Publications
| Title | Abstract | Year(sorted ascending) Filter | PMID Filter |
|---|
| cloning, expression and immunoassay detection of ferret ifn-gamma. | ferrets (mustela putorius furo) develop symptoms upon influenza infection that resemble those of humans, including sneezing, body temperature variation and weight loss. highly pathogenic strains of influenza a, such as h5n1, have the capacity to cause severe illness or death in ferrets. the use of ferrets as a model of influenza infection is currently limited by a lack of species-specific immunological reagents. interferon gamma (ifn-gamma) plays a key role in the development of innate and adapt ... | 2008 | 18262264 |
| prediction of mutations in h3n2 hemagglutinins of influenza a virus from north america based on different datasets. | with rapid increase in influenza a virus database, an important issue is whether the predictions are similar based on different datasets. here we stratify 482 h3n2 hemagglutinins from influenza a virus in north america to different datasets. the predictions are made using logistic regression. the results show that the different datasets have significant impact on the predictions. | 2008 | 18289106 |
| design, synthesis, inhibitory activity, and sar studies of hydrophobic p-aminosalicylic acid derivatives as neuraminidase inhibitors. | a series of hydrophobic p-aminosalicylic acid derivatives containing a lipophilic side chain at c-2 and an amino or guanidine at c-5 were synthesized and evaluated for their ability to inhibit neuraminidase (na) of influenza a virus (h3n2). all compounds were synthesized in good yields starting from commercially available p-aminosalicylic acid (pas) using a suitable synthetic strategy. these compounds showed potent inhibitory activity against influenza a na. within this series, six compounds, 11 ... | 2008 | 18304821 |
| spatial epidemiology of an h3n2 swine influenza outbreak. | the h3n2 swine influenza virus appeared for the 1st time in the province of manitoba during the fall of 2004. the purpose of this study was to characterize how swine influenza moved through the province in time and space, and to determine if there are any significant patterns associated with this movement. herds with outbreaks of h3n2 swine influenza were located by using a geographic information system and analyzed by using spatial analysis software. descriptive and spatial statistics, includin ... | 2008 | 18309747 |
| in vitro inhibition of human influenza a virus infection by fruit-juice concentrate of japanese plum (prunus mume sieb. et zucc). | using a plaque reduction assay, treatment of human influenza a viruses with the fruit-juice concentrate of japanese plum (prunus mume sieb. et zucc) showed strong in vitro anti-influenza activity against human influenza a viruses before viral adsorption, but not after viral adsorption, with 50% inhibitory concentration (ic50) values against a/pr/8/34 (h1n1) virus, a/aichi/2/68 (h3n2) virus and a/memphis/1/71 (h3n2) virus of 6.35+/-0.17, 2.84+/-1.98 and 0.53+/-0.10 microg/ml, respectively. the pl ... | 2008 | 18310920 |
| influenza a virus neuraminidase limits viral superinfection. | enveloped viruses use multiple mechanisms to inhibit infection of a target cell by more than one virion. these mechanisms may be of particular importance for the evolution of segmented viruses, because superinfection exclusion may limit the frequency of reassortment of viral genes. here, we show that cellular expression of influenza a virus neuraminidase (na), but not hemagglutinin (ha) or the m2 proton pump, inhibits entry of ha-pseudotyped retroviruses. cells infected with h1n1 or h3n2 influen ... | 2008 | 18321971 |
| impact of influenza a virus neuraminidase mutations on the stability, activity, and sensibility of the neuraminidase to neuraminidase inhibitors. | the influenza neuraminidase plays a critical role in the spread of the influenza a and b viruses. through the cleavage of terminal sialic acid from glycoconjugates, it facilitates the elution of progeny virions from infected cells and prevents their self-aggregation. | 2008 | 18065262 |
| dual infections by influenza a/h3n2 and b viruses and by influenza a/h3n2 and a/h1n1 viruses during winter 2007, corsica island, france. | the investigation of dual influenza infection human cases is of major interest specifically for the control of new emerging influenza strains. | 2008 | 18069055 |
| vaccination against influenza in patients with rheumatoid arthritis: the effect of rituximab on the humoral response. | to assess the effect of rituximab on the efficacy and safety of influenza virus vaccine in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (ra). | 2008 | 17981914 |
| genetic and antigenic analysis of epidemic influenza viruses isolated during 2006-2007 season in taiwan. | influenza viruses are some of the most active pathogens in taiwan. the monitoring influenza activity has been coordinated by the centers for diseases control, taiwan, and the surveillance is based on integrated clinical and virological surveillance components. data from sentinel physician networks and other sources, mainly hospitals were collected. during 2006-07 season, a total of 1724 cases of laboratory-confirmed influenza were reported by collaborating laboratories and sentinels, which was f ... | 2008 | 18098164 |
| protective and cross-protective mucosal immunization of mice by influenza virus type a with bacterial adjuvant. | mucosal immunization by inactivated viruses often fails to evoke a sufficient immune response. intensive efforts have been made to enhance the response by suitable adjuvants. we used the g+ nonpathogenic delipidated bacterium bacillus firmus with pronounced immunostimulatory properties as an adjuvant for immunizing mice with inactivated influenza virus type a. balb/c mice were immunized intratracheally with inactivated influenza a h1n1 and h3n2 viruses. the production of antibodies in sera and s ... | 2008 | 18160106 |
| molecular characterization and phylogenetic analysis of h1n1 and h3n2 human influenza a viruses among infants and children in thailand. | the annual influenza outbreaks can cause a high mortality rate among infants and children. in the tropics, influenza shows no clear dependence on seasons. in the present study, we performed molecular and phylogenetic analysis of h1n1 and h3n2 influenza virus isolated from infants and children diagnosed with respiratory tract illness between february 2006 and february 2007. a total of 33 samples (10.92%) were found positive for human influenza virus infection. characterization of the hemagglutini ... | 2008 | 18160168 |
| rapid differentiation of influenza a virus subtypes and genetic screening for virus variants by high-resolution melting analysis. | we assessed the use of high-resolution melting (hrm) analysis for the rapid identification of influenza a virus subtypes and the detection of newly emerging virus variants. the viral matrix gene was amplified by lightcycler real-time reverse transcription-pcr (rt-pcr) in the presence of the lcgreen i fluorescent dye. upon optimization of the assay conditions, all the major influenza a virus subtypes, including h1n1, h3n2, h5n1, h7n3, and h9n2, were amplifiable by this method and had a pcr produc ... | 2008 | 18174299 |
