Publications

toxicity in carcasses of bacillus thuringiensis var. israelensis-killed aedes aegypti larvae against scavenging larvae: implications to bioassay.		1986	3507532
complement effects on the infectivity of plasmodium gallinaceum to aedes aegypti mosquitoes. i. resistance of zygotes to the alternative pathway of complement.	gametocytes are the intraerythrocytic stages of malaria parasites that infect mosquitoes. when gametocytes of the chicken malaria parasite plasmodium gallinaceum are ingested by a mosquito they become extracellular in the mosquito midgut, form gametes, and fertilize within 10 to 15 min after the insect has taken a blood meal. gametocytes of p. gallinaceum were infectious when fed to aedes aegypti mosquitoes in blood meals containing native serum from chickens or from the non-host species, man or ...	1986	3517168
bacteriolytic factor in the salivary glands of aedes aegypti.	salivary gland homogenates from adult aedes aegypti lyse micrococcus lysodeikticus cells. the bacteriolytic factor is present in a cell type common to both male and female mosquitoes, as well as in the crop of sugar-feeding mosquitoes. the bacteriolytic factor releases digestion products from sacculi of escherichia coli that are different from those of hen egg white lysozyme.	1986	3519067
aedes aegypti mosquitoes in the americas: a review of their interactions with the human population.	this paper describes the significant changes in the relationship between aedes aegypti mosquitoes and the human population in the americas from the 1800s to present. first, the history of the arrival of the mosquito, the consequent epidemics of yellow fever and dengue, and the eventual implication of the mosquito as vector is described. second, the pan american health organization's aedes aegypti eradication program is discussed and the potential threat to the americas of development of the deng ...	1986	3532349
selection for resistance to bacillus thuringiensis subspecies israelensis in field and laboratory populations of the mosquito aedes aegypti.		1986	3701104
the migration of infective larvae of brugia pahangi within the mosquito, aedes aegypti.	the course of the migration of infective larvae of brugia pahangi within the mosquito, aedes aegypti, is described. the presence of blood or eggs in the abdomens of mosquitoes at a time when the infective larvae are beginning their migration out of the thorax leads to a significant increase in the proportion of larvae accumulating in the abdomen. the evidence supports the hypothesis that infective larvae may accumulate in the labium as a direct consequence of the insect's internal anatomy i.e. i ...	1986	3714302
defense reactions of mosquitoes to filarial worms: effect of host age on the immune response to dirofilaria immitis microfilariae.	the melanization response of aedes aegypti black-eyed liverpool strain (lvp) and aedes trivittatus against intrathoracically inoculated dirofilaria immitis microfilariae (mff) was assessed in mosquitoes less than 1, 14, 21, and 28 days after adult ecdysis. there was a significant decrease in the melanization response of a. aegypti 14 days of age and older at 1, 3, and 5 days postinoculation (pi) compared to less than 1-day-old mosquitoes. the response also was reduced significantly in 14- to 28- ...	1986	3734989
parasite-induced suppression of the immune response in aedes aegypti by brugia pahangi.	the melanization response against intrathoracically inoculated brugia pahangi and dirofilaria immitis microfilariae (mff) isolated from vertebrate host blood was evaluated in both uninfected aedes aegypti black-eyed liverpool strain and in mosquitoes harboring a developing b. pahangi infection. the immune response against inoculated mff of either species was significantly reduced by 28-47% in infected as compared with uninfected mosquitoes. attempts to passively transfer this suppression factor( ...	1986	3734990
hemocyte-mediated melanization of microfilariae in aedes aegypti.	the melanization response of adult female aedes aegypti (black-eyed liverpool strain) against intrathoracically inoculated dirofilaria immitis microfilariae (mff) was assessed with transmission electron microscopy. the initial reaction involved the lysis of hemocytes at or near the surface of the parasite prior to the deposition of pigment. subsequently, melanin formation was noted in the area of lysed cells and appeared to cascade onto the parasite surface. observations suggest that melanin may ...	1986	3734991
influence of developing brugia pahangi on spontaneous flight activity of aedes aegypti (diptera: culicidae).		1986	3735352
fmrfamide- and pancreatic polypeptide-like immunoreactivity of endocrine cells in the midgut of a mosquito.	immunocytochemical surveys of midguts from female mosquitoes, aedes aegypti, reveal that half of the estimated 500 endocrine cells in a midgut contain a substance recognized by antisera to bovine pancreatic polypeptide and a molluscan peptide, fmrfamide (phenylalanine-methionine-arginine-phenylalanine-amide). with light microscopy the cells resemble an endocrine type because of their basal position in the epithelium, conical shape, and, in some instances, apical extensions to the lumen. at the u ...	1986	3738889
trichostrongylus colubriformis: isolation and characterization of ovicidal activity from bacillus thuringiensis israelensis.	bioassay of media fractions from cultivation of bacillus thuringiensis israelensis revealed that ovicidal activity for eggs of the ruminant nematode trichostrongylus colubriformis was found in microbial crystals, but was not released into culture medium. the purified delta-endotoxin of b. t. israelensis, composed of two 25 kda proteins, had no effect on nematode eggs. a fraction that had high ovicidal activity for eggs of t. colubriformis was isolated by high performance liquid chromatography fr ...	1986	3743716
the ability of aedes aegypti mosquitoes to survive and transmit infective larvae of brugia pahangi over successive blood meals.	the mortality of aedes aegypti mosquitoes increased; immediately following a blood meal containing microfilariae of brugia pahangi, when infective larvae began to migrate out of the flight muscles and when infective larvae were lost from the mosquitoes during a blood meal. when infective mosquitoes took a second blood meal 86.2% of the infective larvae escaped from their bodies. however, only 50.3% escaped when mosquitoes fed through a thin layer of cotton. infective larvae in the abdomen of the ...	1986	3745870
