Publications

[condyloma acuminatum in female urethra: a case report].	a case of female intraurethral condyloma acuminata is present in this report. a 52-year-old woman visited our hospital with the chief complaint of miction pain and bloody secretions. thirty seven years previously, she had had a pudental tumor resected which was diagnosed as condyloma acuminata. physical examination revealed two child-finger-head sized, polypoid tumors which arose from about 5 mm inside the external urethral orifice. laboratory findings were negative for rapid plasma reagin card ...	1994	8085526
trichomonas vaginalis: dominant g2 period and g2 phase arrest in a representative of an early branching eukaryotic lineage.	eukaryotic mitotic cell cycles have been extensively studied in yeasts and vertebrate cells but little is known about cell cycle mechanisms in early branches of the eukaryotic lineage. trichomonas vaginalis represents one of the earliest branching eukaryotic lineages available for study. in contrast with most yeasts and vertebrate cells, the t. vaginalis g2 period was prolonged, comprising 50 to 58% of the cell population. hydroxyurea, aphidicolin, and excess thymidine, all of which arrest yeast ...	1994	8087109
epidemiologic analysis of trichomonas vaginalis infection in inflammatory smears.	infections of the lower reproductive tract are common in indian women of reproductive age. hospital-based cytologic screening was undertaken on 63,265 women. the smears were examined for the presence of specific infections, such as candida, herpes simplex virus, human papillomavirus, trichomonas vaginalis (tv) and chlamydia. this paper highlights the prevalence of tv infection in inflammatory cervical smears. among the various infections detected, the rate of tv infection was the highest (5.1%). ...	1994	8091899
primary structure of the hydrogenosomal adenylate kinase of trichomonas vaginalis and its phylogenetic relationships.	hydrogenosomal adenylate kinase of the amitochondriate protist, trichomonas vaginalis, has been purified and the sequence of its 39 amino-terminal residues established. based on this sequence and a conserved internal region of the enzyme, a probe was obtained by dna polymerase chain reaction and used to isolate a genomic dna clone containing the gene of this enzyme. this gene exists probably as a single copy in t. vaginalis and is not interrupted by introns. the open reading frame obtained codes ...	1994	7808479
molecular characterization of the alpha-subunit of trichomonas vaginalis hydrogenosomal succinyl coa synthetase.	the anaerobic, parasitic protist, trichomonas vaginalis, is characterized by the absence of mitochondria and the presence of double membrane bound organelles called hydrogenosomes. succinyl-coenzyme a synthetase is a hydrogenosomal enzyme which catalyzes the formation of atp via substrate-level phosphorylation. we have characterized genes encoding the alpha subunit of the hydrogenosomal protein succinyl-coenzyme a synthetase (scs). the alpha-scs of t. vaginalis is encoded by a multigene family c ...	1994	7808480
antiprotozoal activities of benzimidazoles and correlations with beta-tubulin sequence.	benzimidazoles have been widely used since the 1960s as anthelmintic agents in veterinary and human medicine and as antifungal agents in agriculture. more recently, selected benzimidazole derivatives were shown to be active in vitro against two protozoan parasites, trichomonas vaginalis and giardia lamblia, and clinical studies with aids patients have suggested that microsporidia are susceptible as well. here, we first present in vitro susceptibility data for t. vaginalis and g. lamblia using an ...	1994	7811023
trichomonas vaginalis: repeated dna target for highly sensitive and specific polymerase chain reaction diagnosis.	trichomoniasis is recognised as a major sexually transmitted disease (std) in the world and may act as an acquired immunodeficiency syndromes (aids) co-factor by enhancing the transmission of human immunodeficiency virus (hiv). diagnosis of trichomonas vaginalis can be achieved by several methods, but sensitive detection means are still lacking. in this study a 2000-bp repeated dna fragment of t. vaginalis was cloned. part of a conserved region of this insert was sequenced, two primers (tvk3 and ...	1994	7812190
genital flora in pregnancy and its association with intrauterine growth retardation.	a study of risk factors for intrauterine growth retardation (iugr) was conducted among a cohort of 13,914 pregnant women enrolled in the multicenter vaginal infections and prematurity study. from 23 through 26 weeks of gestational age, cultures of specimens from the vagina and cervix were done for group b streptococci, neisseria gonorrhoeae, chlamydia trachomatis, trichomonas vaginalis, candida albicans, gardnerella vaginalis, mycoplasma hominis, ureaplasma urealyticum, and anaerobic gram-negati ...	1994	7814541
vaginal discharge--comparison of clinical, laboratory and microbiological findings.	of 101 fertile women (15-50 years of age) consulting in general practice due to vaginal discharge and/or genital malodor, bacterial vaginosis was diagnosed in 34% and vaginal candidiasis in 23%. the presence of chlamydia trachomatis, trichomonas vaginalis, genital herpes virus and neisseria gonorrhoeae was demonstrated in 15%, 9%, 7%, and 1% of cases, respectively. no specific genital tract pathogens were found in 25 patients, where the clinical diagnosis was psychological factors (n = 5), intra ...	1994	7817733
striated fibers in trichomonads: costa proteins represent a new class of proteins forming striated roots.	the production of monoclonal antibodies and the use of biochemical techniques revealed that b-type costa proteins in trichomonads are composed of several major polypeptides with molecular weight detected between 100 and 135 kda similar to those found in the a-type costae. although differences were observed between the two types in their fine structure, we tested whether proteins composing the two costa types belong to the same protein family. a polyclonal antibody produced against the 118 kda co ...	1994	7820860
hydrogenosomes in trichomonads are calcium stores and have a transmembrane electrochemical potential.		1994	7821582
