fall of 1998 and the fall of 1999, a host specificity study was conducted in the vicinity of mikolajki. host specificity was assessed by calculating the prevalence and mean intensity indices of infection. the total of 87 game beasts were examined, including 53 deers, 18 wild boars, 15 roe deer and 1 elk. in deer the prevalence of infection was 67.9%, with mean intensity at the level of 10.2. in wild boars the indices were 22.2% and 12.8, respectiv ...	2005	16841689
[roe deer (capreolus capreolus) and red deer (cervus elaphus) as a reservoir of protozoans from babesia and theileria genus in north-western poland].	the species of genus babesia and thelieria are obligate intracellular pathogens that multiply in both vertebrate and invertebrate hosts. some species of babesia cause bovine babesiosis infecting erythrocytes of the cattle and wild ruminants, and undergo a complex developmental cycle in ticks which serve as biological vectors. majority of theileria spp. cause bovine theileriosis infecting lymphocytes as well as erythrocytes of the cattle and wild ruminants, and similar to babesia undergo a comple ...	2005	16913530
a 12-month survey of gastrointestinal helminth infections of cervids kept in two zoos in belgium.	infections with helminths are a major health issue in captive and wild deer. in this study, fecal egg count patterns and clinical signs associated with gastrointestinal nematodes were assessed for 12 mo in nine cervid herds kept under different husbandry conditions at two sites. at site 1, an urban zoo, fecal egg counts remained low and no clinical signs of parasitic gastroenteritis were seen in the herds of fallow deer (dama dama), dybowski's deer (cervus nippon dybowski), pudu (pudu pudu), and ...	2005	17312767
constraints on plastic responses to climate variation in red deer.	influences of climate on life history traits in natural populations are well documented. however, the implications of between-individual variation in phenotypic plasticity underlying observed trait-environment relationships are rarely considered due to the large, long-term datasets required for such analysis. studies typically present correlations of annual trait means with climate or assume that individual phenotypic responses are constant. here, we examine this additional level of variation an ...	2005	17148232
different hunting strategies select for different weights in red deer.	much insight can be derived from records of shot animals. most researchers using such data assume that their data represents a random sample of a particular demographic class. however, hunters typically select a non-random subset of the population and hunting is, therefore, not a random process. here, with red deer (cervus elaphus) hunting data from a ranch in toledo, spain, we demonstrate that data collection methods have a significant influence upon the apparent relationship between age and we ...	2005	17148205
concentration of prion protein from biological samples to increase the limits of detection by immunoassay.	an rna-ligand-based adsorbent has been shown to concentrate prion protein (prp) from solutions in a model system. the work presented here extends the utility of the rna-based adsorbent to brain homogenates of cow, sheep, mule deer (odocoileus hemionus) and elk (cervus elaphus). brain homogenates were diluted either in buffer, representing specimens used in post-mortem tests, or in serum, modelling specimens used in biological-fluid-based tests. the rna adsorbent was effective in binding prpc (ce ...	2005	15369459
impact of molybdenum on the copper status of red deer (cervus elaphus).	to determine the effect of increasing molybdenum (mo) intakes on serum and liver copper (cu) concentrations and growth rates of grazing red deer (cervus elaphus).	2005	15846398
cutting edge: il-4 induces suppressor of cytokine signaling-3 expression in b cells by a mechanism dependent on activation of p38 mapk.	the signaling cascade initiated by il-4 is classically divisible into two major pathways: one mediated by stat6, and the other by insulin receptor substrates-1 and -2 via activation of pi3k. in murine splenic b cells, the suppressor of cytokine signaling (socs)3 is inducible by il-4 via a mechanism independent of stat6 and pi3k. socs3 expression increases 9-fold within 5 h of il-4 treatment. this induction occurs normally in b cells deficient in stat6 and is unaffected by pretreatment with the p ...	2005	15728454
[virus in sheep's skin].	in a double sense, the ovine gamma herpesvirus type 2 (ovhv-2) is a virus in sheep's skin. not only is it present world wide in all sheep breeds but also it causes malignant catarrhal fever (mcf) in cattle pigs, elk, and bison. ovhv-2 cannot be propagated in cell culture. therefore, new results from ovhv-2 research are based on molecular techniques and may be summarized as follows. ovhv-2 is transmitted by respiratory routes as well as by sexual intercourse. lambs are infected within the first f ...	2005	15861922