etiologic and serologic investigations of the 1980 epidemic of dengue fever on hainan island, china.	virologic and seroepidemiologic studies were carried out during an epidemic of dengue fever on hainan island in 1980. dengue 3 virus was isolated from 46 of 77 acute phase sera and from 1 of 10 pools of adult aedes aegypti. dengue 1 virus virus was isolated from a single acute phase serum. seroepidemiologic investigations showed that 74% of healthy individuals in the epidemic area had antibody to dengue virus compared to 54% in an area where epidemic dengue had occurred in 1978, and less than or ...	1986	3766851
comparative studies on the melanization response of male and female mosquitoes against microfilariae.	the melanization response of adult male and female aedes trivittatus and the black-eyed liverpool strain of aedes aegypti against intrathoracically inoculated dirofilaria immitis microfilariae (mff) was assessed at 1, 3, and 5 days postinoculation (pi). the melanization reaction of males is significantly less effective than the response elicited by female mosquitoes. no mff in male a. aegypti and only 17% of mff recovered from a. trivittatus were fully melanized by day 5 pi compared with 80% and ...	1986	3770266
analysis of mosquito larvicidal potential exhibited by vegetative cells of bacillus thuringiensis subsp. israelensis.	vegetative bacillus thuringiensis subsp. israelensis cells (6 x 10(5)/ml) achieved 100% mortality of aedes aegypti larvae within 24 h. this larvicidal potential was localized within the cells; the cell-free supernatants did not kill mosquito larvae. however, they did contain a heat-labile hemolysin which was immunologically distinct from the general cytolytic (hemolytic) factor released during solubilization of b. thuringiensis subsp. israelensis crystals. the larvicidal potential of the vegetat ...	1986	3777922
ultrastructure of malpighian tubules of aedes aegypti infected with dirofilaria immitis.		1986	3782853
the effect of repeated blood meals on the larval development of dirofilaria corynodes in the fat body of aedes aegypti.	the objective of the study was to determine whether blood meals taken by a vector subsequent to the infective one have any influence on the course of development of a filarial parasite in its tissue. the filaria dirofilaria corynodes (von linstow, 1899) was selected for study and the black-eye strain of aedes aegypti served as the experimental vector. the microfilaria of d. corynodes develops to the infective stage in the fat bodies of the vector. following an infective blood meal, mosquitoes we ...	1986	3787121
dispersal and other population parameters of aedes aegypti in an african village and their possible significance in epidemiology of vector-borne diseases.	dispersal of aedes aegypti aegypti adults within shauri moyo, an african village in the rabai area north of mombasa, kenya, was studied using the mark-release-recapture method. a total of 920 mosquitoes were captured and uniquely marked, of which 828 (90%) were released and 332 (40%) recaptured. a great majority of mosquitoes were recaptured once, but some individuals were recaptured up to 10 times. most females visited 1 or 2 houses (40.8%, 44.9%, respectively), but there were females that visi ...	1986	3789275
passage of yellow fever virus: its effect on infection and transmission rates in aedes aegypti.	the effect of successive lytic passage of yellow fever virus on mosquito infection and transmission rates in the vector, aedes aegypti, was determined. three strains of yellow fever virus from trinidad and peru were passaged five times in suckling mouse brains and seven times in bhk-21 cells. mosquitoes were fed meals containing passaged and unpassaged viruses and infection and transmission rates were compared. rates were similar for all but one of the three virus strains grown in both substrate ...	1986	3789277
surface changes on brugia pahangi microfilariae and their association with immune evasion in aedes aegypti.		1987	3794383
expression in escherichia coli of a cloned crystal protein gene of bacillus thuringiensis subsp. israelensis.	a ca. 10-kilobase (kb) hindiii fragment of plasmid dna from bacillus thuringiensis subsp. israelensis was cloned into plasmid puc9 and transformed into escherichia coli. extracts of the recombinant strain contained a 27-kilodalton (kda) peptide that reacted with antibodies to a 27-kda peptide isolated from crystals produced by b. thuringiensis subsp. israelensis. extracts of the recombinant strain were hemolytic and toxic to aedes aegypti larvae. full expression of the 27-kda peptide required th ...	1987	3546262
[are sugars always necessary for the infection of mosquitoes with malarial plasmodia?].	the possibility of the completion of the sporogony cycle of plasmodium gallinaceum in aedes aegypti mosquitoes, which were not given preliminary carbohydrate feeding, is considered. the significance of the obtained data for tracing the connection between the type of feeding of arthropods and their ability to be specific vectors of agents of transmissible infections is discussed.	1987	3574981
potential for organophosphate resistance in aedes aegypti (diptera: culicidae) in the caribbean area and neighboring countries.		1987	3585923
a study on susceptibility of indonesia colonies of aedes aegypti and aedes albopictus mosquitoes to experimental infection with dengue type 3 and chikungunya viruses.		1987	3586577
association of chlamydia trachomatis with mammalian and cultured insect cells lacking putative chlamydial receptors.	the association of radiolabelled chlamydia trachomatis (strains dk-20 and 434) with cultured cell monolayers has been examined. previously, n-acetyl neuraminic acid and n-acetyl-glucosamine had been suggested to be involved in the association of certain strains of c. trachomatis with cultured cell monolayers. we have now studied the association of non-lgv (dk-20) and lgv (434) strains of c. trachomatis with cultured cells lacking these putative receptor components. comparison of the association ...	1987	3507553
[the aedes aegypti problem in brazil].		1987	3507740
