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prevalence of coxiella burnetii in bulk milk samples from dairy bovine, ovine, caprine, and camel herds in iran as determined by polymerase chain reaction.q fever is a widespread zoonosis caused by the obligate intracellular micro-organism coxiella burnetii. the objective of this study was to determine the prevalence rate of c. burnetii in bulk milk samples from dairy bovine, ovine, caprine, and camel herds in isfahan province, iran. in the present study, 567 bulk milk samples from 186 dairy bovine, ovine, caprine, and camel herds were tested for c. burnetii using a nested polymerase chain reaction assay. the animals whose milk samples collected f ...201021091216
chemical characterization of the oligosaccharides in bactrian camel (camelus bactrianus) milk and colostrum.bactrian camel milk and colostrum are commonly used as foods in mongolia, whose people believe that these products promote human health. it has been hypothesized that milk oligosaccharides are biologically significant components of human milk, acting as receptor analogs that inhibit the attachment of pathogenic microorganisms to the colonic mucosa, and as prebiotics, which stimulate the growth of bifidobacteria within the infant colon. to evaluate their biological significance, we studied the ol ...201021094729
molecular characterization and phylogenetic analysis of a yak (bos grunniens) κ-casein cdna from lactating mammary gland.κ-casein is one of the major proteins in the milk of mammals. it plays an important role in determining the size and specific function of milk micelles. we have previously identified and characterized a genetic variant of yak κ-casein by evaluating genomic dna. here, we isolate and characterize a yak κ-casein cdna harboring the full-length open reading frame (orf) from lactating mammary gland. total rna was extracted from mammary tissue of lactating female yak, and the κ-casein cdna were synthes ...201021104027
oocyte ultrastructural characteristics in camel (camelus dromedarius) primordial to large antral follicles.this study was conducted to describe in detail the ultrastructural features and morphological characteristics of camel oocytes from preantral follicles in relation to the sequential stages of follicular development and also for oocytes from antral follicles in relation to their diameter. camel oocytes from primordial, primary, secondary and also early to late antral follicles were processed and examined by light and transmission electron microscopy. primordial follicular oocytes were characteriz ...201021105904
nutritive value of some herbage for dromedary camels in the central arid zone of iran.the purpose of this study is to prepare standard tables of the chemical composition of feedstuff and to determine the digestibility and palatability of different plant species in the dromedary camel, this research was conducted considering the consumed herbages by camels in the central arid zone of iran. the following plant species were included: alhagi camelorum, artemisia sieberi, atriplex lentiformis, haloxylon persicum, hammada salicornica, salsola tomentosa, salsola rigida, seidlitzia rosma ...201021128117
crystallization and preliminary x-ray diffraction analysis of a specific vhh domain against mouse prion protein.prion disorders are infectious diseases that are characterized by the conversion of the cellular prion protein prpc into the pathogenic isoform prpsc. specific antibodies that interact with the cellular prion protein have been shown to inhibit this transition. recombinant vhhs (variable domain of dromedary heavy-chain antibodies) or nanobodies are single-domain antibodies, making them the smallest antigen-binding fragments. a specific nanobody (nb_prp_01) was raised against mouse prpc. a crystal ...201021139215
ovarian hydrobursitis in female camels (camelus dromedaries): biochemical, bacterial and protozoal evaluation.the aim of this study was to evaluate female camels affected with ovarian hydrobursitis (n = 31) for hematological and biochemical findings and for bacterial and protozoal infections. blood samples were obtained and surgical ablation of the affected bursa was performed. bursal fluid, follicular fluid, and serum were subjected to hormonal and biochemical analyses. bursal fluids were cultured and colonies were identified using biomérieux vitek two compact system. passive haemagglutination test was ...201021144565
prenatal development of the adrenal gland in the one-humped camel (camelus dromedarius).with 14 figures and 3 tables summary: each adrenal gland consisted of cortex and medulla that developed from different embryological origins and presented different cellular organization. one hundred male or female camel embryos or fetuses with crown vertebral rump lengths (cvrl) that ranged from 0.8 to 117 cm were examined. the adrenal cortex, which is derived from intermediate mesoderm, was first observed in the 0.8-cm cvrl camel embryo. the adrenal cortex initially was combined with the gonad ...201021175739
ophthalmology of south american camelids.in the past 10 years, information about south american camelid anatomy, physiology, medicine, and surgery has increased exponentially, including information about the eye. although trauma-related diseases are the most common eye problems for which camelids are presented to veterinarians, there have recently been many anecdotal reports and published case reports of camelids having ocular malignancies and potentially hereditary ocular abnormalities. the increased number of ocular diseases being re ...201021056800
examination techniques and therapeutic regimens for the ruminant and camelid eye.a step-wise procedure and necessary equipment for examination of the ruminant and camelid eye are detailed. restraint techniques and usage of local anesthetics to facilitate examination are described. common examination findings and their significance are discussed. finally, therapeutic options for keratoconjunctivitis and uveitis are explored. a complete ocular examination of ruminants is often not performed in the field because of lack of time, lack of appropriate facilities, and/or lack of eq ...201021056794
structure and properties of a complex of α-synuclein and a single-domain camelid antibody.the aggregation of the intrinsically disordered protein α-synuclein to form fibrillar amyloid structures is intimately associated with a variety of neurological disorders, most notably parkinson's disease. the molecular mechanism of α-synuclein aggregation and toxicity is not yet understood in any detail, not least because of the paucity of structural probes through which to study the behavior of such a disordered system. here, we describe an investigation involving a single-domain camelid antib ...201020620148
effect of ovary preservation period on recovery rate and categories of dromedary camel oocytes.the aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of different periods of ovary preservation at 25-30 °c for 5, 6, 7, 9, 12 and 24 h on recovery rate and oocyte categories of dromedary camel oocytes. camel ovaries were collected from el-bassatein slaughterhouse, cairo. the collected ovaries were placed immediately after slaughtering into thermos in saline solution (0.9% nacl) supplemented with antibiotics (100 iu penicillin and 100 μg streptomycin/ml) at 25-30 °c and transported to the laboratory ...201023961083