estimation of fluoride distribution in the mandible and teeth of the red deer (cervus elaphus l.) from industrially polluted areas in poland.	animals from areas contaminated by industrial emissions containing fluoride may accumulate it predominantly in hard tissues. therefore, an analysis was performed for the determination of fluoride content in mandibles and teeth of deer living at large in different areas in western pomerania (poland). samples of hard tissues obtained with a dental drill, were dissolved in perchloric acid and analyzed for fluoride content with an ion-selective electrode. using the generalized regression neural netw ...	2005	15740709
serological evidence of latency in cattle experimentally infected with elk herpesvirus.		2005	15879542
induction of a cell stress response gene rtp801 by dna damaging agent methyl methanesulfonate through ccaat/enhancer binding protein.	rtp801 is a newly discovered stress response gene that is induced by hypoxia and other cell stress signals. here, we investigated the mechanism by which a dna damaging agent, methyl methanesulfonate (mms), induces rtp801 transcription. in hacat human keratinocytes, mms was able to induce a rapid increase in the mrna level of rtp801. correspondingly, mms treatment was capable of stimulating a 2.5 kb rtp801 promoter. deletion studies with the promoter demonstrated a critical region between -1057 a ...	2005	15751966
intrapopulation variation in gray wolf isotope (delta(15)n and delta(13)c) profiles: implications for the ecology of individuals.	trophic relationships among organisms in terrestrial boreal ecosystems define ecological communities and are important in determining dynamics of energy flow and ecosystem function. we examined trophic relationships between the gray wolf (canis lupus) and 18 mammalian species from the boreal forest of central saskatchewan, canada, using delta(13)c and delta(15)n stable isotope values measured in guard hair samples. variance in isotope values for wolves and other carnivores was investigated as a ...	2005	15883848
role of ras/pkczeta/mek/erk1/2 signaling pathway in angiotensin ii-induced vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation.	the role of protein kinase c (pkc) and its cross talk with extracellular signal-regulated kinase (erk) cascade in angiotensin ii (angii)-elicited vascular smooth muscle cell (vsmc) proliferation are still unclear. in this study, the pkc pathway of angii to activate erk1/2 and induce cell proliferation was investigated in rat aortic smooth muscle cells. the proliferation of vsmcs was tested by [3h]-thymidine incorporation assay. phosphorylated and non-phosphorylated pkczeta, erk1/2, elk-1, and mi ...	2005	15721486
successful use of oviduct epithelial cell coculture for in vitro production of viable red deer (cervus elaphus) embryos.	techniques for in vitro production (ivp) of viable embryos have been thoroughly developed in several domestic species in view to improve breeding efficiency. when applied to wild life, these techniques may also help the maintenance of biodiversity through amplification of sparse animals offspring and facilitation of genetic material exchange. during the successive steps of ivp, i.e. oocyte in vitro maturation (ivm), fertilization (ivf) and early embryo development (ivd) to the blastocyst stage, ...	2005	15890398
comparative genomics on wnt7a orthologs.	wnt and hedgehog signaling pathways network together during carcinogenesis and embryogenesis. wnt7a mrna is expressed in human gastric and pancreatic cancer cells. wnt7a mrna expression is relatively high in the temporal, occipital and parietal lobes, paracentral gyrus of the cerebral cortex, caudate nucleus, hippocampus, medulla oblongata and putamen within the adult human brain. here, we identified and characterized the rat wnt7a gene using bioinformatics. the rat wnt7a gene, consisting of fou ...	2005	15756457
distribution of cadmium and lead in liver and kidney of some wild animals in slovakia.	the content of cadmium and lead, as risk factors of environment, in liver and kidneys of wild animals as brown hare (lepus europaeus), yellow-necked mouse (apodemus flavicollis), wood mouse (cleithrionomys glareolus), and red deer (cervus elaphus) were studied. samples were analyzed by the atomic absorption spectrophotometry method (aas). the highest levels of cadmium were found in kidneys (0.213-2.387 mg/kg) of all animal species. the concentration of cadmium in liver was 0.032-0.258 mg/kg. the ...	2005	15756970
