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characterization of heat shock protein 70 gene from haemonchus contortus and its expression and promoter analysis in caenorhabditis elegans.haemonchus contortus infections in small ruminants are of major economic importance worldwide. heat shock proteins (hsps) are a family of molecular chaperones that play important roles in the process of invasion and survival of nematodes. although hsp70 has been identified in several parasitic nematodes, little is known of its distribution and function in haemonchus contortus. the aims of this study were to characterize hsp70 from haemonchus contortus (designed as hc-hsp70), express hc-hsp70 and ...201323360558
in vitro ovicidal and larvicidal activity of the essential oil of artemisia lancea against haemonchus contortus (strongylida).prolonged use of chemical anthelmintics has been found to result in anthelmintic resistance and environmental issues, thereby limiting the application of these drugs in domestic animals and prompting interest in the study of plant extracts as alternative sources thereof. the aim of this study was to evaluate the in vitro effect of the essential oil (eo) of artemisia lancea against the parasitic nematode haemonchus contortus using egg hatch assay, larval development assay, and larval migration in ...201323351974
measurement of phenotypic resilience to gastro-intestinal nematodes in merino sheep and association with resistance and production variables.a cross-over experiment was conducted to compare six different phenotypic measures of resilience to gastro-intestinal nematodes (predominantly haemonchus contortus) in merino sheep and their association with resistance and production levels. on each of six farms, 120 ewes born in 2006 and 120 older mixed age ewes were selected at shearing in 2007. of these, 60 in each mob were serially treated with long-acting anthelmintics to suppress worm populations. the other 60 ewes were managed according t ...201323333138
scanning electron microscopy of haemonchus contortus exposed to tannin-rich plants under in vivo and in vitro conditions.the structural changes induced in adult haemonchus contortus after in vitro and in vivo contact with a tannin-rich (tr) plant, either tzalam (lysiloma latisiliquum) or sainfoin (onobrychis viciifolia), were assessed using scanning electron microscopy (sem). all the worms used in the study were adult females. the haemonchus adult worms were obtained from the abomasum of infected donor goats. adult h. contortus were kept in contact with the extracts of tr plants for 24h for the in vitro assays and ...201323246590
plant secondary compounds as complementary resources: are they always complementary?generalist herbivores typically grow better on mixed- than on single-component diets. this response has been attributed to food complementarities that either enhance the utilization of nutrients or dilute the negative impacts of plant secondary compounds (psc). for instance, when animals choose between foods that contain diverse psc, they eat more than animals offered a food that contains just one psc. in addition to their negative impacts on herbivore fitness, recent evidence suggests that at a ...201323223888
haemonchus contortus: a multiple-resistant brazilian isolate and the costs for its characterization and maintenance for research use.the aim of this work was to determine the resistance level of haemonchus contortus isolated from the santa inês flock of the embrapa (brazilian government's agricultural research company), southeast livestock unit (cppse), as well as to determine costs of characterizing and maintaining this isolate in host donors. forty-two male santa inês lambs were experimentally infected with 4000 h. contortus infective larvae of the field isolate of cppse, called embrapa2010, and divided into six treatment g ...201322809891
effect of supplemental sericea lespedeza leaf meal pellets on gastrointestinal nematode infection in grazing goats.feeding sun-dried sericea lespedeza [sl; lespedeza cuneata (dum-cours.) g. don.] reduces gastrointestinal nematode (gin) infection in goats fed in confinement, but effects of this forage when fed as a supplement to goats on pasture are unclear. a study was completed in which supplemental feeds (75 and 95% sl leaf meal pellets and a commercial pellet, all fed at 0.91 kg/head/day) were offered to thirty growing male spanish goats (9 months old, 20.6 ± 2.8 kg, 10/treatment) grazing perennial warm-s ...201322985929
sensitivity of two in vitro assays for evaluating plant activity against the infective stage of haemonchus contortus strains.the sensitivity of larval paralysis assay (lpa) and 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide-formazan (mtt-formazan) assay was compared to evaluate the anthelmintic activity of plant extracts. in this study, the methanolic extract of azadirachta indica (neem) was evaluated for its activity against the infective-stage larvae (l(3)) of susceptible and resistant haemonchus contortus strains using the two aforementioned assays. in both in vitro assays, the same serial concentrat ...201322961237
unexpected occurrence of haemonchus placei in cattle in southern western australia.haemonchus placei is an abomasal parasite of cattle, primarily in tropical and subtropical areas of the world. in australia, this nematode can be extremely pathogenic in summer rainfall areas, particularly in the hot, sub-tropical kimberley region, in the far north of the state of western australia (wa). although cattle are occasionally transferred to southern parts of wa, it was believed that h. placei did not occur in southern regions of wa, as it is less cold-adapted than haemonchus contortus ...201424189197
response of resistant and susceptible brazilian somalis crossbreed sheep naturally infected by haemonchus contortus.this study was carried out to evaluate the performance of brazilian somalis sheep to natural infections by gastrointestinal nematodes. during 98 days, 75 weaned sheep, initially 3-4 months old, were kept on the same pasture and evaluated. fecal and blood samples were collected for parasitological and hematological exams. after this period, the eight most resistant and the eight most susceptible animals were selected based on their individual averages of nematode fecal egg counts and were slaught ...201424425452
transcriptional and proteomic analysis reveal recombinant galectins of haemonchus contortus down-regulated functions of goat pbmc and modulation of several signaling cascades in vitro.in this study, a combined proteomic and transcriptomic analysis was performed to understand the mechanisms underlying the immunomodulation induced by recombinant galectins of haemonchus contortus (rhco-gal-m/f) on goat peripheral blood mononuclear cells (pbmc). we demonstrated that rhco-gal-m/f could be distinguished by antisera from goats experimentally infected with h. contortus and bound to the surface of goat pbmc. following rhco-gal-m/f exposure, 16 differentially expressed proteins were id ...201424401599
in vitro effects of musa x paradisiaca extracts on four developmental stages of haemonchus contortus.this study was carried out to evaluate the in vitro effect of musa x paradisiaca stem and leaf against the parasitic nematode of small ruminants haemonchus contortus. three extracts (aqueous, methanolic and/or dichloromethane) of musa x paradisiaca stem and leaf were tested in vitro on four developmental stages of h. contortus using egg hatch assay (eha), larval development assay (lda), l3 migration inhibition assay (lmi) and adult worm motility assay (awm). the highly significant (p<0.0001) abi ...201424382490
