Publications

TitleAbstractYear(sorted ascending)
Filter
PMID
Filter
bead-based microfluidic immunoassay for diagnosis of johne's disease.microfluidics technology offers a platform for development of point-of-care diagnostic devices for various infectious diseases. in this study, we examined whether serodiagnosis of johne's disease (jd) can be conducted in a bead-based microfluidic assay system. magnetic micro-beads were coated with antigens of the causative agent of jd, mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis. the antigen-coated beads were incubated with serum samples of jd-positive or negative serum samples and then with a f ...201222705087
effect of short- and long-term antibiotic exposure on the viability of mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis as measured by propidium monoazide f57 real time quantitative pcr and culture.mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (map), the causative agent of paratuberculosis in ruminants, has a lipid-rich cell wall which facilitates its survival and persistence in the environment. this property of the organism is exploited when it is cultured as decontaminating agents and antibiotics are used to suppress the growth of contaminating microflora, but such treatments can also negatively affect the isolation of map itself. the objective of this study was to assess the effect of the ...201222704136
mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis inhibits gamma interferon-induced signaling in bovine monocytes: insights into the cellular mechanisms of johne's disease.mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis is the causative agent of johne's disease in cattle and may have implications for human health. establishment of chronic infection by m. avium subsp. paratuberculosis depends on its subversion of host immune responses. this includes blocking the ability of infected macrophages to be activated by gamma interferon (ifn-γ) for clearance of this intracellular pathogen. to define the mechanism by which m. avium subsp. paratuberculosis subverts this critical ...201222689821
phenotypic and transcriptomic response of auxotrophic mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis leud mutant under environmental stress.mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (map) is the causative agent of severe gastroenteritis in cattle. to gain a better understanding of map virulence, we investigated the role of leud gene in map metabolism and stress response. for this, we have constructed an auxotrophic strain of map by deleting the leud gene using allelic exchange. the wildtype and mutant strains were then compared for metabolic phenotypic changes using biolog phenotype microarrays. the responses of both strains to ph ...201222675497
effect of days in milk and milk yield on testing positive in milk antibody elisa to mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis in dairy cattle.milk samples are becoming more used as a diagnostic specimen for assessment of occurrence of antibodies to mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (map). this study assessed the effect of days in milk (dim) and milk yield on testing positive in a commercial map specific milk antibody elisa among 222,774 danish holstein cows. results showed that odds of testing positive on 1-2 dim were 9-27 times higher than the rest of lactation, where the chance of testing positive varied less. the reason i ...201222658836
gene expression profiling of mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis in simulated multi-stress conditions and within thp-1 cells reveals a new kind of interactive intramacrophage behaviour.recent studies have identified in mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (map), already known as a pathogen in ruminants, a potential zoonotic agent of some autoimmune diseases in humans. therefore, considering the possible risk for public health, it is necessary a thorough understanding of map's gene expression during infection of human host as well as the identification of its immunogenic and/or virulence factors for the development of appropriate diagnostic and therapeutic tools.201222646160
proteomic analysis of plasma from holstein cows testing positive for mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (map).johne's disease (jd) is a widespread and economically important chronic inflammatory disease of the small intestine of ruminants caused by mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (map). although there are several techniques available for diagnosis of jd, their sensitivity is questionable. new proteome profiling methods, such as serum/plasma protein fingerprinting by 2-dimensional fluorescence difference gel electrophoresis (2d-dige), may therefore be useful for identifying novel protein biom ...201222633222
map1272c encodes an nlpc/p60 protein, an antigen detected in cattle with johne's disease.the protein encoded by map1272c has been shown to be an antigen of mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis that contains an nlpc/p60 superfamily domain found in lipoproteins or integral membrane proteins. proteins containing this domain have diverse enzymatic functions that include peptidases, amidases, and acetyltransferases. the nlpc protein was examined in comparison to over 100 recombinant proteins and showed the strongest antigenicity when analyzed with sera from cattle with johne's dis ...201222593240
mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis survival during fermentation of soured milk products detected by culture and quantitative real time pcr methods.mycobacterium avium paratuberculosis (map), etiological agent of paratuberculosis in ruminants, is able to survive extreme conditions like very low ph (stomach), high temperature (pasteurization) or low temperature (refrigerated storage). cheese, infant powder milk, cream and other milk and dairy products might thus be considered as possible sources of map for humans. the aim of this study was to investigate the survival of two map field isolates during fermentation of three different types of s ...201222591549
correlation of antigen-specific ifn-γ responses of fresh blood samples from mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis infected heifers with responses of day-old samples co-cultured with il-12 or anti-il-10 antibodies.paratuberculosis is a chronic infection of the intestine of ruminants caused by mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (map). early stage map infection can be detected by measuring cell-mediated immune responses using the interferon gamma (ifn-γ) assay. whole blood samples are cultured overnight with specific map antigens followed by quantification of ifn-γ by elisa. it is recommended that the time interval from sampling to culture does not exceed eight hours but addition of the co-stimulat ...201222551981
evaluation of combined high-efficiency dna extraction and real-time pcr for detection of mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis in subclinically infected dairy cattle: comparison with faecal culture, milk real-time pcr and milk elisa.johne's disease is caused by mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (map) and it is one of the most important diseases in cattle worldwide. several laboratory tests for map detection are available; however, these are limited by inadequate sensitivity and specificity when used in subclinically infected populations. to identify map shedders in subclinically infected cattle, we used a new, high-yield method for dna-extraction from map in faeces combined with quantitative real-time pcr (qpcr) f ...201222551054
single-nucleotide polymorphisms in the bovine cd209 candidate gene for susceptibility to infection by mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis. 201222497575