the scaffold protein homer1b/c links metabotropic glutamate receptor 5 to extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase cascades in neurons.	group i metabotropic glutamate receptors (mglurs) increase cellular levels of inositol-1,4,5-triphosphate (ip3) and thereby trigger intracellular ca2+ release. also, group i mglurs are organized with members of homer scaffold proteins into multiprotein complexes involved in postreceptor signaling. in this study, we investigated the relative importance of the ip3/ca2+ signaling and novel homer proteins in group i mglur-mediated activation of extracellular signal-regulated protein kinases 1 and 2 ...	2005	15758184
inhibitors of the epidermal growth factor receptor in apple juice extract.	the polyphenol-rich extract of a consumer-relevant apple juice blend was found to potently inhibit the growth of the human colon cancer cell line ht29 in vitro. the epidermal growth factor receptor (egfr) and its subsequent signaling cascade play an important role in the regulation of cell proliferation in ht29 cells. the protein tyrosine kinase activity of an egfr preparation was effectively inhibited by the polyphenol-rich apple juice extract. treatment of intact cells with this extract result ...	2005	15759309
distribution of egf and its receptor in growing red deer antler.	autografts of the osteogenic part of early antler buds placed elsewhere on the skull have been shown by others to give rise to an antler at the site of grafting. this antler becomes covered in velvet skin, is shed at the end of the growing season and will regrow the following year. thus, it can be concluded that the nature of antler velvet skin is primarily determined by the underlying osteogenic antler tissue to which it is attached. we hypothesise that a paracrine mechanism operates here and i ...	2005	15914038
influence of level of nutrition during late pregnancy on reproductive productivity of red deer (2) adult hinds gestating wapitixred deer crossbred calves.	the present study aimed to relate feed intake of red deer hinds in the later stages of gestating wapitixred deer crossbred foetuses on dam body condition, gestation length, birth weight and calf growth. multiparous hinds (n=18) conceiving at known dates to either wapiti (n=12) or red deer (n=6) sires were housed in individual pens from days 150-220 of pregnancy, during which time they were offered either ad libitum access to pelletised rations (n=6 crossbred-bearing hinds [hh] and n=6 red deer-b ...	2005	15766806
reduced phosphorylation of transcription factor elk-1 in cultured fibroblasts of a patient with premature aging syndrome and insulin resistance.	the effect of insulin and growth factor mediated signaling to gene regulation was investigated in cultured fibroblasts of a patient with a premature aging syndrome (metageria) and severe insulin resistance. insulin receptor structure and function as well as major pathways activated by insulin, i.e. phosphatidyl inositol-3 kinase (pi-3 k) cascade or mitogen-activated protein kinase (mapk) cascades, were functional. inducibility of the proto-oncogene cfos, a representative endpoint of signaling pa ...	2005	15772901
silibinin up-regulates dna-protein kinase-dependent p53 activation to enhance uvb-induced apoptosis in mouse epithelial jb6 cells.	in the present study, we employed a well established jb6 mouse epithelial cell model to define the molecular mechanism of efficacy of a naturally occurring flavonoid silibinin against ultraviolet b (uvb)-induced skin tumorigenesis. uvb exposure of cells caused a moderate phosphorylation of erk1/2 and akt and a stronger phosphorylation of p53 at ser(15), which was enhanced markedly by silibinin pretreatment. kinase activity of erk1/2 for elk-1 and akt for glycogen synthase kinase-3beta was also p ...	2005	15792956
analysis of lidocaine and its major metabolite, monoethylglycinexylidide, in elk velvet antler by liquid chromatography with uv detection and confirmation by electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry.	a sensitive liquid chromatographic (lc) method with uv detection was developed for the determination of residues of lidocaine (lid) and its major metabolite, monoethylglycinexylidide (megx), in elk velvet antler. the drugs were extracted from alkaline velvet antler homogenates, cleaned up on a c(18) solid-phase extraction cartridge, and separated on an inertsil ods-3 (3.0 x 250 mm, 5 microm) column using an isocratic mobile phase made up of 0.05 m phosphate buffer (ph 4.0)/acetonitrile (88:12, v ...	2005	15796567
seroprevalence of pestivirus in four species of alpine wild ungulates in the high valley of susa, italy.	wildlife, once infected, can serve as a reservoir of infectious diseases that form a constant threat to domestic livestock. to make control and eradication programs successful in the long-term, presence of pestivirus in wildlife populations should be monitored. the goal of this study was to investigate seroprevalence of pestivirus in four alpine wild ungulates in the high valley of susa, north-west italy. species studied were: red deer (cervus elaphus), roe deer (capreolus capreolus), wild boar ...	2005	15922522
