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brainstem auditory evoked potentials in raccoon dogs (nyctereutes procynoides).raccoon dogs (nyctereutesprocynoides) are canids indigenous to eastern asia being one of the most invasive non-native animals in europe and potential vectors for several hazardous parasitic and viral diseases. to present, there is a lack of studies regarding objective techniques used to appreciate the integrity and functionality of the nervous system in this species. brainstem auditory evoked potentials (baer) is a cost-effective, quick and noninvasive technique to assess the functionality of ne ...202032024272
neuropathology and diagnostic features of rabies in a litter of piglets, with a brief review of the literature.porcine rabies is exceedingly rare worldwide. we describe herein the neuropathology and the diagnostic features of an outbreak of rabies in a litter of piglets attacked by a skunk in georgia, united states. rabies viral infection was confirmed in 2 of 3 piglets submitted for testing. inflammatory and degenerative changes were more prominent in the brainstem and consisted of lymphoplasmacytic meningoencephalitis with glial nodules, neuronal necrosis, and neuronophagia. no viral inclusions (negri ...202031916501
rabies viruses in specific wild fur animals in northern china, 2017-2019.in recent years, rabies virus (rabv) has been detected in numerous specific wild fur animals in northern china. therefore, we performed an epidemiologic investigation of rabv in the main fur animal farming provinces during 2017-2019. the results showed that brain tissue samples from eight animals that presented with central nervous symptoms were positive for rabies virus according to direct fluorescent antibody assays and rt-pcr. the phylogenetic relationships and distributions of the viruses we ...202032434283
public veterinary medicine: public health: rabies surveillance in the united states during 2018.to describe rabies and rabies-related events occurring during 2018 in the united states.202031910075
genetic population structure of invasive raccoons (procyon lotor) in hokkaido, japan: unique phenomenon caused by pet escape or abandonment.phylogeographic studies can resolve relationships between genetic population structure of organisms and geographical distributions. raccoons have become feral in japan, and in hokkaido island, they have been rapidly increasing in number and spreading since the 1970s. we analyzed mitochondrial (mtdna) and microsatellite dna to understand the current phylogenetic distribution and invasive founder events. overall, hokkaido raccoons maintained high genetic diversity (i.e., the level of heterozygosit ...202032415152
acholeplasma equirhinis sp. nov. isolated from respiratory tract of horse (equus caballus) and mycoplasma procyoni sp. nov. isolated from oral cavity of raccoon (procyon lotor).we describe two novel species of acholeplasma sp. strain n93 and mycoplasma sp. strain lr5794 which were isolated from the nasopharynx of a horse from the united kingdom and from the oral cavity of a north american raccoon from canada, respectively. these strains were phenotypically and genetically characterized and compared to other established mycoplasma and acholeplasma species. both strains are facultative anaerobes, resistant to penicillin, and produce acid from glucose but do not hydrolyze ...202031828363
multispecies reservoir of spirometra erinaceieuropaei (cestoda: diphyllobothridae) in carnivore communities in north-eastern poland.spirometra erinaceieuropaei is a diphylobothriid tapeworm with a complex life-cycle including definitive, intermediate and paratenic (transport) hosts. multiple routes of parasite transmission often make it impossible to determine what type of host a specific infected animal is considered to be. spargana larvae cause sparganosis, a severe food- and water-borne disease mainly found in asia. in poland, spirometra sp. was reported in large carnivores in białowieża primeval forest for the first time ...202033168087
modelling habitat suitability for occurrence of human tick-borne encephalitis (tbe) cases in finland.the numbers of reported human tick-borne encephalitis (tbe) cases in europe have increased in several endemic regions (including finland) in recent decades, indicative of an increasing threat to public health. as such, it is important to identify the regions at risk and the most influential factors associated with tbe distributions, particularly in understudied regions. this study aimed to identify the risk areas of tbe transmission in two different datasets based on human tbe disease cases from ...202032723626
outbreak of botulism type a in dairy cows detected by maldi-tof mass spectrometry.twenty-eight lactating dairy cattle in new york state were exposed to botulism toxin; 12 died and 16 recovered but never returned to full productivity. pieces of a raccoon carcass were found in the total mixed ration on the first day of the outbreak. clinical signs included anorexia, decreased milk production, decreased tongue tone, profound weakness, and recumbency. clostridium botulinum type a (bont/a) was detected in rumen contents from 2 deceased cows via matrix-assisted laser desorption/ion ...202032715936
the presence of rabies virus-neutralizing antibody in wild boars (sus scrofa), a non-target bait vaccine animal in korea.oral vaccination with bait is an effective method to prevent rabies in wildlife, but non-target wild animals may also ingest the bait vaccine. in korea, the target animal of the rabies bait vaccine is the raccoon dog (nyctereutes procyonoides). bait vaccines have been distributed in korea for 20 years; although wild raccoon dogs have been tested for antibodies, rabies antibodies have never been investigated in non-target wild animals. therefore, this study investigated rabies antibody formation ...202032664240