| glycan topology determines human adaptation of avian h5n1 virus hemagglutinin. | a switch in specificity of avian influenza a viruses' hemagglutinin (ha) from avian-like (alpha2-3 sialylated glycans) to human-like (alpha2-6 sialylated glycans) receptors is believed to be associated with their adaptation to infect humans. we show that a characteristic structural topology--and not the alpha2-6 linkage itself--enables specific binding of ha to alpha2-6 sialylated glycans and that recognition of this topology may be critical for adaptation of ha to bind glycans in the upper resp ... | 2008 | 18176555 |
| bioinformatics models for predicting antigenic variants of influenza a/h3n2 virus. | motivation: continual and accumulated mutations in hemagglutinin (ha) protein of influenza a virus generate novel antigenic strains that cause annual epidemics. results: we propose a model by incorporating scoring and regression methods to predict antigenic variants. based on collected sequences of influenza a/h3n2 viruses isolated between 1971 and 2002, our model can be used to accurately predict the antigenic variants in 1999-2004 (agreement rate = 91.67%). twenty amino acid positions identifi ... | 2008 | 18187440 |
| genetic evolution of swine influenza a (h3n2) viruses in china from 1970 to 2006. | pigs are susceptible to both human and avian influenza viruses and have been proposed to be intermediate hosts, or mixing vessels, for the generation of pandemic influenza viruses through reassortment or adaptation to the mammalian host. in this study, we summarize and report for the first time the coexistence of wholly human-like h3n2 viruses, double-reassortant h3n2 viruses, and triple-reassortant h3n2 viruses in pigs in china by analyzing the eight genes of swine influenza a (h3n2) viruses fo ... | 2008 | 18199784 |
| genetic and antigenic relatedness of h3 subtype influenza a viruses isolated from avian and mammalian species. | in 2004, we isolated triple reassortant h3n2 influenza viruses from turkey breeder hens in ohio and illinois. the illinois flock was vaccinated twice with an inactivated h3n2 vaccine containing a swine origin virus before the outbreak. additionally, a commercial inactivated vaccine containing an h3n4 virus of duck origin is being used in some turkey breeders. this prompted us to initiate a comparative study on the antigenic and genetic relatedness of various h3 subtype influenza viruses isolated ... | 2008 | 18206275 |
| healthy human subjects have cd4+ t cells directed against h5n1 influenza virus. | it is commonly perceived that the human immune system is naive to the newly emerged h5n1 virus. in contrast, most adults have been exposed to influenza a h1n1 and h3n2 viruses through vaccination or infection. adults born before 1968 have likely been exposed to h2n2 viruses. we hypothesized that cd4(+) t cells generated in response to h1n1, h3n2, and h2n2 influenza a viruses also recognize h5n1 epitopes. tetramer-guided epitope mapping and ag-specific class ii tetramers were used to identify h5n ... | 2008 | 18209073 |
| prevalence of and risk factors for influenza in southern ontario swine herds in 2001 and 2003. | this research included 2 prevalence studies and a risk-factor investigation conducted in 2001 at 93 sites with sows only, finishers only, or both. in 2001, 1300 serum samples from sows in 65 herds and 720 serum samples from finisher pigs in 72 herds were tested for antibodies to swine influenzavirus (siv) of h1n1 subtype with an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa). in 2003, 1140 serum samples from sows in 76 herds were tested for antibodies to siv of h3n2 subtype with a hemagglutination-in ... | 2008 | 18214156 |
| sublingual vaccination with influenza virus protects mice against lethal viral infection. | we assessed whether the sublingual (s.l.) route would be an effective means of delivering vaccines against influenza virus in mice by using either formalin-inactivated or live influenza a/pr/8 virus (h1n1). sublingual administration of inactivated influenza virus given on two occasions induced both systemic and mucosal antibody responses and conferred protection against a lethal intranasal (i.n.) challenge with influenza virus. coadministration of a mucosal adjuvant (mcta-ltb) enhanced these res ... | 2008 | 18227512 |
| flublok, a recombinant influenza vaccine. | protein sciences corp and umn pharma inc are developing flublok, an injectable trivalent influenza vaccine formulation composed of recombinant influenza hemagglutinin (ha) proteins that match the ha from the three influenza isolates that currently circulate in humans (h1n1, h3n2 and b), for the potential prevention of influenza virus infection. phase iii clinical trials to compare flublok and a licensed trivalent influenza vaccine for immunogenicity, safety and efficacy in preventing naturally o ... | 2008 | 18228185 |
| time lines of infection and disease in human influenza: a review of volunteer challenge studies. | the dynamics of viral shedding and symptoms following influenza virus infection are key factors when considering epidemic control measures. the authors reviewed published studies describing the course of influenza virus infection in placebo-treated and untreated volunteers challenged with wild-type influenza virus. a total of 56 different studies with 1,280 healthy participants were considered. viral shedding increased sharply between 0.5 and 1 day after challenge and consistently peaked on day ... | 2008 | 18230677 |
| influenza detection and subtyping by reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism for laboratory surveillance in brazil. | a duplex reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism for influenza virus subtyping was applied to 412 patient samples. the assay was able to discriminate all 47 influenza a h1n1 and h3n2 viruses. this rapid technique assessed if positive samples were current circulating strains or an emergent one and could be used as the 1st test in prepandemic stages. | 2008 | 18234464 |
| seroprevalence and genetic evolutions of swine influenza viruses under vaccination pressure in korean swine herds. | an overall 8,427 total of blood samples collected from growing to finishing pigs were submitted for diagnosis of swine influenza virus infection between january 2002 and december 2006. sera from 2002 to 2005 were examined for antibodies against four different swine influenza subtypes using the hemagglutination inhibition test to investigate seroprevalence rates by natural infection in korean swine herds while nasal swabs and lung tissue samples were used for viral isolation. the natural infectio ... | 2008 | 18789984 |
| prevalence of avian influenza viruses, borrelia garinii, mycobacterium avium, and mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis in waterfowl and terrestrial birds in slovakia, 2006. | the prevalence of borrelia, mycobacteria and avian influenza virus (aiv) infections, together with the distribution of different aiv subtypes, was studied in migratory waterfowl and terrestrial birds trapped in three localities in slovakia during 2006. samples obtained from waterfowl captured in the senianske ponds area of eastern slovakia showed the highest diversity of aiv isolates. a total of 13 different subtypes were detected in 19 samples from this location (h1n2, h2n2, h3n2, h6n6, h7n6, h ... | 2008 | 18798030 |