identification of surface antigen of trichomonas vaginalis.	plasma membrane proteins of a korean isolate of trichomonas vaginalis hy-1 were fractionated for antigen analysis. homogenates of t. vaginalis were fractionated by the differential centrifugation using sucrose step-gradient method. the interface layer from the 25%/45% sucrose was collected as a plasma membrane fraction and its purity was examined by transmission electron microscopy. the antigenicity of plasma membrane fraction was analysed by enzyme-linked immunoelectrotransfer blot technique wi ...	1994	7834241
prevalence of vaginitis, syphilis and hiv infection in women in the orange free state.	to determine the prevalence of vaginitis, syphilis and hiv infection in women in the orange free state.	1994	7839281
condom use relative to knowledge of sexually transmitted disease prevention, method of birth control, and past or present infection.	the purpose of this study was to assess knowledge regarding std spread and prevention, and to assess motivational and behavioral factors that influence the use of condoms to prevent std acquisition among inner-city women at high risk for std infection. in addition, the effect of past and/or current std infection on a woman's knowledge of the mechanism of std acquisition and subsequent use of a condom to prevent std infection was explored. we utilized three inner-city clinics offering family plan ...	1994	7844245
evaluation of two cultural media (cplm & tym) for isolation and maintenance of trichomonas vaginalis stocks in the laboratory.	five hundreds vaginal discharge specimens were inoculated simultaneously in 2 axenic culture media (cplm & tym), in order to compare their ability to isolate and to maintain the growth of t. vaginalis in the laboratory. while both media were found to be equally good in detecting the organisms in vaginal discharges, yet, t. vaginalis stocks were maintained for a longer time in tym medium (one year), than in the cplm medium (2 weeks). the yields of the parasites with different inocula subcultured ...	1994	7844426
trichomoniasis in non-gonococcic urethritis among male patients.	urethral discharge of 415 male patients, age 18-50, were examined for trichomonas vaginalis by direct examination of fresh and giemsa-stained slides and cultivation in cplm media. in this study, 85 (20.7%) specimens out of 415, were found to be positive for trichomoniasis. three groups consisting of 30, 29 and 26 patients each was treated with secnidazole, metronidazole and ornidazole respectively. in the follow up controls, all patients were found to be negative for trichomoniasis and all compl ...	1994	7844427
preparations for aids vaccine evaluations. rate of new hiv infection in a cohort of women of childbearing age in malawi.	women attending the queen elizabeth central hospital in blantyre, malawi, between november 1989 and october 1993 were studied as part of a longitudinal cohort study of mother-to-infant hiv transmission. 694 hiv-seropositive and 687 hiv-seronegative women were enrolled at delivery. in the follow-up phase, women attended the clinic every 3 months for the first 24 months and every 6 months thereafter, where they were administered a questionnaire and underwent pelvic exam for the diagnosis of sexual ...	1994	7865310
subcellular localization of the enzymes of the arginine dihydrolase pathway in trichomonas vaginalis and tritrichomonas foetus.	the enzymes of the arginine dihydrolase pathway were demonstrated in tritrichomonas foetus and their subcellular localization determined for both t. foetus and trichomonas vaginalis. ornithine carbamyltransferase (anabolic and catabolic activities), ornithine decarboxylase and carbamate kinase activity were localized predominately (56-80%) in the non sedimentable fraction of both species. a large proportion (35-40%) of the arginine deiminase was, however, recovered in the large granular fraction ...	1994	7866382
sensitivity of trichomonas vaginalis, tritrichomonas foetus and giardia intestinalis to bacitracin and its zinc salt in vitro.	the activity of bacitracin in vitro against giardia intestinalis, trichomonas vaginalis and tritrichomonas foetus was enhanced 5-10 times by equimolar concentrations of zinc. bacitracin and bacitracin zinc activity was tolerant to either aerobic or anaerobic culture conditions and equally effective against t. vaginalis isolates sensitive or insensitive to metronidazole. this enhancement was not due to zinc toxicity and was zinc dose dependent.	1994	7886780
the mucolytic activity of polyamines and mucosal invasion.		1994	7698417
parasite polyamine metabolism: targets for chemotherapy.		1994	7698477
[hemolytic activity of various strains and clones of trichomonas vaginalis and tritrichomonas suis].	hemolytic activity of 7 isolates and 2 clones of trichomonas vaginalis and 1 isolate and 2 clones of tritrichomonas suis was determined using incubation with erythrocytes. t. vaginalis hemolyzed all human blood groups, and no correlation between pathogenicity and hemolytic activity was observed and no hemolysin released by the parasite could be detected. no hemolytic activity was observed with strains and clones of t. suis against erythrocytes from all blood groups and with swine erythrocytes.	1994	7709097
community based survey of std/hiv infection among commercial sex workers in calcutta (india). part-iv: sexually transmitted diseases and related risk factors.	community based survey on a sample of commercial sex workers in one red light area of calcutta, was carried out to determine prevalence of sexually transmitted diseases (std) including hiv infection and related risk factors. an alarmingly high prevalence of stds (80.56 per cent) but low hiv-seropositivity (1.13 per cent) was observed. candida albicans, neisseria gonorrhoeae and trichomonas vaginalis were detected in 23.24, 13.24 and 11.11 per cent of genital specimens respectively. by tpha test ...	1994	7759801
giardiavirus-resistant giardia lamblia lacks a virus receptor on the cell membrane surface.	giardia lamblia virus (glv) is a small nonenveloped double-stranded rna virus that infects specifically the parasitic protozoan g. lamblia. among the many collected strains of g. lamblia, a few turn out to be highly resistant to the virus infection. two of these strains, ac and jh, were subjected to electroporation with the rna from glv-infected g. lamblia wb strain. subsequent studies indicated the presence of glv double-stranded rna and glv protein in the electroporated and propagated cells. v ...	1994	7508994