objective assessment of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (adhd) using an infinite runner-based computer game: a pilot study.in the last few years, several computerized tasks have been developed to increase the objectivity of the diagnosis of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (adhd). this article proposes the "running raccoon" video game to assess the severity of inattention in patients diagnosed with adhd. unlike existing tests, the proposed tool is a genuine video game in which the patient must make a raccoon avatar jump to avoid falling into different gaps. the distance to the gap is recorded for each jump. ...202033050130
efficient distribution of oral vaccines examined by infrared triggered camera for advancing the control of raccoon dog rabies in south korea.the field distribution of the oral rabies vaccine is effective in controlling the spread of rabies. the present study aimed to investigate efficient distribution locations based on the environment, contact rate, and consumption by target wildlife species in south korea. the target species (korean raccoon dogs, domestic dogs, and feral cats) accounted for 945 contacts (52.2%), in total 1,808 contacts. there were 863 (47.8%) contacts by non-target species. raccoon dogs, a main reservoir of rabies ...202033028748
association of sarcoptic mange with kinship and habitat use in raccoon dogs (nyctereutes procyonoides).although kinship (parent-offspring or siblings) contact has been suggested as a driving factor for sarcoptic mange epizootic in raccoon dogs (nyctereutes procyonoides), no effect has been reported. in contrast, habitat fragmentation caused by urbanization may result in a high occurrence of sarcoptic mange, because habitat fragmentation may promote contact infection by increasing the population density of raccoon dogs. the habitat distribution of raccoon dogs may therefore influence epizootic sar ...202032684613
answer to photo quiz raccoon sign. 202032332179
raccoon sign. 202032332178
experimental comparison of baylisascaris procyonis definitive host competence between domestic dogs and raccoons (procyon lotor).domestic dogs can function as either paratenic or definitive hosts for the zoonotic raccoon roundworm baylisascaris procyonis. however, factors leading to development of patent infections in dogs are under-studied. here we compared infection dynamics of b. procyonis in dogs vs the natural raccoon host. dogs and raccoons were inoculated 5000 or 500 b. procyonis eggs (n = 3 per dose) or were fed b. procyonis-infected laboratory mice (n = 3 per dose; mice inoculated with 1000 or 250 eggs). fecal sa ...202032660656
helminthes in feral raccoon (procyon lotor) as an alien species in iran.the raccoon, procyon lotor linn. (procyonidae) is native to north and central america but has been introduced in several european and asian countries including japan, germany and iran. objective of this study was to determine frequency of gastrointestinal and tissue helminthes from feral raccoons in iran.202032595714
prevalence and epitope recognition of anti-trypanosoma cruzi antibodies in two procyonid species: implications for host resistance.more than 180 mammalian species have been found naturally infected with trypanosoma cruzi. many of them play an important role in the maintenance of this parasite. in particular, new studies have appeared which indicate that some species of procyonidae family may play a role as t. cruzi hosts, however, more data are needed to evaluate their long-term physiological response to parasite infection, especially for specific antibodies. in this study, antibodies to t. cruzi were detected and prevalenc ...202032545481
comparison of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 spike protein binding to ace2 receptors from human, pets, farm animals, and putative intermediate hosts.the emergence of a novel coronavirus, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (sars-cov-2), resulted in a pandemic. here, we used x-ray structures of human ace2 bound to the receptor-binding domain (rbd) of the spike protein (s) from sars-cov-2 to predict its binding to ace2 proteins from different animals, including pets, farm animals, and putative intermediate hosts of sars-cov-2. comparing the interaction sites of ace2 proteins known to serve or not serve as receptors allows the defin ...202032404529
what attributes are relevant for drainage culverts to serve as efficient road crossing structures for mammals?roads increase wildlife mortality and present a movement barrier for many species. while wildlife passages have been advocated as a solution to many of the problems associated with roads, they are expensive and many roads still have none. however, roads usually have a series of drainage culverts designed to allow water to cross underneath the road, which might also be used by some mammals. this study aims to (1) determine what variables influence the number of successful passages of drainage cul ...202032510423
phylogenetic relationships between different raccoon dog (nyctereutes procyonoides) populations based on four nuclear and y genes.the raccoon dog (nyctereutes procyonoides), endemic to east asia, is classified as six subspecies according to their geographical distribution including a population introduced to europe. studies on phylogenetic relationship or population genetics in both native and introduced areas have been carried out recently. lately, opinions that japanese raccoon dogs should be classified as a different species were asserted based on several studies using karyotypes, morphometric characters, mtdna, and mic ...202032725576
16s rrna gene amplicon sequence data from feces of five species of wild animals in japan.we report 16s rrna amplicon sequence data from feces from 58 wild boars, 60 feral raccoons, 9 wild japanese badgers, 21 wild masked palm civets, and 8 wild raccoon dogs in japan. the predominant bacterial taxa in the fecal microbiota were similar in part but varied among the animal species.202032467273
how to choose the best control strategy? mathematical models as a tool for pre-intervention evaluation on a macroparasitic disease.during the last century, emerging diseases have increased in number, posing a severe threat for human health. zoonoses, in particular, represent the 60% of emerging diseases, and are a big challenge for public health due to the complexity of their dynamics. mathematical models, by allowing an a priori analysis of dynamic systems and the simulation of different scenarios at once, may represent an efficient tool for the determination of factors and phenomena involved in zoonotic infection cycles, ...202033091027