molecular pathogenesis of bovine paratuberculosis and human inflammatory bowel diseases.paratuberculosis (ptb), caused by mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (map), is a chronic enteritis that affects many ruminants and other wild animals worldwide. ptb is a great concern in animal health and in etiology of human crohn's disease (cd). in the present study, we detected map-specific insertion sequence is900 of dna in tissue sections surgically removed from lesions of patients with cd (29 samples), ulcerative colitis (uc) (17 samples), and non-inflammatory bowel disease (ibd) ...201222486997
epidemiological situation and control strategies for paratuberculosis in japan.paratuberculosis (ptb), caused by mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (map), is a chronic and progressive granulomatous enteritis that affects many livestock and wild animals worldwide. the clinical disease is called johne's disease (jd). in japan, all dairy cattle (harf million head) are examined for ptb every five years. about 1000 the officially examined cattle are diagnosed annually as positive for ptb, but most of these exhibit only minor or no clinical signs and typical lesions in ...201222458197
production and proteomic characterisation of purified protein derivative from mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis.effective diagnosis of johne's disease (jd), particularly at the stage of early subclinical infection, remains one of the greatest challenges for the control of jd worldwide. the ifn-γ test of cell mediated immunity is currently one of the most suitable diagnostics for subclinical infections, however a major limitation of this test is the lack of a standardised purified protein derivative (ppd) antigen (also referred to as johnin ppd or ppdj). while attempting to replace ppdj with more specific ...201222443541
genetic evaluation of is900 partial sequence of mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis brazilian isolates from bovine milk.mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (map) is the causative agent of paratuberculosis. insertion sequence is900 is used for the identification of map. the objective of this study was to verify the genetic conservation of is900 sequences in raw milk samples. to evaluate genetic conservation, 206 quarter milk samples and 16 bulk-tank milk samples were collected. dna extraction and is900 pcr were performed in all samples. six samples amplified the expected fragment. to confirm the identity o ...201222422516
development of dna-designed avian igy antibodies for detection of mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis heat shock protein 70 (hsp70) and anti-hsp70 antibodies in the serum of normal cattle.mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis heat shock protein 70 (maphsp70) is an immunodominant antigen, which can be used as a subunit vaccine against bovine paratuberculosis. in the present study, we evaluated the immunogenic activities of maphsp70 expressed by dna vaccine in chicken and the use of prepared specific avian igy antibodies for western blotting and elisa methods. the gene encoding map hsp70 was subcloned into the eukaryotic expression vector, pcdna3.1, and the recombinant plasmi ...201222415790
mycobacterium avium paratuberculosis and crohn's disease: an association requiring more research. 201222405182
[paratuberculosis in a miniature donkey (equus asinus f. asinus)].paratuberculosis is mainly an infectious disease of ruminants with worldwide distribution. infection occurs in early stages of life. other animal species beyond ruminants are rarely affected, however, experimental and natural infections are possible. a case of paratuberculosis in a miniature donkey (equus asinus f. asinus) with typical clinical and pathomorphological changes is reported here. lesions were mainly observed in the intestine. causative for the profuse diarrhoea with emaciation was m ...201222372323
the mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis fibronectin attachment protein, a toll-like receptor 4 agonist, enhances dendritic cell-based cancer vaccine potency.in this study, we showed the direct interaction between mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis fibronectin attachment protein (fap) and toll-like receptor4 (tlr4) via co-localization and binding by using confocal microscopy and co-immunoprecipitation assays. fap triggered the expression of pro- and antiinflammatory cytokines in a tlr4-dependent manner. in addition, fap-induced cytokine expression in bone marrow-derived dendritic cells (bmdcs) was modulated in part by glycogen synthase kinas ...201222322306
effect of genetic variation in the mhc class ii drb region on resistance and susceptibility to johne's disease in endangered indian jamunapari goats.the pathogenesis of johne's disease (jd), caused by mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (map), is complex and has not been completely understood yet. in the present study, we analysed the polymorphism in the exon-2 of the caprine major histocompatibility complex (mhc) class ii drb region and its association with resistance or susceptibility to jd. a total of 203 jamunapari goats, which is an indian endangered breed highly susceptible to jd, kept at a single farm were studied. on the basi ...201222321606
a commentary on current perspectives on mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis, johne's disease and crohn's disease: a review by over et al. (2011). 201222313120
genotypes of mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis from south american countries determined by two methods based on genomic repetitive sequences.mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (map) is the causal agent of johne's disease or paratuberculosis of ruminants and has been associated with crohn's disease in humans. in this study, the genotypes of map obtained so far in south american countries using a combination of the subtyping methods mycobacterial interspersed repeats units-variable number of tandem repeats (miru-vntr) and multilocus short sequence repeats (mlssr) were analyzed. through this analysis, seven different miru-vntr ...201222297421
identification and characterization of a spore-like morphotype in chronically starved mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis cultures.mycobacteria are able to enter into a state of non-replication or dormancy, which may result in their chronic persistence in soil, aquatic environments, and permissive hosts. stresses such as nutrient deprivation and hypoxia provide environmental cues to enter a persistent state; however, a clear definition of the mechanism that mycobacteria employ to achieve this remains elusive. while the concept of sporulation in mycobacteria is not novel, it continues to spark controversy and challenges our ...201222292005
induction of matrix metalloproteinases and tlr2 and 6 in murine colon after oral exposure to mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis.mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (map) is suspected to be a causative agent in crohn's disease. recent evidence suggests that map can induce the expression of matrix metalloproteinases (mmps), which are the main proteases in the pathogenesis of mucosal ulcerations in inflammatory bowel disease (ibd). within the present study, we analysed whether oral map exposure can induce colonic mmp expression in vivo. in map exposed mice map and spheroplasts were visualized in intramucosal leu ...201222289202
mycobacterium avium paratuberculosis in italy: commensal or emerging human pathogen?specific bacterial infections or alterations of the gut microbiota likely trigger immuno-pathological phenomena associated with crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis. mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis is a candidate etiological agent of crohn's disease. definitive causal connection between mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis infection and crohn's disease has not been demonstrated.201222285147