| role of viral hemagglutinin glycosylation in anti-influenza activities of recombinant surfactant protein d. | surfactant protein d (sp-d) plays an important role in innate defense against influenza a viruses (iavs) and other pathogens. | 2008 | 18811961 |
| high-throughput screening of a 100,000-compound library for inhibitors of influenza a virus (h3n2). | using a highly reproducible and robust cell-based high-throughput screening (hts) assay, the authors screened a 100,000-compound library at 14- and 114-microm compound concentration against influenza strain a/udorn/72 (h3n2). the "hit" rates (>50% inhibition of the viral cytopathic effect) from the 14- and 114-microm screens were 0.022% and 0.38%, respectively. the hits were evaluated for their antiviral activity, cell toxicity, and selectivity in dose-response experiments. the screen at the low ... | 2008 | 18812571 |
| compatibility among polymerase subunit proteins is a restricting factor in reassortment between equine h7n7 and human h3n2 influenza viruses. | reassortment is an important driving force for influenza virus evolution, and a better understanding of the factors that affect this process could improve our ability to respond to future influenza pandemics and epidemics. to identify factors that restrict the generation of reassortant viruses, we cotransfected human embryonic kidney cells with plasmids for the synthesis of viral rnas of both a/equine/prague/1/56 (prague; h7n7) and a/yokohama/2017/03 (yokohama; h3n2) viruses together with the su ... | 2008 | 18815312 |
| universal influenza vaccination and live attenuated influenza vaccination of children. | influenza is an uncontrolled epidemic disease that is vaccine preventable. each winter the peak of medically attended acute respiratory illness coincides with the peak of influenza virus activity. the anatomy of an urban influenza epidemic is presented highlighting the role of children in the spread of influenza. the efficacy and safety of the live attenuated influenza vaccine (laiv) for children are documented and the indirect effectiveness (herd protection) of vaccinating schoolchildren is dem ... | 2008 | 18820568 |
| experimental evolution of human influenza virus h3 hemagglutinin in the mouse lung identifies adaptive regions in ha1 and ha2. | the genetic basis for virulence and host switching in influenza a viruses (fluav) is largely unknown. because the hemagglutinin (ha) protein is a determinant of these properties, ha evolution was mapped in an experimental model of mouse lung adaptation. variants of prototype a/hong kong/1/68 (h3n2) (wild-type [wt] hk) human virus were selected in both longitudinal and parallel studies of lung adaptation. mapping of ha mutations found in 11 independently derived mouse-adapted populations of wt hk ... | 2008 | 18829764 |
| emergence of amantadine-resistant h3n2 avian influenza a virus in south korea. | we found a relatively high frequency of unique amantadine-resistant h3n2 and h9n2 avian influenza viruses (val27ile on m2 protein) isolated from live poultry markets in south korea and confirmed that a val27ile single substitution in the m2 protein is enough to acquire the amantadine resistance phenotype by using reverse-genetically created human-avian reassortant viruses. | 2008 | 18845822 |
| positive selection operates continuously on hemagglutinin during evolution of h3n2 human influenza a virus. | it has been proposed that antigenic evolution of hemagglutinin 1 (ha1) for h3n2 human influenza a virus was punctuated. in the population genetic analysis, however, it was controversial whether positive selection operated on ha1 in a punctuated manner for the branches of the phylogenetic tree where transitions to new antigenic clusters occurred (c branches), or continuously. in the molecular evolutionary analysis, positive selection was detected for the trunk (t) branches but the relationship be ... | 2008 | 18848975 |
| [influenza season 2007/'08 in the netherlands: antigenic variation, oseltamivir resistance and vaccine composition for the 2008/'09 season]. | the first signs of influenza activity during the 2007/'08 influenza season in the netherlands were sporadic isolations of influenza viruses between week 40 and week 52 of 2007. the frequency of virus isolations and clinical influenza activity increased after week 1 of 2008 and peaked around week 9. in this week, 7.2 patients with influenza-like illness were recorded per 10,000 inhabitants. the influenza epidemic was caused primarily by influenza a/h1n1 viruses and influenza b viruses. two antige ... | 2008 | 18856032 |
| oseltamivir is adequately absorbed following nasogastric administration to adult patients with severe h5n1 influenza. | in the absence of a parenteral drug, oral oseltamivir is currently recommended by the who for treating h5n1 influenza. whether oseltamivir absorption is adequate in severe influenza is unknown. we measured the steady state, plasma concentrations of nasogastrically administered oseltamivir 150 mg bid and its active metabolite, oseltamivir carboxylate (oc), in three, mechanically ventilated patients with severe h5n1 (male, 30 yrs; pregnant female, 22 yrs) and severe h3n2 (female, 76 yrs). treatmen ... | 2008 | 18923671 |
| limited susceptibility and lack of systemic infection by an h3n2 swine influenza virus in intranasally inoculated chickens. | chickens were intranasally inoculated with the swine influenza virus (siv) a/swine/nc/307408/04 (h3n2) (nc/04 siv) to determine the infectivity of a north american siv for chickens, as well as the possibility of chicken meat serving as a transmission vehicle for siv. white leghorn (wl) layer-type chickens were used for initial pathotyping and infectivity tests, and a more comprehensive intranasal pathogenesis study was done with white plymouth rock (wpr) broiler-type chickens. none of the nc/04 ... | 2008 | 18939642 |
| ubiquitous reassortments in influenza a viruses. | the influenza a virus is a negative-stranded rna virus composed of eight segmented rna molecules, including polymerases (pb2, pb1, pa), hemagglutinin (ha), nucleoprotein (np), neuraminidase (na), matrix protein (mp), and nonstructure gene (ns). the influenza a viruses are notorious for rapid mutations, frequent reassortments, and possible recombinations. among these evolutionary events, reassortments refer to exchanges of discrete rna segments between co-infected influenza viruses, and they have ... | 2008 | 18942162 |
| [viferon suppositories in the treatment of influenza in adults]. | one hundred and one patients at the age of 18 to 60 years suffering from influenza were observed during increased ratio of the sickness due to the influenza virus types a (h1n1 and h3n2) and b. the diagnosis of influenza was confirmed by the laboratory tests. viferon was used in the treatment of 35 patients. the randomized double blind placebo-controlled study revealed high therapeutic efficacy ofviferon and its immunomodulating effect on the t-cells, the neutrophil phagocytic activity and the d ... | 2008 | 18942420 |