identification and quantification of benzimidazole resistance polymorphisms in haemonchus contortus isolated in northeastern brazil.haemonchus contortus is the most prevalent nematode in brazil. the objective of this study was to select 6 populations of h. contortus of known or suspected benzimidazole resistance status and characterize these using quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qpcr) for single nucleotide polymorphisms (snps) f200y, f167y and e198a in the β-tubulin isotype 1 gene. qpcr was performed using dna from a pool of 10 adult male h. contortus from a single animal per farm. faecal egg count reductio ...201424295955
haemonchus contortus p-glycoproteins interact with host eosinophil granules: a novel insight into the role of abc transporters in host-parasite interaction.eosinophils are one of the major mammalian effector cells encountered by helminths during infection. in the present study, we investigated the effects of eosinophil granule exposure on the sheep parasitic nematode haemonchus contortus as a model. h. contortus eggs exposed to eosinophil granule products showed increased rhodamine 123 efflux and this effect was not due to loss of egg integrity. rh123 is known to be a specific p-glycoprotein (pgp) substrate and led to the hypothesis that in additio ...201424498376
frequency of benzimidazole resistance in haemonchus contortus populations isolated from buffalo, goat and sheep herds.anthelmintic resistance is an increasing problem that threatens livestock production worldwide. understanding of the genetic basis of benzimidazole resistance recently allowed the development of promising molecular diagnostic tools. in this study, isolates of haemonchus contortus obtained from goats, sheep and buffaloes raised in brazil were screened for presence of the polymorphism phe200tyr in the β-tubulin 1 gene, which confers resistance to benzimidazole. the allelic frequency of the mutatio ...201424473880
in vitro effects of coriandrum sativum, tagetes minuta, alpinia zerumbet and lantana camara essential oils on haemonchus contortus.phytotherapy can be an alternative for the control of gastrointestinal parasites of small ruminants. this study evaluated the efficacy of alpinia zerumbet, coriandrum sativum, tagetes minuta and lantana camara essential oils by two in vitro assays on haemonchus contortus, an egg hatch test (eht) and larval development test (ldt). no effect was observed for l. camara in the eht. a. zerumbet, c. sativum and t. minuta essential oils exhibited a dose-dependent effect in the eht, inhibiting 81.2, 99 ...201424473869
measuring the effect of avermectins and milbemycins on somatic muscle contraction of adult haemonchus contortus and on motility of ostertagia circumcincta in vitro.the mechanism of anthelmintic resistance against the widely used macrocyclic lactones (mls) is still not fully understood. pharyngeal, somatic body muscles and the ovijector have been proposed as putative sites of action as well as resistance. in the present study the effects of three avermectins and three milbemycins on adult parasitic nematodes were evaluated in vitro. the muscle transducer system was used to investigate the effects of mls on muscle contraction in female haemonchus contortus a ...201424576444
influence of experimental infection by haemonchus contortus on acetylcholinesterase activity in lymphocytes of lambs.the aim of this study was to evaluate the acetylcholinesterase (ache) activity in lymphocytes of lambs experimentally infected by haemonchus contortus. a total of 14 healthy lambs were used, divided into two groups of seven animals each. group a (negative control) represented the uninfected animals, and group b (positive control) was formed by animals infected with 15,000 larvae of h. contortus. blood was drawn on the days 15, 45 and 75 post-infection (pi) in order to perform the white blood cel ...201424560768
effects of tannic acid on haemonchus contortus larvae viability and immune responses of sheep white blood cells in vitro.direct inhibitory effects of tannic acid on haemonchus contortus viability were studied in vitro using the larval migration inhibition (lmi) assay. sheep white blood cells (wbc) were preincubated with 5 and 50 lg/ml tannic acid or not followed by whole h. contortus antigen (wha). cells were harvested at 24 h post-incubation to test host immune responses. concentrations of 50, 100, 500, 1000, 3000 and 5000 lg/ml tannic acid inhibited larvae migration by 19.8, 42.4, 46.3, 92.0, 93.7 and 100%, resp ...201424558656
wild deer as potential vectors of anthelmintic-resistant abomasal nematodes between cattle and sheep farms.gastrointestinal (gi) nematodes are among the most important causes of production loss in farmed ruminants, and anthelmintic resistance is emerging globally. we hypothesized that wild deer could potentially act as reservoirs of anthelmintic-resistant gi nematodes between livestock farms. adult abomasal nematodes and faecal samples were collected from fallow (n = 24), red (n = 14) and roe deer (n = 10) from venison farms and areas of extensive or intensive livestock farming. principal components ...201424552838
in vitro screening of forty medicinal plant extracts from the united states northern great plains for anthelmintic activity against haemonchus contortus.an egg hatch assay (eha) and a larval migration assay (lma) involving haemonchus contortus was used to evaluate the anthelmintic activity of methanol extracts from 40 plants that are native or naturalized within the u.s.a. northern great plains. only one of these 40 plants (i.e. lotus corniculatus) had been previously evaluated for activity against any gastrointestinal nematode. the various extracts were initially screened at 50mg/ml diluted either in 0.5% dimethyl sulphoxide (dmso) or 3-(n-morp ...201424548703
experimental infection by haemonchus contortus in lambs: influence of disease on purine levels in serum.the aim of this study was to evaluate the purine levels of lambs experimentally infected with haemonchus contortus. a total of 12 healthy lambs were divided into two groups, composed of 6 animals each: group a represented the healthy animals (uninfected), while in group b the animals were infected with 15 000 larvae of h. contortus. blood was drawn on days 15, 45 and 75 post-infection (pi) in order to perform the purine analysis (atp, adp, amp, adenosine, inosine, hypoxanthine, xanthine and uric ...201424534114
genetic parameters for growth and faecal worm egg count following haemonchus contortus experimental infestations using pedigree and molecular information.haemonchosis is a parasitic disease that causes severe economic losses in sheep industry. in recent years, the increasing resistance of the parasite to anthelmintics has raised the need for alternative control strategies. genetic selection is a promising alternative but its efficacy depends on the availability of genetic variation and on the occurrence of favourable genetic correlations between the traits included in the breeding goal. the objective of this study was twofold. first, to estimate ...201424528625
haemonchus contortus microtubules are cold resistant.haemonchus contortus is an important nematode of livestock that is present in most parts of the world. the life cycle comprises free living stages (egg, l1, l2 and l3 larvae), and parasitic stages (l4, adult and egg) in a ruminant. microtubules are filamentous structures which are made from polymerization of α- and β-tubulin. in vitro polymerization of α- and β-tubulin can be achieved by increasing the temperature to 37°c under certain conditions. as part of its normal functioning, in mammals, t ...201424525483