comparison of three different staining methods for the assessment of epididymal red deer sperm morphometry by computerized analysis with isas.	when collection of ejaculated sperm samples is not possible, as is the case with wild species, the epididymides of sacrificed wild males become the only possible source of spermatozoa. mature cauda epididymal spermatozoa display characteristics similar to those of ejaculated sperm cells. the present work proposes a sperm staining technique suitable for the morphometric evaluation of red deer epididymal sperm using a new computerized system. epididymides from wild animals were extracted no later ...	2005	15923029
p75-ras-grf1 is a c-jun/ap-1 target protein: its up regulation results in increased ras activity and is necessary for c-jun-induced nonadherent growth of rat1a cells.	the c-jun/ap-1 transcription complex is associated with diverse cellular processes such as differentiation, proliferation, transformation, and apoptosis. these different biological endpoints are likely achieved by the regulation of specific target gene expression. we describe the identification of ras guanine nucleotide exchange factor 1, ras-grf1, by microarray analysis as a c-jun/ap-1 regulated gene essential for anchorage-independent growth of immortalized rat fibroblasts. increased ras-grf1 ...	2005	15798216
csf-1 induces fos gene transcription and activates the transcription factor elk-1 in mature osteoclasts.	mice with targeted deletion of the fos gene fail to develop mature osteoclasts, reflecting an absolute requirement for the c-fos proto-oncogene in osteoclast precursors. c-fos is also expressed in mature osteoclasts; however, the regulation of fos in these cells has not been studied. by using cultured murine osteoclast-like cells (ocls) we found that treatment with colony-stimulation factor 1 (csf-1) induced a 3.9-fold increase in c-fos rnrna at 30 minutes and a 2.6-fold increase at 60 minutes. ...	2005	15812575
host distributions of uncultivated fecal bacteroidales bacteria reveal genetic markers for fecal source identification.	the purpose of this study was to examine host distribution patterns among fecal bacteria in the order bacteroidales, with the goal of using endemic sequences as markers for fecal source identification in aquatic environments. we analyzed bacteroidales 16s rrna gene sequences from the feces of eight hosts: human, bovine, pig, horse, dog, cat, gull, and elk. recovered sequences did not match database sequences, indicating high levels of uncultivated diversity. the analysis revealed both endemic an ...	2005	15933020
sequestration of serum response factor in the hippocampus impairs long-term spatial memory.	the formation of long-term memory has been shown to require protein kinase-mediated gene expression. one such kinase, mitogen-activated protein kinase/extracellular signal-regulated kinase (mapk/erk), can lead to the phosphorylation of serum response factor (srf) and elk-1, enhancing the expression of target genes. however, a direct involvement of these transcription factors in memory storage has not been demonstrated. we have employed an oligonucleotide decoy technique to interrogate srf and el ...	2005	15816850
season effect on genitalia and epididymal sperm from iberian red deer, roe deer and cantabrian chamois.	seasonality deeply affects the physiology and behavior of many species, and must be taken into account when biological resource banks (brbs) are established. we have studied the effect of seasonality on many reproductive parameters of free-ranging iberian red deer, roe deer and cantabrian chamois, living in spain. testicles from hunted animals were collected and sent to our laboratory at different times during the year. we recorded the weight and volume of testis, the weight of the epididymis an ...	2005	15823344
mortality of rocky mountain elk in michigan due to meningeal worm.	mortality from cerebrospinal parelaphostrongylosis caused by the meningeal worm (parelaphostrongylus tenuis) has been hypothesized to limit elk (cervus elaphus nelsoni) populations in areas where elk are conspecific with white-tailed deer (odocoileus virginianus). elk were reintroduced into michigan (usa) in the early 1900s and subsequently greatly increased population size and distribution despite sympatric high-density (>or=12/km2) white-tailed deer populations. we monitored 100 radio-collared ...	2005	15827219