properties of a ribonuclease from aedes aegypti larvae.	1. the properties of a soluble ribonuclease from aedes aegypti larvae have been compared with ribonuclease activity in adult female tissue. 2. in larval extracts ribonuclease activity was maximal at 40-45 degrees c whereas activity in tissue from adult females was highest at 50 degrees c. 3. ribonuclease activity that was recovered in a 20-60% ammonium sulfate precipitate was further purified by batch elution from deae-sephacel and from carboxymethylcellulose. 4. ribonuclease activity in the par ...	1987	3427905
aedes aegypti and yellow fever virus: the effect of chloroquine on infection and transmission rates.		1987	3445296
overproduction of detoxifying esterases in organophosphate-resistant culex mosquitoes and their presence in other insects.	antisera raised against the denatured polypeptide of two organophosphate-detoxifying esterases (b1 and a1) of culex mosquitoes were used in an immunoblot method to quantify esterase production in resistant versus susceptible strains and to detect the presence of immunologically related proteins in other insects. it was demonstrated that esterase b1 of culex quinquefasciatus and esterase a1 of culex pipiens are overproduced in resistant strains by factors of at least 500-fold and 70-fold, respect ...	1987	3470782
control of aedes aegypti larvae in household water containers by chinese cat fish.	in 1980-81 an outbreak of dengue fever occurred in guangdong province and in guangxi-zhuang autonomous region in the central-southern part of china. subsequently, a nationwide survey indicated that the vector of the disease, aedes aegypti, was confined to the coastal strip of guangdong and guangxi-zhuang. since the first case in the outbreak occurred in guangxi-zhuang, a community-based programme to control a. aegypti was set up in eight fishing villages of this region where the mosquito was bre ...	1987	3500803
increased yellow fever virus infection and dissemination rates in aedes aegypti mosquitoes orally exposed to freshly grown virus.		1987	3503398
a behavioral mechanism for resting site selection by pupae in three mosquito species.	pupae of aedes aegypti, ae. triseriatus and culex restuans dive less frequently when resting in a concave meniscus than when resting in open water. they also tend to terminate diving after contacting submerged vertical surfaces, increasing their chances of surfacing in a concave meniscus. as a result pupae tend to rest in concave menisci associated with emergent vertical surfaces, a behavioral adaptation by which they probably conserve energy and avoid predation.	1987	3504897
strategies for the emergency control of arboviral epidemics in new orleans.	a study was initiated to evaluate the effectiveness of aerial ulv spraying for the control of aedes aegypti and culex quinquefasciatus as an emergency antiepidemic measure against dengue fever and st. louis encephalitis, respectively. malathion was aerially applied at 219 ml/ha over 344 ha area of the ninth ward in new orleans. laboratory susceptibility tests and field-cage exposures indicated that the target populations were susceptible to malathion and that acceptable coverage of the study are ...	1987	3504901
an alternative bioassay employing neonate larvae for determining the toxicity of suspended particles to mosquitoes.	an alternative bioassay using neonate larvae of aedes aegypti is described for determining the toxicity of suspended particles, particularly insecticidal bacteria, to mosquitoes. this new assay is comparable in precision to the 4th instar bioassay recommended by the world health organization, but is quicker and requires much less space. values obtained using neonate larvae as the test insect showed less variation within and between replicates in regard to lc50 and slope of the regression line, a ...	1987	3504908
variation in the vector competence of geographic strains of aedes albopictus for dengue 1 virus.	eight geographic strains of aedes albopictus from asia and north america and one north american strain of aedes aegypti were tested for their vector competence with dengue 1 virus. three groups of ae. albopictus were established based on their vector competence: a) the oahu laboratory strain, b) the three malaysian strains, and c) the tokyo and three north american strains. the three north american strains were similar to the strain of ae. aegypti from houston, texas in their ability to transmit ...	1987	3504922
development of brugia malayi and dirofilaria immitis in aedes aegypti: effect of the host's nutrition.	the purpose of the study was to establish the importance of single and multiple blood meals taken by a vector in the development of larval filariae, dwelling in tissues other than the fat body. the black eye strain of aedes aegypti was used as experimental vector for brugia malayi and dirofilaria immitis, filariae species which develop in the flight muscles and malphighian tubules respectively. under similar conditions, both filariae species molted for the first time on the 6th day and a second ...	1987	3602836
increased dissemination of dengue 2 virus in aedes aegypti associated with concurrent ingestion of microfilariae of brugia malayi.	we investigated whether concurrent ingestion of dengue 2 virus and microfilariae of brugia malayi would increase viral infection and dissemination rates in aedes aegypti. infection rates were similar in mosquitoes that ingested virus alone or both virus and microfilariae concurrently. however, viral dissemination rates, as determined by recovery of dengue virus from both legs and bodies separately, were significantly greater in mosquitoes that ingested both agents concurrently than in those that ...	1987	3605503
purification of the mosquitocidal and cytolytic proteins of bacillus thuringiensis subsp. israelensis.	two proteins from parasporal crystals of bacillus thuringiensis subsp. israelensis were purified to electrophoretic homogeneity by gel filtration and anion-exchange chromatography. the larger of the two proteins (molecular weight, 68,000) was not cytolytic, whereas the smaller protein (molecular weight, 28,000) was highly cytolytic when assayed against rat erythrocytes. when these proteins were assayed against larvae of the yellow fever mosquito, aedes aegypti, the larger protein was at least 10 ...	1987	3606108
genetic studies on hexokinase in the mosquito aedes togoi.	hexokinases (ec 2.7.1.1) were genetically analyzed in the mosquito aedes togoi by agar gel electrophoresis. enzyme activity was observed anodally in one major banding region (hk-1) on the gel and in another faintly stained region (hk-2). a total of six bands was detected in the hk-1 region. all six bands could be detected in three body parts, head, thorax, and abdomen, of adults with different banding intensities. the third and fourth bands, numbered from the more anodal side, showed the broades ...	1987	3619882