effect of age, pubertal stage and season on testosterone concentration in male dromedary camel.the present study was conducted in the laboratory of animal physiology and biotechnology, department of animal production, faculty of agriculture, mansoura university, egypt. the present investigation aimed at studying effects of ages, pubertal stages and seasons of the year on testosterone concentrations in blood plasma and tissue homogenate of the testes. the testes used in the current study were collected from a total of 104 one-humped male camels (camelus dromedarius). samples were taken fro ...201023961082
top-down de novo protein sequencing of a 13.6 kda camelid single heavy chain antibody by matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time-of-flight/time-of-flight mass spectrometry.the primary structure of a 13.6 kda single heavy chain camelid antibody (v(h)h) was determined by matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time-of-flight/time-of-flight (maldi-tof/tof) top-down sequence analysis. the majority of the sequence was obtained by mass spectrometric de novo sequencing, with the n-terminal 14 amino acid residues being determined using t(3)-sequencing and database interrogation. the determined sequence was confirmed by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (l ...201020329751
generation and characterization of inhibitory nanobodies towards thrombin activatable fibrinolysis inhibitor.as activated thrombin-activatable fibrinolysis inhibitor (tafia) is a potent antifibrinolytic enzyme, the development of tafi inhibitors is a new promising approach in the development of profibrinolytic drugs. we, therefore, aimed to generate nanobodies, camelid-derived single-domain antibodies towards tafi.201020180900
evaluation of antidiphtheria toxin nanobodies.nanobodies are the smallest fragments of naturally occurring single-domain antibodies that have evolved to be fully functional in the absence of a light chain. conventional antibodies are glycoproteins comprising two heavy and two light chains. surprisingly, all members of the camelidae family possess a fraction of antibodies devoid of both light chains and the first constant domain. these types of antibodies are known as heavy-chain antibody (hcab) nanobodies. there are three subclasses of igg ...201024198468
one-humped camel (camelus dromedarius) infestation with linguatula serrata in tabriz, iran.linguatula serrata is one of well known members of pentastomida which infects both human and animals. the aim of this study was to evaluate the prevalence of l. serrata in mesenteric lymph nodes, livers and lungs of camels slaughtered in tabriz area, iran.201022808389
modulation of protein properties in living cells using nanobodies.protein conformation is critically linked to function and often controlled by interactions with regulatory factors. here we report the selection of camelid-derived single-domain antibodies (nanobodies) that modulate the conformation and spectral properties of the green fluorescent protein (gfp). one nanobody could reversibly reduce gfp fluorescence by a factor of 5, whereas its displacement by a second nanobody caused an increase by a factor of 10. structural analysis of gfp-nanobody complexes r ...201020010839
histological and immunohistochemical studies on the epididymal duct in the dromedary camel (camelus dromedarius).this study was conducted to underscore the spatial distribution of some biologically active proteins within the epididymal duct in the dromedary camel. paraffin-embedded sections from different regions of epididymis were stained by conventional histological techniques and by immunohistochemistry. a battery of primary antibodies against six proteins (s100, alpha smooth muscle actin [α-sma], connexin-43 [cx43], galactosyltransferase [galtase], angiotensin converting enzyme [ace], and vascular endo ...201122254157
determination of testicular blood flow in camelids using vascular casting and color pulsed-wave doppler ultrasonography.we describe the vasculature of the camelid testis using plastic casting. we also use color pulsed-wave doppler ultrasonography to measure testicular blood flow and compare the differences between testicular blood flow in fertile and infertile camelids. the testicular artery originates from the ventral surface of the aorta, gives rise to an epididymal branch, and becomes very tortuous as it approaches the testis. within the supratesticular arteries, peak systolic velocity (psv) was higher in fert ...201121941690
nanobody stabilization of g protein-coupled receptor conformational states.remarkable progress has been made in the field of g protein-coupled receptor (gpcr) structural biology during the past four years. several obstacles to generating diffraction quality crystals of gpcrs have been overcome by combining innovative methods ranging from protein engineering to lipid-based screens and microdiffraction technology. the initial gpcr structures represent energetically stable inactive-state conformations. however, gpcrs signal through different g protein isoforms or g protei ...201121782416
transmigration of beta amyloid specific heavy chain antibody fragments across the in vitro blood-brain barrier.previously selected amyloid beta recognizing heavy chain antibody fragments (vhh) affinity binders derived from the camelid heavy chain antibody repertoire were tested for their propensity to cross the blood-brain barrier (bbb) using an established in vitro bbb co-culture system. of all tested vhh, ni3a showed highest transmigration efficiency which is, in part, facilitated by a three amino acid substitutions in its n-terminal domain. additional studies indicated that the mechanism of transcellu ...201121683126
an anti-hapten camelid antibody reveals a cryptic binding site with significant energetic contributions from a nonhypervariable loop.conventional anti-hapten antibodies typically bind low-molecular weight compounds (haptens) in the crevice between the variable heavy and light chains. conversely, heavy chain-only camelid antibodies, which lack a light chain, must rely entirely on a single variable domain to recognize haptens. while several anti-hapten vhhs have been generated, little is known regarding the underlying structural and thermodynamic basis for hapten recognition. here, an anti-methotrexate vhh (anti-mtx vhh) was ge ...201121557375
analysis and modeling of the variable region of camelid single-domain antibodies.camelids have a special type of ab, known as heavy chain abs, which are devoid of classical ab light chains. relative to classical abs, camelid heavy chain abs (cabs) have comparable immunogenicity, ag recognition diversity and binding affinities, higher stability and solubility, and better manufacturability, making them promising candidates for alternate therapeutic scaffolds. rational engineering of cabs to improve therapeutic function requires knowledge of the differences of sequence and stru ...201121525384
ptaa and b10: new approaches to amyloid detection in tissue-evaluation of amyloid detection in tissue with a conjugated polyelectrolyte and a fibril-specific antibody fragment.we analysed the suitability of two little known substances for the detection of amyloid in surgical pathology specimens, that is the conjugated polyelectrolyte polythiophene acetic acid (ptaa) and the camelid antibody domain b10.201121401323