| comparisons of the influenza virus a m2 channel binding affinities, anti-influenza virus potencies and nmda antagonistic activities of 2-alkyl-2-aminoadamantanes and analogues. | the new 2-alkyl-2-aminoadamantanes and analogues 4-10 were designed and synthesized by simplification of the structure of the potent anti-influenza virus a spiranic aminoadamantane heterocycles 2 and 3. the aim of the present work was to examine the effects of bulky and extended lipophilic moieties attached to amantadine 1 on binding to the m2 channel and the resulting antiviral potency. the binding affinities of the compounds to the m2 protein of influenza virus a/chicken/germany/27 (weybridge ... | 2008 | 18947998 |
| [effect of anti-influenza virus h3n2 of hypericum japonicum in vivo]. | to investigate anti-influenza virus h3n2 effect of hypericum japonicum in vivo. | 2008 | 18973021 |
| [construction and immunogenicity analysis of antigenic epitopes of swine influenza virus]. | several antigen epitopes were designed according to the sequences of swine influenza virus hemagglutinin (ha) genes and lined with the interval. the gene was amplified by pcr and sub cloned into pet30a (+) vector. the fusion protein was expressed in e. coli bl21 (de3) by induced with iptg and purified by affinity chromatography. the molecular weight of the protein was about 20 kd in sds-page. immunological activity of the fusion protein was analyzed by western blot. the results showed that the f ... | 2008 | 18616184 |
| domestic pigs have low susceptibility to h5n1 highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses. | genetic reassortment of h5n1 highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses (hpai) with currently circulating human influenza a strains is one possibility that could lead to efficient human-to-human transmissibility. domestic pigs which are susceptible to infection with both human and avian influenza a viruses are one of the natural hosts where such reassortment events could occur. virological, histological and serological features of h5n1 virus infection in pigs were characterized in this study. two ... | 2008 | 18617994 |
| outbreaks of influenza a among nonvaccinated healthcare workers: implications for resource-limited settings. | we identified 3 outbreaks of influenza a (attack rates, 18%-24%) among thai healthcare workers in intensive care units. all outbreaks were epidemiologically linked to an index patient with pneumonia due to influenza a virus (subtype h3n2). the investigations of these outbreaks incurred costs that exceeded the estimated costs of healthcare worker influenza vaccination by more than 10-fold. | 2008 | 18624648 |
| surveillance for neuraminidase inhibitor resistance among human influenza a and b viruses circulating worldwide from 2004 to 2008. | the surveillance of seasonal influenza virus susceptibility to neuraminidase (na) inhibitors was conducted using an na inhibition assay. the 50% inhibitory concentration values (ic(50)s) of 4,570 viruses collected globally from october 2004 to march 2008 were determined. based on mean ic(50)s, a(h3n2) viruses (0.44 nm) were more sensitive to oseltamivir than a(h1n1) viruses (0.91 nm). the opposite trend was observed with zanamivir: 1.06 nm for a(h1n1) and 2.54 nm for a(h3n2). influenza b viruses ... | 2008 | 18625765 |
| structure-activity relationship of flavonoids as influenza virus neuraminidase inhibitors and their in vitro anti-viral activities. | flavonoids are polyphenolic compounds that widely exist in plant kingdom, and the structure-activity relationship (sar) of 25 flavonoids was studied on neuraminidase (na) activity of influenza virus. three typical influenza virus strains a/pr/8/34 (h1n1), a/jinan/15/90 (h3n2), and b/jiangshu/10/2003 were used as the source of nas, the average of ic(50)s of these compounds on these nas was used in the sar analysis. the order of potency for na inhibition was as follows: aurones>flavon(ol)es>isofla ... | 2008 | 18640042 |
| seasonality of influenza a(h3n2) virus: a hong kong perspective (1997-2006). | the underlying basis for the seasonality of influenza a viruses is still uncertain. phylogenetic studies investigated this phenomenon but have lacked sequences from more subtropical and tropical regions, particularly from southeast asia. | 2008 | 18648550 |
| influenza guideline for south africa--update 2008. | objective: the south african thoracic society, in conjunction with interested stakeholders, published a guideline for influenza management in adults in 1999. this year the south african thoracic society (sats) identified the need to revise that guideline for the following reasons: * to indicate the viral strains that are to be incorporated into the vaccine for the 2008 season * to add important new data regarding treatment of influenza * to add a section on influenza in children * to clarify iss ... | 2008 | 18652399 |
| an improved embryonated chicken egg model for the evaluation of antiviral drugs against influenza a virus. | influenza is a serious global public health problem and an economic burden. with the continual emergence of new influenza a virus strains, new antiviral drugs are needed urgently. in this study, an improved embryonated chicken egg model for evaluating antiviral activity against influenza a virus was developed. in the model, the influenza a virus was injected into the allantoic cavity and ribavirin was injected into the albumen of the egg. the levels of influenza a virus in the allantoic fluid wa ... | 2008 | 18652846 |
| modeling amantadine treatment of influenza a virus in vitro. | we analyzed the dynamics of an influenza a/albany/1/98 (h3n2) viral infection, using a set of mathematical models highlighting the differences between in vivo and in vitro infection. for example, we found that including virion loss due to cell entry was critical for the in vitro model but not for the in vivo model. experiments were performed on influenza virus-infected mdck cells in vitro inside a hollow-fiber (hf) system, which was used to continuously deliver the drug amantadine. the hf system ... | 2008 | 18653201 |
| seroprevalence and risk factors for influenza a viruses in pigs in peninsular malaysia. | following a series of h5n1 cases in chickens and birds in a few states in malaysia, there was much interest in the influenza a viruses subtypes that circulate among the local pig populations. pigs may act as a mixing vessel for avian and mammal influenza viruses, resulting in new reassorted viruses. this study investigated the presence of antibodies against influenza h1n1 and h3n2 viruses in pigs from peninsular malaysia using herdcheck swine influenza h1n1 and h3n2 antibody test kits. at the sa ... | 2008 | 18667027 |
| the role of neutrophils in the upper and lower respiratory tract during influenza virus infection of mice. | neutrophils have been shown to play a role in host defence against highly virulent and mouse-adapted strains of influenza virus, however it is not clear if an effective neutrophil response is an important factor moderating disease severity during infection with other virus strains. in this study, we have examined the role of neutrophils during infection of mice with influenza virus strain hkx31, a virus strain of the h3n2 subtype and of moderate virulence for mice, to determine the role of neutr ... | 2008 | 18671884 |