predatory capability of the nematophagous fungus arthrobotrys robusta preserved in silica gel on infecting larvae of haemonchus contortus.biological control of gastrointestinal nematodiasis in ruminants is an alternative to reduce the number of infective larvae. the fungal isolates predatory activity preservation is a basic requirement for the success of this control type. the aim of this work is to evaluate the predatory capacity of the fungus arthrobotrys robusta (isolate i-31), preserved on silica gel on infective larvae of haemonchus contortus under laboratory conditions on 2 % water agar (2 % wa). in this essay, a. robusta st ...201424510197
novel assay for the detection and monitoring of levamisole resistance in haemonchus contortus.a levamisole-sensitive acetylcholine receptor has recently been described in the parasitic nematode haemonchus contortus. the pentameric receptor is produced from different subunit proteins, one of which is hco-acr-8. a truncated transcript, hco-acr-8b, has been identified in six levamisole-resistant h. contortus isolates and was found to be absent in four levamisole-susceptible isolates, indicating hco-acr-8b could be a potential marker for levamisole resistance. the hco-acr-8b transcript conta ...201424503202
co-infection of haemonchus contortus and trichostrongylus spp. among livestock in malaysia as revealed by amplification and sequencing of the internal transcribed spacer ii dna region.haemonchus contortus and trichostrongylus spp. are reported to be the most prevalent and highly pathogenic parasites in livestock, particularly in small ruminants. however, the routine conventional tool used in malaysia could not differentiate the species accurately and therefore limiting the understanding of the co-infections between these two genera among livestock in malaysia. this study is the first attempt to identify the strongylids of veterinary importance in malaysia (i.e., h. contortus ...201424502557
opposing effects of the anesthetic propofol at pentameric ligand-gated ion channels mediated by a common site.propofol is an intravenous general anesthetic that alters neuronal excitability by modulating agonist responses of pentameric ligand-gated ion channels (plgics). evidence suggests that propofol enhancement of anion-selective plgics is mediated by a binding site between adjacent subunits, whereas propofol inhibition of cation-selective plgics occurs via a binding site contained within helices m1-m4 of individual subunits. we considered this idea by testing propofol modulation of homomeric human g ...201424501356
effect of molecular weight and concentration of legume condensed tannins on in vitro larval migration inhibition of haemonchus contortus.the effect of molecular weight of condensed tannins (ct) from a variety of warm-season perennial legumes commonly consumed by sheep and goats on anthelmintic activity has not been previously explored. the objectives of this study were to determine if molecular weight of ct from warm-season perennial legumes could predict the biological activity of ct relative to anthelmintic activity against ivermectin resistant l3 stage haemonchus contortus (hc) using a larval migration inhibition (lmi) assay. ...201424126088
relationship between oxidative stress and pathological findings in abomasum of infected lambs by haemonchus contortus.the aim of this study was to evaluate the nitric oxide (no) levels, and oxidative and antioxidant markers of lambs experimentally and naturally infected by haemonchus contortus, and its relation to lesions in the abomasum. for experimental study, a total of 14 healthy lambs were divided into two groups with seven animals each. group a represented the uninfected animals (control), and group b was formed by infected animals with 15,000 larvae of h. contortus. blood was collected on days 15, 45, an ...201425446248
exploring the role of two interacting phosphoinositide 3-kinases of haemonchus contortus.phosphoinositide 3-kinases (pi3ks) are relatively conserved and important intracellular lipid kinases involved in signalling and other biological pathways. in the free-living nematode caenorhabditis elegans, the heterodimeric form of pi3k consists of catalytic (age-1) and regulatory (aap-1) subunits. these subunits are key components of the insulin-like signalling pathway and play roles in the regulation of the entry into and exit from dauer. although, in parasitic nematodes, similar components ...201425388625
morphological variation between isolates of the nematode haemonchus contortus from sheep and goat populations in malaysia and yemen.haemonchus contortus is a highly pathogenic nematode parasite of sheep and goats. this work was conducted to investigate the population and host variations of the parasitic nematode h. contortus of sheep and goats from malaysia and yemen. eight morphological characters were investigated, namely the total body length, cervical papillae, right spicule, left spicule, right barb, left barb, gubernaculum and cuticular ridge (synlophe) pattern. statistical analysis showed the presence of morphological ...201423176779
evaluation of predation of the mite lasioseius penicilliger (aracnida: mesostigmata) on haemonchus contortus and bacteria-feeding nematodes.predation by the mite lasioseius penicilliger was studied on three nematode species, i.e. infective larval stages (l3) of haemonchus contortus and adults of panagrellus redivivus and rhabditis sp. experiments were carried out in 5.5-cm diameter petri dishes containing 2% water-agar over a period of 5 days. batches of up to 1500 third-stage larvae (l3) of h. contortus and 1000 adult nematodes of p. redivivus and rhabditis sp. were exposed to five mites in separate petri dishes. upon contact, each ...201423046767
effects of supplementation with dietary green tea polyphenols on parasite resistance and acute phase protein response to haemonchus contortus infection in lambs.the objective of this study was to determine the effects of supplementation with dietary green tea polyphenols (gtps) on parasite resistance and acute phase protein (app) response to haemonchus contortus infection in lambs. thirty male ujumqin lambs were randomly assigned to five treatment groups for an 8-week feeding period. treatments included: (1) uninfected as control, (2) infected but not given gtp (infgtp0) and (3)-(5) infected and fed 2, 4, or 6g gtp/kg feed (dry matter basis; infgtp2, in ...201425042046
evaluation of two iranian domestic ovine breeds for their pathological findings to gastrointestinal infection of haemonchus contortus.the generally warm, moist environmental conditions in the northwestern iran are ideal for survival and growth of the egg and larval stages of haemonchus contortus and other gastrointestinal nematodes (gin) of sheep and goats.a total of 2,421 animals were slaughtered and examined from july 2010 to july 2011 in urmia abattoir. in case of sheep, 225 out of 2,421 were positive and prevalence of h. contortus infestation was 9.3 %. sex wise prevalence of h. contortus in sheep was 33.08 % (76/229) in m ...201425035592
in vitro evidence that the pastoral artemisia campestris species exerts an anthelmintic effect on haemonchus contortus from sheep.occurrence of anthelmintic resistant strains of helminths is increasing. the aim of this study was to evaluate the in vitro anthelmintic activity of artemisia campestris in comparison to albendazole against haemonchus contortus of sheep. in this respect, in vitro anthelmintic activities of crude aqueous and crude ethanolic extracts of aerial parts of a. campestris were investigated on eggs and adults of haemonchus contortus. chemical analyses revealed that overall profile of both extracts sample ...201425027867
nutrient partitioning of merino sheep divergently selected for genetic difference in resistance to haemonchus contortus.this research was designed to determine if divergent genetic selection for resistance to haemonchus contortus had produced correlated changes in the metabolism of amino-nitrogen in the absence or presence of h. contortus infection. partitioning of amino acid-nitrogen between tissues was determined in 42 merino weaner wethers from the csiro haemonchus selection flock, increased resistance to haemonchus (irh), decreased resistance to haemonchus (drh) and random bred control (c) selection lines. we ...201425027755