mandibular fracture in single-humped camels.to report the causes and classification of mandibular fractures in dromedary camels and outcome after treatment.201122380676
full genomic analysis of a g8p[1] rotavirus strain isolated from an asymptomatic infant in kenya provides evidence for an artiodactyl-to-human interspecies transmission event.group a rotavirus (gar) g8p[1] strains, found sometimes in cattle, have been reported rarely from humans. therefore, analysis of the full genomes of human g8p[1] strains are of significance in the context of studies on interspecies transmission of rotaviruses. however, to date, only partial-length nucleotide sequences are available for the 11 genes of a single human g8p[1] strain, while the partial sequences of two other strains have been reported. the present study reports the first complete ge ...201121181935
modulation of cytokine-induced prostaglandin e₂ production in cultures of articular chondrocytes obtained from carpal joints of camels (camelus dromedarius).to determine whether camel articular chondrocytes can be maintained in tissue culture without phenotype loss and whether the response to cytokine stimulation can be modulated.201121194335
facile labelling of an anti-epidermal growth factor receptor nanobody with 68ga via a novel bifunctional desferal chelate for immuno-pet.the ∼15 kda variable domains of camelid heavy-chain-only antibodies (called nanobodies®) have the flexibility to be formatted as monovalent, monospecific, multivalent or multispecific single chain proteins with either fast or slow pharmacokinetics. we report the evaluation of the fast kinetic anti-epidermal growth factor receptor (egfr) nanobody 7d12, labelled with (68)ga via the novel bifunctional chelate (bfc) p-isothiocyanatobenzyl-desferrioxamine (df-bz-ncs). df-bz-ncs has recently been intr ...201121210114
monitoring biodegradative enzymes with nanobodies raised in camelus dromedarius with mixtures of catabolic proteins.functional studies of biodegradative activities in environmental microorganisms require molecular tools for monitoring catabolic enzymes in the members of the native microbiota. to this end, we have generated repertories of single-domain v(hh) fragments of camel immunoglobulins (nanobodies) able to interact with multiple proteins that are descriptors of environmentally relevant processes. for this, we immunized camelus dromedarius with a cocktail of up to 12 purified enzymes that are representat ...201121219561
us smokers' reactions to a brief trial of oral nicotine products. 201121219609
the development of activating and inhibiting camelid vhh domains against human protein kinase c epsilon.the 10 isozymes of the protein kinase c (pkc) family can have different roles on the same biological process, making isozyme specific analysis of function crucial. currently, only few pharmacological compounds with moderate isozyme specific effects exist thus hampering research into individual pkc isozymes. the antigen binding regions of camelid single chain antibodies (vhhs) could provide a solution for obtaining pkc isozyme specific modulators. in the present study, we have successfully select ...201121220006
prp-specific camel antibodies with the ability to immunodetect intracellular prion protein. 201121411680
embryo transfer in the dromedary camel (camelus dromedarius) using non-ovulated and ovulated, asynchronous progesterone-treated recipients.the aim of the present study was to investigate the use of exogenous progesterone and equine chorionic gonadotrophin (ecg) in non-ovulated and ovulated, asynchronous dromedary camel recipients being prepared for an embryo transfer programme. the uteri of 12 mated donor camels were flushed non-surgically 7 days after ovulation and 42 embryos were recovered. in experiment 1, 16 embryos were transferred non-surgically to recipients on day 3 or 4 after ovulation (ov+3 and ov+4, respectively). each r ...201121426862
prevalence, biology, pathology, and public health importance of linguatulosis of camel in iran.linguatula serrata is a cosmopolitan zoonotic parasite with its adult form occurring in the nasal and respiratory passages of canids as the definitive hosts, while its immature stages localize in the mesenteric lymph nodes, liver, spleen, lungs, and, rarely, in other organs, such as the ocular region of herbivorous intermediate hosts. humans can behave as both intermediate and final host and are infected by visceral and nasopharyngeal linguatulosis. consumption of infected, improperly cooked vis ...201121442154
chromosome painting in tragulidae facilitates the reconstruction of ruminantia ancestral karyotype.although tragulidae, as the basal family in ruminantia phylogenetic tree, is the key taxon for understanding the early chromosome evolution of extant ruminants, comparative molecular cytogenetic data on the tragulids are scarce. here, we present the first genome-wide comparative map of the java mouse deer (tragulus javanicus, tragulidae) revealed by chromosome painting with human and dromedary probes. together with the published comparative maps of major representative cetartiodactyl species est ...201121445689
structural basis of recognition of pathogen-associated molecular patterns and inhibition of proinflammatory cytokines by camel peptidoglycan recognition protein.peptidoglycan recognition proteins (pgrps) are involved in the recognition of pathogen-associated molecular patterns. the well known pathogen-associated molecular patterns include lps from gram-negative bacteria and lipoteichoic acid (lta) from gram-positive bacteria. in this work, the crystal structures of two complexes of the short form of camel pgrp (cpgrp-s) with lps and lta determined at 1.7- and 2.1-å resolutions, respectively, are reported. both compounds were held firmly inside the compl ...201121454594
age-related changes in the anatomical characteristics of peyer's patches in small intestine of bactrian camels (camelus bactrianus).the distribution, size, and appearance of peyer's patches vary according to species. in order to determine the anatomical characteristics of peyer's patches in small intestine of bactrian camel, and age-related changes in the number of peyer's patches, 40 bactrian camels of the following four age groups were studied: young (0.5-2 years), pubertal (3-5 years), middle-aged (6-16 years), and old (17-20 years). the exact number of peyer's patches was recorded, and the appearance of peyer's patches w ...201121461871
structure and stability analysis of cytotoxic complex of camel α-lactalbumin and unsaturated fatty acids produced at high temperature.α-lactalbumin α-la), together with oleic acid can be converted to a complex, which kills tumor cells selectively. cytotoxic α-la -oleic acid and α-la -linoleic acid complexes were generated by adding fatty acid to camel holo α-la at 60 ° c (referred to as la-oa-60 and la-la-60 state, respectively). structural properties of these complexes were studied and compared to the camel α-la. the experimental results show that linoleic acid induces α-la partial unfolding but oleic acid does not change the ...201121469752