| [generation of neutralizing recombinant human antibodies for targeting highly pathogenic avian influenza a (h5n1) virus]. | two human fab antibodies against avian influenza a (h5n1) virus were obtained by panning a h5n1 patient-derived antibody phage library using purified virions of the h5n1 patient isolate a/anhui/1/2005 and ha protein of the h5n1 reference viruse a/viet nam/1203/2004. after testing the binding properties and antiviral function to h5n1 virus, the selected fab antibodies were converted to full human igg antibodies with recombinant baculovirus/insect cell system. both mabs, avfluigg01 and avfluigg03, ... | 2008 | 18683551 |
| oseltamivir-resistant influenza a viruses are transmitted efficiently among guinea pigs by direct contact but not by aerosol. | influenza viruses resistant to the neuraminidase (na) inhibitor oseltamivir arise under drug selection pressure both in vitro and in vivo. several mutations in the active site of the viral na are known to confer relative resistance to oseltamivir, and influenza viruses with certain oseltamivir resistance mutations have been shown to transmit efficiently among cocaged ferrets. however, it is not known whether na mutations alter aerosol transmission of drug-resistant influenza virus. here, we demo ... | 2008 | 18684820 |
| gene expression analysis of host innate immune responses during lethal h5n1 infection in ferrets. | how viral and host factors contribute to the severe pathogenicity of the h5n1 subtype of avian influenza virus infection in humans is poorly understood. we identified three clusters of differentially expressed innate immune response genes in lungs from h5n1 (a/vietnam/1203/04) influenza virus-infected ferrets by oligonucleotide microarray analysis. interferon response genes were more strongly expressed in h5n1-infected ferret lungs than in lungs from ferrets infected with the less pathogenic h3n ... | 2008 | 18684821 |
| prevention and control of influenza: recommendations of the advisory committee on immunization practices (acip), 2008. | this report updates the 2007 recommendations by cdc's advisory committee on immunization practices (acip) regarding the use of influenza vaccine and antiviral agents (cdc. prevention and control of influenza: recommendations of the advisory committee on immunization practices [acip]. mmwr 2007;56[no. rr-6]). the 2008 recommendations include new and updated information. principal updates and changes include 1) a new recommendation that annual vaccination be administered to all children aged 5--18 ... | 2008 | 18685555 |
| replication and transmission of h9n2 influenza viruses in ferrets: evaluation of pandemic potential. | h9n2 avian influenza a viruses are endemic in poultry of many eurasian countries and have caused repeated human infections in asia since 1998. to evaluate the potential threat of h9n2 viruses to humans, we investigated the replication and transmission efficiency of h9n2 viruses in the ferret model. five wild-type (wt) h9n2 viruses, isolated from different avian species from 1988 through 2003, were tested in vivo and found to replicate in ferrets. however these viruses achieved mild peak viral ti ... | 2008 | 18698430 |
| a new and rapid genotypic assay for the detection of neuraminidase inhibitor resistant influenza a viruses of subtype h1n1, h3n2, and h5n1. | the neuraminidase of influenza viruses is the target of the inhibitors oseltamivir and zanamivir. recent reports on influenza viruses with reduced susceptibility to neuraminidase inhibitors (nai) are a cause for concern. several amino acid substitutions, each as a consequence of one single nucleotide mutation, are known to confer resistance to nai. an increase of nai-resistant viruses appears to be likely as a result of a wider application of nai for treatment and prophylaxis of seasonal influen ... | 2008 | 18725246 |
| molecular epidemiology of a/h3n2 and a/h1n1 influenza virus during a single epidemic season in the united states. | to determine the spatial and temporal dynamics of influenza a virus during a single epidemic, we examined whole-genome sequences of 284 a/h1n1 and 69 a/h3n2 viruses collected across the continental united states during the 2006-2007 influenza season, representing the largest study of its kind undertaken to date. a phylogenetic analysis revealed that multiple clades of both a/h1n1 and a/h3n2 entered and co-circulated in the united states during this season, even in localities that are distant fro ... | 2008 | 18725925 |
| [epidemic strains influenza viruses a and b in the 2005-2006 season in russia]. | investigations indicated that the epidemic upsurge of influenza morbidity in the 2005-2006 season in russia was caused by the active circulation of influenza viruses a and b. the center for ecology and epidemiology of influenza, d. i. ivanovsky institute of virology, russian academy of medical sciences, studied 182 epidemic strains. a hundred and thirteen influenza viruses a(h3n2) were similar to the reference a/california/07/2004 or were its antigenic variants. thirteen influenza virus a(h1n1) ... | 2008 | 18756810 |
| epidemiological and virological assessment of influenza activity in europe, during the 2006-2007 winter. | influenza surveillance in europe is based on influenza surveillance networks that cooperate and share information through the european influenza surveillance scheme (eiss). eiss collected clinical and virological data on influenza in 33 countries during the 2006-2007 winter. influenza activity started around 1 january and first occurred in greece, scotland and spain. it then moved gradually across europe from south to north and lasted until the end of march. in 29 out of 33 countries, the consul ... | 2008 | 18761888 |
| [molecular analyses of human influenza viruses. circulation of new variants since 1995/96]. | the evolution of influenza viruses is increasingly pursued by molecular analyses that complement classical methods. the analyses focus on the two surface proteins hemagglutinin (ha) and neuraminidase (na) which determine the viral antigenic profile. influenza a(h3n2) viruses are exceptionally variable, so that usually at least two virus variants cocirculate at the same time. together with influenza b viruses they caused approximately 90% of influenza virus infections in germany during the last 1 ... | 2008 | 18773168 |
| a multiplex real-time rt-pcr for detection and identification of influenza virus types a and b and subtypes h5 and n1. | a multiplex real-time rt-pcr method for the simultaneous detection of influenza virus types a and b and identification of subtypes h5 and n1 in a single tube is described. the method was developed with four sets of primers and probes which were specific to influenza virus (sub)types a, b, h5, and n1, and evaluated by using a total of 40 influenza virus reference strains, including 17 avian influenza a (12 h5n1, 1 h1n1, 1 h3n2, 1 h4n6, 1 h7n3, and 1 h9n2), 18 human influenza a (11 h3n2, 6 h1n1 an ... | 2008 | 18078675 |
| induction of heterosubtypic immunity to influenza virus by intranasal immunization. | recovery from live influenza virus infection is known to induce heterosubtypic immunity. in contrast, immunity induced by inactivated vaccines is predominantly subtype specific. in this study, we investigated the heterosubtypic protective immunity induced by inactivated influenza virus. intranasal immunization of mice with inactivated influenza virus a/pr8 (h1n1) provided complete protection against the homologous virus and a drift virus within the same subtype, a/wsn (h1n1), but not against the ... | 2008 | 18032492 |