do wild raccoons (procyon lotor) use tools?being able to make and use tools was once considered to be an evolutionary hallmark of our species, but has since been documented in other animals. however, for reasons that remain unclear, not all species naturally use tools. racoons (procyon lotor) are generalist carnivores that possess many of the physical, cognitive, and behavioural characteristics linked to tool use in other species (e.g. manual dexterity, tactile exploration, relatively large brains, extractive foraging, and sociality). al ...202033090295
susceptibility of raccoon dogs for experimental sars-cov-2 infection.raccoon dogs might have been intermediate hosts for severe acute respiratory syndrome-associated coronavirus in 2002-2004. we demonstrated susceptibility of raccoon dogs to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 infection and transmission to in-contact animals. infected animals had no signs of illness. virus replication and tissue lesions occurred in the nasal conchae.202033089771
cerebellar hypoplasia and dysplasia in a juvenile raccoon with parvoviral infection.a juvenile raccoon (procyon lotor) was submitted dead to the minnesota veterinary diagnostic laboratory for rabies testing without history. the animal had marked hypoplasia of the cerebellum. histology demonstrated that most folia lacked granule cells and had randomly misplaced purkinje cells. immunohistochemistry revealed the presence of parvoviral antigen in a few neurons and cell processes. pcr targeting feline and canine parvovirus yielded a positive signal. sequencing analyses from a fragme ...202032404029
spinach plants favor the absorption of k+ over na+ regardless of salinity, and may benefit from na+ when k+ is deficient in the soil.two spinach (spinacea oleracea l.) cultivars were evaluated for their response to deficient (0.25 mmolc l-1 or 0.25 k) and sufficient (5.0 mmolc l-1 or 5.0 k) potassium (k) levels combined with salinities of 5, 30, 60, 90, and 120 mmolc l-1 nacl. plants substituted k for na proportionally with salinity within each k dose. plants favored k+ over na+, regardless of salinity, accumulating significantly less na at 5.0 k than at 0.25 k. salinity had no effect on n, p, and k shoot accumulation, sugges ...202032326458
a 64-year-old woman with raccoon eyes following kidney biopsy: a case report.raccoon eyes or periorbital ecchymosis is caused by blood tracking into periorbital tissues, which is mostly recognized in injuries of head and neck, basal skull fractures, convexity fractures and facial fractures. it was also reported in systematic disorders, such as multiple myeloma, amyloidosis, kaposi's sarcoma, migraine and neuroblastoma. however, it is unusual to see a patient showing periorbital purpura after kidney biopsy with no other ecchymosis. here, we firstly reported this rare symp ...202032303194
identification of new anti-ncov drug chemical compounds from indian spices exploiting sars-cov-2 main protease as target.the 2019-novel coronavirus (ncov) has caused a global health crisis by causing coronavirus disease-19 (covid-19) pandemic in the human population. the unavailability of specific vaccines and anti-viral drug for ncov, science demands sincere efforts in the field of drug design and discovery for covid-19. the novel coronavirus main protease (sars-cov-2 mpro) play a crucial role during the disease propagation, and hence sars-cov-2 mpro represents as a drug target for the drug discovery. herein, we ...202032362243
host-parasite interactions in non-native invasive species are dependent on the levels of standing genetic variation at the immune locus.parasites may mediate the success of biological invasions through their effect on host fitness and thus, on host population growth and stability. however, a release from the pressure of parasites is strongly related to the genetic differentiation of the host. in invasive host populations, the number of available genetic variants, allowing them to 'fight' the infection, are likely to be influenced by founder events and genetic drift. the level standing genetic variation of invasive populations ma ...202032299345
origin of 3 rabid terrestrial animals in raccoon rabies virus-free zone, long island, new york, usa, 2016-2017.during 2016-2017, three rabid terrestrial animals were discovered in the raccoon rabies virus-free zone of long island, new york, usa. whole-genome sequencing and phylogenetic analyses revealed the likely origins of the viruses, enabling the rabies outbreak response (often costly and time-consuming) to be done less expensively and more efficiently.202032441636
outbreak of a novel disease caused by staphylococcus pseudintermedius in raccoon dogs (nyctereutes procyonoides).this study reports outbreak of a new disease caused by staphylococcus pseudintermedius (s. pseudintermedius) in raccoon dogs. the disease occurred in a breeding farm of raccoon dogs in guan county of shandong province in china in august of 2019. 47% (425/896) of the raccoon dogs showed some abnormal symptoms; 17.6% (75/425) of which had severe skin and soft tissue infections (sstis), dyspnoea and severe pathological lesions in lungs, livers, etc; and 4.2% (18/425) of which died within 4 weeks. t ...202032966709
prevalence of escherichia albertii in raccoons (procyon lotor), japan.natural reservoirs of escherichia albertii remain unclear. in this study, we detected e. albertii by pcr in 248 (57.7%) of 430 raccoons from osaka, japan, and isolated 143 e. albertii strains from the 62 pcr-positive samples. these data indicate that raccoons could be a natural reservoir of e. albertii in japan.202032441634
canine distemper in neotropical procyonids: molecular evidence, humoral immune response and epidemiology.canine distemper virus (cdv) can produce a fatal multisystem disease in carnivores and other mammals and is an important threat for wildlife conservation. however, integrative and comparative studies in wild carnivores are scarce and some areas of the world lack of genetic studies. we explore the dynamic of host-cdv in a procyonid community during an outbreak. this study reports for the first time an index case occurred in a common raccoon (procyon lotor) and for which a complete cdv diagnosis w ...202032949657