morphometric and immunohistochemical study of the omasum of red deer during prenatal development.	the red deer is an important study species because of its value in the national economy and because it provides a wealth of genetic material. to date, there has been little research into the prenatal development of the stomach of ruminants, and none of the red deer. we therefore performed a histological evaluation of the ontogenesis of the omasum in the red deer. histomorphometric and immunohistochemical analyses were carried out on 50 embryos and fetuses of deer from the initial stages of prena ...	2005	15960765
beneficial effects of pomegranate juice on oxidation-sensitive genes and endothelial nitric oxide synthase activity at sites of perturbed shear stress.	atherosclerosis is enhanced in arterial segments exposed to disturbed flow. perturbed shear stress increases the expression of oxidation-sensitive responsive genes (such as elk-1 and p-jun) in the endothelium. evidence suggests that polyphenolic antioxidants contained in the juice derived from the pomegranate can contribute to the reduction of oxidative stress and atherogenesis. the aim of the present study was to evaluate the effects of intervention with pomegranate juice (pj) on oxidation-sens ...	2005	15781875
spoligotyping of mycobacterium bovis isolates found in manitoba.	spoligotyping was applied to 44 isolates of mycobacterium bovis obtained from the canadian province of manitoba. isolates were obtained from submissions of elk (n = 16), deer (n = 1), and cattle (n = 27) tissues spanning the period of 1990 to early 2003. two spoligotype profiles were obtained differing only in the reaction with oligonucleotide number 12. forty of the 44 isolates (90.9%) hybridized with oligonucleotide 12 (mb-1 type), while the remaining 4 of 44 (9.1%) did not show a signal at po ...	2005	15971679
comparison of analgesic techniques for antler removal in halothane-anaesthetized red deer (cervus elaphus): electroencephalographic responses.	to provide evidence for an analgesic effect of antler pedicle compression or lidocaine 'ring block' by comparing changes in median and spectral edge frequencies and total electroencephalographic (eeg) power during the application of each technique followed by antler removal.	2005	15762911
comparison of analgesic techniques for antler removal in halothane-anaesthetized red deer (cervus elaphus): cardiovascular and somatic responses.	to compare changes in heart rate and arterial pressures resulting from compression of the antler pedicle or lidocaine 'ring block' and during subsequent antler removal during minimal halothane anaesthesia.	2005	15762912
prolactin and estrogen enhance the activity of activating protein 1 in breast cancer cells: role of extracellularly regulated kinase 1/2-mediated signals to c-fos.	despite the important roles of both prolactin (prl) and 17beta-estradiol (e2) in normal mammary development as well as in breast cancer, and coexpression of the estrogen receptor (er) and prl receptor in many mammary tumors, the interactions between prl and e2 in breast cancer have not been well studied. the activating protein 1 (ap-1) transcription factor, a known regulator of processes essential for normal growth and development as well as carcinogenesis, is a potential site for cross-talk bet ...	2005	15746191
prion protein nmr structures of elk and of mouse/elk hybrids.	the nmr structure of the recombinant elk prion protein (eprp), which represents the cellular isoform (eprpc) in the healthy organism, is described here. as anticipated from the highly conserved amino acid sequence, eprpc has the same global fold as other mammalian prion proteins (prps), with a flexibly disordered "tail" of residues 23-124 and a globular domain 125-226 with three alpha-helices and a short antiparallel beta-sheet. however, eprpc shows a striking local structure variation when comp ...	2005	15647363
hyaluronan-cd44 interaction with iqgap1 promotes cdc42 and erk signaling, leading to actin binding, elk-1/estrogen receptor transcriptional activation, and ovarian cancer progression.	in this study, we have examined the interaction of hyaluronan (ha)-cd44 with iqgap1 (one of the binding partners for the rho gtpase cdc42) in sk-ov-3.ipl human ovarian tumor cells. immunological and biochemical analyses indicated that iqgap1 (molecular mass of approximately 190 kda) is expressed in sk-ov-3.ipl cells and that iqgap1 interacts directly with cdc42 in a gtp-dependent manner. both iqgap1 and cdc42 were physically linked to cd44 in sk-ov-3.ipl cells following ha stimulation. furthermo ...	2005	15655247