expression of genes associated with the antigen presentation and processing pathway are consistently regulated in early mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis infection.the primary objective of this study was to evaluate early gene expression profiles associated with paratuberculosis in cattle exposed to known infectious doses of mycobacterium avium sub-species paratuberculosis (map). a johne's disease experimental infection field trial was conducted on a mixed population of holstein and holstein red cattle. blood samples from four map exposed and four unexposed cattle, selected based on ifnγ expressions were taken at 9, 13 and 21 weeks and rna processed to aff ...201222239946
mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis lipophilic antigen causes crohn's disease-type necrotizing colitis in mice.background: a 2,4,6-trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid (tnbs)-induced murine colitis model was developed to investigate the pathogenesis and to evaluate a method of treating human crohn's disease. this experimental model rapidly induces colitis similar to human crohn's disease lesion in a reproducible manner. however, natural exposure of the human digestive tract to tnbs is unrealistic. a novel animal model based on realistic data is eagerly anticipated in future research on pathogenesis of cd. metho ...201223519342
risk factors for herds to test positive for mycobacterium avium ssp. paratuberculosis-antibodies with a commercial milk enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) in ontario and western canada.the objectives of this study were to identify risk factors associated with i) a mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (map)-antibody milk enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (map milk elisa)-positive herd status, and ii) the within-herd map milk elisa-positive prevalence in canadian dairy herds. this prospective cohort study was conducted between 2005 and 2009 on 226 herds in ontario and western canada, which participated in a voluntary risk assessment (ra)-based johne's disease control prog ...201223450860
mycoprotease-db: useful resource for mycobacterium tuberculosis complex and nontuberculous mycobacterial proteases.mycoprotease-db is an online ms sql and cgi-perl driven relational database that domiciles protease information of mycobacterium tuberculosis (mtb) complex and nontuberculous mycobacteria (ntm), whose complete genome sequence is available. our effort is to provide comprehensive information on proteases of 5 strains of mycobacterium tuberculosis (h(37)rv, h(37)ra, cdc1551, f11 and kzn 1435), 3 strains of mycobacterium bovis (af2122/97, bcg pasteur 1173p2 and bcg tokyo 172) and 4 strains of ntm (m ...201223275726
rapid and sensitive method to identify mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis in cow's milk by dna methylase genotyping.paratuberculosis is an infectious, chronic, and incurable disease that affects ruminants, caused by mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis. this bacterium is shed primarily through feces of infected cows but can be also excreted in colostrum and milk and might survive pasteurization. since an association of genomic sequences of m. avium subsp. paratuberculosis in patients with crohn's disease has been described; it is of interest to rapidly detect m. avium subsp. paratuberculosis in milk fo ...201223275511
prevalence and spectrum of johne's disease lesions in cattle slaughtered at two abattoirs in kampala, uganda.this study was conducted to determine the prevalence and characteristics of johne's disease (jd) lesions in ugandan cattle slaughtered at two of the main abattoirs in kampala. ileocaecal junction and the associated lymph nodes of 1,022 cattle were examined for gross and microscopic lesions, followed by ziehl neelsen staining of the tissues bearing lesions. confirmation of mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis infection was done in some of the tissues using culture and is900 pcr. the lesion ...201223274696
sardinian type 1 diabetes patients, transthyretin and mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis infection. 201223270597
antibodies recognizing specific mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis's map3738c protein in type 1 diabetes mellitus children are associated with serum th1 (cxcl10) chemokine.recently mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (map) was associated to type 1 diabetes mellitus (t1dm). in this study we investigated for map presence in children affected by t1dm compared to healthy children. a pool of 212 sera from t1dm children at onset was compared to sera from 57 healthy children for humoral immune response towards the map specific protein map3738c by elisa. serum concentrations of cxcl10 (pro-th1) and ccl2 (pro-th2) chemokines were also measured in both sera pool. re ...201223265968
survival of mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis in synthetic human gastric juice and acidified porcine bile.the bactericidal activities of synthetic gastric juice and acidified porcine bile on mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis were assessed using propidium monoazide (pma)-mediated quantitative reverse transcription-pcr, which allowed rapid relative quantitative analysis of viable m. avium subsp. paratuberculosis cells.201223263951
molecular epidemiology of mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis at a regional scale in germany.mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (map) is the causal agent of johne's disease in dairy cattle. genotyping of map is useful to gain a better understanding of the origin of infection, to evaluate regional control programs, to improve diagnostics, and to develop vaccines. in this study 91 map isolates mainly from symptomatic dairy cattle in rhineland-palatinate (rp, germany), its neighbor federal states, and luxembourg were genotyped using mycobacterial interspersed repetitive units-vari ...201222217908
risk factors associated with transmission of mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis to calves within dairy herd: a systematic review.paratuberculosis has a worldwide distribution and many countries have implemented control programs to prevent transmission among and within herds. for these programs to be efficient, knowledge of the risk factors involved in transmission is essential.201222211394
Spatial differences in occurrence of paratuberculosis in Danish dairy herds and in control programme participation.Paratuberculosis is a chronic infection of economic importance to the cattle industry and a voluntary control programme is offered to Danish dairy farmers. Our objective was to evaluate spatial differences in both control programme participation and paratuberculosis prevalence in Denmark. The study included 4414 dairy herds: 1249 were participating in the control programme, and 1503 were tested for antibodies to Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP). Spatial differences were evaluate ...201221974816
high resolution melting pcr to differentiate mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis"cattle type" and "sheep type".in this study, we describe a novel hrm-pcr assay that clearly differentiates the two main types of mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (cattle and sheep) based on the polymorphic variation of a previously described tandem repeat. this modern genotyping technique has several advantages over alternative methods, including cost, ease of use and rapidity.201222033498