effect of fall-grazed sericea lespedeza (lespedeza cuneata) on gastrointestinal nematode infections of growing goats.high prevalence of anthelmintic-resistant gastrointestinal nematodes (gin) in goats has increased pressure to find effective, alternative non-synthetic control methods, one of which is adding forage of the high condensed tannin (ct) legume sericea lespedeza (sl; lespedeza cuneata) to the animal's diet. previous work has demonstrated good efficacy of dried sl (hay, pellets) against small ruminant gin, but information is lacking on consumption of fresh sl, particularly during the late summer-autum ...201424996964
anthelmintic resistance in ovine gastrointestinal nematodes in inland southern queensland.to establish the prevalence of anthelmintic resistance in ovine gastrointestinal nematodes in southern queensland.201425348144
phenobarbital induction and chemical synergism demonstrate the role of udp-glucuronosyltransferases in detoxification of naphthalophos by haemonchus contortus larvae.we used an enzyme induction approach to study the role of detoxification enzymes in the interaction of the anthelmintic compound naphthalophos with haemonchus contortus larvae. larvae were treated with the barbiturate phenobarbital, which is known to induce the activity of a number of detoxification enzymes in mammals and insects, including cytochromes p450 (cyps), udp-glucuronosyltransferases (udpgts), and glutathione (gsh) s-transferases (gsts). cotreatment of larvae with phenobarbital and nap ...201425288079
supplementation of moist and dehydrated citrus pulp in the diets of sheep artificially and naturally infected with gastrointestinal nematodes on the parasitological parameters and performance.the inclusion of industrial byproducts such as citrus pulp in the composition of animal diets has been widely recommended due to sustainability aspects and their high level of carbohydrates. limonene is found in citrus pulp and has been described elsewhere as a major compound of citrus essential oils with excellent anthelmintic activity. the objective of this study was to evaluate the parasitological parameters of lambs artificially infected (experiment 1) with haemonchus contortus and naturally ...201425282048
effect of selenium yeast supplementation on naturally acquired parasitic infection in ewes.gastrointestinal parasites cause substantial economic losses in pasture-based sheep production systems. supranutritional organic selenium (se) supplementation may be beneficial because it improves immune responses to pathogens. to evaluate the effect of se-yeast supplementation on gastrointestinal parasite load, 30 ewes per treatment group were drenched weekly with no se, 4.9 mg se/week as se yeast (maximum fda-allowed concentration), or supranutritional concentrations of se yeast (14.7 and 24.5 ...201425256922
cysteine proteinase genes in indian strain of haemonchus contortus.the genes of microvillar cysteine proteinases such as hmcp1, hmcp6 and gcp7 of phenotypically distinct morphotypes of female h. contortus having knobbed and linguiform vulvar flaps were cloned and characterized. complementary dna (cdna) was synthesized from total rna of both the morphotypes. the hmcp1, hmcp6 and gcp7 genes were amplified from cdna. the amplicons were cloned in pdrive t/a cloning vector and sequenced by sanger's dideoxy method. the nucleotide and deduced amino acid sequences were ...201425239651
dna vaccine encoding haemonchus contortus actin induces partial protection in goats.actin is a globular multi-functional protein that forms microfilaments, and participates in many important cellular processes. previous study found that haemonchus contortus actin could be recognized by the serum of goats infected with the homology parasite. this indicated that h. contortus actin could be a potential candidate for vaccine. in this study, dna vaccine encoding h. contortus actin was tested for protection against experimental h. contortus infections in goats. fifteen goats were all ...201425236283
vaccination of grazing calves with antigens from the intestinal membranes of haemonchus contortus: effects against natural challenge with haemonchus placei and haemonchus similis.a vaccine containing integral membrane glycoproteins from the intestine of haemonchus contortus was evaluated in three groups of eight 5 months old grazing calves, naturally infected by haemonchus similis, haemonchus placei and other gastrointestinal nematodes. vaccinated calves received 5 or 50μg of the antigen and 1mg of saponin adjuvant, while the controls received adjuvant alone, initially three times, 3 weeks apart and then four more times at 6 weeks intervals. three weeks after the last im ...201424960373
reduced neophobia: a potential mechanism explaining the emergence of self-medicative behavior in sheep.gastrointestinal helminths challenge ruminants in ways that reduce their fitness. in turn, ruminants have evolved physiological and behavioral adaptations that counteract this challenge. for instance, emerging behavioral evidence suggests that ruminants self-select medicinal compounds and foods that reduce parasitic burdens. however, the mechanism/s leading to self-medicative behaviors in sick animals is still unknown. we hypothesized that when homeostasis is disturbed by a parasitic infection, ...201424955494
copper and selenium: auxiliary measure to control infection by haemonchus contortus in lambs.the aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of selenium and copper on oxidative stress and its performance in lambs experimentally infected with haemonchus contortus. twenty-eight five-months old lambs were experimentally infected by the oral route with 5000 third-stage infective larvae and allocated into four groups, i.e., untreated animals, animals treated intramuscularly with sodium selenite (0.2 mg kg(-1)), animals treated subcutaneously with copper (3.5 mg kg(-1)), and animals treated ...201424950380
functional investigation of a qtl affecting resistance to haemonchus contortus in sheep.this study reports a functional characterization of a limited segment (qtl) of sheep chromosome 12 associated with resistance to the abomasal nematode haemonchus contortus. the first objective was to validate the identified qtl through the comparison of genetically susceptible (n) and resistant (r) sheep produced from martinik × romane back-cross sheep. the r and n genotype groups were then experimentally infected with 10 000 h. contortus larvae and measured for fec (every three days from 18 to ...201424939584
efficacy of free and nanoencapsulated eucalyptus citriodora essential oils on sheep gastrointestinal nematodes and toxicity for mice.herbal medicines with anthelmintic effects are alternatives for the sustainable control and prevention of disease caused by gastrointestinal parasites. the nanoencapsulation of essential oils has been proposed to enhance the absorption of their constituents and improve their efficacy. the present study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of free and nanoencapsulated eucalyptus citriodora essential oil (eceo) on the control of gastrointestinal nematodes of small ruminants in vitro and in vivo. chitosa ...201424929446
the presence of benzimidazole resistance mutations in haemonchus placei from us cattle.haemonchus populations were collected from cattle from mid-western and eastern southern us (four and six populations, respectively) to determine the relative prevalence of haemonchus contortus and haemonchus placei and the frequency of the three isotype-1 β-tubulin polymorphisms associated with benzimidazole resistance. a minimum of 32 individual adult worms were genotyped at position 24 of the rdna its-2 for each population to determine species identity (296 worms in total). one population from ...201424916341