ultrastructural midgut events in culicidae larvae fed with bacillus sphaericus 2297 spore/crystal complex.	ingestion of bacillus sphaericus 2297 spore/crystal complex by culicidae larvae anopheles stephensi, culex pipiens subsp. pipiens and aedes aegypti was rapidly followed by a dissolution of the protein crystalline inclusions inside the anterior stomach of the three species. during the first day of intoxication, b. sphaericus spores germinated within the midgut lumen, and were in a vegetative stage between 36-48 h after ingestion when the larvae began to die. ultrastructural observations focused o ...	1987	3663390
absence of transovarial transmission of chikungunya virus in aedes aegypti & ae. albopictus mosquitoes.		1987	3666861
seasonal incidence and diel patterns of oviposition in the field of the mosquito, aedes aegypti (l.) (diptera:culicidae) in trinidad, west indies: a preliminary study.	diel patterns of oviposition of domestic aedes aegypti in the field in trinidad, west indies were monitored weekly for one year using standard ovitraps. during the wet season (may to november) a large, well defined peak of oviposition (comprising more than 80% of eggs laid) occurred one to two hours before sunset, and a much smaller peak (about 5% of eggs laid) occurred one to two hours after sunrise. during the dry season (december to may) a broad, poorly defined peak (about 36% of eggs laid) f ...	1987	3689024
influence of developing dirofilaria immitis on the spontaneous flight activity of aedes aegypti (diptera: culicidae).		1987	3694634
effect of plasmodium gallinaceum infection on the mortality and body weight of aedes aegypti (diptera: culicidae).		1987	3820241
effect of temperature on the vector efficiency of aedes aegypti for dengue 2 virus.	the effect of temperature on the ability of aedes aegypti to transmit dengue (den) 2 virus to rhesus monkeys was assessed as a possible explanation for the seasonal variation in the incidence of dengue hemorrhagic fever in bangkok, thailand. in two laboratory experiments, a bangkok strain of ae. aegypti was allowed to feed upon viremic monkeys infected with den-2 virus. blood-engorged mosquitoes were separated into two groups and retained at constant temperatures. virus infection and transmissio ...	1987	3812879
efficacy of czechoslovak and soviet bacillus thuringiensis (serotype h-14) formulations against mosquito larvae.	laboratory and field comparisons were made with two wettable powder formulations of bacillus thuringiensis serotype h-14 (b. t. h-14) prepared in czechoslovakia ("moskitur") and the ussr ("baktokulicid"). expressed in the international aedes aegypti toxic units (tu x mg-1) the potency of these two test formulations was greater than that of the institute pasteur standard ips-78 (= 1,000 tu x mg-1), i.e. moskitur had a potency of about 1,500 tu x mg-1 and the soviet baktokulicid 2,000 tu x mg-1. t ...	1987	2883232
immunoelectron microscopic demonstration of pancreatic polypeptide in midgut epithelium of hematophagous dipterans.	midguts of mosquitoes, aedes aegypti and anopheles stephensi, and of the tsetse fly, glossina morsitans morsitans, as well as guinea pig pancreas, were prepared for electron microscopy by using low-temperature embedding in lowicryl k4m. rabbit antiserum to bovine pancreatic polypeptide (pp) crossreacted with secretory granules of pancreatic pp-producing cells and of the clear cells in mosquito gut. rabbit antiserum to human somatostatin crossreacted with the control tissue, guinea pig pancreas d ...	1987	2885369
proteolysis in the gut of mosquito larvae results in further activation of the bacillus sphaericus toxin.	gut proteases from the larvae of the mosquito culex pipiens convert the 43-kilodalton (kda) toxin from bacillus sphaericus 2362 to a 40-kda peptide. the 50% lethal concentration of this peptide for tissue culture-grown cells of culex quinquefasciatus was 1.0 microgram/ml (as determined by the intracellular atp assay), 54-fold less than that of the 43-kda peptide. gut proteases from anopheles gambiae and aedes aegypti, as well as bovine pancreatic trypsin, also converted the 43-kda protein to a 4 ...	1987	2886104
cloning and expression of 130-kd mosquito-larvicidal delta-endotoxin gene of bacillus thuringiensis var. israelensis in escherichia coli.	five recombinant e. coli clones exhibiting toxicity to aedes aegypti larvae were obtained from a library of 800 clones containing xbai dna fragments of 110 kb plasmid from b. thuringiensis var. israelensis. all the five clones (pmu 14/258/303/388/679) had the same 3.8-kb insert and encoded a major protein of 130 kda which was highly toxic to a. aegypti larvae. three clones (pmu 258/303/388) transcribed the 130 kd a gene in the same direction as that of lac z promoter of puc12 vector whereas the ...	1987	2890080
use of enzyme immunoassay and nucleic acid hybridization for detecting sindbis virus in infected mosquitoes.	aedes aegypti mosquitoes were inoculated intrathoracically with prototype sindbis virus, held at 26.7 degrees c for from 0-95 h and placed at -70 degrees c. individual mosquitoes were tested for virus by plaque assay in vero cells, for viral rna by nucleic acid hybridization using a cloned cdna probe, and for viral protein by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. virus was detected by plaque assay as early as 8 h after infection. sindbis virus rna was detected by nucleic acid hybridization 18 h aft ...	1987	2890652
the effectiveness of mosquito coils containing esbiothrin under laboratory and field conditions.	tests were made to correlate the chemical content of mosquito coils with the knockdown and bite-inhibitory action of the smoke in the laboratory and with the protective effect in field use. smoke from a blank coil, containing no pyrethroid, gave no knockdown, 10% inhibition of biting in the laboratory using aedes aegypti, and 39% protection in field tests in village huts on the kenyan coast with a mixed population of mosquitoes including 71% anopheles gambiae. coils containing low experimental c ...	1987	2891344