pkcepsilon induces interleukin-6 expression through the mapk pathway in 3t3-l1 adipocytes.	recent reports have suggested that pkcepsilon contributes to systemic insulin resistance, and is involved in the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes, however, the exact mechanism is still unknown. to elucidate the possible involvement of pkcepsilon in the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes, we examined the role of pkcepsilon in differentiated adipocytes using mouse 3t3-l1 adipocytes. we found that the over-expression of pkcepsilon resulted in the increase of il-6 expression in differentiated adipocytes ...	2005	15649404
histological examination of antler regeneration in red deer (cervus elaphus).	annual antler renewal presents the only case of epimorphic regeneration (de novo formation of a lost appendage distal to the level of amputation) in mammals. epimorphic regeneration is also referred to as a blastema-based process, as blastema formation at an initial stage is the prerequisite for this type of regeneration. therefore, antler regeneration has been claimed to take place through initial blastema formation. however, this claim has never been confirmed experimentally. the present study ...	2005	15641024
the effect of copper-amended fertiliser and copper oxide wire particles on the copper status of farmed red deer (cervus elaphus) and their progeny.	to determine changes in serum and liver copper concentrations in postnatal, weaner, yearling, and mature deer after grazing pasture topdressed with copper (cu) at two rates of application of copper sulphate (cuso4(.)5h2o), and following oral administration of copper oxide (cuo) wire particles to some of the deer.	2005	15731832
allergic contact dermatitis from salicyl alcohol and salicylaldehyde in aspen bark (populus tremula).	salicyl alcohol or 2-methylolphenol is a well-known allergen in phenol-formaldehyde resins and a strong sensitizer in guinea pigs. there is 1 previous report of allergic contact dermatitis from salicyl alcohol in aspen bark. we describe a second case with concomitant allergy to salicylaldehyde. an elk researcher who had handled leaves from various trees presented with eczema of the hands, face, flexures, trunk and extremities. patch testing showed sensitivity to salicyl alcohol, salicylaldehyde, ...	2005	15725287
bcr/abl activates rap1 and b-raf to stimulate the mek/erk signaling pathway in hematopoietic cells.	the bcr/abl fusion tyrosine kinase activates various intracellular signaling pathways, thus causing chronic myeloid leukemia (cml). here we demonstrate that the inducible expression of bcr/abl in a murine hematopoietic cell line, tonb210, leads to the activation of the ras family small gtpase rap1, which is inhibited by the abl kinase inhibitor imatinib. the rap1 activity in a cml cell line, k562, was also inhibited by imatinib. inhibition of rap1 activation by a dominant negative mutant of rap1 ...	2005	15596148
17beta-estradiol rapidly stimulates c-fos expression via the mapk pathway in t84 cells.	in this study, we show that 17beta-estradiol (e2) induced the proliferation of t84 colonic carcinoma cells. we, further, investigated the mechanisms underlying this proliferation and show that e2 induced c-fos protooncogene expression in t84 cells in a timescale consistent with a rapid non-genomic action of the hormone. furthermore, e2 rapidly phosphorylated both creb and elk1, transcription factors that bind to the c-fos promoter and stimulate transcription. pretreatment with pd98059 and h89, m ...	2005	15607527
preorbital gland opening in red deer (cervus elaphus) calves: signal of hunger?	the opening of the preorbital gland in red deer (cervus elaphus) calves has been hypothesized to be a signal to the mother that her calf is hungry. closing of the gland should indicate that the calf has received a sufficient amount of milk, and thus the mother should stop the suckling. we tested the hypothesis that the calf signals hunger when its preorbital gland is open and signals satiation when the gland is closed. to test this, the behavior of eight bottle-reared calves was monitored for 6 ...	2005	15583051
characterization of heparan sulfate from the unossified antler of cervus elaphus.	the antler is the most rapidly growing tissue in the animal kingdom. according to previous reports, antler glycosaminoglycans (gags) consist of all kinds gags except for heparan sulfate (hs). chondroitin sulfate is the major antler gag component comprising 88% of the total uronic acid content. in the current study, we have isolated hs from antler for the first time and characterized it based on both nmr spectroscopy and disaccharide composition analysis. antler gags were isolated by protease tre ...	2005	15680596
isolation and partial characterization of a parapoxvirus isolated from a skin lesion of a weddell seal.	a solitary skin lesion was found on the neck of a weddell seal (leptonychotes weddellii), chemically immobilized in queen maud land (70 degrees 09's, 05 degrees 22'e) antarctica 2001. the lesion was elevated and 3cm in diameter, consisting of partly fresh and partly necrotic tissue, and proliferative papilloma-like structures were seen. electron microscopy on a biopsy from the lesion revealed typical parapoxvirus particles. polymerase chain reaction (pcr; b2l gene) generated amplicons of approxi ...	2005	15681058