diagnosis of trichomonas vaginalis in male urethritis.	trichomonas vaginalis was diagnosed in 42 (19%) of 227 adult males with urethral discharge. in 27 men (15%) t. vaginalis was isolated together with neisseria gonorrhoeae. non-gonococcal urethritis was diagnosed in 15 patients and t. vaginalis was isolated from 47% of such patients. stained smear preparations, i.e. rapidiff and acridine orange of modified diamond's media, were superior to wet smear microscopy for the identification of t. vaginalis. rapidiff stain was the most sensitive and identi ...	1994	7513101
[infections of the ejaculate by sexually transmissible pathogens].	certain ejaculate infections can be traced back to sexually transmitted microorganisms, such as neisseria gonorrhoeae, chlamydia trachomatis, ureaplasma urealyticum and trichomonas vaginalis. to varying extents, these microorganisms cause such classical genital infections as urethritis, epididymitis and prostatitis as well as subclinical genital tract infections. several different pathomechanisms are under discussion for infection of the ejaculate: reduction of spermatogenesis resulting from tes ...	1994	7519803
intestinal parasitic infections and swamp development in sierra leone.	the prevalence of entamoeba histolytica, giardia lamblia and other intestinal and urogenital parasites were assessed in five inland valley swamp (ivs) development faming communities in the moyamba district, south-central sierra leone. stool and urine samples were submitted by 1106 individuals and examined by the iron-haematoxylin staining and the formalin-ether concentration techniques for faecal sample and centrifugation method for the urine samples. the overall parasitic infection rate was 61. ...	1994	12153344
altered purine nucleoside transport as a target for malaria chemotherapy.		1994	7660955
trichomoniasis: its clinical significance and diagnostic challenges.	trichomoniasis is a significant std worldwide. clinical studies have demonstrated that trichomoniasis may have serious side effects both in pregnancy and in a predisposition to retrovirus infection. therefore it is important that clinicians request the most accurate diagnostic test available. this is mandated by the significant percentage of both male and female patients that may be asymptomatic. numerous clinical studies have indicated that the most sensitive test for t. vaginalis is with cultu ...	1994	10163483
isolation, identification and sensitivity pattern of microorganisms isolated from the urine of pregnant women.	the present studies were conducted to detect and identify the microorganism from the urine of pregnant women having urinary tract infection. the antibiotic susceptibility of these isolated microorganisms was also determined. the microorganisms found responsible for the infection were bacteria, fungi, yeast and protozoa. among the bacteria two were identified as gram-positive cocci i.e. staphylococcus aureus and s. epidermidis, the remaining two were gram-negative bacilli which were escherichia c ...	1994	16414749
the existence of lipophosphoglycanlike molecules in trichomonads.	the trichomonods, trichomonas vaginalis and tritrichomonas foetus, appear to express novel lipophosphoglycon (lpg) like glycoconjugates on their cell surface, which are structurally distinct from leishmania lpgs'. in this article, bibhuti singh discusses the structural and cellular aspects o f these molecules, and speculates on their biological significance.	1994	15275484
trichomonas vaginalis: diagnosis and clinical characteristics in pregnancy.	the objectives of this study were to 1) determine the prevalance and characterize the symptomatology of trichomonas vaginalis (tv) infection in pregnant women on entry into prenatal care in an inner-city population; 2) compare conventional microscopic methods vs. culture techniques in diagnosing tv in both symptomatic and asymptomatic pregnant patients; and 3) correlate wet mount microscopic and microbiologic characteristics of varying manifestations of trichomoniasis.	1994	18472879
trichomonas vaginalis in pregnancy.		1994	18475347
detection of trichomonas vaginalis using the polymerase chain reaction in pregnant and non-pregnant women.	trichomonas vaginalis vaginal infections are often both asymptomatic and difficult to detect by current methods. we evaluated the ability of a newly developed polymerase chain reaction (pcr) assay to identify t. vaginalis in vaginal samples from pregnant and non-pregnant women.	1994	18475360
trichomonas vaginalis weakens human amniochorion in an in vitro model of premature membrane rupture.	trichomonas vaginalis (tv) infection is associated with preterm rupture of membranes (prom) and preterm birth. we evaluated the effects of tv growth and metabolism on preparations of human amniochorion to understand and characterize how tv may impair fetal-membrane integrity and predispose to prom and preterm birth.	1995	18475407
identification of a satellite double-stranded rna in the parasitic protozoan trichomonas vaginalis infected with t. vaginalis virus t1.	co-infection by a 0.5-kb small double-stranded (ds) rna together with trichomonas vaginalis virus (tvv) genomic 4.6-kb dsrna is commonly observed in a number of t. vaginalis isolates. by molecular cloning and primer extension experiments, the 497-bp cdna sequence of a 0.5-kb dsrna co-infecting with tvv-t1 in t vagina/is t1 isolate was elucidated. consistent with the replication cycle of a typical dsrna virus, a plus-strand viral rna beginning at +1 of the 0.5-kb dsrna was identified in infected ...	1995	11831699
hiv and stds: how are they linked? [letter].	i write in response to dr. gina dallabeta's article with this title (hiv and stds: how are they linked?). prospective studies in sub-saharan africa have established the following: 1. seropositive commercial sex workers have a higher prevalence of genital ulcer disease (gud) and positive serology for syphilis. 2. seropositive men with chancroid more frequently have a history of prior gud. 3. seronegative men with a history of recent contact with a commercial sex worker are more likely to seroconv ...	1995	12288717