evaluation of some adhesives for collecting musca domestica and chrysomya megacephala adults or mosquito larvae in sticky traps.	1. seven types of water-insoluble adhesives were evaluated in sticky traps for collecting adults of musca domestica l. and chrysomya megacephala (fabricius) or mosquito larvae (aedes aegypti (l.) and culex quinquefasciatus say). 2. adhesive viscosity affected the tackiness of the glues and this determined their trapping efficiency in air or water. 3. from the 'hyvis' range of adhesives tested, 'hyvis 200' was most effective for trapping adult flies. 4. with 24 h exposure to fourth instar ae.aegy ...	1987	2979541
vector competence of aedes albopictus from houston, texas, for dengue serotypes 1 to 4, yellow fever and ross river viruses.	a combination of virus infection and transmission experiments showed that a houston, texas strain of aedes albopictus is a competent vector for dengue (den), yellow fever (yf) and ross river (rr) viruses. however, at 14 days incubation, den virus infection rates in a puerto rican strain of aedes aegypti were significantly higher for each of the four den serotypes, except den-1, than in houston ae. albopictus fed simultaneously on the same virus suspensions. the degree of correlation between diss ...	1987	2849638
induction of salivation in biting midges and mosquitoes, and demonstration of virus in the saliva of infected insects.	culicoides biting midges and aedes aegypti (linnaeus) mosquitoes were induced to salivate by the topical application of pilocarpine, neostigmine, malathion and dimethoate; of these, malathion was the most effective. drops of saliva produced by virus-infected midges and mosquitoes were shown to contain virus. the method could be used to demonstrate transmission in insects infected with a variety of pathogens.	1987	2856508
analysis of the molecular basis of insecticidal specificity of bacillus thuringiensis crystal delta-endotoxin.	the mechanism of action and receptor binding of a dual-specificity bacillus thuringiensis var. aizawai icl delta-endotoxin was studied using insect cell culture. the native protoxin was labelled with 125i, proteolytically activated and the affinity of the resulting preparations for insect cell-membrane proteins was studied by blotting. the active preparations obtained by various treatments had characteristic specificity associated with unique polypeptides, and showed affinity for different membr ...	1987	2829819
mechanical transmission of bacillus anthracis by stable flies (stomoxys calcitrans) and mosquitoes (aedes aegypti and aedes taeniorhynchus).	we evaluated the potential of stable flies, stomoxys calcitrans, and two species of mosquitoes, aedes aegypti and aedes taeniorhynchus, to transmit bacillus anthracis vollum 1b mechanically. after probing on hartley guinea pigs with a bacteremia of ca. 10(8.6) cfu of b. anthracis per ml of blood, individual or pools of two to four stable flies or mosquitoes were allowed to continue feeding on either uninfected guinea pigs or a/j mice. all three insect species transmitted lethal anthrax infection ...	1987	3112013
complement effects of the infectivity of plasmodium gallinaceum to aedes aegypti mosquitoes. ii. changes in sensitivity to complement-like factors during zygote development.	during transformation into ookinetes, the zygotes of plasmodium gallinaceum are initially resistant to lysis by heat-labile and edta-sensitive factors in the serum of their natural host, the chicken. between 6 and 8 hr postgametogenesis, zygotes cultured in vitro lose their resistance to these factors. loss of resistance to these factors in vitro is reflected by loss of infectivity of the zygotes to aedes aegypti mosquitoes in the presence of native chicken serum. these factors are probably comp ...	1987	3116195
dengue and dengue hemorrhagic fever in the americas.	there has been a constant increase in the incidence of dengue in the americas over the past 15 years. this has been caused by increased frequency of epidemic activity in most countries, as a result of increased numbers of virus serotypes circulating in the region. the change in disease ecology has resulted in the emergence of dengue hemorrhagic fever/dengue shock syndrome (dhf/dss) in the region, first with a major epidemic in cuba, followed by increased occurrence of sporadic cases of dhf/dss i ...	1987	3313490
dengue in puerto rico: clinical manifestations and management from 1960's to 1987.	dengue is a viral disease transmitted by the aedes aegypti mosquito. it is endemic in puerto rico and the caribbean with periodic epidemics occurring at varying intervals. there are three dengue serotypes present in puerto rico, at the present time. the clinical manifestations of dengue in puerto rico are presented from a historical perspective. dengue in puerto rico has evolved from a clinically mild illness in the 1960's to a devastating disease with hemorrhagic manifestations in the 1980's an ...	1987	3313491
dengue haemorrhagic fever in malaysia: a review.	the historical background, epidemiology and changing pattern of clinical disease as seen in malaysia is reviewed. the preliminary results of the longitudinal study of epidemiology of dengue in malaysia is also presented. studies led by rudnick et al. over some 18 years have established that the disease is endemically transmitted by both aedes aegypti and aedes albopictus causing illnesses ranging from mild febrile episodes through classical dengue fever, dengue haemorrhagic fever and the dengue ...	1987	3324361
characterization of the toxicity and cytopathic specificity of a cloned bacillus thuringiensis crystal protein using insect cell culture.	an insecticidal protein gene from bacillus thuringiensis var. aizawai was cloned in escherichia coli. the cloned gene expressed at a high level and the synthesized protein appeared as an insoluble, phase-bright inclusion in the cytoplasm. these inclusions were isolated by density gradient centrifugation, the isolated protein was activated in vitro by different proteolytic regimes and the toxicity of the resulting preparations was studied using insect cells grown in tissue culture. the inclusions ...	1987	3330756
the glycoprotein toxin of bacillus thuringiensis subsp. israelensis indicates a lectinlike receptor in the larval mosquito gut.	the mosquito-active protein crystals produced by bacillus thuringiensis subsp. israelensis contain covalently attached aminosugars which are critical for their larvicidal activity. the 50% lethal concentrations toward aedes aegypti larvae were increased up to 10-fold by mild periodate treatment, up to 40-fold by forming the protein crystals in the presence of tunicamycin, and up to 7-fold by the presence during the mosquito bioassays of n-acetylglucosamine or its trimer, triacetylchitotriose. pe ...	1987	2827571