characterization of complete genomes of camelus dromedarius papillomavirus type 1 and 2.camel papillomatosis has been previously described but the genome of the suspected papillomavirus (pv) has not been identified. an outbreak of papillomatosis occurred in a dromedary farm of 55 animals in sudan during august 2009. the disease was only present in young animals about 3-7 months old, of which 44 % (11/25) were affected with lesions mainly on the lips and lower jaw. here we report for the first time the complete genomes of camelus dromedarius papillomavirus type 1 (cdpv1) and 2 (cdpv ...201121471319
initial stage of cheese production: a molecular modeling study of bovine and camel chymosin complexed with peptides from the chymosin-sensitive region of κ-casein.bovine chymosin has long been the preferred enzyme used to coagulate cow's milk, in the initial stage of cheese production, during which it cleaves a specific bond in the milk protein κ-casein. recently, camel chymosin has been shown to have a 70% higher clotting activity toward cow's milk and, moreover, to cleave κ-casein more selectively. bovine chymosin, on the other hand, is a poor clotting agent toward camel's milk. this paper reports a molecular modeling study aimed at understanding this d ...201121476511
preclinical screening of anti-her2 nanobodies for molecular imaging of breast cancer.accurate determination of tumor human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (her2)-status in breast cancer patients is possible via noninvasive imaging, provided adequate tracers are used. in this study, we describe the generation of a panel of 38 nanobodies, small her2-binding fragments that are derived from heavy-chain-only antibodies raised in an immunized dromedary. in search of a lead compound, a subset of nanobodies was biochemically characterized in depth and preclinically tested for use as ...201121478264
["camel nanoantibody" is an efficient tool for research, diagnostics and therapy].this short review provides an introduction to the rapidly developing field of generation and utilization of "camel nanoantibodies" (or "nanobodies"). the term "nanoantibody" or "nanobody" was given to single-domain variable fragments of special type of antibodies that naturally exist (in addition to classical types of antibodies) in blood of camelidae family animals and in some chondrichthyan fishes. the existence of very efficient technology of nanobody generation and some very useful character ...201121485499
sequence analysis of topoisomerase gene of pseudocowpoxvirus isolates from camels (camelus dromedarius).topoisomerase gene of pseudocowposvirus from indian dromedarian camel was amplified by pcr using the primers of pcpv from finnish reindeer and cloned into pgem-t for sequence analysis. analysis of amino acid identity revealed that indian pcpv of camel shared 95.9-96.8 with pcpv of reindeer, 96.2-96.5 with orfv and 87.5 with bpsv.201121501639
genotypic characterization of iranian camel ( camelus dromedarius ) isolates of echinoccocus granulosus.abstract in the present study, echinoccocus granulosus isolates collected from camels ( camelus dromedarius ) in eastern iran were characterized based on the nucleotide sequences of mitochondrial co1 and ndi genes. the molecular results for camel isolates demonstrated that at least 2 different genotypes are present, i.e., a buffalo genotype (g3) and the camel genotype (g6). although the sequences of the iranian camel genotype (g6) are completely homologous to the reference sequence of g6 (m84666 ...201121506869
cerebral phaeohyphomycosis due to cladophialophora bantiana in a huacaya alpaca (vicugnapacos).cerebral phaeohyphomycosis, caused by cladophialophora bantiana, was diagnosed in a huacaya alpaca (vicugna pacos). an 8-year-old, intact male huacaya alpaca from a farm in indiana was found dead at pasture and submitted to the animal disease diagnostic laboratory at purdue university for necropsy examination. gross lesions were limited to the cerebrum, which had a 2×2.5×5cm, well-demarcated, firm, mottled, pale grey to brown-red mass with a granular texture, centered on the left and right cingu ...201121511274
expression and genomic analyses of camelus dromedarius t cell receptor delta (trd) genes reveal a variable domain repertoire enlargement due to cdr3 diversification and somatic mutation.by a combination of rapid amplification of cdna ends (race) and reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (rt-pcr) we identified three t cell receptor delta variable (trdv) subgroups and five joining (trdj) genes expressed in spleen, tonsils and blood of camelus dromedarius. we provide evidence that the high diversity in sequence and length of the third complementarity determining region (cdr3) is a major component of the tr delta chain variability. moreover, the identification of the corr ...201121511341
oral tobacco products: preference and effects among smokers.background: recently, oral tobacco products have been marketed specifically towards cigarette smokers. these products come in different nicotine doses and formulations (snus vs. lozenge). to date, little research has been conducted to determine how smokers respond to these products. the goal of this study was to examine if smokers prefer certain oral tobacco products based on their specific characteristics. methods: smokers interested in quitting underwent a sampling phase and a treatment phase. ...201121515003
populations and production of fat-tailed and fat-rumped sheep in the horn of africa.the six countries comprising the horn of africa are djibouti, eritrea, ethiopia, kenya, sudan and somalia. together, they cover an area of just under 5 million square kilometres and support a human population of 17.7 million at an average density of 38.15 people per square kilometre (although in the purely pastoral areas population density is probably of the order of 15-16 people per square kilometre). the horn is a major repository of domestic animal biodiversity and genetic resources and is ho ...201121516441
cloning and sequence analysis of il-2, il-4 and ifn-γ from indian dromedary camels (camelus dromedarius).the cdnas of three cytokines, viz., il-2, il-4 and ifn-γ from dromedary camels were amplified by pcr using bactrian camel sequences and subsequently cloned for sequence analysis. relationship based on amino acid sequences revealed that dromedary camel il-2 shared 99.5% and 99.3% identity at the nucleotide and amino acid levels with bactrian camel il-2. in the case of il-4, the identity of dromedary camel was 99.7% and 99.2% at the nucleotide and amino acid levels, respectively with that of bactr ...201121529863
effect of camel milk on glycemic control and insulin requirement in patients with type 1 diabetes: 2-years randomized controlled trial.background/objectives:hypoglycemic effect of camel milk supplementation in experimental rat model and significant reduction in doses of insulin in type 1 diabetic patients have been observed in our previous studies. this long-term study was undertaken to assess the efficacy, safety and acceptability of camel milk as an adjunct to insulin therapy in type 1 diabetics.subjects/methods:in this 2-year randomized clinical, parallel design study, 24 type 1 diabetics were enrolled and divided into two g ...201121629270