| networks of genomic co-occurrence capture characteristics of human influenza a (h3n2) evolution. | the recent availability of full genomic sequence data for a large number of human influenza a (h3n2) virus isolates over many years provides us an opportunity to analyze human influenza virus evolution by considering all gene segments simultaneously. however, such analysis requires development of new computational models that can capture the complex evolutionary features over the entire genome. by analyzing nucleotide co-occurrence over the entire genome of human h3n2 viruses, we have developed ... | 2008 | 18032723 |
| ongoing evolution of swine influenza viruses: a novel reassortant. | a novel h3n2 influenza virus strain isolated in germany from pigs with clinical symptoms of influenza is described. it was characterised by neutralisation test, hemagglutination inhibition test and complete sequencing of the genome. the data demonstrate the emergence of a h3n2 reassortant with the human-like hah3 gene of prevalent european porcine h3n2 influenza viruses and a nan2 gene of the european porcine h1n2 viruses. the gene segments of the internal proteins are avian-like, consistent wit ... | 2008 | 18985274 |
| anti-influenza virus activity of myrica rubra leaf ethanol extract evaluated using madino-darby canine kidney (mdck) cells. | myrica rubra leaf ethanol extract was added to culture medium of madino-darby canine kidney (mdck) cells inoculated with influenza virus, and the inhibition of influenza virus replication was measured. myrica rubra leaf ethanol extract showed anti-influenza virus activity irrespective of the hemagglutinin antigen type in the influenza virus type a (h1n1), its subtype (h3n2), and type b. | 2008 | 18997411 |
| the human h5n1 influenza a virus polymerase complex is active in vitro over a broad range of temperatures, in contrast to the wsn complex, and this property can be attributed to the pb2 subunit. | influenza a virus (iav) replicates in the upper respiratory tract of humans at 33 degrees c and in the intestinal tract of birds at close to 41 degrees c. the viral rna polymerase complex comprises three subunits (pa, pb1 and pb2) and plays an important role in host adaptation. we therefore developed an in vitro system to examine the temperature sensitivity of iav rna polymerase complexes from different origins. complexes were prepared from human lung epithelial cells (a549) using a novel adenov ... | 2008 | 19008377 |
| occurrence of swine influenza virus infection in swine with porcine respiratory disease complex. | we studied the occurrence of swine influenza virus (siv) infection in piglets with respiratory symptoms resembling porcine respiratory disease complex (prdc). a total of 106 samples including nasal swab and lung suspension from sick piglets were collected from 30 farms of medium size in the central and eastern parts of thailand from august 2006 to february 2007. samples were inoculated onto mardin-darby canine kidney (mdck) cells and siv infection was confirmed by immunofluorescent assay (ifa) a ... | 2008 | 19062693 |
| the host-dependent interaction of alpha-importins with influenza pb2 polymerase subunit is required for virus rna replication. | the influenza virus polymerase is formed by the pb1, pb2 and pa subunits and is required for virus transcription and replication in the nucleus of infected cells. as pb2 is a relevant host-range determinant we expressed a tap-tagged pb2 in human cells and isolated intracellular complexes. alpha-importin was identified as a pb2-associated factor by proteomic analyses. to study the relevance of this interaction for virus replication we mutated the pb2 nls and analysed the phenotype of mutant subun ... | 2008 | 19066626 |
| [the spread and biological properties of epidemic influenza viruses a and b strains circulating in the 2006-2007 season in russia]. | the epidemic upsurge of influenza morbidity in the 2006-2007 season in russia was caused by the active circulation of influenza a(h1n1), a(h3n2) and b viruses. the center for ecology and epidemiology of influenza studied 259 epidemic strains; all the strains were isolated on mdck cell cultures. influenza a(h1n1) viruses (n = 101) were antigenic variants of the references a/new caledonia/20/99 and a/solomon islands/3/06. influenza a(h3n2) viruses (n = 98) were antigenic variants of the references ... | 2008 | 19069788 |
| novel reassortant of swine influenza h1n2 virus in germany. | european porcine h1n2 influenza viruses arose after multiple reassortment steps involving a porcine influenza virus with avian-influenza-like internal segments and human h1n1 and h3n2 viruses in 1994. in germany, h1n2 swine influenza viruses first appeared in 2000. two german h1n2 swine influenza virus strains isolated from pigs with clinical symptoms of influenza are described. they were characterized by the neutralization test, haemagglutination inhibition (hi) test and complete sequencing of ... | 2008 | 18089751 |
| timely production of a/fujian-like influenza vaccine matching the 2003-2004 epidemic strain may have been possible using madin-darby canine kidney cells. | timely production and antigenic match with those of the epidemic strains are required for influenza vaccines. a/fujian/411/2002-like (h3n2) virus was the main epidemic influenza virus during the 2003/2004 season in the northern hemisphere. but a/fujian-like reassortant viruses were not available until more than one year later. we evaluated the a/kumamoto/102/2002 strain, an a/fujian/411/2002-like strain isolated in 2002, as a potential vaccine. we compared a/kumamoto/102/2002 viruses isolated fr ... | 2008 | 19149013 |
| co-administration of l-cystine and l-theanine enhances efficacy of influenza vaccination in elderly persons: nutritional status-dependent immunogenicity. | the immune response to influenza vaccine is attenuated in elderly persons, though they are at greatest risk for morbidity and mortality by influenza virus infection. experimental studies demonstrate that co-administration of l-cystine and l-theanine enhanced antigen-specific production of immunoglobulin in aged mice infected with influenza virus. we thus investigated the effect of l-cystine and l-theanine on antibody induction by influenza vaccines in elderly persons. | 2008 | 19149835 |
| [analysis of influenza surveillance from 2000 to 2007 in gansu province]. | to study the epidemical characteristics of influenza in gansu province from 2000 to 2007, and to discuss the changes of the predominant strains of influenza virus. this study provide scientific basis for defending influenza effectively. | 2008 | 19105339 |
| investigation of exposure to swine influenza viruses in ontario (canada) finisher herds in 2004 and 2005. | the epidemiology of influenza in the north american swine population has changed since the emergence of a triple-reassortant h3n2 influenza virus. although seen previously in north america, the ontario swine population had likely been free of viruses of the reassortant h3n2 lineage until 2005. the objective of this study was to investigate the frequency and distribution of exposure to h1n1 and h3n2 subtypes in the ontario finisher pig population prior to and after the h3n2 outbreak that occurred ... | 2008 | 17604859 |