insulin-like growth factor-i regulates proliferation and osteoblastic differentiation of calcifying vascular cells via extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase and phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase pathways.	vascular calcification develops within atherosclerotic lesions and results from a process similar to osteogenesis. one of the paracrine regulators of bone-derived osteoblasts, insulin-like growth factor-i (igf-i), is also present in atherosclerotic lesions. to evaluate its possible role in vascular calcification, we assessed its in vitro effects on proliferation and differentiation in calcifying vascular cells (cvcs), a subpopulation of bovine aortic medial cells. results showed that igf-i inhib ...	2005	15692088
antlers honestly advertise sperm production and quality.	evolutionary theory proposes that exaggerated male traits have evolved via sexual selection, either through female mate choice or male-male competition. while female preferences for ornamented males have been amply demonstrated in other taxa, among mammals sexual characters are commonly regarded as weapons whose main function is to enhance male competitiveness in agonistic encounters. one particularly controversial hypothesis to explain the function of male sexual characters proposes that they a ...	2005	15695205
clinical trials with complementary therapies.	as interest in complementary and alternative therapies grows, nurses can expect to be asked for advice regarding their use, but there are few clinical studies on which nurses can base their responses. conducting research with complementary therapies is therefore important for nursing, but there are some pitfalls in doing research with these products, particularly if one is using standard clinical-trials methods. in this article, the authors outline some of those pitfalls based on their experienc ...	2005	15695580
modulation of elk-dependent-transcription by gene33.	gene33 is a cytoplasmic protein expressed in many cell types, including those of renal and hepatic origin. its expression is regulated by a large number of mitogenic and stressful stimuli, both in cultured cells and in vivo. gene33 protein possesses binding domains for erbb receptors, 14-3-3 proteins, sh-3 domains, and gtp bound cdc42, suggesting that it may play a role in signal transduction. indeed, these regions of gene33 have been reported to modulate signaling through the erk, jnk, and nfka ...	2005	15696545
egf stimulates mesangial cell mitogenesis via pi3-kinase-mediated mapk-dependent and akt kinase-independent manner: involvement of c-fos and p27kip1.	epidermal growth factor (egf) is a potent mitogen for mesangial cells. the mechanism by which egf induces dna synthesis is not precisely understood. we investigated the role of phosphatidylinositol (pi)3-kinase in regulating mitogenesis. egf increased pi3-kinase activity resulting in stimulation of pdk-1 and akt kinase activities. blocking of pi3-kinase activity using ly-294002 or adenoviral expression of pten, which dephosphorylates pi3,4,5-tris-phosphate and thus inactivates pi3-kinase signali ...	2005	15701816
cloning of the elk tsh beta-subunit cdna and seasonal expression of the pituitary glycoprotein hormone genes.	we report the elk (cervus elaphus) thyroid stimulating hormone (tsh) beta-subunit cdna cloning, nucleotide and deduced amino acid sequences. the tsh beta-subunit cdna was obtained by rt-pcr of polyadenylated pituitary rna. the deduced elk tsh beta-subunit peptide chain shares between 93 to 99% sequence similarities with the reported tsh beta-subunit of a sub-set of related species. the tsh beta-subunit gene is expressed in the elk pituitary gland as a mature transcript of approximately 600 bases ...	2005	15812144
decay of sperm obtained from epididymes of wild ruminants depending on postmortem time.	we have carried out a study on the effect of postmortem time (pt) in some characteristics of epididymal sperm salvaged from hunted iberian red deer and roe deer. testis were collected, identified, refrigerated down to 5 degrees c, and sent to our laboratory by the wardens of the hunting reserves. this way, samples were delivered at different times postmortem. sperm were extracted from the cauda epididymis by means of cuts. analyzed parameters were: osmolality, ph, motility-both subjectively and ...	2005	15589271