culture and molecular method for detection of mycobacterium tuberculosis complex and mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis in milk and dairy products.a combined molecular and cultural method for the detection of the mycobacterium tuberculosis complex (mtbc) and mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis was developed and tested with artificially contaminated milk and dairy products. results indicate that the method can be used for a reliable detection as a basis for first risk assessments.201222057864
quantification of bacterial indicators and zoonotic pathogens in dairy wastewater ponds.zoonotic pathogens in land-applied dairy wastewaters are a potential health risk. the occurrence and abundance of 10 pathogens and 3 fecal indicators were determined by quantitative real-time pcr (qpcr) in samples from 30 dairy wastewaters from southern idaho. samples tested positive for campylobacter jejuni, stx(1)- and eaea-positive escherichia coli, listeria monocytogenes, mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis, and salmonella enterica, with mean recoveries of genomic dna corresponding t ...201222983964
infection with mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis results in rapid interleukin-1β release and macrophage transepithelial migration.pathogen processing by the intestinal epithelium involves a dynamic innate immune response initiated by pathogen-epithelial cell cross talk. interactions between epithelium and mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis have not been intensively studied, and it is currently unknown how the bacterium-epithelial cell cross talk contributes to the course of infection. we hypothesized that m. avium subsp. paratuberculosis harnesses host responses to recruit macrophages to the site of infection to e ...201222778093
in silico identification of epitopes in mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis proteins that were upregulated under stress conditions.johne's disease in ruminants is caused by mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis. diagnosis of m. avium subsp. paratuberculosis infection is difficult, especially in the early stages. to date, ideal antigen candidates are not available for efficient immunization or immunodiagnosis. this study reports the in silico selection and subsequent analysis of epitopes of m. avium subsp. paratuberculosis proteins that were found to be upregulated under stress conditions as a means to identify immunog ...201222496492
quantification of mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis strains representing distinct genotypes and isolated from domestic and wildlife animal species by use of an automatic liquid culture system.quantification of 11 clinical strains of mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis isolated from domestic (cattle, sheep, and goat) and wildlife (fallow deer, deer, wild boar, and bison) animal species in an automatic liquid culture system (bactec mgit 960) was accomplished. the strains were previously isolated and typed using is1311 pcr followed by restriction endonuclease analysis (pcr-rea) into type c, s, or b. a strain-specific quantification curve was generated for each m. avium subsp. pa ...201222649014
are mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis and epstein-barr virus triggers of multiple sclerosis in sardinia?sardinia acts as an ideal setting for multiple sclerosis (ms) studies because its prevalence of ms is one of the highest worldwide. several pathogens have been investigated amongst 119 sardinian ms patients and 117 healthy controls to determine whether they might have a role in triggering ms in genetically predisposed individuals. mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (map) and epstein barr virus dna were detected in 27.5% and 17.3%, respectively, of the ms patients. moreover an extremely ...201222261119
enumeration of mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis by quantitative real-time pcr, culture on solid media and optical densitometry.different approaches are used for determining the number of mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (map) cells in a suspension. the majority of them are based upon culture (determination of cfu) or visual/instrumental direct counting of map cells. in this study, we have compared the culture method with a previously published f57 based quantitative real-time pcr (f57qpcr) method, to determine their relative abilities to count the number of three different map isolates in suspensions with the ...201222357065
sale of raw milk in northern italy: food safety implications and comparison of different analytical methodologies for detection of foodborne pathogens.the safety of raw milk sold in northern italy was investigated in relation to hygiene quality parameters and presence of salmonella spp., listeria monocytogenes, thermotolerant campylobacter, and verocytotoxin producing escherichia coli o157:h7. the performance of different analytical methods used-official culture method (iso), modified bacteriological analytical manual cultural method (mbam), and polymerase chain reaction (pcr)-was evaluated. the presence of mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuber ...201222360646
Effects of infectious young stock on results of certification, surveillance and control programmes for paratuberculosis in dairy herds.In many epidemiological models for paratuberculosis, it is assumed that infected young stock (<2 years of age) do not shed Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP) before adulthood. If this assumption were true, the effective separation of young stock from adult cattle (=2 years) would largely prevent postnatal infections, provided that uninfected adult cattle are highly resistant to infection. However, this assumption is in contrast with observed faecal shedding of MAP in young stock. ...201221856097
growth of mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis, escherichia coli, and salmonella enteritidis during preparation and storage of yogurt.the purpose of this study was to determine the viability of mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (map), escherichia coli (e. coli), and salmonella enteritidis (s. enteritidis) during preparation and refrigerated storage of yogurt. three yogurts were prepared using pasteurized commercial milk. each yogurt was artificially contaminated with (1) map, (2) e. coli + s. enteritidis, and (3) map + e. coli + s. enteritidis. samples were taken during and after the fermentation process until day 20 ...201324455399
sensitivity of mycobacterium avium subsp paratuberculosis, escherichia coli and salmonella enterica serotype typhimurium to low ph, high organic acids and ensiling.to evaluate the persistence of mycobacterium avium subsp paratuberculosis (myco. paratuberculosis), salmonella enterica serotype typhimurium (salm.typhimurium) and a commensal escherichia coli (e. coli) isolate under the low ph and high organic acid (oa) conditions of ensiling of forages.201323647636
toll like receptor 9 (tlr9) polymorphism g520r in sheep is associated with seropositivity for small ruminant lentivirus.infectious diseases of sheep are of major economic importance causing direct and indirect losses. among the major sheep infectious agents are small ruminant lentivirus, chlamydophila abortus and mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis infections, mainly due to their worldwide distribution and economic impact that they cause. based on the differential susceptibility to infectious diseases between and within breeds and on the recent findings regarding the putative involvement of tlr9 in diseas ...201323691111
bovine response to lipoarabinomannan vaccination and challenge with mycobacterium paratuberculosis.this study aimed to evaluate the immune response in bovines following immunization with a mycobaterial lipoarabinomannan extract (lame) and the effect of map challenge. lame vaccine induced specific antibody levels that diminished after the challenge and affected map excretion at least for 100 days thereafter.201324294248