complex intragene deletion leads to oculocutaneous albinism in tanuki (japanese raccoon dog).tanuki (nyctereutes procyonoides viverrinus), or japanese raccoon dog, is a canine native to japan. tanuki with complete oculocutaneous albinism are relatively frequent in mountainous areas of mainland japan. tyrosinase, which is encoded by the tyr gene, is an enzyme essential for the biosynthesis of melanin pigment. we examined the structure and nucleotide sequence of tyr in an albino tanuki and found that the third exon was removed due to a deletion of approximately 11 kb. in addition, two non ...202032783776
molecular characteristics of the capsid protein vp2 gene of canine parvovirus type 2 amplified from raccoon dogs in hebei province, china.canine parvovirus type 2 (cpv-2) is currently circulating in domestic and wild animals, but our knowledge about cpv-2 infections in raccoon dogs is limited. in this study, vp2 gene sequences of cpv-2 were amplified from rectal swabs of 14 diarrhetic raccoon dogs (nyctereutes procyonoides) in hebei province, china, in 2016 and 2017. phylogenetic analysis of the vp2 gene sequences revealed that most of these sequences (11 of 14) belonged to the same subclade as raccoon dog strain cpv-2/raccoon_dog ...202032767108
survival of shiga toxin-producing escherichia coli in various wild animal feces that may contaminate produce.domestic and wild animal intrusions are identified as a food safety risk during fresh produce production. the purpose of this study was to evaluate the survival of shiga toxin-producing escherichia coli (stec) in cattle, feral pig, waterfowl, deer, and raccoon feces from sources in california, delaware, florida, and ohio. fecal samples were inoculated with a cocktail of rifampin-resistant stec serotypes (o103, o104, o111, o145, and o157) (104 to 106 cfu/g of feces). inoculated feces were held at ...202032299095
mercury, cadmium, copper, arsenic, and selenium measurements in the feathers of adult eastern brown pelicans (pelecanus occidentalis carolinensis) and chicks in multiple breeding grounds in the northern gulf of mexico.several trace metals and metalloids have been introduced into aquatic ecosystems due to anthropogenic activities. some of these elements like mercury (in the form of methylmercury) are easily transferred from one trophic level to another and can accumulate to toxic quantities in organisms at the top of aquatic food webs. for this reason, seabirds like the eastern brown pelican (pelecanus occidentalis carolinensis) are susceptible to heavy metal and metalloid toxicity and may warrant periodic mon ...202032297009
fatal canine parvovirus-2 (cpv-2) infection in a rescued free-ranging taiwanese pangolin (manis pentadactyla pentadactyla).carnivore protoparvovirus 1 includes feline parvovirus (fpv), variants of canine parvovirus-2 (cpv-2), mink enteritis virus, and raccoon parvovirus, important pathogens affecting both wild and domestic carnivores. in this report, we described a fatal cpv-2 infection in a rescued taiwanese pangolin, which provides the first evidence of cpv-2 infection in a non-carnivore. post-rescue, the taiwanese pangolin died from complications resulting from a severe panleucocytopenia and bloody diarrhoea. a f ...202031886933
a baby with raccoon eyes. 202031864469
parvovirus-induced encephalitis in a juvenile raccoon.a juvenile raccoon was euthanized because of severe neurologic signs. at postmortem examination, no significant gross lesions were present. histologic evaluation demonstrated nonsuppurative encephalitis in thalamus, brainstem, and hippocampus, cerebellar purkinje cell loss, as well as poliomyelitis and demyelination of the spinal cord. parvovirus antigen-specific immunohistochemistry revealed immunopositive neurons in the brainstem, cerebral cortex, and hippocampus. a few purkinje cells were als ...202033100176
systemic amyloidosis caused by monoclonal immunoglobulins: soft tissue and vascular involvement.clinical features of soft tissue amyloid light-chain (al) amyloidosis include macroglossia, arthropathy, muscle pseudohypertrophy, skin plaques, and carpal tunnel syndrome. vascular manifestations of al amyloid include periorbital ecchymosis, jaw or limb claudication, and even myocardial infarction caused by occlusion of small vessel coronary arteries. some of these features, such as macroglossia, periorbital ecchymosis, and the so-called shoulder-pad sign, are pathognomonic for al amyloidosis. ...202033099427
genetic characteristics of canine distemper viruses circulating in wildlife in the united states.canine distemper virus (cdv) is a highly contagious disease of wild and domestic mammals. maintenance of cdv among wildlife plays an important role in the disease epidemiology. wild animals, including raccoons (procyon lotor) and gray foxes (urocyon cinereoargenteus), serve as reservoirs of cdv and hamper the control of the disease. recently, we discovered that at least three different cdv lineages (america-3 [edomex], america-4, and america-5] that are genetically different from the available v ...202031926508
cardiopulmonary nematodes of wild carnivores from denmark: do they serve as reservoir hosts for infections in domestic animals?the cardiopulmonary nematodes angiostrongylus vasorum, crenosoma vulpis, capillaria aerophila and aelurostrongylus abstrusus, are a cause of concern in the scientific and veterinary community, potentially causing significant disease in domestic animals. to investigate the potential of wild carnivores as reservoir hosts to these parasites, a total of 1041 animals from seven regions of denmark were sampled: 476 raccoon dogs (nyctereutes procyonoides), 367 red foxes (vulpes vulpes), 123 american mi ...202032884901