accelerated neuronal cell recovery from botulinum neurotoxin intoxication by targeted ubiquitination.botulinum neurotoxin (bont), a category a biodefense agent, delivers a protease to motor neuron cytosol that cleaves one or more soluble nsf attachment protein receptors (snare) proteins involved in neurotransmission to cause a flaccid paralysis. no antidotes exist to reverse symptoms of bont intoxication so severely affected patients require artificial respiration with prolonged intensive care. time to recovery depends on toxin serotype because the intraneuronal persistence of the seven known b ...201121629663
brucellosis in camels.camels are highly susceptible to brucellosis caused by brucella melitensis and brucella abortus. difficulties can arise in diagnosis of camel brucellosis, especially as this disease provokes only few clinical signs in contrast to its clinical course in cattle. because none of the commonly used serological test can be perceived as a perfect test for brucella diagnosis in camel and most serological tests used for camels have been directly transposed from cattle without adequate validation, an inco ...201121632084
morphological forms of trypanosoma evansi from blood of arabian camel (camelus dromedarius) in the riyadh metropolitan areas.trypanosoma evansi is commonly referred to as haemoflagellate infesting camels and other vertebrates. it is causative agent of number of diseases. t. evansi has several morphological forms. we have detected three forms in the blood of camels, slender, transitional and intermediate. the present study is the first investigation on the morphological forms of t. evansi in arabian camels in saudi arabia.201121634239
trypanosoma evansi in dromedary camel: with a case report of zoonosis in greater cairo, egypt.trypanosoma evansi (steel, 1885) balbiani, is the cause of trypanosomiasis (surra) which multiples in the blood and body fluids. the incubation period varies from 7-15 days. the mortality rate was up to 20% and fatality rate may reach up to 100% in untreated camels. three hundred randomly selected camels were 200 males 4-6 years old and 100 females 10-15 years. they were examined clinically and diagnosed by giemsa stained blood smear, anti- trypanosomiasis-antibodies by elisa and urine thymol tu ...201121634243
diagnosis of tuberculosis in camelids: old problems, current solutions and future challenges.in spite of great efforts for its control and eradication, tuberculosis remains one of the most important zoonosis worldwide. its causative agents, the members of the mycobacterium tuberculosis complex, have a wide host range that complicates the epidemiology of this disease. among susceptible species to these pathogens, camelids from the new world (llama, alpaca and vicuña) and old world (bactrian camel and dromedary) are acquiring an increasing importance in several european countries because ...201121635699
factors influencing the prevalence of subclinical mastitis in lactating dromedary camels in riyadh region, saudi arabia.the purpose of this study was to determine the prevalence of subclinical mastitis in camels in riyadh, saudi arabia and the factors influencing its incidence. a total of 740 quarter milk samples were collected from 47 camel herds belonging to majahim, maghatir, shu'l, and sufer breeds. california mastitis test (cmt) was used as a screening test for subclinical mastitis. samples giving negative or trace cmt scores (0) were assigned to healthy quarters, while those giving positive scores of 1+ to ...201121637994
pathology and molecular diagnosis of paratuberculosis of camels.camels are the prime source of meat and milk in many desert regions of the world including saudi arabia. paratuberculosis of camels, locally called silag, is a serious and invariably fatal disease in the arabian camel. six camels were used in this study. five camels with clinical paratuberculosis were used to study the pathology of the disease and confirm its aetiology. the sixth camel was clinically healthy and used as a control. the camels were examined clinically and bled for haematological a ...201121643659
risk factors associated with prevalence and major bacterial causes of mastitis in dromedary camels (camelus dromedarius) under different production systems.a cross-sectional study was conducted in desert environment of jhang (pakistan) from november 2008 to october 2009 on she-camels kept under pastoralist conditions to determine the prevalence of mastitis, impact of risk factors, and isolate the dominant mastitis-causing bacteria on total of 150 lactating she-camels by using clinical examination and surf field mastitis test. from the 150 she-camels examined, 69 (46%) were positive for mastitis at animal level, 12 (8%) clinical, and 57 (38%) subcli ...201121660648
population genetics of trypanosoma evansi from camel in the sudan.genetic variation of microsatellite loci is a widely used method for the analysis of population genetic structure of microorganisms. we have investigated genetic variation at 15 microsatellite loci of t. evansi isolated from camels in sudan and kenya to evaluate the genetic information partitioned within and between individuals and between sites. we detected a strong signal of isolation by distance across the area sampled. the results also indicate that either, and as expected, t. evansi is pure ...201121666799
prevalence and pathology of dermatophilosis in camels (camelus dromedaries) in iran.gross and histopathologic lesions of the integumentary system were studied in 103 camels (camelus dromedarius) slaughtered in yazd province of iran. dermatophilosis was diagnosed in 14 (13.6%) of the studied camels. grossly, patchy thickening of the skin with dark brown scabs or crusts were observed on the rump, flanks, abdomen, shoulders, and neck. a heavy infestation with brown hard ticks was present on the lesions in almost all of the affected camels. on parasitology examination, all the tick ...201121667076
alkhurma hemorrhagic fever in travelers returning from egypt, 2010.to the editor: the report of 2 visitors from italy being infected by alkhurma hemorrhagic fever virus (ahfv) in southeastern egypt near the border with sudan (1) provides useful data to help clarify the evolutionary origin of these tick-borne flaviviruses. ahfv was first isolated in saudi arabia and is associated with camel ticks (2). it is a genetically close relative of kyasanur forest disease virus, which was first isolated in india in 1957. following the original isolation of kyasanur forest ...201121801660
development of cys38 knock-out and humanized version of nbaahii10 nanobody with improved neutralization of aahii scorpion toxin.during scorpion envenoming, highly toxic small polypeptides of the venom diffuse rapidly within the victim, causing serious medical problems. nanobodies (nbs), the recombinant single-domain antigen-binding fragments of camel-specific heavy-chain only antibodies, offer special advantages in therapy over classic antibody fragments due to their robustness and smaller size, matching the size of the scorpion toxins. recently, a potent aahii scorpion toxin-neutralizing nb was identified. however, this ...201121798998