susceptibility & transmissibility of aedes aegypti to four strains of chikungunya virus.		1987	2828232
microcarriers as a culturing system of insect cells and insect viruses.	there is an increasing interest in culturing of insect cells, which are host for arthropod-born (arbo) viruses. the potential applications of arbo viruses are in the following two main fields: 1. medical applications (e.g. preparation of viral vaccines and viral antigens for diagnostic purposes). 2. as bioinsecticides in pest control in horticulture, agriculture and forestry. one of the potential cell substrates for these applications is an anchorage-dependent-mosquito cell line established from ...	1987	2438174
experimental assessment of bedbugs (cimex lectularius and cimex hemipterus) and mosquitoes (aedes aegypti formosus) as vectors of human immunodeficiency virus.	in vitro experiments were conducted to assess whether bedbugs (cimex lectularius and cimex hemipterus) and mosquitoes (aedes aegypti formosus) could act as vectors of hiv. these insects engorged through a membrane on a blood-virus mixture. female bedbugs were larger than males and took larger blood-meals when fed to repletion. it was determined that the full blood-meal of a female bedbug contained 0.09 x 10(5) tissue culture infectious doses (tcid) of virus and a male 0.07 x 10(5) tcid, while pa ...	1987	2450552
1,8-cineole (eucalyptol), a mosquito feeding and ovipositional repellent from volatile oil ofhemizonia fitchii (asteraceae).	the mosquito feeding and ovipositional repellency of the major monoterpenoid present in the volatile oil ofhemizonia fitchii (asteraceae), i.e., 1,8-cineole, was investigated. although 1,8-cineole did not exhibit any significant mosquito larvicidal activity, it was moderately effective as a feeding repellent and highly effective as an ovipositional repellent against adultaedes aegypti (yellow fever mosquito). the ovipositional repellency of 1,8-cineole, coupled with the presence of severalhemizo ...	1987	24301652
factors affecting the acquisition of plagiorchis noblei (trematoda: plagiorchiidae) metacercariae by larvae and pupae of aedes aegypti in the laboratory.	when exposed to concentrations of less than one plagiorchis noblei cercariae per cc of water, the acquisition of metacercariae by aedes aegypti larvae increased significantly with each successive instar but declined precipitously upon pupation. thus, 1st instar larvae acquired no metacercariae, whereas 4th instars had a mean abundance of 6.15: pupae only acquired a mean of 0.62 parasites. parasite acquisition was largely a function of host size and activity. other factors, such as grooming and f ...	1987	3504947
hormone-controlled camp-mediated fluid secretion in yellow-fever mosquito.	evidence is presented for hormone-controlled adenosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphate (camp)-mediated nacl diuresis in malpighian tubules of the blood-feeding yellow-fever mosquito aedes aegypti. studies in isolated malpighian tubules reveal that camp added to the peritubular bath selectively stimulates nacl secretion and not kcl secretion by increasing the na conductance of the basolateral membrane of primary cells. these effects are duplicated by forskolin and theophylline in parallel with increas ...	1987	2825546
life cycle and mode of infection of leptolegnia chapmanii (oomycetes) parasitizing aedes aegypti.		1987	3624894
the origin and movement of gas during adult emergence in aedes aegypti: an hypothesis.	several events which precede adult emergence in aedes aegypti were studied, including changes in buoyancy, changes visible through the pupal cuticle and changes at the foregut-midgut junction. our data suggest tht the gas which is present in the posterior midgut at the time of emergence originates in the tracheal system. during the process of emergence this gas moves into the exuvial space through the adult spiracles and then follows the exuvial fluid into the alimentary canal.	1987	3504927
linkage relationships between a low-mobility esterase locus and group i markers in larvae of the yellow fever mosquito, aedes aegypti (diptera: culicidae).		1987	3625727
susceptibility of aedes aegypti and anopheles quadrimaculatus larvae to infection with the cercariae of plagiorchis noblei (trematoda: plagiorchiidae).	the impact of interspecific behavioral differences on the relative susceptibility of third instar aedes aegypti and anopheles quadrimaculatus larvae to infection with cercariae of plagiorchis noblei was determined. when permitted to move freely in a column of water, larvae of ae. aegypti were significantly more susceptible to infection with the parasite than were an. quadrimaculatus larvae. this difference is ascribed to the significantly greater activity of ae. aegypti larvae in the water colum ...	1987	3504909
ribosome metabolism during the vitellogenic cycle of the mosquito, aedes aegypti.	ribosome accumulation and synthesis in the fat body of the mosquito aedes aegypti increased by approx. 4-fold during 18 h after the blood meal, consistent with the pattern of total rna accumulation during the synthetic phase of the vitellogenic cycle. by 24-30 h after the blood meal, the accumulated ribosomes began to be degraded, and the total rna content in the fat body eventually returned to previtellogenic levels. a method has been developed for isolation of ribosomal subunits from fat body, ...	1987	3567223
the genetic basis of resistance and sensitivity to the meiotic drive gene d in the mosquito aedes aegypti l.	a study has been made on the genetic basis of meiotic drive at the distorter (d) locus which, in coupling with the male-determining gene (or region) m on the y chromosome, causes production of excess male progeny. its effect is regulated by the sensitivity/resistance of the x chromosome. this study demonstrates that there are two major loci controlling resistance/sensitivity to md: (1) the m gene (or region) on the x chromosome (allelic with m) which may be either mr or ms (resistant or sensitiv ...	1987	3505880