reproduction success in european badgers, red foxes and raccoon dogs in relation to sett cohabitation.the setts of the european badger meles meles can be cohabited during reproductive season by the red fox vulpes vulpes and raccoon dog nyctereutes procyonoides. there is no information on the possible impact of both species on the size of badgers' litter. the aim of the study was to show the influence of cohabitation of the same setts by badger, raccoon dog and fox on the litter size. the research was conducted in 2012-2014 and 2018 in the lowland forests of western poland. we conducted the surve ...202032797065
under the skin: ixodes ticks in the subcutaneous tissue of red foxes (vulpes vulpes) from germany.ixodes spp. are vectors of zoonotic pathogens. all three active life stages (larvae, nymphs, adults) need to feed on a host in order to develop. usually ticks parasitize attached to the external surface of their hosts' skin. interestingly, in some cases ticks can also be found in the subcutaneous tissue in a variety of hosts, such as red foxes (vulpes vulpes), raccoon dogs (nyctereutes procyonoides) and dogs.202032312296
american dog ticks (dermacentor variabilis) as biological indicators of an association between the enteric bacterium moellerella wisconsensis and striped skunks (mephitis mephitis) in southwestern manitoba, canada.total genomic (g) dna from 100 american dog ticks (dermacentor variabilis) collected from humans, dogs, raccoons, and skunks near minnedosa (manitoba, canada) in 2005 was tested for the presence of moellerella wisconsensis (gammaproteobacteria: enterobacteriales) using pcr. although two gdna samples derived from ticks attached to two striped skunks (mephitis mephitis) contained m. wisconsensis dna, it is unlikely that d. variabilis is a vector of this bacterium. genomic dna prepared from the was ...202032402233
prevalence and genotyping of toxoplasma gondii infection in raccoon dogs (nyctereutes procyonoides) in northern china.toxoplasma gondii is one of protozoan parasites resulting in zoonosis, which can infect nearly all of warm-blooded hosts, including humans and raccoon dogs (nyctereutes procyonoides). however, related reports on prevalence and genetic characterization of t. gondii strains in raccoon dogs were few in china. the aim of this study was to survey the prevalence and genetic characterization of t. gondii strains in domestic raccoon dogs from jilin, liaoning, and hebei provinces, northern china. during ...202031589566
could mustelids spur covid-19 into a panzootic?the ongoing pandemic caused by sars-cov-2 has spilled over into humans from an animal reservoir. notably, the virus is now spilling back into a variety of animal species. it appears striking that american (neovison vison) and european (mustela vison) minks are the first intensively farmed animal to experience outbreaks. neither of these have occurred in asia or africa but rather in europe - namely spain, denmark, netherlands and in the us, at a mink farm in utah. current evidence indicates that ...202032909703
raccoon roundworm prevalence (baylisascaris procyonis) at the north carolina zoo, usa.baylisascaris procyonis is an important zoonotic nematode of raccoons (procyon lotor). infection with this parasite has important health implications for humans, zoo animals, and free-ranging wildlife. as a large, natural habitat zoo, the north carolina zoo (nc zoo) coexists with native wildlife. raccoons are abundant at the nc zoo and the prevalence of b. procyonis is unknown. raccoon latrines were located through employee reporting and systematic searching throughout the zoo and sampled for b. ...202032742774
prevalence of baylisascaris procyonis in raccoon latrines in southern ontario, canada.raccoon latrines represent sites of potential infection by the zoonotic parasite baylisascaris procyonis for wildlife and humans. our objective was to determine the prevalence of b. procyonis at raccoon latrine sites in southern ontario. thirty raccoon latrines were sampled between june - july 2018; multiple scats were collected and homogenized to form a representative sample of each latrine. to determine the presence or absence of b. procyonis eggs in each sample, we used the cornell-wisconsin ...202032448536
spillover of sars-cov-2 into novel wild hosts in north america: a conceptual model for perpetuation of the pathogen.there is evidence that the current outbreak of the novel coronavirus sars-cov-2, which causes covid-19, is of animal origin. as with a number of zoonotic pathogens, there is a risk of spillover into novel hosts. here, we propose a hypothesized conceptual model that illustrates the mechanism whereby the sars-cov-2 could spillover from infected humans to naive wildlife hosts in north america. this proposed model is premised on transmission of sars-cov-2 from human feces through municipal waste wat ...202032416535
demographic and environmental factors associated with baylisascaris procyonis infection of raccoons (procyon lotor) in ontario, canada.the raccoon (procyon lotor) roundworm, baylisascaris procyonis, is an emerging wildlife zoonosis of public health significance in north america. although the adult stage typically causes no disease in raccoons, the larval stage can cause significant disease in a variety of species, including humans. raccoons often use human environments, which may increase the risk of b. procyonis exposure in people, particularly in urban settings. because of this, our objectives were to identify host and enviro ...202031658429
prevalence of baylisascaris procyonis in raccoons trapped in new orleans, louisiana, 2014-2017.baylisascaris procyonis, the raccoon roundworm, is considered an emerging zoonotic disease in the united states after being identified in raccoons captured in different us regions and metropolitan areas. humans can become infected with b. procyonis after ingesting mature roundworm eggs, sometimes resulting in fatal disease or severe sequelae in these patients. the first reported human baylisascaris case in new orleans raised concerns that very little was known about this zoonotic disease in the ...202031414972
epidemiology of rabies and current us vaccine guidelines.rabies is an acute encephalitis that is caused by rabies virus (rabv) infection, which belongs to the rhabdoviridae family of viruses. it causes about 59,000 human deaths per year (although this number may be under-reported) and is generally fatal, once signs and symptoms begin to appear. rabies is still very prevalent and under- reported, particularly in low to middle-income countries such as asia and africa, where there is lack of access to healthcare and domestic dogs are not widely vaccinate ...202032752569