sexually transmitted diseases and human immunodeficiency virus infection among women with genital infections in burkina faso.	this study reports the prevalence of sexually transmitted diseases (stds) among gynaecological outpatients presenting at the bobo-dioulasso hospital (burkina faso) with genital infections and examines the factors associated with hiv infection in this population. of 245 eligible non-pregnant women, 220 consented to participate in the study. seventy-seven per cent had sexually transmitted infections. the most common were: trichomonas vaginalis (28%), chlamydia trachomatis (27%), bacterial vaginosi ...	1995	7548291
drug induced myopia associated with treatment for gynecological problems.	we present three cases of women who developed acute transient myopia caused by drugs for gynecological problems. one patient was treated with disothiazide for premenstrual edema. the second had acute cystitis and was treated by sulphonamide and the third developed myopia coincident with metronidazole treatment for trichomonas vaginalis. we followed these patients by a scan ultrasonographic ocular measurements, documenting reduction of the anterior chamber depth combined with lens thickening. the ...	1995	7549443
[effect of cladonia alpestris on trichomonas vaginalis in vitro].	in this paper, an experimental research is reported on the effect of water extract of cladonia alpestris and s-(-) usnic acid on trichomonas vaginalis in vitro. the results showed that both the water extract of cladonia alpestris and s-(-)usnic acid exhibited a strong effect against trichomonas vaginalis in vitro. as the time of action of the agents was prolonged, the mortality of trichomonas vaginalis increased. for s-(-) usnic acid, 0.4 mg/ml was the lowest effective concentration against tric ...	1995	7554162
[exploration on experimental conditions of dot-elisa for trichomonas vaginalis using intact parasite antigen-monoclonal antibody detecting system].	this paper deals with the effect of different experimental conditions including the number of parasite, blocking fluid, incubation time and different types of antigens on dot-elisa for trichomonas vaginalis. five microlitres of freshly washed intact worms at a concentration of 7.7 x 10(5)-3 x 10(8) cells/ml were added onto nitrocellulose membrane blocked with 1% bsa, 10% bovine serum or milk power (0.1%, 0.25%, 0.5%, 5%). dot-elisa using nitrocellulose membrane containing whole cell antigen 2.5 ...	1995	7554165
generation of interleukin-8 from human monocytes in response to trichomonas vaginalis stimulation.	neutrophils are the predominant inflammatory cells found in the vaginal discharges of patients with trichomonas vaginalis infection. we have investigated the possible role of interleukin-8 (il-8) in the inflammatory response elicited by t. vaginalis infection. this study has shown that t. vaginalis induces blood monocytes to produce large amounts of bioactive il-8, mainly by membrane components of t. vaginalis (mtv). monocyte-derived il-8 induced by mtv was dose and time dependent. the peak leve ...	1995	7558293
primary structure and eubacterial relationships of the pyruvate:ferredoxin oxidoreductase of the amitochondriate eukaryote trichomonas vaginalis.	in the eukaryotic unicellular organism trichomonas vaginalis a key step of energy metabolism, the oxidative decarboxylation of pyruvate with the formation of acetyl-coa, is catalyzed by the iron-sulfur protein pyruvate:ferredoxin oxidoreductase (pfo) and not by the almost-ubiquitous pyruvate dehydrogenase multienzyme complex. this enzyme is localized in the hydrogenosome, an organelle bounded by a double membrane. pfo and its closely related homolog, pyruvate:flavodoxin oxidoreductase, are enzym ...	1995	7563125
molecular and phylogenetic analysis of pcr-amplified cyclin-dependent kinase (cdk) family sequences from representatives of the earliest available lineages of eukaryotes.	cyclin-dependent kinase (cdk) and cell division control (cdc2) sequences are strongly conserved among eukaryotes and may complement the use of other sequence families in eukaryotic phylogenetic inference. we synthesized degenerate pcr primers to amplify the catalytic region of cdk homologs in representatives of the earliest available lineages of eukaryotes. cdk family sequence-based, maximum-likelihood distance measurements with neighbor-joining, and fitch-margoliash least-squares analyses produ ...	1995	7563127
paromomycin for nitroimidazole-resistant trichomonosis.		1995	7564825
carbohydrate involvement in the association of a prokaryotic cell with trichomonas vaginalis and tritrichomonas foetus.	previous studies have shown that trichomonas vaginalis are capable of ingesting bacteria. this observation was confirmed in the present study and extended to tritrichomonas foetus. using a special strain of escherichia coli grown under conditions that produced fimbriae presenting a lectin-like molecule recognizing mannose, we showed that the bacteria attached to and were ingested by trichomonads through a mechanism involving cell-to-cell recognition. absence of the fimbriae or addition of alpha- ...	1995	7567902
[bacteriological findings in patients with cervical intra-epithelial neoplasia].	in order to evaluate the cervical flora in patients with histologically confirmed cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (grades i to iii) the microbiologic results of 216 patients with cin were compared with those of 100 symptom free controls. gardnerella vaginalis combined with mykoplasma spp. and bacteroides spp. were found in 22% of the patients with dysplasia and in 5% of the control group. the difference was significant (p < 0.004). microorganisms causing sexually transmitted diseases like nei ...	1995	7571906
primary structure of the hydrogenosomal malic enzyme of trichomonas vaginalis and its relationship to homologous enzymes.	the complete nucleotide sequence has been established for two genes (maea and maeb) coding for different subunits of the hydrogenosomal malic enzyme [malate dehydrogenase (decarboxylating) ec 1.1.1.39] of trichomonas vaginalis. two further genes (maec and maed) of this enzyme have been partially sequenced. the complete open reading frames code for polypeptides of 567 amino acids in length. these two open reading frames are similar with less than 12 percent pairwise nucleotide differences and les ...	1995	7581334