proteomic analysis of mecistocirrus digitatus and haemonchus contortus intestinal protein extracts and subsequent efficacy testing in a vaccine trial.gastrointestinal nematode infections, such as haemonchus contortus and mecistocirrus digitatus, are ranked in the top twenty diseases affecting small-holder farmers' livestock, yet research into m. digitatus, which infects cattle and buffalo in asia is limited. intestine-derived native protein vaccines are effective against haemonchus, yet the protective efficacy of intestine-derived m. digitatus proteins has yet to be determined.201424901227
moisture requirements for the migration of haemonchus contortus third stage larvae out of faeces.the abomasal nematode haemonchus contortus causes severe disease and production loss in small ruminants in warmer regions and is also an emerging threat in many temperate climates. specific knowledge of the effects of climate on the epidemiology of h. contortus is needed to effectively apply sustainable control strategies, which rely on prediction of infection risk. although the effects of temperature and rainfall on larval development in this species have been characterised, much less is known ...201424893698
desiccation tolerance of gastrointestinal nematode third-stage larvae: exploring the effects on survival and fitness.the free-living third-stage larvae (l3) of gastrointestinal nematodes are able to tolerate extreme weather conditions such as desiccation, but little is known about the consequent effects this has on their fitness. this study explored how the desiccation of haemonchus contortus l3 larvae affected their absolute fitness by examining their success at consequent life cycle stages for a complete generation, and comparing them against a control. the stages examined include establishment, fecundity, l ...201424828346
relative potency of macrocyclic lactones in in vitro assays with larvae of susceptible and drug-resistant australian isolates of haemonchus contortus and h. placei.the present study used in vitro assays to determine the relative potency of commercial macrocyclic lactone (ml) anthelmintics against larvae of drug-susceptible and drug-resistant australian isolates of important parasites of sheep and cattle, haemonchus contortus and haemonchus placei, respectively. cattle pour-on products containing abamectin, ivermectin, eprinomectin, doramectin or moxidectin were diluted in dmso and used in larval development assays. abamectin was the most potent chemical (l ...201424813746
anthelmintic activity of artemisia annua l. extracts in vitro and the effect of an aqueous extract and artemisinin in sheep naturally infected with gastrointestinal nematodes.there is no effective natural alternative control for gastrointestinal nematodes (gin) of small ruminants, with haemonchus contortus being the most economically important gin. despite frequent reports of multidrug-resistant gin, there is no new commercial anthelmintic to substitute failing ones. although trematocidal activity of artemisinin analogs has been reported in sheep, neither artemisinin nor its plant source (artemisia annua) has been evaluated for anthelmintic activity in ruminants. thi ...201424802864
immune response to haemonchus contortus and haemonchus placei in sheep and its role on parasite specificity.two trials were conducted to determine the prepatent and the patent period of haemonchus contortus and haemonchus placei in santa ines crossbred sheep and to determine whether serial infections with both species confer protection against homologous or heterologous challenge. to evaluate the prepatent and patent periods of infection, five lambs received a single infection with 4000 h. contortus-infective larvae (l3), and another five received a single infection with 4000 h. placei l3. h. contortu ...201424670867
metabolic pathways of anthelmintic drug monepantel in sheep and in its parasite (haemonchus contortus).monepantel (mop) is a new anthelmintic drug intended for the treatment and control of gastrointestinal roundworms (nematodes) infection and associated disease in sheep. the aim of our study was to find out metabolic pathways of mop in sheep in vivo and in its parasite haemonchus contortus ex vivo. mop biotransformation in two h. contortus strains with different sensitivity to anthelmintics was also compared. ultra high-performance liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry (uhplc-ms/ms) ...201424616229
comparative pharmacology of flatworm and roundworm glutamate-gated chloride channels: implications for potential anthelmintics.pharmacological targeting of glutamate-gated chloride channels (glucls) is a potent anthelmintic strategy, evidenced by macrocyclic lactones that eliminate numerous roundworm infections by activating roundworm glucls. given the recent identification of flatworm glucls and the urgent need for drugs against schistosomiasis, flatworm glucls should be evaluated as potential anthelmintic targets. this study sought to identify agonists or modulators of one such glucl, smglucl-2 from the parasitic flat ...201425516835
first report of monepantel haemonchus contortus resistance on sheep farms in uruguay.on two farms it was noted that after routine treatment with monepantel, fecal egg counts failed to drop. this was accompanied by lambs mortality due to haemonchus contortus infection. the aim of this work was to evaluate the efficacy of monepantel to control gastrointestinal nematodes (gin) in two sheep farms, in uruguay.201425515711
anthelmintic activity of acetone-water extracts against haemonchus contortus eggs: interactions between tannins and other plant secondary compounds.this study aimed at (i) describing the effects of acetone-water extracts obtained from a range of different plant materials, on the hatching process of haemonchus contortus eggs under in vitro conditions and (ii) identifying the role of tannins and other plant secondary compounds (psc), on these ah effects by using polyvinylpolypyrrolidone (pvpp), an inhibitor of tannins and other polyphenols. an egg hatch assay (eha) was used to determine the ah effect. acetone-water (70:30) extracts from diffe ...201425468031
development of a loop-mediated isothermal amplification (lamp) assay for the sensitive detection of haemonchus contortus eggs in ovine faecal samples.a major constraint on the effective control and management of helminth parasites in livestock is the lack of rapid and reliable diagnostic tests to identify the parasite species responsible for disease and to allow informed treatment decisions to be made. in the present study, we have developed a novel dna-based assay for the detection of haemonchus contortus eggs in ovine faecal samples, using loop-mediated isothermal amplification (or lamp). lamp allows for rapid detection of h. contortus dna ...201425468028
field efficacy of four anthelmintics and confirmation of drug-resistant nematodes by controlled efficacy test and pyrosequencing on a sheep and goat farm in denmark.we describe a case of anthelmintic resistance on one of the largest organic small ruminant farms in denmark. the flock was established in 2007 by purchase of animals from other danish farms and had history of clinical parasitism, high mortality of young stock and anthelmintic treatment failure. in october 2011, 40 lambs and 40 kids were selected for a faecal egg count reduction test (fecrt) with fenbendazole (fbz), ivermectin (ivm), moxidectin (mox) and levamisole (lev). lambs were treated with ...201425468020