the investigation of probiotic potential of lactic acid bacteria isolated from traditional mongolian dairy products.the aims of this study were to investigate the diversity of lactic acid bacteria (lab) isolated from traditional mongolian dairy products, and to estimate the probiotic potential of the isolated strains. we collected 66 samples of the traditional mongolian dairy products tarag (n = 45), airag (n = 7), aaruul (n = 8), byasulag (n = 1) and eezgii (n = 5), from which 543 lab strains were isolated and identified based on 16s ribosomal dna sequence. the predominant species of those products were lact ...201121794017
proteolytic cleavage of stingray phospholipase a2: isolation and biochemical characterization of an active n-terminal form.abstract: background: mammalian gib-pla2 are well characterized. in contrast, much less is known about aquatic ones. the aquatic world contains a wide variety of living species and, hence represents a great potential for discovering new lipolytic enzymes. the aim of this study was to check some biochemical and structural properties of a marine stingray phospholipase a2 (spla2). results: the effect of some proteolytic enzymes on spla2 was checked. chymotrypsin and trypsin were able to hydrolyze s ...201121791082
ultrasonographic and macroscopic anatomy of the enucleated eyes of the buffalo (bos bubalis) and the one-humped camel (camelus dromedarius) of different ages.with 1 figure and 2 tables summary: the ultrasonographic appearance and measurements of the normal buffalo and camel eye globes were described in 60 buffaloes (bos bubalis) aged 1 year (28 eyes) and 10 years (32 eyes), and in 51 humped camels (camelus dromedarius) aged 1 year (26 eyes) and 10 years (24 eyes). ocular measurements were recorded by a- and b-scan ultrasonographic examination of 40 buffalo eyes (18 young and 22 adult eyes) and 34 camel eyes (14 young and 20 adult eyes) using a kangh ...201121790742
[genetic characterization of the brucella melitensis isolates from mongolia, russia, and azerbaijan].the goal of this work was to provide comparative genetic characterization of the human and animal brucella melitensis isolates from mongolia, russia and azerbaijan using current molecular-genetic typing methods.201121786630
multi-ligand specificity of pathogen associated molecular pattern-binding site in peptidoglycan recognition protein.peptidoglycan recognition protein, pgrp-s an innate immunity molecule that specifically interacts with microbial peptidoglycans and other pathogen-associated molecular patterns. we report here two structures of the unique tetrameric camel pgrp-s (cpgrp-s) complexed with (i) muramyl dipeptide (mdp) at 2.5å resolution and (ii) n-acetylglucosamine (glcnac) and ß-maltose at 1.7å resolution. the binding studies carried out using surface plasmon resonance indicated that cpgrp-s binds to mdp with a dis ...201121784863
levels and trends of pcdd/fs and pcbs in camel milk (camelus bactrianus and camelus dromedarius) from kazakhstan.to date, despite the fact it represents a very important part of the national dairy production, no data are available concerning the concentrations of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (pcdds), polychlorinated dibenzofurans (pcdfs), and polychlorinated biphenyls (pcbs) in camel milk from the republic of kazakhstan. selected pcdds, pcdfs, and pcbs were measured in pools of milk from camels (n=15) located in various places of kazakhstan (almaty, atyrau, aralsk, shymkent) and sampled at two differe ...201121777936
complex life cycle of pterygodermatites peromysci, a trophically transmitted parasite of the white-footed mouse (peromyscus leucopus).the aim of this study is to experimentally verify the intermediate host of a common gastrointestinal nematode, pterygodermatites peromysci, infecting the white-footed mouse (peromyscus leucopus) and describe the complex life cycle. as with other nematodes in the family rictulariidae, adult worms reside in the small intestine of the host, and infective eggs are shed into the environment where they are ingested by scavenger insects. a field survey of common nocturnal insects on the forest floors o ...201121766236
magnetosome expression of functional camelid antibody fragments (nanobodies) in magnetospirillum gryphiswaldense.numerous applications of conventional and biogenic magnetic nanoparticles, such as in diagnostics, immunomagnetic separations and magnetic cell labeling, require the immobilization of antibodies. this is usually accomplished by chemical conjugation, which however, has several disadvantages, such as poor efficiency and the need for coupling chemistry. here, we describe a novel strategy to display a functional camelid antibody fragment (nanobody) from an alpaca (lama pacos) on the surface of bacte ...201121764974
some biochemical characteristics and preservation of epididymal camel spermatozoa (camelus dromedarius).testicles were isolated from thirty five apparently healthy dromedary camels (camelus dromedarius), aged between 5 to 18 years, in a local slaughterhouse during the rutting season. epididymal fluid was collected from one epididymis for determination of twelve biochemical and antioxidant parameters using elisa commercial kits. spermatozoa were harvested from each region of the other epididymis (head, body and tail) and stored in shotor(®), green buffer(®) + 20% egg yolk and inra-96(®) extenders a ...201121762979
natural burkholderia mallei infection in dromedary, bahrain.we confirm a natural infection of dromedaries with glanders. multilocus variable number tandem repeat analysis of a burkholderia mallei strain isolated from a diseased dromedary in bahrain revealed close genetic proximity to strain dubai 7, which caused an outbreak of glanders in horses in the united arab emirates in 2004.201121762586
asian lineage of peste des petits ruminants virus, africa.interest in peste des petits ruminants virus (pprv) has been stimulated by recent changes in its host and geographic distribution. for this study, biological specimens were collected from camels, sheep, and goats clinically suspected of having pprv infection in sudan during 2000-2009 and from sheep soon after the first reported outbreaks in morocco in 2008. reverse transcription pcr analysis confirmed the wide distribution of pprv throughout sudan and spread of the virus in morocco. molecular ty ...201121762576
evidence against gb virus c infection in dromedary camels.a recent publication described finding gb virus c (gbv-c) rna in 4 of 22 dromedary camel sera, and sequence analysis found that these viruses were phylogenetically clustered within human gbv-c isolates. since all other gb viruses to date form monophyletic groups according to their host species, the close relationship between the sequences generated from camel sera and human gbv-c isolates seemed implausible, leading us to conduct an independent analysis of the sequences. our investigation found ...201121757300
immunological aspects of scorpion toxins: current status and perspectives.significant progress has been made in immunological studies of scorpion toxins and several formats of antibodies directed against scorpion toxins have been reported. some of these are commonly used in a specific treatment against envenoming; others are primarily used for immuno-biochemical characterizations. the preparation protocol of the antibody or its fragments can be substantially different from one laboratory to another, which complicates a direct comparison of the potency of the antivenom ...201121756244