trichomonas vaginalis: ultrastructural bases of the cytopathic effect.	the in vitro cytopathic effect of trichomonas vaginalis on epithelial cells was explored through the interaction of trophozoites of the virulent strain gt-10 with mdck monolayers. the interaction was analyzed through electrophysiology, video microscopy, and transmission and scanning electron microscopy. electrical measurements revealed that living parasites produced severe damage to the cell monolayers within 30 min, manifested as a rapid decrease in transepithelial resistance. microscopic obser ...	1995	7581342
uptake of amino acids by the parasitic, flagellated protist trichomonas vaginalis.	hplc techniques have been applied to study amino acid uptake and release by trichomonas vaginalis under a variety of conditions. studies on the growth of t. vaginalis in complex media and the survival of the parasite in simple media, with and without amino acids and/or maltose, have shown that the growth or survival of t. vaginalis is better in the presence of maltose than when it is absent, and that greater amounts of amino acids are consumed by t. vaginalis in the absence of maltose. the resul ...	1995	7582024
should screening of genital infections be part of antenatal care in areas of high hiv prevalence? a prospective cohort study from kigali, rwanda, 1992-1993. the pregnancy and hiv (ege) group.	to study the prevalence and incidence of genital infections and their association with hiv-1 infection among pregnant women in kigali, rwanda.	1995	7590709
ignored trichomonal infestation diagnosed by papanicolaou smear.	to compare the occurrence of trichomonas vaginalis as demonstrated by culture and by papanicolaou (pap) smears in a sexually transmitted disease (std) clinic.	1995	7590721
genital ulcers associated with human immunodeficiency virus-related immunosuppression in female sex workers in abidjan, ivory coast.	a cross-sectional study among female sex workers in abidjan was conducted to study the association between sexually transmitted diseases and human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) infection and hiv-related immunosuppression. among 1209 women tested for hiv, 962 (80%) were seropositive. hiv infection was independently associated with a longer duration of sex work, a lower price for intercourse, being an immigrant, and having a positive treponema pallidum hemagglutination test (p < .05). genital ulcer ...	1995	7594681
small extrachromosomal nucleic acid segments in protozoan parasites.	viruses have been described in the following protozoa: babesia spp., trichomonas vaginalis, giardia lamblia, leishmania braziliensis and eimeria spp. in order to study the babesia bovis virus, merozoites have been prepared from the blood of infected cattle. agarose gel electrophoresis of nucleic extracts from the bovine protozoa b. bovis and babesia bigemina were separated into genomic dna and at least two additional nucleic acids. one molecule with a relative mobility of 5.5 kilobase pairs (kbp ...	1995	7597793
pcr-based study of conserved and variable dna sequences of tritrichomonas foetus isolates from saskatchewan, canada.	the protozoan parasite tritrichomonas foetus causes infertility and spontaneous abortion in cattle. in saskatchewan, canada, the culture prevalence of trichomonads was 65 of 1,048 (6%) among 1,048 bulls tested within a 1-year period ending in april 1994. saskatchewan was previously thought to be free of the parasite. to confirm the culture results, possible t. foetus dna presence was determined by the pcr. all of the 16 culture-positive isolates tested were pcr positive by a single-band test, bu ...	1995	7615746
phylogeny of trichomonads inferred from small-subunit rrna sequences.	small subunit (16s-like) ribosomal rna sequences were obtained from representatives of all four families constituting the order trichomonadida. comparative sequence analysis revealed that the trichomonadida are a monophyletic lineage and a deep branch of the eukaryotic tree. relative to the early divergent eukaryotic assemblages the branching pattern within the trichomonadida is very shallow. this pattern suggests the trichomonadida radiated recently, perhaps in conjunction with their animal hos ...	1995	7620466
trichomoniasis in men: old issues and new data.	trichomoniasis is common among sexually active women, but its importance as a cause of morbidity among sexually active men remains uncertain.	1995	7624817
multidrug resistance and p-glycoproteins in parasitic protozoa.	drug resistance has emerged as a devasting impediment to the treatment and control of diseases of parasitic origin. the underlying mechanisms that contribute to this drug resistance in field isolates, however, are poorly understood. members of the p-glycoprotein gene (pgp) family have been identified, cloned, and sequenced in plasmodia, leishmania, and entamoeba, and variations in pgp copy number and/or expression have been implicated as a basis for drug resistance in each of these genera. the s ...	1995	7629055
lower genital tract infections in infertile nigerian women compared with controls.	to investigate the possibility that infertile nigerian women have a higher rate of cervical colonisation with pathogenic and facultative organisms than fertile controls.	1995	7635492
trichomonas vaginalis transmission in a family.		1995	7635505
barrier methods of contraception.	although a recent cavalieri d'oro et al. article correctly concludes that while barrier methods reduce the risk of gonorrhea and hiv, they may be less consistent for other diseases, the review does not include the female condom, the newest method of barrier contraception. laboratory tests have shown polyurethane, the material of which the new condom is manufactured, to be impermeable to hiv and cytomegalovirus. similar permeability studies using bacteriophages smaller than hepatitis and hiv sh ...	1995	7635509