long-term effects of drenches with condensed tannins from acacia mearnsii on goats naturally infected with gastrointestinal nematodes.in this study, the long-term effects of exposure to a drench containing condensed tannins (cts) from acacia mearnsii on gastrointestinal nematodes in goats were investigated. male cross-bred anglo-nubian goat kids between 3 and 5 months of age were dewormed at the beginning of the experiment. the goat kids were divided into one group that received weekly 24 g oral doses of a. mearnsii bark extract dissolved in water containing 16.7% cts (gct group, n = 8) and a second group that did not receive ...201425224791
a dyf-7 haplotype causes sensory neuron defects and is associated with macrocyclic lactone resistance worldwide in the nematode parasite haemonchus contortus.heavy reliance on macrocyclic lactones to treat parasitic nematodes has resulted in the evolution of widespread drug resistance that threatens human and animal health. management strategies have been proposed that would slow the rise of resistance, however testing these strategies has been hampered by the lack of identified strong-effect resistance markers in parasites. we show that the caenorhabditis elegans gene cel_dyf-7, necessary for amphid sensory neuron development, also confers macrocycl ...201425224687
a one shot blood phenotype can identify sheep that resist haemonchus contortus challenge.gastrointestinal nematodes remain a major limitation to the productivity of livestock systems. selective breeding to produce populations that have an enhanced ability to resist infection is a viable and ongoing option to reduce this impact. the development of new phenotypes that facilitate this process is therefore of great interest. for this reason we explored relationships between haematological parameters and the ability of sheep to resist nematode infection. a multivariate analytical approac ...201425200384
attempts to vaccinate ewes and their lambs against natural infection with haemonchus contortus in a tropical environment.a vaccine containing integral membrane glycoproteins from the intestine of haemonchus contortus was evaluated in three groups of grazing sheep each containing 13 ewes and their 16 lambs naturally infected with gastrointestinal nematodes. two groups were vaccinated with either 5 or 50μg of the antigen per immunisation, while the third, the control group, received adjuvant alone. the sheep were immunised six times at 3week intervals, partly because the vaccine antigens are hidden and thus no immun ...201425148946
expression of caenorhabditis elegans-expressed trans-hps, partial aminopeptidase h11 from haemonchus contortus.aminopeptidase h11 present in the surface of intestine microvilli in haemonchus contortus was identified as the most effective antigen candidate. however, its recombinant forms produced in escherichiacoli, insect cells and yeast could not provide promising protection against h. contortus challenge, probably due to the inappropriate glycosylation and/or conformational folding. herein, partial h11 containing the potential zinc-binding domain and two predicted glycosylation sites (nt 1 bp-1710 bp, ...201425128369
development of an in vitro screen for compound bioaccumulation in haemonchus contortus.the objective of the current study was to establish an in vitro screen and a highly sensitive analytical assay to delineate key physicochemical properties that favor compound bioaccumulation in the l3 life stage of a haemonchus contortus isolate. time-dependent studies revealed that absorption and elimination kinetics during the first 6 hr of exposure were sufficient to achieve maximum bioaccumulation for the majority of compounds tested. in subsequent studies, the larvae were incubated for 6 hr ...201425116000
protein profile of lambs experimentally infected with haemonchus contortus and supplemented with selenium and copper.gastrointestinal nematodes cause significant economic losses in the sheep industry, with frequent reports of anthelmintic resistance. therefore, alternative methods to control these parasites are necessary. thus, the aim of the present study was to assess the effect of treatment with selenium and copper on the protein profile of sheep that were experimentally infected with haemonchus contortus.201425096962
the effect of vitamin e supplementation on an experimental haemonchus contortus infection in lambs.the objective of this study was to investigate the effect of vitamin e supplementation on an experimental haemonchus contortus infection in lambs. twenty lambs were stratified into two treatment groups based on fecal egg count. worm-free lambs, 28-32 weeks of age, were supplemented with vitamin e (d-α-tocopherol) for 12 weeks following the recommendations of the national research council for the minimum daily requirement (control; 5.3 iu/kg body weight (bw)/day (d), n=10) or the requirement for ...201425085770
pilot project to investigate over-wintering of free-living gastrointestinal nematode larvae of sheep in ontario, canada.this study investigated the overwintering survival and infectivity of free-living gastrointestinal nematode (gin) stages on pasture. the presence of gin larvae was assessed on 3 sheep farms in ontario with a reported history of clinical haemonchosis, by collecting monthly pasture samples over the winter months of 2009/2010. the infectivity of gin larvae on spring pastures was evaluated using 16 tracer lambs. air and soil temperature and moisture were recorded hourly. free-living stages of tricho ...201425082990
gastrointestinal nematodes and anthelmintic resistance in danish goat herds.the prevalence of gastrointestinal parasites in danish goats and the presence of anthelmintic resistance (ar) in 10 selected herds were investigated during april-september 2012. all danish herds (n = 137) with 10 or more adult goats were invited to participate, and of these 27 herds met the inclusion criterion of more than 10 young kids never treated with anthelmintics. questionnaire data on management were collected, and faecal samples from 252 kids were analysed by the mcmaster technique. from ...201425076056
hc-fau, a novel gene regulating diapause in the nematode parasite haemonchus contortus.diapause induced in the early fourth stage of haemonchus contortus is a strategy to adapt this nematode to hostile environmental conditions. in this study, we identified a new gene, hc-fau, a homologue of human fau and caenorhabditis elegans ce-rps30. hc-fau encodes two proteins through alternative rna splicing, hc-faua and hc-faub, consisting of 130 and 107 amino acids, respectively. hc-fau possesses a diverged ubiquitin-like (ubil) protein domain and a conserved ribosome protein s30 domain. th ...201425058511
drug-efflux and target-site gene expression patterns in haemonchus contortus larvae able to survive increasing concentrations of levamisole in vitro.while there is some evidence that changes in nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nachr) subunits confer resistance to levamisole in gastrointestinal helminth parasites, the exact nature of the resistance mechanism(s) is unclear. we utilised the presence of a resistant fraction within the wallangra 2003 isolate of haemonchus contortus larvae in order to subdivide the population into three subpopulations of larvae able to survive increasing concentrations of the drug. we then measured gene expressio ...201425057457
galectin hco-gal-m from haemonchus contortus modulates goat monocytes and t cell function in different patterns.monocytes and t cells are two major subpopulations of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (pbmc) and play an essential role in the innate and adaptive immune systems. different members of the galectin family show multiple and distinct regulatory effects on different cell types. previous studies have demonstrated that the galectin from haemonchus contortus (hco-gal-m) performed immunomodulatory effects on goat pbmc, however, which subpopulation of pbmc is the primary target of hco-gal-m and whethe ...201425056558