characterization and comparison of slam/cd150 in free-ranging coyotes, raccoons, and skunks in illinois for elucidation of canine distemper virus disease.canine distemper virus (cdv) is a cause of significant disease in canids and increasingly recognized as a multi-host pathogen, particularly of non-canid families within carnivora. cdv outbreaks in sympatric mesocarnivores are routinely diagnosed in the forest preserve district of cook county, illinois. cdv is diagnosed more commonly and the disease more severe in raccoons and striped skunks than in coyotes. research in other species suggests host cell receptors may play a role in variable diseas ...202032599844
serosurvey of coyotes (canis latrans), foxes (vulpes vulpes, urocyon cinereoargenteus), and raccoons (procyon lotor) for exposure to influenza a viruses in the usa.we tested coyote (canis latrans), fox (urocyon cinereoargenteus, vulpes vulpes), and raccoon (procyon lotor) sera for influenza a virus exposure. we found 2/139 samples (1 coyote, 1 raccoon) had iav antibodies and hemagglutination inhibition assays revealed the antibodies to the 2009/2010 h1n1 human pandemic virus or to the 2007 human seasonal h1n1 virus.202032320339
invasive wild pigs as primary nest predators for wild turkeys.depredation of wild turkey (meleagris gallopavo) nests is a leading cause of reduced recruitment for the recovering and iconic game species. invasive wild pigs (sus scrofa) are known to depredate nests, and have been expanding throughout the distributed range of wild turkeys in north america. we sought to gain better insight on the magnitude of wild pigs depredating wild turkey nests. we constructed simulated wild turkey nests throughout the home ranges of 20 gps-collared wild pigs to evaluate n ...202032060348
vertebrate scavenger guild composition and utilization of carrion in an east asian temperate forest.scavenging is a common feeding behavior by many species that plays an important role in ecosystem stability and function while also providing ecosystem services. despite its importance, facultative scavenging on large animal carcasses has generally been overlooked in asian temperate forest ecosystems. the aim of this study was to determine the composition and feeding behavior of the facultative scavenger guild as it relates to sika deer (cervus nippon) carcasses in japanese forests. there are no ...202032076509
rabies encephalitis and extra-neural manifestations in a patient bitten by a domestic cat.rabies encephalitis is a fatal zoonotic viral disease transmitted to humans either by domestic animals like dogs and cats or by wild animals like bats, skunks and raccoons. we present the case of a 25-year-old woman admitted due to behavioral disorders, generalized paresthesiasand acute respiratory deterioration compatible with a respiratory distress syndrome (ards) requiring orotracheal intubation, mechanical ventilation and empirical initiation of antibiotic and antiviral therapy. chest tomogr ...202031967209
the first report and molecular analysis of enterocytozoon bieneusi from raccoon (procyon lotor) in north of iran.microsporidia are known opportunistic microorganisms and usually transmitted via the fecal-oral route. however, there is no information about human-infecting microsporidia in wildlife in iran. this study aimed to investigate and analyze human-infecting microsporidia isolated from raccoons in north of iran. totally, 30 fecal samples were collected; then, dna extraction was performed and specific fragments of the ssu rrna gene of enterocytozoon bieneusi and encephalitozoon species were amplified. ...202031943500
increased detection of rabies virus in bats in ceará state (northeast brazil) after implementation of a passive surveillance programme.the intensification of dog, cat and livestock vaccination campaigns significantly reduced rabies cases in humans and domestic animals in ceará state, brazil. however, sylvatic animals-bats (order chiroptera), wild canids, raccoons and non-human primates- remain as reservoirs for the virus. our hypothesis is that surveillance and monitoring of rabies virus in bats, especially passive surveillance, is of fundamental importance, besides the implementation of health education and strengthening of su ...202031797575
detection of dna from the zoonotic raccoon roundworm baylisascaris procyonis in a french wolf.baylisascaris procyonis is a zoonotic nematode whose main definitive host is the raccoon, an invasive carnivore in europe introduced from the united states. b. procyonis causes larva migrans with poor prognosis in humans. this parasite was unexpectedly detected in france for the first time upon molecular screening of wolf faecal samples. because no patent infection was found, the wolf cannot be considered as a definitive host. this discovery of b. procyonis in france nonetheless raises questions ...202032512048
first molecular detection of pneumocystis spp. in red foxes (vulpes vulpeslinnaeus, 1758) and raccoon dogs (nyctereutes procyonoidesgray, 1834).fungal organisms of the genus pneumocystis may cause pneumocystis pneumonia (pcp) in humans, but also domestic and wild mammals. almost every animal species hosts its own genetically distinct pneumocystis species, however information is sparse. in this study, 62 red foxes (vulpes vulpes) and 37 raccoon dogs (nyctereutes procyonoides) were collected in north-east germany. the lung tissues of the animals were analysed by a new designed specific pan-pneumocystis mtlsu rrna gene pcr and sequencing. ...202032871298
analysis and clinical importance of skull base fractures in adult patients with traumatic brain injury.basal skull fracture (bsf) is rare in head injury (hi) patients and occasionally goes unnoticed which may lead to cerebrospinal fluid (csf) fistula. with changing trends in hi, there is a need to reassess incidence and pattern of bsf pattern, csf leak, meningitis, and management protocol, especially in this part of the world where detailed literature is lacking.202030069094