analysis of human immunoglobulin-degrading cysteine proteinases of trichomonas vaginalis.	trichomonas vaginalis is a protozoan parasite that causes a widely distributed sexually transmitted disease (std). since immunoglobulin g (igg) antibodies to specific trichomonad immunogens are found in serum and vaginal washes (vws) from patients with trichomoniasis, a potential mechanism of immune evasion by this parasite might be the ability of t. vaginalis proteinases to degrade human immunoglobulins (igs). incubation of human igg with lysates of t. vaginalis organisms resulted in time- and ...	1995	7642267
amniotic fluid interleukin-6: correlation with upper genital tract microbial colonization and gestational age in women delivered after spontaneous labor versus indicated delivery.	our purpose was to determine whether amniotic fluid interleukin-6 is increased and inversely proportional to gestational age in women with chorioamnion colonization and spontaneous labor versus women delivered for medical or obstetric indications.	1995	7645642
cell cytotoxicity of sodium nitrite, sodium nitroprusside and roussin's black salt against trichomonas vaginalis.	we have investigated the action of sodium nitrite and other nitrosyl complexes, such as sodium nitroprusside and roussin's black salt, on the growth of metronidazole-sensitive and resistant strains of trichomonas vaginalis and their hydrogenosomal enzymes. all three chemicals inhibited the growth of t. vaginalis: sodium nitrite at 8 mm, sodium nitroprusside at 1.2 mm and roussin's black salt at 0.2 mm. metronidazole-sensitive (kt9) and resistant (cdc85) isolates showed similar cytotoxicity again ...	1995	7649439
the inflammatory papanicolaou smear: what does it mean?	to determine the correlation between inflammation detected on papanicolaou smear and specific lower genital tract agents, and, based on these findings, to develop recommendations for follow-up tests and treatment of young women with inflammation on smears.	1995	7651643
the pathway of secretion of proteinases in trichomonas vaginalis.	trichomonads secrete large amounts of hydrolytic enzymes into liquid growth medium. proteinase release by trichomonas vaginalis has been quantified after resuspension of the parasite in a simple buffered maltose medium. after 6 h incubation, 70-90% of each of two cysteine proteinase activities, one towards benzyloxycarbonyl-arginyl-arginine 4-nitroanilide (z-rr-nan) and the other active towards n-benzoyl-prolyl-phenylalanyl-arginine 4-nitroanilide (bz-pfr-nan), was extracellular. this release wa ...	1995	7657450
heterocyclic betaines. xxii. azinium(azolium) 4-nitrobenzimidazolate inner salts and their derivatives with several interannular spacers. synthesis, characterization and antitrichomonal activity.	the synthesis of an ensemble of pyridinium(imidazolium) 4-nitrobenzimidazolate betaines and their derivatives with several interannular linkages has been explored. their antiprotozoal activity has also been examined.	1995	7774033
selective elution and purification of living trichomonas vaginalis using gravitational field-flow fractionation.	gravitational field-flow fractionation is one of the simplest separation methods for biological materials. its potential in parasitology is demonstrated for trichomonas vaginalis, a parasite responsible for one of the most widespread sexually transmitted diseases. it was observed that this unicellular parasite can be purified in a culture medium with a recovery of 85% for the living trophozoites. the parasite retention characteristics were different when motile living and non-motile dead cells w ...	1995	7780601
sequence of cdna coding for a 65 kda adhesive protein for the specific detection of trichomonas vaginalis by pcr.	a trichomonas vaginalis cdna library was constructed and recombinant plaques were screened using rabbit immunoglobulins specific for p65, a protozoan protein involved in pathogenicity that we identified in a previous study. a 1.38 kilobases cdna fragment coding for the p65 protein was cloned in e. coli and then sequenced. on the basis of of the sequence obtained, six primers were synthesised and used to set up a polymerase chain reaction. the presence of a specific amplicon in all 30 clinical is ...	1995	7781986
neonatal trichomonas vaginalis infection.	clinical infection with trichomonas vaginalis (t. vaginalis) in the neonate is an unusual occurrence. we present a case of t. vaginalis in a 2-week-old girl with vaginal discharge. our patient had complete resolution of symptoms after treatment with metronidazole. we found few references in the medical literature on the treatment of this condition. this report discusses the pathogenesis and treatment of t. vaginalis in the neonate.	1995	7782625
[in vitro effect of metronidazole ester on trichomonas vaginalis and entamoeba histolytica].	metronidazole ester, a new nitroimidazole drug, was synthesized by the department of physical chemistry, school of pharmacy, shanghai medical university. the trichomonadicidal and amoebicidal activity of metronidazole ester was evaluated in vitro by the cultivation of trichomonas vaginalis and entamoeba histolytica at different drug concentrations. the results indicated that the 100% lethal concentration for t. vaginalis and e. histolytica was 2.6 micrograms/ml and 40 micrograms/ml, respectively ...	1995	7788891
[effects of different fixatives for trichomonas vaginalis in indirect fluorescent antibody test].	this paper dealt with the effects of different fixatives for trichomonas vaginalis in indirect fluorescent antibody test. t. vaginalis fixed by formalin, methanol or alcohol displayed clear flagella. the parasites fixed by methanol and alcohol showed specific ring-like fluorescence with 1-2 bright dots. antigen slides prepared from different trichomonas strains, different number of parasites and anti-trichomonas vaginalis mcab strains in ifa presented different results. antigen slides showed the ...	1995	7788900
drug therapies for sexually transmitted diseases. clinical and economic considerations.	sexually transmitted diseases (stds) are common, and result in immense social and economic costs. in some countries they have a major demographic impact. because many stds facilitate the transmission of hiv, the consequences of stds are further increasing. at the same time, this association between stds and hiv provides one of the ways in which drug therapy should be very cost effective. the perspective taken in this article is a societal one, and broader issues than those directly related to dr ...	1995	7789285