a transversal study on antibodies against selected pathogens in dromedary camels in the canary islands, spain.the canary islands contain the most important dromedary camel (camelus dromedarius) population in the european union and are the main export point of dromedaries to continental europe and latin america. we investigated the presence of antibodies against relevant disease agents in 100 canarian camel sera. selected blood samples of the same animals were also tested by pcr. sera were tested for antibodies against bluetongue virus (btv; 0%), bovine viral diarrhoea virus (bvdv; 0%), camelpox virus (c ...201323992795
epidemiological survey for toxoplasma gondii, chlamydia psittaci var. ovis, mycobacterium paratuberculosis, coxiella burnetii, brucella spp., leptospirosis and orf virus among sheep from northern districts of japan.a serological survey was carried out in the northern prefectures of hokkaido, iwate and aomori in japan, for the presence of antibodies against toxoplasma gondii, chlamydiapsittaci var. ovis, mycobacterium paratuberculosis, coxiella burnetii, brucella spp., leptospirosis and orf virus (orfv). out of 267 samples tested, highest overall prevalence (28.78%) was found for t. gondii. the 12.59% of tested sheep were positive for c. psittaci var. ovis. a total of 8.67% were found to be seropositive for ...201323318575
circulating mycobacterium bovis peptides and host response proteins as biomarkers for unambiguous detection of subclinical infection.bovine tuberculosis remains one of the most damaging diseases to agriculture, and there is also a concern for human spillover. a critical need exists for rapid, thorough, and inexpensive diagnostic methods capable of detecting and differentiating mycobacterium bovis infection from other pathogenic and environmental mycobacteria at multiple surveillance levels. in a previous study, seth et al. (plos one 4:e5478, 2009, doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0005478) identified 32 host peptides that specifically ...201324478485
assessing the inactivation of mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis during composting of livestock carcasses.mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis causes johne's disease (jd) in ruminants, with substantial economic impacts on the cattle industry. johne's disease is known for its long latency period, and difficulties in diagnosis are due to insensitivities of current detection methods. eradication is challenging as m. avium subsp. paratuberculosis can survive for extended periods within the environment, resulting in new infections in naïve animals (w. xu et al., j. environ. qual. 38:437-450, 2009) ...201323503307
metabolic adaptation of mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis to the gut environment.knowledge on the proteome level about the adaptation of pathogenic mycobacteria to the environment in their natural hosts is limited. mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (map) causes johne's disease, a chronic and incurable granulomatous enteritis of ruminants, and has been suggested to be a putative aetiological agent of crohn's disease in humans. using a comprehensive lc-ms-ms and 2d difference gel electrophoresis (dige) approach, we compared the protein profiles of clinical strains of ...201323223439
host responses to persistent mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis infection in surgically isolated bovine ileal segments.a lack of appropriate disease models has limited our understanding of the pathogenesis of persistent enteric infections with mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis. a model was developed for the controlled delivery of a defined dose of m. avium subsp. paratuberculosis to surgically isolated ileal segments in newborn calves. the stable intestinal segments enabled the characterization of host responses to persistent m. avium subsp. paratuberculosis infections after a 9-month period, including ...201323221000
comparison of fecal dna extraction kits for the detection of mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis by polymerase chain reaction.culture of mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (map) from feces has been considered the gold standard for the diagnosis of paratuberculosis for many years. however, direct fecal polymerase chain reaction (pcr) is becoming more widely used, demonstrating similar sensitivity and specificity to culture. to ensure efficient and reproducible pcr results from a difficult sample matrix such as feces, there are many obstacles that a dna extraction method must overcome, including the presence of ...201323166181
comparison of prevalence estimation of mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis infection by sampling slaughtered cattle with macroscopic lesions vs. systematic sampling.the objective of this study was to identify the most reliable approach for prevalence estimation of mycobacterium avium ssp. paratuberculosis (map) infection in clinically healthy slaughtered cattle. sampling of macroscopically suspect tissue was compared to systematic sampling. specimens of ileum, jejunum, mesenteric and caecal lymph nodes were examined for map infection using bacterial microscopy, culture, histopathology and immunohistochemistry. map was found most frequently in caecal lymph n ...201323148821
development of a rapid phage-based method for the detection of viable mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis in blood within 48 h.the aim of this study was to develop a methodology to rapidly detect viable mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (map) in clinical blood samples. map cells spiked into commercially available blood were recovered using optimised peptide-mediated magnetic separation (pmms) and detected using a phage-based method, and the identity of the cells detected confirmed using nested-pcr amplification of map signature sequences (is900). the limit of detection was determined to be 10 map cells per ml ...201323811207
relationship between presence of cows with milk positive for mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis-specific antibody by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and viable m. avium subsp. paratuberculosis in dust in cattle barns.paratuberculosis, or johne's disease, in cattle is caused by mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis, which has recently been suspected to be transmitted through dust. this longitudinal study on eight commercial m. avium subsp. paratuberculosis-positive dairy farms studied the relationship between the number of cows with m. avium subsp. paratuberculosis antibody-positive milk and the presence of viable m. avium subsp. paratuberculosis in settled-dust samples, including their temporal relatio ...201323793639
herd-level prevalence of map infection in dairy herds of southern chile determined by culture of environmental fecal samples and bulk-tank milk qpcr.paratuberculosis, an infectious disease of domestic and wild ruminants caused by mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (map), is an economically important disease in dairy herds worldwide. in chile the disease has been reported in domestic and wildlife animals. however, accurate and updated estimations of the herd-prevalence in cattle at national or regional level are not available. the objectives of this study were to determine the herd-level prevalence of dairy herds with map infected an ...201323791126
mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis confirmed following serological surveillance of small ruminants in grenada, west indies.surveillance for mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (map) infection in small ruminants of grenada was undertaken using a commercial enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa). among the 479 sheep tested, 11 (2.3%) were elisa positive while only 1 out of 260 goats (0.3%) was elisa positive. five of the 12 elisa-positive animals were also positive in a commercial agar gel immunodiffusion (agid) assay, and 4 of these showed acid-fast rods consistent with map in fecal smears. two sheep that ...201323780930
bayesian mixture models for partially verified data: age- and stage-specific discriminatory power of an antibody elisa for paratuberculosis.bayesian mixture models can be used to discriminate between the distributions of continuous test responses for different infection stages. these models are particularly useful in case of chronic infections with a long latent period, like mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (map) infection, where a perfect reference test does not exist. however, their discriminatory ability diminishes with increasing overlap of the distributions and with increasing number of latent infection stages to be ...201323777650
expression profiles of different cytokine genes in peripheral blood mononuclear cells of goats infected experimentally with native strain of mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis.paratuberculosis (paratb), caused by mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (map) is a chronic enteritis of ruminants and may contribute to crohn's disease in humans. key features of host immunity to map infection include an early pro-inflammatory (th1-like) response that eventually gives way to a predominant anti-inflammatory (th2-like) response. many studies have been conducted to understand the underlying mechanism of misdirected host immune response, however, these studies mainly fo ...201323777348
clinical disease upregulates expression of cd40 and cd40 ligand on peripheral blood mononuclear cells from cattle naturally infected with mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis.cd40 and cd40 ligand (cd40l) have costimulatory effects as part of a complex series of events in host immunity. in this study, the expression of cd40 and cd40l on peripheral blood mononuclear cells (pbmcs) isolated from cattle with johne's disease were measured on freshly isolated pbmcs and on cells cultured for 8, 24, and 72 h in the presence or absence of live mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis and exogenous gamma interferon, interleukin 10, and transforming growth factor β. results d ...201323761659
development of a novel phage-mediated immunoassay for the rapid detection of viable mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis.the objective of this study was to develop a novel screening method for detection of viable mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (map) in milk and faeces, as a rapid alternative to map culture.201323742225
analysis of transcriptional profiles to discover biomarker candidates in mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis-infected macrophages, raw 264.7.paratuberculosis (ptb) or johne's disease is one of the most serious chronic debilitating diseases of ruminants worldwide that is caused by mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (map). map is a slow-growing bacterium that has very long latent periods, resulting in difficulties in diagnosing and controlling the disease, especially regarding the diagnosis of fecal shedders of map without any clinical signs. based on this situation, attempts were made to identify biomarkers that show early re ...201323727801
specific antibody and interferon-gamma responses associated with immunopathological forms of bovine paratuberculosis in slaughtered friesian cattle.mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (map) infection causes a chronic granulomatous inflammatory regional enteritis in ruminants. cell-mediated immune responses are assumed to be protective and therefore, to be associated with its more delimited lesion types, while humoral responses are mainly associated with diffuse histopathological lesions. however, this duality of immune responses has been recently questioned. the aim of this study was to assess the relationship between both types of ...201323724062
how does a mycobacterium change its spots? applying molecular tools to track diverse strains of mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis.defining genetic diversity in the wake of the release of several mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (map) genome sequences has become a major emphasis in the molecular biology and epidemiology of johne's disease research. these data can now be used to define the extent of strain diversity on the farm. however, to perform these important tasks, researchers must have a way to distinguish the many map isolates/strains that are present in the environment or host to enable tracking over time ...201323721475
divergent immune responses to mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis infection correlate with kinome responses at the site of intestinal infection.mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis is the causative agent of johne's disease (jd) in cattle. m. avium subsp. paratuberculosis infects the gastrointestinal tract of calves, localizing and persisting primarily in the distal ileum. a high percentage of cattle exposed to m. avium subsp. paratuberculosis do not develop jd, but the mechanisms by which they resist infection are not understood. here, we merge an established in vivo bovine intestinal segment model for m. avium subsp. paratubercu ...201323716614
contrasting results of culture-dependent and molecular analyses of mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis from wood bison.reduced to near extinction in the late 1800s, a number of wood bison populations (bison bison athabascae) have been re-established through reintroduction initiatives. although an invaluable tool for conservation, translocation of animals can spread infectious agents to new areas or expose animals to pathogens in their new environment. mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis, a bacterium that causes chronic enteritis in ruminants, is among the pathogens of potential concern for wood bison man ...201323686265
antigenicity of recombinant maltose binding protein-mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis fusion proteins with and without factor xa cleaving.mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis causes johne's disease (jd) in ruminants. proteomic studies have shown that m. avium subsp. paratuberculosis expresses certain proteins when exposed to in vitro physiological stress conditions similar to the conditions experienced within a host during natural infection. such proteins are hypothesized to be expressed in vivo, are recognized by the host immune system, and may be of potential use in the diagnosis of jd. in this study, 50 recombinant malto ...201324132604
volatile emissions from mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis mirror bacterial growth and enable distinction of different strains.control of paratuberculosis in livestock is hampered by the low sensitivity of established direct and indirect diagnostic methods. like other bacteria, mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (map) emits volatile organic compounds (vocs). differences of voc patterns in breath and feces of infected and not infected animals were described in first pilot experiments but detailed information on potential marker substances is missing. this study was intended to look for characteristic volatile su ...201324116177