a baylisascaris outbreak in fox squirrels (sciurus niger) and subsequent detection of francisella tularensis in kansas, usa.thorough epidemiologic investigations of wildlife mortality events are often challenging, in part because of the dynamic variables involved. in may 2011, six fox squirrels (sciurus niger) in clinton state park, kansas, us were euthanized after exhibiting clinical signs of neurologic disease. postmortem examination of two squirrels revealed that these individuals died of baylisascaris larva migrans, which resulted in meningoencephalitis and variable pneumonia and myocarditis. fecal flotation of r ...202031750777
selenium and mercury in the hair of raccoons (procyon lotor) and european wildcats (felis s. silvestris) from germany and luxembourg.this study examined the concentration of total mercury (thg) and selenium (se), as well as the molar ratio of se:thg in hair samples of terrestrial animals. thg and se concentrations were measured from the hair of raccoons (procyon lotor) and european wildcats (felis s. silvestris) from germany and luxembourg. median thg concentrations in hair from raccoons and wildcats were 0.369 and 0.273 mg kg-1 dry weight (dw), respectively. se concentrations were higher in the hair of raccoons than of wildc ...202031734834
assessment of the invasion process of the common raccoon procyon lotor (carnivora: procyonidae) on a mediterranean island a decade after its introduction.the common raccoon, procyon lotor was introduced at the balearic islands (spain) in 2006. since then, a colonization process has been carried out, with captures of specimens in 24.30% of the surface of the whole mallorca island. for the first time, information has been provided on the invasive process of p. lotor in an insular ecosystem. 257 specimens of p. lotor were captured during the period 2007-2018, of them 104 were analysed to estimate population parameters. demographic data showed that t ...202031678879
multi-species elisa for the detection of antibodies against sars-cov-2 in animals.severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (sars-cov-2) has caused a pandemic with millions of infected humans and hundreds of thousands of fatalities. as the novel disease - referred to as covid-19 - unfolded, occasional anthropozoonotic infections of animals by owners or caretakers were reported in dogs, felid species and farmed mink. further species were shown to be susceptible under experimental conditions. the extent of natural infections of animals, however, is still largely unknown. ...202033191578
preference among 7 bait flavors delivered to domestic dogs in arizona: implications for oral rabies vaccination on the navajo nation.less than 20% of the domestic dogs on tribal lands in the united states are vaccinated against rabies. one method to increase vaccination rates may be the distribution of oral rabies vaccines (orvs). onrab® (artemis technologies, inc., ontario, canada) is the primary orv used in canada to vaccinate striped skunks and raccoons. to investigate the potential use of onrab® orv baits to vaccinate feral domestic dogs against rabies on tribal lands and beyond, we performed a flavor preference study. a ...202032288687
molecular characteristics of h9n2 influenza viruses isolated from farmed raccoon dogs and arctic foxes in china.in this study, eight h9n2 iavs were isolated from infected diseased, farmed raccoon dogs and arctic foxes. eight genes shared 98.6%-100% identity among the isolates possessing a psrssr/gl motif at the ha cleavage site, which is same as the motif of g1 and y280 lineages of h9n2 iavs. the phylogenetic analysis showed that the ha genes of the eight isolates clustered with y280-like viruses, whereas the na genes belonged to f/98-like sublineage. interestingly, the ns, np, pb2 and pa genes of the iso ...202033223121
comparison of two surveillance components for investigating the epidemiology of canine distemper virus in raccoons (procyon lotor).canine distemper virus (cdv) has a broad mammalian host range. in ontario, canada, cdv is frequently encountered in wild carnivores and is the most common infectious cause of death for raccoons (procyon lotor). the isolation of wild-type cdv strains genetically distinct from vaccine strains in north america has renewed interest in the epidemiological patterns of this virus. however, wildlife surveillance is challenging and often utilizes a combination of surveillance methods with aggregation of ...202133635985
mink slam v-region v74i substitutions contribute to the formation of syncytia induced by canine distemper virus.the signal lymphatic activation molecule (slam, also known as cd150) as the cellular receptor of canine distemper virus (cdv) plays an important role in the virus-host interaction. however, it is still unknown whether amino acid differences in the slam variable (v) region affect the formation of syncytia. here, using raccoon dog slam (rslam) and mink slam (mslam), we performed slam-v homologous modeling, site-directed mutagenesis, and surface expression analysis, as well as a cell fusion assay, ...202133585591
peridomestic mammal susceptibility to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 infection.wild animals have been implicated as the origin of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (sars-cov-2), but it is largely unknown how the virus affects most wildlife species and if wildlife could ultimately serve as a reservoir for maintaining the virus outside the human population. we show that several common peridomestic species, including deer mice, bushy-tailed woodrats, and striped skunks, are susceptible to infection and can shed the virus in respiratory secretions. in contrast, w ...202134286685
sars-cov-2 in animals: potential for unknown reservoir hosts and public health implications.severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (sars-cov-2, previously 2019-ncov) is suspected of having originated in 2019 in china from a coronavirus infected bat of the genus rhinolophus. following the initial emergence, possibly facilitated by a mammalian bridge host, sars-cov-2 is currently transmitted across the globe via efficient human-to-human transmission. results obtained from experimental studies indicate that animal species such as cats, ferrets, raccoon dogs, cynomolgus macaques, ...202133892621