| severe respiratory disease and its relationship with respiratory viruses in colombia. | there are important gaps in our understanding of the epidemiology of respiratory virus infections in tropical countries. in september 2003, the colombian epidemiological surveillance system was notified of several deaths from an acute respiratory disease (ard). | 2008 | 17720600 |
| the molecular epidemiology of influenza viruses: a lesson from a highly epidemic season. | to analyse the epidemiological and molecular features of a long-lasting epidemic (12 weeks) of influenza in north-eastern italy during the 2004-05 season. | 2008 | 17630401 |
| evolutionary analyses of european h1n2 swine influenza a virus by placing timestamps on the multiple reassortment events. | a novel h1n2 swine influenza a virus emerged in europe since 1994. previous phylogenetic analyses revealed that its genome segments were derived from h1n1 human virus, h3n2 human virus and avian-like h1n1/h3n2 swine virus, indicating the possibility of multiple reassortments events. however, dates of these reassortment events have not been investigated systematically. in this study, we used both global and local molecular clock concepts in a maximum likelihood framework to extrapolate the times ... | 2008 | 17936394 |
| significant rising antibody titres to influenza a are associated with an acute reduction in milk yield in cattle. | sporadic cases of an acute fall in milk production, "milk drop", were investigated in a holstein friesian dairy herd in devon. the investigation was a case control study with two controls per case. paired blood samples demonstrated that rising antibody titres to human influenza a/england/333/80 (h1n1) and human influenza a/eng/427/88 (h3n2) were associated with an acute fall in milk production. rising titres to bovine respiratory syncytial virus (brsv), bovine virus diarrhoea virus (bvd), infect ... | 2008 | 17851097 |
| genetic analysis of influenza a/h3n2 and a/h1n1 viruses circulating in vietnam from 2001 to 2006. | influenza a virus has the ability to overcome immunity from previous infections through the acquisition of genetic changes. thus, understanding the evolution of the viruses in humans is important for the surveillance and the selection of vaccine strains. a total of 30 influenza a/h3n2 viruses and 35 influenza a/h1n1 viruses that were collected in vietnam from 2001 to 2006 were used to analyze the evolution of the hemagglutinin (ha), neuraminidase (na), and matrix protein (m) genes. phylogenetic ... | 2008 | 17942644 |
| reversion of influenza a (h3n2) virus from amantadine resistant to amantadine sensitive by further reassortment in japan during the 2006-to-2007 influenza season. | in the 2006-to-2007 influenza season, amantadine-sensitive strains were found among the n-lineage influenza a (h3n2) viruses, which were previously believed to be associated with amantadine resistance. whole-genome sequencing results indicated that this was due to a further reassortment event. | 2009 | 19109467 |
| influenza-associated morbidity in subtropical taiwan. | the purpose of this study was to assess the characteristics of influenza-associated morbidity in subtropical taiwan, corresponding to the seasonal patterns, weather, and co-circulation of influenza (sub)types, and other respiratory viruses, where the burden of influenza is poorly quantified. | 2009 | 19111494 |
| bronchointerstitial pneumonia in guinea pigs following inoculation with h5n1 high pathogenicity avian influenza virus. | the h5n1 high-pathogenicity avian influenza (hpai) viruses have caused widespread disease of poultry in asia, africa and the middle east, and sporadic human infections. the guinea pig model has been used to study human h3n2 and h1n1 influenza viruses, but knowledge is lacking on h5n1 hpai virus infections. guinea pigs were inoculated intranasally or intragastrically with a/vietnam/1203/04 (vn/04) or a/muscovy duck/vietnam/209/05 (mdk/vn/05) viruses. mild listlessness was seen at 2 and 3 days pos ... | 2009 | 19112127 |
| experimental infection of dogs with avian-origin canine influenza a virus (h3n2). | susceptible dogs were brought into contact with dogs experimentally infected with an avian-origin influenza a virus (h3n2) that had been isolated from a pet dog with severe respiratory syndrome. all the experimentally infected and contact-exposed dogs showed elevated rectal temperatures, virus shedding, seroconversion, and severe necrotizing tracheobronchitis and bronchioalveolitis. | 2009 | 19116051 |
| characterization of a canadian mink h3n2 influenza a virus isolate genetically related to triple reassortant swine influenza virus. | in 2007, an h3n2 influenza a virus was isolated from canadian mink. this virus was found to be phylogenetically related to a triple reassortant influenza virus which emerged in canadian swine in 2005, but it is antigenically distinct. the transmission of the virus from swine to mink seems to have occurred following the feeding of animals with a ration composed of uncooked meat by-products of swine obtained from slaughterhouse facilities. serological analyses suggest that the mink influenza virus ... | 2009 | 19116358 |
| transmission of influenza virus in a mammalian host is increased by pb2 amino acids 627k or 627e/701n. | since 2003, more than 380 cases of h5n1 influenza virus infection of humans have been reported. although the resultant disease in these cases was often severe or fatal, transmission of avian influenza viruses between humans is rare. the precise nature of the barrier blocking human-to-human spread is unknown. it is clear, however, that efficient human-to-human transmission of an antigenically novel influenza virus would result in a pandemic. influenza viruses with changes at amino acids 627 or 70 ... | 2009 | 19119420 |
| neuraminidase inhibitor resistance after oseltamivir treatment of acute influenza a and b in children. | oseltamivir, a specific influenza neuraminidase inhibitor, is an effective treatment for seasonal influenza. emergence of drug-resistant influenza viruses after treatment has been reported, particularly in children in japan, where the dosing schedule is different from that used throughout the rest of the world. we investigated the emergence of drug-resistant infection in children treated with a tiered weight-based dosing regimen. | 2009 | 19133796 |
| performance of a commercial swine influenza virus h1n1 and h3n2 antibody enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay in pigs experimentally infected with european influenza viruses. | the idexx swine influenza virus h1n1 and h3n2 enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (elisas) are used worldwide, but their capacity to detect antibodies to european swine influenza viruses (sivs) has not been documented. a total of 313 well-defined sera from siv seronegative pigs and pigs experimentally infected with european sivs were used to compare the performance of both elisas and the hemagglutination inhibition (hi) test. the elisas largely failed to detect pigs that had been infected with h1 ... | 2009 | 19139506 |