the impact of sequential ultra-low volume ground aerosol applications of malathion on the population dynamics of aedes aegypti (l.).	the efficacy of sequential, ultra-low volume ground aerosol applications of malathion at current u.s. label rates was evaluated as an emergency control measure for adult populations of aedes aegypti (l.) in new orleans, louisiana. replicates of 11 sequential aerosol treatments applied 12 hr apart during a 5.5-day period reduced mean adult captures and oviposition rates during the treatment period 73% and 75%, respectively. we hypothesize that oviposition was not completely suppressed because fem ...	1987	3578659
inheritance of ddt dehydrochlorination and of a mechanism restricting uptake of ddt in the mosquito aedes aegypti.	crosses and backcrosses were made between the t8 dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (ddt) resistant strain and ns susceptible strain. each generation was tested for resistance, for internal levels of ddt and dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene (dde) (thus "ddt uptake" (ddt + dde) and percentage ddt dehydrochlorination in vivo), and for ddt dehydrochlorination in vitro, both at the larval and adult stages. the patterns of inheritance of uptake and dehydrochlorination were different. at both life stages ...	1987	3582976
laboratory study on the mosquito larvicidal properties of leaf and seed extract of the plant agave americana.	experiments on the leaf extract tested against three mosquito species led to 100% mortality of stage 4 anopheles, aedes and culex larvae at a concentration of 0.08% within 24-48 h, whereas 100% mortality of stage 1 larvae occurred at lower concentrations: 0.0032% for aedes aegypti, 0.016% for culex quinquefasciatus and 0.08% for anopheles stephensi, and was more rapid. at the end of 24 h, the highest dilution of the seed extract studied (1:200) produces a larval mortality of 100% for anopheles a ...	1987	2882030
multiple forms of cerebral peptides with steroidogenic functions in pupal and adult brains of the yellow fever mosquito, aedes aegypti.	in the adult mosquito, aedes aegypti, the cerebral egg development neurosecretory hormone (ednh) regulates reproduction by activating the ovaries to synthesize the steroid hormone ecdysone, while during postembryonic development the cerebral prothoracicotropic hormone (ptth) activates the prothoracic glands to synthesize ecdysone. in each case, ecdysone than drives stage-specific physiological processes. since ednh and ptth share a common steroidogenic function, it is conceivable that they are s ...	1987	3582726
attractancy and species specificity of 6-acetoxy-5-hexadecanolide, a mosquito oviposition attractant pheromone.	four stereoisomers of 6-acetoxy-5-hexadecanolide, a mosquito oviposition attractant pheromone, were bioassayed for their activity on mosquitoes. only (-)-(5r,6s) isomer was active in attractingculex quinquefasciatus say females for oviposition at dosages of 0.5 μg/100 ml water and above with the floating-cap method. the activity of this isomer increased 50-fold when it was applied directly to the water surface. the other three isomers, (+)-(5s,6r), (+)-(5r,6r), and (-)-(5s, 6s), were not active. ...	1987	24301804
histochemical studies of uric acid in some insects. 2. uric acid and polyphenols in the fat body.	it is recalled that in the larva of aedes aegypti, starved after a rich protein diet, uric acid is formed and accumulates in the fat body, not as solid spheres but in high concentration in aqueous vacuoles. in the mature larva of celliphora vicina which has finished feeding and is settling down to form the puparium, the fat body at first contains no argentaffin deposits. during the following 2 or 3 days, argentaffin material appears in the form of amber or brown vesicles and black granules of al ...	1987	18620191
the vitellogenin gene family of aedes aegypti.	we have been interested in identifying genes that play a role in reproduction of the mosquito aedes aegypti. our interests are currently focused on the vitellogenin genes which in the mosquito are expressed only in the fat body in response to the insect steroid hormone, 20-hydroxyecdysone. four of the five vitellogenin genes in the genome have been cloned. we have examined the relationships between these genes and find that they form a small gene family exhibiting different levels of relationshi ...	1987	3509110
monoclonal antibodies as probes for processing of the mosquito yolk protein; a high-resolution immunolocalization of secretory and accumulative pathways.	a library of monoclonal antibodies (mab) directed against yolk polypeptides of the mosquito aedes aegypti was utilized to visualize the secretory pathway of these polypeptides in the fat body and their accumulative pathway in developing oocytes. single and double immunolabelling using mabs and colloidal gold of different sizes confirmed biochemical observation that 200 +/- 5 and 65 +/- 3 kda polypeptides represent subunits of the yolk protein. this immunocytochemical analysis showed that, in tro ...	1987	3307021
heterochromatin diversity and cyclic responses to selective silver staining in aedes aegypti (l.).	in interphase cells of aedes aegypti (l.) (2n = 4+ xx/xy), only the nucleolus responded to selective silver staining. the secondary constriction on chromosome 3 remained unresponsive at all times but the six centromeres were identified throughout mitosis from early prophase as well as those stages of meiosis subsequent to diplotene. the centromeric blocks were not synonymous with the pericentric heterochromatin revealed by c-banding. x chromosomes without an intercalary c-band were newly discove ...	1987	2438099
studies on bioassay of the entomopathogenic hyphomycete fungus tolypocladium cylindrosporum in mosquitoes.	larvae of aedes aegypti, ae. vexans and culiseta inornata were used to study the pathogenicity of the hyphomycete fungus tolypocladium cylindrosporum. experiments consisted of continuous exposure of second-instar larvae to 5 concentrations of conidia at 10, 15, 20 and 25 degrees c. the 3 test species were susceptible at all temperatures tested. there was generally a direct relationship between dosage and pathogenicity in the host population, however linear relationships between probit mortality ...	1987	2904966
pathogenesis of the hyphomycete tolypocladium cylindrosporum in the mosquito aedes aegypti.		1988	3373005
phenotypic variability and heterozygosity at an esterase locus in the mosquito aedes aegypti.	populations of the yellow fever mosquito, aedes aegypti l. are polymorphic for esterase alleles. this could be because the alleles are neutral or because selection protects the polymorphism, as had been concluded from a study of allele frequencies. a test has been carried out to look for possible associations of esterase heterozygosity with speed of development, body size and spine number symmetry in two spine rows. heterozygotes were found to be larger and slower growing than homozygotes, but t ...	1988	3230031