host-mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis interactome reveals a novel iron assimilation mechanism linked to nitric oxide stress during early infection.the initial interaction between host cell and pathogen sets the stage for the ensuing infection and ultimately determine the course of disease. however, there is limited knowledge of the transcripts utilized by host and pathogen and how they may impact one another during this critical step. the purpose of this study was to create a host-mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (map) interactome for early infection in an epithelium-macrophage co-culture system using rna-seq.201324112552
bayesian estimation of the sensitivity and specificity of individual fecal culture and paralisa to detect mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis infection in young farmed deer.a bayesian latent class model was used to estimate the sensitivity and specificity of an immunoglobulin g1 serum enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (paralisa) and individual fecal culture to detect young deer infected with mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis. paired fecal and serum samples were collected, between july 2009 and april 2010, from 20 individual yearling (12-24-month-old) deer in each of 20 south island and 18 north island herds in new zealand and subjected to culture and para ...201324105379
evaluation of pms-pcr technology for detection of mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis directly from bovine fecal specimens.mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (map) causes paratuberculosis, or johne's disease, in animals. diagnosis of map infection is challenging because of the pathogen's fastidious in vitro growth requirements and low-level intermittent shedding in feces during the preclinical phase of the infection. detection of these "low-shedders" is important for effective control of paratuberculosis as these animals serve as sources of infection for susceptible calves. magnetic separation technology, u ...201324100005
mannosylated lipoarabinomannans from mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis alters the inflammatory response by bovine macrophages and suppresses killing of mycobacterium avium subsp. avium organisms.analysis of the mechanisms through which pathogenic mycobacteria interfere with macrophage activation and phagosome maturation have shown that engagement of specific membrane receptors with bacterial ligands is the initiating event. mannosylated lipoarabinomannan (man-lam) has been identified as one of the ligands that modulates macrophage function. we evaluated the effects of man-lam derived from mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (map) on bovine macrophages. man-lam induced a rapid an ...201324098744
stability of genotyping target sequences of mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis upon cultivation on different media, in vitro- and in vivo passage, and natural infection.mycobacterium (m.) avium subsp. paratuberculosis - the causative agent of paratuberculosis (johne's disease) - affects domestic and wild ruminants worldwide. recently, different typing techniques have been combined to provide sufficient discriminatory power for the differentiation of isolates and for epidemiological studies. in order to challenge the reliability of this approach the stability of different m. avium subsp. paratuberculosis genotypes determined after primary isolation was investiga ...201324095568
novel secreted antigens of mycobacterium paratuberculosis as serodiagnostic biomarkers for johne's disease in cattle.johne's disease is a chronic gastroenteritis of cattle caused by mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis that afflicts 40% of dairy herds worldwide. m. avium subsp. paratuberculosis-infected cattle can remain asymptomatic for years while transmitting the pathogen via fecal contamination and milk. current serodiagnosis with enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (elisas) fails to detect asymptomatic m. avium subsp. paratuberculosis-infected cattle due to the use of poorly defined antigens and kno ...201324089453
anti mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis heat shock protein 70 antibodies in the sera of sardinian patients with multiple sclerosis.heat shock protein (hsp) family members are highly conserved in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic organisms and are known to be immunodominant antigens in many bacteria. in particular, hsp70 has been linked to multiple sclerosis (ms), even if the available data are contradictory. since different studies conducted on sardinian subjects, have linked mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (map) presence to ms disease, and in view of the fact that human hsp70 is highly homologue to the majori ...201324075312
high prevalence of paratuberculosis in rabbits is associated with difficulties in controlling the disease in cattle.there is increasing evidence that the european wild rabbit (oryctolagus cuniculus) is a wildlife reservoir for paratuberculosis and infected populations may contribute to the persistence of infection in livestock. the aim of this study was to test the hypothesis that farms with difficulties controlling paratuberculosis in their cattle herds have a higher prevalence of mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (map) infection in their rabbit populations. a total of 281 rabbits from 13 beef farm ...201324075203
effect of delayed exposure of cattle to mycobacterium avium subsp paratuberculosis on the development of subclinical and clinical johne's disease.to evaluate the effect of delayed exposure of dairy cattle to mycobacterium avium subsp paratuberculosis (map) on the incidence of those cows testing positive for map and developing clinical johne's disease (cjd).201324066914
apoptosis of lymph node and peripheral blood cells in ovine johne's disease.ovine johne's disease (ojd) is a degenerative wasting condition of ruminants caused by mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (map). similar to other pathogenic mycobacterial infections it is a slow-progressing chronic disease and subclinically infected individuals can spread the disease while appearing healthy. map infects macrophages and the host responds by mounting a cell-mediated immune response. disease progression is associated with immune dysfunction but the reasons are unknown. inc ...201324054092
in vivo and in vitro expression pattern of toll-like receptors in mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis infection.johne's disease (jd) caused by mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (map) is a chronic infectious disease of ruminants. activation of the toll-like receptors (tlr) in response to microbial stimuli, including map, initiates responses in immune cells of the blood and within peripheral tissues. tlr2, 4 and 9 are believed to play a critical role in the initiation of immune responses against mycobacteria. in this study we report on the in vivo expression pattern of these receptors in sheep ...201324054090
development and validation of a liquid medium (m7h9c) for routine culture of mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis to replace modified bactec 12b medium.liquid culture of mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis from clinical samples, such as feces, is the most sensitive antemortem test for the diagnosis of johne's disease in ruminants. in australia, new zealand, the united states, and some other countries, the bactec 460 system with modified bactec 12b medium (becton, dickinson) has been the most commonly used liquid culture system, but it was discontinued in 2012. in this study, a new liquid culture medium, m7h9c, was developed. it consists ...201324048541