overexpression of tropomysin-related kinase b in metastatic human pancreatic cancer cells.	pancreatic adenocarcinoma is currently the fourth leading cause of cancer death in the united states, and most pancreatic cancers develop locally advanced disease or metastasis at the time of diagnosis. the mechanisms by which it invades and metastasizes are not known.	2005	15701826
specific inactivation and nuclear anchoring of extracellular signal-regulated kinase 2 by the inducible dual-specificity protein phosphatase dusp5.	the mechanisms which determine the nuclear accumulation and inactivation of the extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1 (erk1) or erk2 mitogen-activated protein (map) kinases are poorly understood. here we demonstrate that dusp5, an inducible nuclear phosphatase, interacts specifically with erk2 via a kinase interaction motif (kim) within its amino-terminal noncatalytic domain. this binding determines the substrate specificity of dusp5 in vivo, as it inactivates erk2 but not jun n-terminal prote ...	2005	15713638
the spry domain-containing socs box protein 1 (ssb-1) interacts with met and enhances the hepatocyte growth factor-induced erk-elk-1-serum response element pathway.	the suppressor of cytokine signaling (socs) protein family includes a spry (repeats in spla and ryr) domain-containing socs box protein (ssb) subfamily, which consists of four members, ssb-1, ssb-2, ssb-3, and ssb-4. these proteins contain a central spry domain and a c-terminal socs box. although some of the socs protein subfamilies function as adaptors for a large family of ubiquitin-protein isopeptide ligases to regulate certain signaling pathways, the function of the ssb subfamily remains to ...	2005	15713673
accumulation of selenium and lack of severe effects on productivity of american dippers (cinclus mexicanus) and spotted sandpipers (actitis macularia).	selenium has been found at elevated concentrations in water, sediments, and aquatic biota in the elk river (british columbia, canada) and some of its tributaries downstream of several coal mines. selenium water concentrations in those areas exceed canadian and british columbia guidelines and are above levels at which adverse effects to fish and waterfowl could occur. we compared selenium concentrations in the eggs of two riverine waterbirds, american dippers and spotted sandpipers, with measures ...	2005	15750773
p44/42 map kinase-dependent regulation of catalase by autocrine human growth hormone protects human mammary carcinoma cells from oxidative stress-induced apoptosis.	previous microarray expression analyses have indicated autocrine human growth hormone (hgh) regulation of genes involved in the oxidative stress response. expression analysis of antioxidant enzymes revealed that autocrine hgh increased both the mrna and protein levels of catalase, superoxide dismutase 1 (sod1), glutathione peroxidase and glutamylcysteine synthetase but not that of sod2. as a consequence, autocrine hgh increased the antioxidant capacity of mammary carcinoma cells and protected ag ...	2005	15782123
modulating the dna affinity of elk-1 with computationally selected mutations.	in order to regulate gene expression, transcription factors must first bind their target dna sequences. the affinity of this binding is determined by both the network of interactions at the interface and the entropy change associated with the complex formation. to study the role of structural fluctuation in fine-tuning dna affinity, we performed molecular dynamics simulations of two highly homologous proteins, elk-1 and sap-1, that exhibit different sequence specificity. simulation studies show ...	2005	15808854
high levels of blood lead in griffon vultures (gyps fulvus) from cazorla natural park (southern spain).	the blood lead of 23 griffon vultures (gyps fulvus) trapped in 2003 was analyzed in order to evaluate exposure to lead in the vulture population of cazorla natural park (in southern spain). in 2001 the use of leaded gasoline in vehicles was banned in the european union; however, lead ammunition is still used in spain in big-game hunting for red deer, fallow deer, mouflon, and wild boar, which are ingested by vultures from september to march. the mean concentration of lead in blood was 43.07 +/- ...	2005	16007647
concentrations of heavy metals in the tissues of red deer (cervus elaphus) from the region of warmia and mazury, poland.	cadmium, lead, copper and zinc were quantified using a validated icp/ms method in the tissues and organs of 82 specimens of red deer of different sexes and ages, which had been hunted at the great lakes land region in the north-eastern of poland in 2000-01. copper and zinc occurred in liver, kidney and muscle tissue of red deer at concentrations of 6.4-29, 3.3-7.2 and 1.9-6.4, and of 19-43, 17-41 and 19-64 mg kg(-1), respectively, which are considered typical for the species, age and gender comp ...	2005	15824004