influence of humoral immunity on leukotriene b4 production by neutrophils in response to trichomonas vaginalis stimulation.	neutrophils are the predominant inflammatory cells found in vaginal discharges from patients with trichomonas vaginalis infection. in this study, we investigated the effect of humoral immunity on leukotriene b4 (ltb4) generation by neutrophils in the inflammatory response of vaginal trichomoniasis. as quantitated by a radioimmunoassay, no release of ltb4 was detected from neutrophils (5 x 10(6)/ml) interacted with trichomonads (1 x 10(6)/ml). however, specific immunoglobulin g(igg) but not f(ab' ...	1995	7792096
parasite-induced permeation of nucleosides in plasmodium falciparum malaria.	a mechanism which mediates the transport of the nonphysiological nucleoside, l-adenosine, was demonstrated in plasmodium falciparum infected erythrocytes and naturally released merozoites. l-adenosine was not a substrate for influx in freed intraerythrocytic parasites or in normal human erythrocytes nor was l-adenosine transported in a variety of cell types including other parasitic protozoa such as crithidia luciliae, trichomonas vaginalis, giardia intestinalis, or the mammalian cells, buffalo ...	1995	7794964
association between reproductive tract infections and cervical inflammatory epithelial changes.	to determine the association, if any, between different reproductive tract infections and cervical inflammatory epithelial changes.	1995	7709322
the involvement of terminal carbohydrates of the mammalian cell surface in the cytoadhesion of trichomonads.	in the present study the parental cells and glycosylation mutants of chinese hamster ovary (cho) cells were used to analyze the influence of surface carbohydrates on the cytoadhesion of trichomonads. trichomonas vaginalis and tritrichomonas foetus were allowed to interact with host cells for 2 h at 37 degrees c. alternatively, cho cells were treated with 10 mm periodate prior to the assays. both trichomonads adhered to all cho cell clones tested. a remarkable difference could be observed between ...	1995	7731918
leucotriene b4 levels in the vaginal discharges from cases of trichomoniasis.		1995	7741600
root of the universal tree of life based on ancient aminoacyl-trna synthetase gene duplications.	universal trees based on sequences of single gene homologs cannot be rooted. iwabe et al. [iwabe, n., kuma, k.-i., hasegawa, m., osawa, s. & miyata, t. (1989) proc. natl. acad. sci. usa 86, 9355-9359] circumvented this problem by using ancient gene duplications that predated the last common ancestor of all living things. their separate, reciprocally rooted gene trees for elongation factors and atpase subunits showed bacteria (eubacteria) as branching first from the universal tree with archaea (a ...	1995	7708661
characterization of double-stranded rna satellites associated with the trichomonas vaginalis virus.	three small and distinct satellite double-stranded rnas (dsrnas) denoted s1, s1', and s2 were recently described for a trichomonas vaginalis isolate harboring a dsrna virus. since characterization of these satellite dsrnas might provide insight into the virus replication cycle and virus-host interactions, full-length cdnas to s1 and s1' dsrnas were synthesized and sequenced. s1 dsrna has 688 bp, and s1' dsrna has 616 bp. a 228-bp open reading frame that begins at nucleotide 37 was detected on a ...	1995	7474105
cloning and molecular characterization of two genes encoding adhesion proteins involved in trichomonas vaginalis cytoadherence.	cytoadherence to the vaginal epithelium is a critical step in infection by the eukaryotic flagellate trichomonas vaginalis. four trichomonad surface proteins (ap65, ap51, ap33 and ap23) mediate cytoadherence. the cdna encoding the ap65 adhesin was isolated from a phagemid cdna expression library by screening with antiserum and monoclonal antibody (mab) raised against the purified trichomonad ap65 protein. two clones, f11.2 and f11.5, coded for immuno-crossreactive recombinant proteins that posse ...	1995	7476210
analysis for adhesins and specific cytoadhesion of trichomonas vaginalis.		1995	7476404
screening for chlamydia trachomatis infection in pregnant women in martinique.	to determine the prevalence of chlamydia trachomatis urogenital infection and to identify behavioral, demographic, and clinical factors associated with the infection in pregnant women in martinique.	1995	7482104
spectrum of genital human papillomavirus infection in a female adolescent population.	human papillomavirus infection is a sexually transmitted disease associated with cervical dysplasia and carcinoma.	1995	7482107
male urethritis with and without discharge: a clinical and microbiological study.	the definition of male urethritis in the absence of urethral discharge has not been well established. the sensitivity of urethral swabs and first-catch urine is controversial.	1995	7482108
the preterm prediction study: significance of vaginal infections. national institute of child health and human development maternal-fetal medicine units network.	our purpose was to evaluate the association of bacterial vaginosis, trichomonas vaginitis, and monilial vaginitis with spontaneous preterm birth at < 35 weeks 0 days.	1995	7485327
pharmacodynamics of metronidazole determined by a time-kill assay for trichomonas vaginalis.	the pharmacodynamic effects of metronidazole on trichomonas vaginalis have been poorly characterized. the present in vitro study was performed to characterize the relationship between killing of trichomonads and metronidazole exposure (metronidazole concentration and time of exposure). five laboratory strains and five recent clinical isolates of t. vaginalis were studied. the minimum lethal concentrations (mlcs) of metronidazole for the strains ranged from 0.8 to 25 micrograms/ml under anaerobic ...	1995	7486930
concerted evolution in protists: recent homogenization of a polyubiquitin gene in trichomonas vaginalis.	ubiquitin is a 76-amino-acid protein with a remarkably high degree of conservation between all known sequences. ubiquitin genes are almost always multicopy in eukaryotes, and often are found as polyubiquitin genes--fused tandem repeats which are coexpressed. seventeen ubiquitin sequences from the amitochondrial protist trichomonas vaginalis have been examined here, including an 11-repeat fragment of a polyubiquitin gene. these sequences reveal a number of interesting features that are not seen i ...	1995	7490769