increasing the ex vivo antigen-specific ifn-γ production in subpopulations of t cells and nkp46+ cells by anti-cd28, anti-cd49d and recombinant il-12 costimulation in cattle vaccinated with recombinant proteins from mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis.t cells, which encounter specific antigen (ag), require additional signals to mount a functional immune response. here, we demonstrate activation of signal 2, by anti-cd28 mab (acd28) and other costimulatory molecules (acd49d, acd5), and signal 3, by recombinant il-12, enhance ag-specific ifn-γ secretion by cd4, cd8, γδ t cells and nk cells. age matched male jersey calves, experimentally infected with mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (map), were vaccinated with a cocktail of recombina ...201324034934
occurrence of mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis in fecal samples of hunted deer, chamois and ibex in switzerland. 201323985097
use of enoyl coenzyme a hydratase of mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis for the serological diagnosis of johne's disease.johne's disease (jd), caused by mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (map), remains difficult to control because of the lack of specific and sensitive diagnostic tests. in order to improve the specificity of sero-diagnosis for jd, the phage display library derived from genomic dna of map was immunoscreened to identify novel antigenic targets. we selected a clone using antibodies from map experimentally infected cattle, and annotated its coding sequence as map1197 in the map genome, wh ...201323978306
novel feature of mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis, highlighted by characterization of the heparin-binding hemagglutinin adhesin.mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis comprises two genotypically defined groups, known as the cattle (c) and sheep (s) groups. recent studies have reported phenotypic differences between m. avium subsp. paratuberculosis groups c and s, including growth rates, infectivity for macrophages, and iron metabolism. in this study, we investigated the genotypes and biological properties of the virulence factor heparin-binding hemagglutinin adhesin (hbha) for both groups. in mycobacterium tuberculo ...201323974028
evaluation of a salmonella vectored vaccine expressing mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis antigens against challenge in a goat model.johnes disease (jd), caused by mycobacterium avium subsp paratuberculosis (map), occurs worldwide as chronic granulomatous enteritis of domestic and wild ruminants. to develop a cost effective vaccine, in a previous study we constructed an attenuated salmonella strain that expressed a fusion product made up of partial fragments of map antigens (ag85a, ag85b and sod) that imparted protection against challenge in a mouse model. in the current study we evaluated the differential immune response and ...201323950909
no holes barred: invasion of the intestinal mucosa by mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis.the infection biology of mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis has recently crystallized, with added details surrounding intestinal invasion. the involvement of pathogen-derived effector proteins such as the major membrane protein, oxidoreductase, and fibronectin attachment proteins have been uncovered. mutations constructed in this pathogen have also shed light on genes needed for invasion. the host cell types that are susceptible to invasion have been defined, along with their transcript ...201323940208
flow cytometric detection of mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis-specific antibodies in experimentally infected and naturally exposed calves.a desirable test to diagnose infections with mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis facilitates identification of infected cattle prior to the state of m. avium subsp. paratuberculosis shedding. this study aimed at adjusting a flow cytometry (fc)-based assay, using intact m. avium subsp. paratuberculosis bacteria as the antigen, for diagnosis of m. avium subsp. paratuberculosis infections in calves. serum samples were collected from experimentally infected (n = 12) and naturally exposed (n ...201323885032
molecular identification of mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis in oral biopsies of crohn's disease patients.oral lesions may be found in patients with crohn's disease (cd), in a percentage up to 20%. the aim of this study was to investigate a possible relationship between mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (map) and oral lesions in cd patients. 23 oral biopsies were examined performing is900 nested pcr; 9 of them were positive: 8 from cd patients and 1 from a control. our purpose is to go on with this study, amplifying the number of subjects examined and testing subjects with oral lesions rel ...201323842143
inactivation of mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis during cooking of hamburger patties.the role of mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (map) in crohn's disease in humans has been debated for many years. milk and milk products have been suggested as possible vectors for transmission since the beginning of this debate, whereas recent publications show that slaughtered cattle and their carcasses, meat, and organs can also serve as reservoirs for map transmission. the objective of this study was to generate heat-inactivation data for map during the cooking of hamburger patties ...201323834794
first identification of mycobacterium avium paratuberculosis sheep strain in argentina.we here identified for the first time the presence of mycobacterium avium paratuberculosis (map) sheep (s) strain in argentina. is900 polymerase chain reaction (pcr) was positive. the s strain was compared with map cattle (c) strains by using is1311 pcr-restriction endonuclease analysis (pcr-rea), multiplex pcr and restriction fragment length polymorphism (rflp) analysis.201324516458
antemortem and postmortem examinations of the cattle calf naturally infected with mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis.a male cattle calf was detected as subclinically and naturally infected with mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (map) by a series of antemortem and postmortem tests. the map infection was identified by strong antibody and cell-mediated immune (cmi) response by a commercial elisa kit and an intradermal johnin test, respectively, in the initial antemortem examination. the antemortem status of the calf was further confirmed by map-specific interferon gamma (ifn-γ) response. for detecti ...201324294493
associations between mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis antibodies in bulk tank milk, season of sampling and protocols for managing infected cows.the objective of this study was to identify associations between the concentration of mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (map) antibodies in bulk milk and potential risk factors in herd management and herd characteristics, explaining high map antibody titers in milk. an extensive questionnaire was administered to 292 organic and conventional dairy farms from new york, wisconsin and oregon. bulk milk samples were taken from each farm for map enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa). a g ...201324283287
comparison of calf weaning weight and associated economic variables between beef cows with and without serum antibodies against or isolation from feces of mycobacterium avium subsp paratuberculosis.to compare calf weaning weight and associated economic variables for beef cows with serum antibodies against mycobacterium avium subsp paratuberculosis (map) or from which map was isolated from feces with those for cows that were seronegative for antibodies against or culture negative for map.201324261812
Refresh
firstprev
...212223242526
nextlast
Displaying items 2101 - 2200 of 2580