hard ticks on one-humped camel (camelus dromedarius) and their seasonal population dynamics in southeast, iran.the primary objective of this study was to determine the diversity and intensity of ticks found on camels (camelus dromedarius) and their seasonal population dynamics in kerman, southeast of iran. for this purpose, a total of 426 tick specimens were collected from 217 infested camels in southeast of iran during activating seasons of ticks (april 2009 to march 2010). the species collected from camel were hyalomma dromedarii (84.7%), hyalomma marginatum (8.7%), hyalomma anatolicum excavatum (5.4%) ...201121720786
mitochondrial distribution, atp-gsh contents, calcium [ca2+] oscillation during in vitro maturation of dromedary camel oocytes.dromedary camel oocytes have the ability to spontaneous parthenogenetic activation and development in vivo and in vitro. the present study was conducted to investigate changes in mitochondrial distribution, adenosine triphosphate (atp), and glutathione (gsh) contents and [ca(2+)] oscillation during in vitro maturation and spontaneous parthenogentic activation of dromedary camel oocytes. dromedary camel cumulus-oocyte complexes (cocs) were matured in tcm199 medium supplemented with 10% fcs + 10 + ...201121820723
molecular cloning and characterization of cdna encoding a putative stress-induced heat-shock protein from camelus dromedarius.heat shock proteins are ubiquitous, induced under a number of environmental and metabolic stresses, with highly conserved dna sequences among mammalian species. camelus dromedaries (the arabian camel) domesticated under semi-desert environments, is well adapted to tolerate and survive against severe drought and high temperatures for extended periods. this is the first report of molecular cloning and characterization of full length cdna of encoding a putative stress-induced heat shock hspa6 prote ...201121845074
high affinity nanobodies against the trypanosome brucei vsg are potent trypanolytic agents that block endocytosis.the african trypanosome trypanosoma brucei, which persists within the bloodstream of the mammalian host, has evolved potent mechanisms for immune evasion. specifically, antigenic variation of the variant-specific surface glycoprotein (vsg) and a highly active endocytosis and recycling of the surface coat efficiently delay killing mediated by anti-vsg antibodies. consequently, conventional vsg-specific intact immunoglobulins are non-trypanocidal in the absence of complement. in sharp contrast, mo ...201121698216
vulvar pythiosis in two captive camels (camelus dromedarius).two camels (camelus dromedarius), 3- and 4-years-old, respectively, from an eastern tennessee wildlife farm presented with persistent weight loss and large vulvar masses. an initial biopsy of the vulvar mass of one of the camels performed by a local veterinarian showed eosinophilic dermatitis. an allergic or parasitic dermatitis was suspected. the two camels were treated with one dose of sodium iodide (66 mg/kg, in 1.0 l of normosolr, iv) and ivermectin 1% (200 ug/kg po). upon presentation at th ...201121696258
ultrasonographic evaluation of abdominal distension in 52 camels (camelus dromedarius).the purpose of this study was to assess the diagnostic value of ultrasonography in the evaluation of abdominal distension in 52 camels (camelus dromedarius). the conditions included trypanosomiasis (n=35), intestinal obstruction (n=12) and ruptured urinary bladder (n=5). fifteen clinically normal camels were included as controls. transabdominal and transrectal ultrasonography was carried out on all camels. in animals with trypanosomiasis, ultrasonographic findings included accumulation of massiv ...201121840025
teasing apart tangrams: testing hippocampal pattern separation with a collaborative referencing paradigm.the hippocampus and the medial temporal lobe cortex [medial temporal lobe cortices (mtlc)] both contribute to long-term memory. although their contributions are thought to be dissociable, the nature of the representations that each region supports remains unclear. the complementary learning systems (cls) modeling approach suggests that hippocampus represents overlapping information in a sparser and therefore more separated fashion than mtlc. we tested this prediction using a collaborative refere ...201121830250
determination of free phenolic acids and antioxidant capacity of methanolic extracts obtained from leaves and flowers of camel thorn (alhagi maurorum).the present study comprises the determination of some phenolic acids from the leaves and flowers of alhagi maurorum by hplc-dad, confirmed by lc-ms-apci. the antioxidant properties and measurements of the total phenolic contents of the extracts were assessed by 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (dpph) free radical scavenging and folin-ciocalteu methods, respectively. it was found that the leaf extract had higher antioxidant potential (83.5%) than the flower extract (72.3%). the antioxidant propertie ...201121834635
selenium and copper status of camels in al-jouf area (saudi arabia).in order to understand the changes in copper and selenium status in camel dam and calf around the calving period, blood samples were collected in 26 she-camel before delivery and after as well as their calves after birth. the mean values for the mother and their newborn were respectively 70.3ôçë-¦ôçë19.8 and 58.6ôçë-¦ôçë13.9-á++g/100-áml for copper, 5.3ôçë-¦ôçë3.7 and 4.6ôçë-¦ôçë1.7-á++g/100-áml for selenium. no change was observed for copper, but selenium increased after parturition in 81% of t ...201121698520
effect of season on contractile and metabolic properties of desert camel muscle (camelus dromedarius).thirty fattened one humped desert camels were used to examine the effect of season on contractile and metabolic properties of longissimus thoracis (lt) muscle. ten camels were slaughtered according to seasons of the year (winter, summer and autumn). season significantly influenced muscle chemical composition, ultimate ph (phu) and color. activities of metabolic enzymes were higher during autumn season compared to summer and winter for phosphofructokinase (+64% compared to both seasons) and for i ...201121737209
camel milk: an alternative for cow's milk allergy in children.treatment of cow's milk allergy (cma) in children includes avoidance of cow's milk and providing a milk substitute. this study was designed to determine whether cma children could safely consume camel's milk as an alternative, and skin-prick test (spt) to camel's milk could be a reliable tool in selecting them. between april 2007 and february 2010, children with confirmed cma seen at the allergy-immunology clinic, hamad medical corp., were enrolled into this prospective cohort study. subjects ha ...201121703103
outbreak of gastroenteritis caused by yersinia pestis in afghanistan.plague, which is most often caused by the bite of yersinia pestis-infected fleas, is a rapidly progressing, serious disease that can be fatal without prompt antibiotic treatment. in late december 2007, an outbreak of acute gastroenteritis occurred in nimroz province of southern afghanistan. of the 83 probable cases of illness, 17 died (case fatality 20·5%). being a case was associated with consumption or handling of camel meat (adjusted odds ratio 4·4, 95% confidence interval 2·2-8·8, p<0·001). ...201120663260