lectin, hemolysin and protease inhibitors in seed fractions with ovicidal activity against haemonchus contortus.bioactive molecules of plant species are promising alternatives for the chemical control of gastrointestinal nematodes in ruminants. extracts of native and exotic seed species from brazil's semi-arid region were tested in vitro in an egg hatch assay and the bioactivity of their proteins was investigated. each seed species was subjected to three extractions with three types of solvents. all the seeds showed ovicidal activity, which varied according to the solvents. higher ovicidal activity was fo ...201425054490
comparison of internal transcribed spacers and intergenic spacer regions of five common iranian sheep bursate nematodes.accurate identification of sheep nematodes is a critical point in epidemiological studies and monitoring of drug resistance in flocks. however, due to a close morphological similarity between the eggs and larval stages of many of these nematodes, such identification is not a trivial task. there are a number of studies showing that molecular targets in ribosomal dna (internal transcribed spacer 1, 2 and intergenic spacer) are suitable for accurate identification of sheep bursate nematodes. the ob ...201425678919
anthelmintic effect of carob pods and sainfoin hay when fed to lambs after experimental trickle infections with haemonchus contortus and trichostrongylus colubriformis.the aim of the study was to compare the in vivo anthelmintic activity of sainfoin hay (onobrychis viciifolia) and carob pod meal (ceratonia siliqua) against gastrointestinal nematodes. seven days before infection, 64 naive lambs were assigned to four different groups: group s received sainfoin hay and group car was fed with carob pods. the remaining lambs received lucerne hay (medicago sativa) and were assigned to positive (non-treated, nt) and negative (treated, t) control groups (treatment wit ...201425526546
the cytochrome p450 family in the parasitic nematode haemonchus contortus.haemonchus contortus, a highly pathogenic and economically important parasitic nematode of sheep, is particularly adept at developing resistance to the anthelmintic drugs used in its treatment and control. the basis of anthelmintic resistance is poorly understood for many commonly used drugs with most research being focused on mechanisms involving drug targets or drug efflux. altered or increased drug metabolism is a possible mechanism that has yet to receive much attention despite the clear rol ...201425558056
hc-daf-2 encodes an insulin-like receptor kinase in the barber's pole worm, haemonchus contortus, and restores partial dauer regulation.infective l3s (il3s) of parasitic nematodes share common behavioural, morphological and developmental characteristics with the developmentally arrested (dauer) larvae of the free-living nematode caenorhabditis elegans. it is proposed that similar molecular mechanisms regulate entry into or exit from the dauer stage in c. elegans, and the transition from free-living to parasitic forms of parasitic nematodes. in c. elegans, one of the key factors regulating the dauer transition is the insulin-like ...201424727120
the parasitic fauna of the european bison (bison bonasus) (linnaeus, 1758) and their impact on the conservation. part 1. the summarising list of parasites noted.during the current century, 88 species of parasites have been recorded in bison bonasus. these are 22 species of protozoa (trypanosoma wrublewskii, t. theileri, giardia sp., sarcocystis cruzi, s. hirsuta, s. hominis, s. fusiformis, neospora caninum, toxoplasma gondii, cryptosporidium sp., eimeria cylindrica, e. subspherica, e. bovis, e. zuernii, e. canadensis, e. ellipsoidalis, e. alabamensis, e. bukidnonensis, e. auburnensis, e. pellita, e. brasiliensis, babesia divergens), 4 trematodes species ...201425119348
the usefulness of dna derived from third stage larvae in the detection of ashworthius sidemi infection in european bison, by a simple polymerase chain reaction.ashworthius sidemi, a blood-sucking nematode, is a primary parasite of asiatic cervides, primarily sika deer (cervus nippon). as a. sidemi infections are common in bison, red and roe deer, and gastrointestinal nematodes are often exchanged between animals, it is possible that other farm animals such as cows and sheep that may use the same pastures can be infected. hence, histopathological changes observed in the walls of the abomasa and duodena of infected wildlife caused by a strong parasite pr ...201424886355
a multiplex pcr-based method to identify strongylid parasite larvae recovered from ovine faecal cultures and/or pasture samples.a multiplex pcr-based method was developed to overcome the limitations of microscopic examination as a means of identifying individual infective larvae from the wide range of strongylid parasite species commonly encountered in sheep in mixed sheep-cattle grazing situations in new zealand. the strategy employed targets unique species-specific sequence markers in the second internal transcribed spacer (its-2) region of ribosomal dna of the nematodes and utilises individual larval lysates as reacti ...201424373513
pharmacokinetics and anthelmintic efficacy of topical eprinomectin in goats prevented from grooming.pharmacokinetics and anthelmintic activity of topical eprinomectin in goats prevented from physical contact to others and self-grooming were studied. sixteen approximately 7 months old male castrated german white noble goats harbouring induced infections of gastrointestinal nematode parasites were included in the study. they were blocked based on pre-treatment body weight (range 22.4 to 36.4 kg) and then randomly allocated to the untreated control group or the group treated with topical 0.5% w/v ...201425106840
vaccination of lambs against haemonchus contortus infection with a somatic protein (hc23) from adult helminths.a somatic protein from adult haemonchus contortus (hc23), the most abundant component in a low molecular weight fraction with known immunizing effect against experimental haemonchosis, has been purified by immunochromatography. the immunoprophylactic value of hc23 was tested in groups of 5-6 months old assaf lambs using al(oh)(3) or escherichia coli lipopolysaccharide+inactivated propionibacterium acnes as adjuvant and the results compared with uninfected control, uninfected and challenged or in ...201424759430
development of a milk and serum elisa test for the detection of teladorsagia circumcincta antibodies in goats using experimentally and naturally infected animals.teladorsagia circumcincta is among the most important gastrointestinal parasites in small ruminants and the predominant species in southern european goats. parasite control is largely based on metaphylactic/preventative treatments, which is often seen as non-sustainable anymore. the reasons are increased consumer demand to reduce chemicals in livestock production and anthelmintic resistance against the common drugs. this study aimed at the development of a t. circumcincta-enzyme-linked immunosor ...201425028211
methods to determine resistance to anthelmintics when continuing larval development occurs.the in vivo faecal egg count reduction test (fecrt) is the most commonly used test to detect anthelmintic resistance (ar) in gastrointestinal nematodes (gin) of ruminants in pasture based systems. however, there are several variations on the method, some more appropriate than others in specific circumstances. while in some cases labour and time can be saved by just collecting post-drench faecal worm egg counts (fec) of treatment groups with controls, or pre- and post-drench fec of a treatment gr ...201424314600