monitoring of sars-cov-2 infection in mustelids.american mink and ferret are highly susceptible to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (sars-cov-2), but no information is available for other mustelid species. sars-cov-2 spreads very efficiently within mink farms once introduced, by direct and indirect contact, high within-farm animal density increases the chance for transmission. between-farm spread is likely to occur once sars-cov-2 is introduced, short distance between sars-cov-2 positive farms is a risk factor. as of 29 january ...202133717355
survival of sars-cov-2 on clothing materials.in order to plan and execute proper preventative measures against covid-19, we need to understand how sars-cov-2 is transmitted. it has been shown to remain infectious on surfaces from hours to days depending on surface type and environmental factors. the possibility of transmission through fur animals and contaminated pelts, along with the safety of those working with them, is a major concern. sars-cov-2 can infect minks and raccoon dogs and has spread to mink farms in numerous countries. here, ...202133927762
sylvatic canine morbillivirus in captive panthera highlights viral promiscuity and the need for better prevention strategies.canine distemper virus (cdv) is a multi-host morbillivirus that infects virtually all carnivora and a few non-human primates. here we describe a cdv outbreak in an exotic felid rescue center that led to the death of eight felids in the genus panthera. similar to domestic dogs and in contrast to previously described cdv cases in panthera, severe pneumonia was the primary lesion and no viral antigens or cdv-like lesions were detected in the central nervous system. four tigers succumbed to opportun ...202133946447
viral metagenomics reveals diverse viruses in the feces samples of raccoon dogs.raccoon dogs as an ancient species of canidae are the host of many viruses, including rabies virus, canine distemper virus, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus, and so on. with the development of raccoon dog breeding in recent years, some viruses which infected poultry or pigs were also detected from raccoon dogs. at present, the fecal virome of raccoon dogs has been rarely studied. using an unbiased viral metagenomic approach, we investigated the fecal virome in raccoon dogs collected ...202134322538
covid-19 pandemic: what about the safety of anti-coronavirus nanoparticles?every day, new information is presented with respect to how to best combat the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (sars-cov-2). this manuscript sheds light on such recent findings, including new co-factors (i.e., neuropilin-1) and routes (i.e., olfactory transmucosal) allowing cell entry of sars-cov-2 and induction of neurological symptoms, as well as the new sars-cov-2 variants. we highlight the sars-cov-2 human-animal interfaces and elaborate containment strategies using the same ...202133808934
which species does the virus like most: binding modes study between sars-cov-2 s protein and ace2 receptor.the emergence of a novel coronavirus (sars-cov-2) has been spreading worldwide in 2020. coronaviruses could mainly cause respiratory tract infections in humans and multiple system infections in many animals. the coronavirus enters the host cell through the binding of surface spike glycoprotein (s protein) with host angiotensin-converting enzyme-ⅱ (ace2) protein.202133740562
covid-19 and the animal world, from a still mysterious origin towards an always unpredictable future.although the emergence of covid-19 in china has not been clearly elucidated, the hypothesis of an animal origin remains the most likely. it is supported by the presence of the horseshoe bat suspected to be the progenitor of sars-cov-2 and by the scarcity of pork, due to african swine fever, diverting consumers to exotic animals of breeding sold in the markets. during this pandemic, several animal species were affected by sars-cov-2. sporadic cases were first reported in pets (dogs and cats) infe ...202134305142
aptamer-targeting of aleutian mink disease virus (amdv) can be an effective strategy to inhibit virus replication.aleutian mink disease (amd), which is caused by aleutian mink disease virus (amdv), is an important contagious disease for which no effective vaccine is yet available. amd causes major economic losses for mink farmers globally and threatens some carnivores such as skunks, genets, foxes and raccoons. aptamers have exciting potential for the diagnosis and/or treatment of infectious viral diseases, including amd. using a magnetic beads-based systemic evolution of ligands by exponential enrichment ( ...202133633317
updates on rabies virus disease: is evolution toward zombie virus a tangible threat?human rabies disease is caused by rabies lyssavirus, a virus belonging to rhabdoviridae family. the more frequent means of contagion is through bites of infected mammals (especially dogs, but also bats, skunks, foxes, raccoons and wolves) which, lacerating the skin, directly inoculate virus-laden saliva into the underlying tissues. immediately after inoculation, the rabies virus enters neural axons and migrates along peripheral nerves towards the central nervous system, where it preferentially l ...202133682816
lesions associated with bartonella taylorii-like bacterium infection in a free-ranging, young-of-the-year raccoon from prince edward island, canada.a young-of-the year, female raccoon was presented with clinical signs of weakness and tremors. the raccoon was euthanized, and autopsy findings included poor body condition, diffuse lymphadenopathy, and pale, firm kidneys with petechial hemorrhages throughout the renal cortex. histologic lesions included systemic fibrinoid vascular necrosis and severe renal lesions, including lymphoplasmacytic interstitial nephritis and fibrinosuppurative glomerulonephritis. inflammatory vascular lesions were al ...202133463406
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