molecular characterization of human and animal echinococcus granulosus isolates in isfahan, iran.cystic hydatid disease (chd) is one of the most important zoonotic diseases in different parts of iran. while it causes major health problem, there is limited information about its transmission cycles and reservoirs of human infection. therefore we aimed to characterize the existence echinococcus granulosus cysts in humans and animals in the province of isfahan, central region of iran. we collected hydatid cysts from the liver and lungs of patients who underwent surgery procedure and also cysts ...201120858453
ultrastructural and molecular characterization of sarcocystis isolated from camel (camelus dromedarius) in iran.sarcocystis cameli was first described in one-humped camels (camelus dromedarius), and it is the only species which have so far reported in camels. although more than 150 species of sarcocystis were described in various animals, only a few data on camel sarcocystis ultrastructure were published, and this report is the first for molecular information (dna sequence and rlfp digestion pattern). the main objective of the present work is to characterize sarcocystis isolated from camels by electron mi ...201121061021
detection and genotyping of gb virus-c in dromedary camels in the united arab emirates.gb virus-c/hepatitis g virus (gbv-c/hgv), collectively known as gbv-c, is widely spread and was discovered while searching for a causative agent for non-a-e hepatitis. the aim of this study was to determine the rate of infection and genotypic characteristics of gbv-c in arabian camels in the united arab emirates (uae). a total of 22 blood and 8 milk samples from healthy camels were screened using rt-pcr/nested pcr of the 5'-untranslated region (utr). phylogenetic analysis was conducted by sequen ...201120674194
federated querying architecture with clinical & translational health it application.we present a software architecture that federates data from multiple heterogeneous health informatics data sources owned by multiple organizations. the architecture builds upon state-of-the-art open-source java and xml frameworks in innovative ways. it consists of (a) federated query engine, which manages federated queries and result set aggregation via a patient identification service; and (b) data source facades, which translate the physical data models into a common model on-the-fly and handl ...201121537849
effect of green buffer storage on the fertility of fresh camel semen after artificial insemination.artificial insemination (ai) is one of the most widely used reproductive technologies, and there is considerably interest in commercializing this technology in camels. storage of semen extender frozen (at -20°c) is of considerable interest to scientists working with camels, as transportation of diluents at refrigeration temperature is not always possible given the hot, arid and remote conditions that dromedary camels exist in. therefore, this study was conducted to compare the fertility of fresh ...201121545653
ovarian hydrobursitis in female camels (camelus dromedarius): clinical findings, histopathology and fertility after unilateral surgical ablation.this study was undertaken to verify the clinical signs, incidence, location, etiology and pathology of ovarian hydrobursitis in infertile female camels and estimate the fertility after unilateral surgical ablation. genital organs (n = 124) were examined in camels slaughtered at makkah abattoir during hajj of 2009. infertile female camels (n = 142) presented for management to the veterinary teaching hospital, qassim university, saudi arabia, were clinically examined and ultrasound-scanned for the ...201121550102
characterization of the microanatomy and histopathology of placentas from aborted, stillborn, and normally delivered alpacas (vicugna pacos) and llamas (lama glama).from 2002 to 2007, 101 camelid abortions and stillbirths were submitted to the veterinary diagnostic laboratory at oregon state university (84 alpacas [vicugna pacos], 13 llamas [lama glama], 4 unknown). for most cases (n = 67), a cause was not determined by routine testing. eighty-five submissions included placenta for microscopic examination, of which 55 were from abortions to unknown causes (idiopathic). microscopic features of placentas from abortion/stillbirth were compared with those from ...201121551426
nematomorph parasites drive energy flow through a riparian ecosystem.parasites are ubiquitous in natural systems and ecosystem-level effects should be proportional to the amount of biomass or energy flow altered by the parasites. here we quantified the extent to which a manipulative parasite altered the flow of energy through a forest-stream ecosystem. in a japanese headwater stream, camel crickets and grasshoppers (orthoptera) were 20 times more likely to enter a stream if infected by a nematomorph parasite (gordionus spp.), corroborating evidence that nematomor ...201121560690
retail promotions and perceptions of r.j. reynold's novel dissolvable tobacco in a u.s. test market.abstract: background: with declining cigarette sales, tobacco manufacturers have been developing and marketing new smokeless products, such as r. j. reynolds' dissolvable tobacco, camel sticks, strips and orbs. this study assessed the availability, price and point-of-purchase promotional strategies for camel dissolvables, and investigated consumer awareness, interest and perception of these products in the indiana test market. methods: a retail audit of point-of-purchase promotions was conducted ...201121569637
diagnostic evaluation of a nanobody with picomolar affinity toward the protease rgpb from porphyromonas gingivalis.porphyromonas gingivalis is one of the major periodontitis-causing pathogens. p. gingivalis secretes a group of proteases termed gingipains, and in this study we have used the rgpb gingipain as a biomarker for p. gingivalis. we constructed a naive camel nanobody library and used phage display to select one nanobody toward rgpb with picomolar affinity. the nanobody was used in an inhibition assay for detection of rgpb in buffer as well as in saliva. the nanobody was highly specific for rgpb given ...201121569755
zoonotic cases of camelpox infection in india.this study reports the first conclusive evidence of zoonotic camelpox virus (cmlv) infection in humans associated with outbreaks in dromedarian camels (camelus dromedaries) in northwest region of india during 2009. cmlv infection is usually restricted to camels and causes localised skin lesions but occasionally leads to generalised form of disease. however, the present outbreak involved camel handlers and attendants with clinical manifestations such as papules, vesicles, ulceration and finally s ...201121571451
evaluation of a nanobody phage display library constructed from a brucella-immunised camel.brucella are invasive gram-negative bacteria that multiply and survive within eukaryotic cells causing brucellosis. syrian (and middle east) health and economy sectors are still affected by this disease causing a serious national problem that needs to be solved. here, a strategy was developed to introduce a new generation of binders, known as nanobodies (nbs) in our combat against brucella. these nbs, recombinant single-domain variable fragments derived from camelid heavy-chain antibodies are ve ...201121592585
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