an analysis of seroprevalence and risk factors for parasitic infections of economic importance in small ruminants in greece.a cross-sectional serological survey was carried out to screen the small ruminants of thessaly, greece, for infection with haemonchus contortus, lungworms (i.e. cystocaulus ocreatus, muellerius capillaris, protostrongylus rufescens and neostrongylus linearis) as a group, and for cysticercus tenuicolis, linguatula serrata and oestrus ovis. a second objective was to determine the risk factors related to herd characteristics, management practices, farmer status and bioclimatic variables associated ...201425155306
pathomorphological and microbiological studies in sheep with special emphasis on gastrointestinal tract disorders.the present study was envisaged to elucidate the pathomorphological and microbiological aspects of gastrointestinal tract (git) disorders of sheep/lambs.201527047191
vaccination of lambs with the recombinant protein rhc23 elicits significant protection against haemonchus contortus challenge.gene encoding a somatic protein of haemonchus contortus (hc23) known to confer significant protection against experimental haemonchosis has been cloned and expressed in a prokaryotic system. a cdna library of h. contortus using the vector λ zap ii was obtained. full-length gene was amplified, cloned and expressed in escherichia coli bl21. the recombinant protein was purified in ni-nta column. recombinant protein (rhc23) had 203 aminoacids and a molecular mass of 24.15 kda. recombinant protein (1 ...201525997645
molecular and biochemical characterisation of abomasal nematode parasites teladorsagia circumcincta and haemonchus contortus phosphofructokinases and their recognition by the immune host.full length cdnas encoding phosphofructokinase (pfk) were cloned from teladorsagia circumcincta (tcpfk) and haemonchus contortus (hcpfk). tcpfk (2361 bp) and hcpfk (2367 bp) cdna encoded 787 and 789 amino acid proteins respectively. the predicted amino acid sequences showed 98% similarity with each other and 70% with a caenorhabditis elegans pfk. substrate binding sites were completely conserved in both proteins. soluble n-terminal his-tagged pfk proteins were expressed in escherichia coli strai ...201525662436
cross antigenicity of immunodominant polypeptides of somatic antigen of oesophagostomum columbianum with other helminths by western blotting.oesophagostomum columbianum in small ruminants in india is found as mixed infection commonly in sheep and goat. haemonchus contortus, an abomasal nematode is found as concurrent infection with it. eggs of haemonchus and o. columbianum cannot be easily distinguished. diagnosis of o. columbianum may only be possible if a non-cross antigenic polypeptide was available for immunodiagnosis.201527047030
mapping and modelling helminth infections in ruminants in europe: experience from gloworm.mapping and modelling helminth infections in cattle and sheep in europe through advanced geospatial research was one of the main task of gloworm, a three year project (2012-2014) funded under the european commission's (ec) seventh framework programme (fp7). liver flukes as fasciola hepatica and gastrointestinal nematodes, such as haemonchus contortus were chosen for the project since these parasites constitute a major cause of lost productivity in small and large ruminants. the output of the glo ...201525826306
evaluation of the role of galectins in parasite immunity.galectin-11 and galectin-14 are ruminant galectins involved in parasitic infections. although their roles in parasite immunity are still being elucidated, its appears that their functions are parasite specific. in gastrointestinal infections with the nematode haemonchus contortus, both galectin-11 and galectin-14 appear to be protective. however, in a chronic infection of liver fluke, fasciola hepatica, these galectins may aid parasite survival. this chapter discusses the methods designed to stu ...201525253154
development of a multiplex fluorescence immunological assay for the simultaneous detection of antibodies against cooperia oncophora, dictyocaulus viviparus and fasciola hepatica in cattle.a major constraint for the effective control and management of helminth parasites is the lack of rapid, high-throughput, routine diagnostic tests to assess the health status of individual animals and herds and to identify the parasite species responsible for these helminthoses. the capability of a multiplex platform for the simultaneous detection of three pasture associated parasite species was evaluated and compared to existing elisas.201526084663
efficacy of clonostachys rosea and duddingtonia flagrans in reducing the haemonchus contortus infective larvae.the biocontrol is proven effective in reducing in vitro and in situ free-living stages of major gastrointestinal helminths, allowing progress in reducing losses by parasitism, maximizing production, and productivity. this study aimed at evaluating the predatory activity of fungal isolates of duddingtonia flagrans and clonostachys rosea species and its association on infective larvae (l3) of h. contortus in microplots formed by grasses and maintained in a protected environment. all groups were ad ...201526504809
fungal antagonism assessment of predatory species and producers metabolites and their effectiveness on haemonchus contortus infective larvae.the objective of this study was to assess antagonism of nematophagous fungi and species producers metabolites and their effectiveness on haemonchus contortus infective larvae (l3). assay a assesses the synergistic, additive, or antagonistic effect on the production of spores of fungal isolates of the species duddingtonia flagrans, clonostachys rosea, trichoderma esau, and arthrobotrys musiformis; assay b evaluates in vitro the effect of intercropping of these isolates grown in 2% water-agar (2% ...201526504791
activity of ivermectin long-acting injectable (ivomec(®) gold) in first-season grazing cattle exposed to natural challenge conditions in germany.the persistent activity of ivermectin long-acting injection (ivm lai; ivomec® gold, merial; 3.15% ivermectin w/v) against nematode infections of cattle was evaluated under natural challenge conditions. seventy nematode-free brown swiss calves were blocked by pre-treatment bodyweight and allocated randomly to seven groups of 10 animals each: saline (control) at 1 ml/50 kg bodyweight once on day 0 or ivm lai at 1 ml/50 kg bodyweight (630 mcg ivm/kg) on either days 0, 7, 14, 21, 28, or 35. after ho ...201525280515
expression of nicotinic acetylcholine receptor subunits from parasitic nematodes in caenorhabditis elegans.the levamisole-sensitive nicotinic acetylcholine receptor present at nematode neuromuscular junctions is composed of multiple different subunits, with the exact composition varying between species. we tested the ability of two well-conserved nicotinic receptor subunits, unc-38 and unc-29, from haemonchus contortus and ascaris suum to rescue the levamisole-resistance and locomotion defects of caenorhabditis elegans strains with null deletion mutations in the unc-38 and unc-29 genes. the parasite ...201526747395
real-time pcr/dna melting curve-based assay to identify individual strongylid larvae recovered from ovine faecal cultures.a closed-tube real-time pcr (rt pcr) method was developed to identify individual strongylid nematode larvae recovered from ovine faecal cultures. the method builds on an earlier conventional pcr assay established by our group and similarly targets species-specific sequence motifs in the its-2 region of ribosomal dna. the new procedure combines rt pcr with dna melting curve analyses to identify species-specific amplicons, thus avoiding the need to undertake gel electrophoresis. as with the earlie ...201526526096
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