phototaxis in aquatic invertebrates: possible use in ecotoxicity tests.	a series of experiments has been carried out aimed at (i) a deeper study of the phototaxis of some aquatic invertebrates and (ii) its possible use in ecotoxicity tests. for the first point the phototaxis of the nauplii of artemia salina was examined: through tests carried out under different conditions, it was observed that a marked complex response to light existed, which led to a subdivision between individuals with different phototactic response, mainly depending on the density of the nauplii ...	1988	3229377
the biology of aedes albopictus.	the biology of aedes albopictus is reviewed, with emphasis on studies of ecology and behavior. the following topics are discussed: distribution and taxonomy, genetics, medical importance, habitat, egg biology, larval biology, adult biology, competitive interactions, comparative studies with aedes aegypti, population dynamics, photoperiodism, and surveillance and control.	1988	3068349
toxicity, localization and elimination of the phototoxin, alpha-terthienyl, in mosquito larvae.	mosquito larvae were examined to determine interspecific and interstrain differences in susceptibility to the larvicidal effects of the plant-derived phototoxin, alpha-terthienyl (alpha-t). the lc50 values were as follows: aedes aegypti, 4 ppb; ae. epactius, 6 ppb; anopheles stephensi, 14 ppb; malathion-susceptible culex tarsalis (s), 12 ppb; malathion-resistant cx. tarsalis (r), 16 ppb. fluorescence studies indicated localization of alpha-t in the midgut epithelium and in the lumen of malpighia ...	1988	2906359
saint lucia revisited.	the eastern caribbean island of saint lucia is now famous in parasitological history as the setting for a major programme of schistosomiasis control'. perhaps less well-known are the island's effective control of many intestinal parasites, and elimination of malaria, such that the current patterns of mortality and other demographic indicators now resemble those of industrialized countries. more recently, the island has become the focus for another community-based health programme as the caribbea ...	1988	15463009
anti-mosquito antibodies and their effects on feeding, fecundity and mortality of aedes aegypti.	anti-mosquito antibodies, produced in mice inoculated with mosquito homogenates or exposed to mosquito bites, reacted with a variety of mosquito antigens including muscle, gut, fat body and nervous tissue; those in anti-mosquito bite sera reacted solely with salivary glands. mosquitoes fed on restrained immunized mice showed a significant increase in mortality correlated to both the titre and specificity of the anti-mosquito antibodies ingested. no changes in their fecundity or feeding success w ...	1988	2980191
the collection of aedes aegypti and ae. albopictus from baltimore, maryland.		1988	3199132
mosquito repellents: monocarboxylic esters of aliphatic diols.	selected monocarboxylic esters of aliphatic diols that contained an alicyclic group in the acyl portion of the molecule were effective repellents for aedes aegypti, anopheles quadrimaculatus and an. albimanus when tested on cloth. although 25 of the esters provided greater than 21 days of protection against all 3 species, the repellent potency of the 143 hydroxyesters that were tested was found to vary with mosquito species. anopheles quadrimaculatus was especially susceptible to this type of st ...	1988	3199120
defense reactions by larvae of aedes aegypti during infection by the aquatic fungus lagenidium giganteum (oomycete).	the adherence of zoospores of lagenidium giganteum to the cuticle of mosquito larvae is the initial step in the infection process. subsequently, a germ tube penetrates the integument, inducing a rapid melanization of the injured cuticle and epidermis. after entering the hemocoel the developing hyphae are occasionally encapsulated locally. this process is slow (6 to 12 h postincubation) and most frequently cell-free, although it can be mediated by circulating hemocytes. sporadic hemocyte mediatio ...	1988	3416342
the functional response of toxorhynchites rutilus rutilus to changes in the population density of its prey aedes aegypti.	we present an analysis of the functional response of the predator toxorhynchites rutilus rutilus (coquillett) to changes in the density of the larvae of aedes aegypti (l.) (diptera: culicidae). the experiment was replicated for five different ages, and at three different densities of the predator. the data were fitted to rogers' (1972) random predator equation by non-linear least-squares in order to estimate searching efficiency and handling time for each experimental treatment. the data show th ...	1988	2908786
categorization of domestic breeding habitats of aedes aegypti (diptera: culicidae) in northern queensland, australia.		1988	3392713
reexamination of chemically mediated oviposition behavior in aedes aegypti (l.) (diptera: culicidae).		1988	3392710
time and site of assembly of the peritrophic membrane of the mosquito aedes aegypti.	we determined the time and site of secretion of the precursors of the peritrophic membrane (pm) in aedes aegypti and when the structure is assembled. the fine structure of the developing membrane of blood-feed females was described, and the pattern of secretion of injected tritiated glucosamine analyzed autoradiographically. immediately following blood feeding, ingested red cells rapidly become compressed, such that the surrounding plasma is extruded to the margin of the midgut contents. thereby ...	1988	3383223
factors affecting oviposition site preference by toxorhynchites splendens in the laboratory.	in a series of laboratory oviposition assays, gravid toxorhynchites splendens exhibited a preference for cups containing aedes aegypti larval rearing water, but not for cups containing liquid cultures of bacteria, live ae. aegypti in distilled water, ae. aegypti larval holding water with reduced bacterial contamination, or methyl propionate at 0.1, 0.2 and 0.3% in distilled water. preoviposition flight behavior was elicited by dark-colored containers, but few eggs were deposited if they containe ...	1988	2903901