| blocking interhost transmission of influenza virus by vaccination in the guinea pig model. | interventions aimed at preventing viral spread have the potential to effectively control influenza virus in all age groups, thereby reducing the burden of influenza illness. for this reason, we have examined the efficacy of vaccination in blocking the transmission of influenza viruses between guinea pigs. three modes of immunization were compared: (i) natural infection; (ii) intramuscular administration of whole, inactivated influenza virus in 2 doses; and (iii) intranasal inoculation with live ... | 2009 | 19153237 |
| molecular evolution of human influenza a viruses in a local area during eight influenza epidemics from 2000 to 2007. | a total of 1,041 human influenza a virus isolates were collected at a clinic in niigata, japan, during eight influenza seasons from 2000 to 2007. the h3n2 subtype accounted for 75.4% of the isolates, and the rest were h1n1. extremely high rates of amantadine-resistant strains of h3n2 subtype were observed in 2005/2006 (100%) and 2006/2007 (79.4%), while amantadine-resistant strains of h1n1 subtype were only detected in 2006/2007 (48.2%). sequence and phylogenetic analysis of the ha1 subunit of t ... | 2009 | 19153639 |
| emergence of oseltamivir-resistant influenza a/h3n2 virus with altered hemagglutination pattern in a hematopoietic stem cell transplant recipient. | persistent influenza virus replication during antiviral therapy in patients undergoing hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (hsct) could promote the emergence of antiviral drug resistance. | 2009 | 19157971 |
| epidemiologic study of influenza infection in okinawa, japan, from 2001 to 2007: changing patterns of seasonality and prevalence of amantadine-resistant influenza a virus. | to clarify seasonal influenza patterns and the prevalence of amantadine-resistant influenza a viruses in okinawa, located at the southern extremity of japan in a subtropical climate, we conducted a laboratory-based study of influenza virus infections from 2001 to 2007. the annual outbreaks tended to show two peaks in okinawa, in summer and winter, although the main islands of japan, located in a temperate climate area, showed only winter influenza activity. epidemic types and subtypes in okinawa ... | 2009 | 19158265 |
| molecular evolution of ha1 in influenza a (h3n2) viruses isolated in japan from 1989 to 2006. | to evaluate the trend of phylogenetic evolution among influenza a (h3n2) viruses isolated in gunma and a (h3n2) vaccine strains, we studied the transition of gene mutations and amino acid substitution of the sites a and b in ha1 during long-term seasons. | 2009 | 19158442 |
| histopathology and growth kinetics of influenza viruses (h1n1 and h3n2) in the upper and lower airways of guinea pigs. | recent investigations have shown that guinea pigs are important for the study of influenza a virus (iav) transmission. however, very little is known about iav replication and histopathology in the guinea pig respiratory tract. here, we describe viral growth kinetics, target cells and histopathology in the nasosinus, trachea and lungs of iav-infected guinea pigs. we found that guinea pigs infected with either a/puerto rico/8/34 (h1n1) or a/hong kong/8/68 (h3n2) developed a predominantly upper air ... | 2009 | 19141447 |
| in vitro anti-influenza viral activities of constituents from caesalpinia sappan. | six constituents with neuraminidase (na) inhibitory activity, namely brazilein, brazilin, protosappanin a, 3-deoxysappanchalcone, sappanchalcone and rhamnetin, were isolated from the hearthwood of caesalpinia sappan (leguminosae). their in vitro anti-influenza virus activities were evaluated with the cytopathic effect (cpe) reduction method. the results showed that 3-deoxysappanchalcone and sappanchalcone exhibited the highest activity against influenza virus (h3n2) with ic50 values of 1.06 and ... | 2009 | 19148862 |
| pathobiology of triple reassortant h3n2 influenza viruses in breeder turkeys and its potential implication for vaccine studies in turkeys. | triple reassortant (tr) h3n2 influenza viruses have been isolated from turkeys in the united states since 2003. these tr h3n2 virus infections have been associated with drastic declines in egg production in breeder turkeys although co-infection with multiple agents could have been responsible for exacerbating the clinical signs. in this study, we experimentally confirmed that tr h3n2 influenza virus alone can cause drastic reduction/complete cessation of egg production and pathology of the repro ... | 2009 | 19071183 |
| multiplex assay for simultaneously typing and subtyping influenza viruses by use of an electronic microarray. | we report on the use of an electronic microarray to simultaneously type influenza a and b viruses and to distinguish influenza a virus subtypes h1n1 and h3n2 from the potentially pandemic avian virus subtype h5n1. the assay targets seven genes: the h1, h3, h5, n1, and n2 genes of influenza a virus; the matrix protein m1 gene of influenza a virus; and the nonstructural protein (ns) gene of influenza b virus. by combining a two-step reverse transcription-multiplex pcr with typing and subtyping on ... | 2009 | 19073867 |
| anionic polymer, poly(methyl vinyl ether-maleic anhydride)-coated beads-based capture of human influenza a and b virus. | an anionic magnetic beads-based method was developed for the capture of human influenza a and b viruses from nasal aspirates, allantoic fluid and culture medium. a polymer, poly(methyl vinyl ether-maleic anhydride) [poly(mve-ma)], was used to endow magnetic beads with a negative charge and bioadhesive properties. after incubation with samples containing human influenza virus, the beads were separated from supernatants by applying a magnetic field. the adsorption [corrected] of the virus by the b ... | 2009 | 19081256 |
| genetic correlation between h3n2 human and swine influenza viruses. | h3n2 is one of the main subtypes of influenza virus which circulates in human and swine population throughout the world. | 2009 | 19083267 |
| in vivo and in vitro alterations in influenza a/h3n2 virus m2 and hemagglutinin genes: effect of passage in mdck-siat1 cells and conventional mdck cells. | no mutations were detected in the hemagglutinin gene of influenza a/h3n2 virus isolates from patients undergoing short-term amantadine treatment. however, genetic changes occurred after serial passage in either mdck or mdck-siat1 cells. our results showed that only a few mutations were observed in mdck-siat1-passaged isolates in the presence of amantadine. | 2009 | 19091815 |
| human influenza a viruses isolated in south america: genetic relations, adamantane resistance and vaccine strain match. | in order to gain insight into the genetic relations among h3n2 influenza a virus (iav) circulating in the south american region from 1999 to 2007, to investigate the presence of adamantane-resistant strains in this region, and to establish the genetic relations among that strains and vaccine strains recommended for the southern hemisphere, 11 haemagglutinin (ha) h3 iav sequences obtained from uruguayan patients were aligned with corresponding sequences from 68 h3 iav strains isolated in south am ... | 2009 | 19095085 |