the prevalence of sexually transmitted diseases in children and adolescents evaluated for sexual abuse in cincinnati: rationale for limited std testing in prepubertal girls.	to determine the prevalence of chlamydia trachomatis, neisseria gonorrhoeae, trichomonas vaginalis, syphilis, and human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) infection in sexually abused children and to develop selective criteria for sexually transmitted disease (std) testing in these children in our community.	1995	7491226
yi-s, a casein-free medium for axenic cultivation of entamoeba histolytica, related entamoeba, giardia intestinalis and trichomonas vaginalis.	pancreatic digests of casein are major ingredients of media used in the axenic cultivation of lumen-dwelling parasitic protozoa, especially entamoeba, giardia, and trichomonads. the digest used almost exclusively in the development of these media, medo-peptone (trypticase bbl), has not been available since 1981. moreover, none of dozens of similar type digests tested since then in our laboratory has proved equal to medo-peptone, and in the last two years it has become increasingly difficult to o ...	1995	7496385
office laboratory diagnosis of vaginitis. clinician-performed tests compared with a rapid nucleic acid hybridization test.	the traditional diagnosis of vaginitis incorporates patient symptoms, clinical findings observed during vaginal examination, and laboratory analysis of vaginal fluid. the purpose of this study was to evaluate routine clinician-performed office laboratory diagnostic techniques for women with abnormal vaginal symptoms, and to compare these results with those obtained by a dna hybridization test for trichomonas vaginalis, gardnerella vaginalis, and candida species.	1995	7500067
trichomonas vaginalis: amoeboid and flagellated forms synthesize similar proteinases.		1995	7895847
association of post-cesarean delivery endometritis with colonization of the chorioamnion by ureaplasma urealyticum.	to determine if asymptomatic antenatal colonization of the chorioamnion with ureaplasma urealyticum is a risk factor for the development of post-cesarean delivery endometritis.	1995	7898825
maltose utilization by extracellular hydrolysis followed by glucose transport in trichomonas vaginalis.	the amitochondriate parasitic protist trichomonas vaginalis can utilize either glucose or maltose as carbon and energy source. the mechanisms of maltose utilization were explored with uptake experiments using radio-isotope labelled maltose in combination with the silicone-oil centrifugation technique and enzymatic assays measuring maltose hydrolysis. the uptake of maltose label became saturated after 2-3 h. the uptake of maltose as a function of the external maltose concentration was linear at l ...	1995	7845710
comparisons of ribosomal rna sequences from amitochondrial protozoa: implications for processing, mrna binding and paromomycin susceptibility.	the amitochondrial (a-mt) protozoa include four groups of organisms that are of interest as important human parasites and as probable descendents of the earliest branches of eukaryotic evolution. these organisms have not been directly compared in terms of structure and function of a specific molecule. we sequenced portions of their rrna-encoding genes coding for the internal transcribed spacers (its1 and 2) and adjoining small subunit (ss), 5.8s and large subunit (ls) rrnas. included are sites f ...	1995	7828924
the cdna sequence of trichomonas vaginalis virus-t1 double-stranded rna.	trichomonas vaginalis virus (tvv) is a nonsegmented double-stranded (ds) rna virus that infects the pathogenic protozoan t. vaginalis. to study the virus, we cloned the genomic ds rna of a tvv-t1 isolate and obtained a contiguous 4647-bp cdna sequence. two overlapping genes separated by a + 1 reading frame shift were identified on the plus strand but none on the complementary strand rna in this sequence. the upstream gene probably encodes a 75-kda capsid protein, and the downstream gene encodes ...	1995	7831841
self-administered vaginal swabs for population-based assessment of trichomonas vaginalis prevalence.		1995	7815873
[the action of an aqueous extract of aloe barbadensis miller in an in-vitro culture of trichomonas vaginalis].	the antiparasitic action of an aqueous extract of aloe barbadensis miller against and in vitro culture of trichomonas vaginalis was studied for the first time. three strains of this parasite were used for the study. taking an initial concentration of 400 mg/ml of the extract, double serial dilutions were performed, and final concentrations based on the dried weight of the extract were 10.4, 20.8, 41, 83, and 160 mg/ml. within 24 hours, percentages of inhibition greater than 50% were obtained fro ...	1995	9813472
in-vitro activity of purpuromycin and mdl 63,604 against microorganisms that cause vaginitis and vaginosis.	purpuromycin and its semi-synthetic derivative mdl 63,604 had in-vitro activity similar to that of amphotericin b against isolates of candida albicans. mdl 63,604 had activity similar to that of metronidazole against trichomonas vaginalis. both compounds were very active against most species of gram-positive and gram-negative anaerobes and against gardnerella vaginalis. mdl 63,604 had significantly lower mics than purpuromycin against t. vaginalis and most of the bacteria, probably due to antago ...	1995	8821607
genital tract infections in sexually active women in barbados.	ninety-eight women attending three different clinics were prospectively studied for the presence of genital tract infections, including chlamydia trachomatis. of these 98 women, 35 were presenting to a polyclinic with symptoms of genital tract infection, 55 were attending an antenatal clinic for their first visit, and 8 referred to a colposcopy clinic because of an abnormal papanicolaou smear were included. gonorrhoea was detected in one patient, syphilis in two, and trichomonas vaginalis in six ...	1995	8838049