Publications
| Title | Abstract | Year(sorted ascending) Filter | PMID Filter |
|---|
| high-dose infusional doxorubicin and cyclophosphamide: a feasibility study of tandem high-dose chemotherapy cycles without stem cell support. | the purpose of this study was to determine the maximally tolerated dose of doxorubicin administered during two cycles of intensive chemotherapy with cyclophosphamide and doxorubicin without stem cell support in patients with advanced cancer and to assess the cumulative cardiac toxicity of the regimen by noninvasive radionuclide imaging and by pre-and postchemotherapy endomyocardial biopsies. thirty-eight patients (thirty-six with high risk or metastatic breast cancer) were treated in a dose-esca ... | 1997 | 9815632 |
| antibiotic associated diarrhoea and enterocolitis. | c. difficile is the major aetiological agent of aad and pmc and results from overgrowth of c. difficile already present endogenously or of newly acquired exogenous organisms after suppression of competing gut flora. c. difficile produces two kinds of toxins a and b. these toxins attack the colonic mucosa which becomes necrotic with the formation in fulminating cases of an exudative pseudomembrane. toxigenic and non-toxigenic strains of c. difficile may be present together in an individual suffer ... | 1997 | 9612093 |
| an update on clostridium difficile infection. | 1997 | 9612094 | |
| [selenium deficiency favors the appearance of heart failure after multiple injury]. | a 47-year-old multiple trauma patient, experiencing a c. difficile colitis with diarrhoea, developed diffuse oedema with peritoneal and pleural effusion due to global heart failure. selenium deficiency, reported in trauma patients, may explain the occurrence of cardiomyopathy. the role of selenium in cardiac dysfunction and the various situations inducing a selenium deficiency are discussed. | 1997 | 9750622 |
| bacteroides fragilis toxin rearranges the actin cytoskeleton of ht29/c1 cells without direct proteolysis of actin or decrease in f-actin content. | enterotoxigenic strains of b. fragilis associated with childhood diarrhea produce a 20 kd zinc metalloprotease toxin (bft). bft is reported to cleave g-actin in vitro and also causes dramatic rounding and rearrangement of the f-actin cytoskeleton in human intestinal epithelial cell lines (ht29) and ht29/c1). to test the hypothesis that the proteolysis of cellular actin by bft in vivo may contribute to these alterations in morphology and cytoskeletal architecture, we assessed the f-actin content ... | 1997 | 9186013 |
| clostridium difficile: a microbial enigma. | nearly 150 years ago, louis pasteur introduced the world to the science of microbiology and to the fact that our environment contains microbes capable of causing disease. subsequent to these discoveries, a pandemic of health care-related staphylococcal infections nearly a century later led to the recognition of hospital-associated (nosocomial) infection. clearly such infections (nosohusial) now also afflict nursing home residents and patients who receive home health care. | 1997 | 9188331 |
| delayed onset of pseudomembranous colitis after rifampin therapy. | rifampin therapy is an infrequently reported cause of pseudomembranous colitis. a low index of suspicion may account for this lack of recognition. awareness of this potentially hazardous complication of rifampin therapy is encouraged, especially since increasing numbers of patients infected with the human immunodeficiency virus, who may have diarrhea from other etiologies, require rifampin therapy. | 1997 | 9191744 |
| dynamics of clostridium difficile infection. control using diet. | understanding the dynamics of the establishment of c. difficile within the gut is vital to effective prevention, control and therapy of disease due to this nosocomial pathogen. factors affecting the establishment of c. difficile in the gut were investigated including the role of bacterial metabolic products (bmps), the composition of colonic flora, diet, and properties of the infecting strain. concentrations of 9/12 bacterial metabolic products (bmps), both volatile and non-volatile were signifi ... | 1997 | 9191992 |
| intracellular transport and processing of protein toxins produced by enteric bacteria. | bacterial toxins are associated with disease in humans and animals. toxins can either be preformed in food or produced by bacteria in the intestine. there are two types of toxins: heat-labile protein toxins and heat stabile toxins. heat labile toxins are produced by bacillus cereus, clostridium perfringens, escherichia coli, and vibrio cholerae, and heat-stabile enterotoxins consisting of relatively few amino acids are produced by escherichia coli and acts by activation of guanylate cyclase. sim ... | 1997 | 9192018 |
| adp-ribosylating and glucosylating toxins as tools to study secretion in rbl cells. | the influence of different adp-ribosylating and glucosylating cytotoxins on stimulated protein tyrosine phosphorylation and secretion in rat basophilic leukemia (rbl) cells was studied. treatment of rbl cells with clostridium botulinum c2 toxin, which specifically adp-ribosylated monomeric g-actin and caused complete depolymerization of the actin cytoskeleton in intact cells, inhibited fc epsilon ri receptor-mediated tyrosine phosphorylation of various proteins in a time- and concentration-depen ... | 1997 | 9193676 |
| clostridium difficile toxin a induces the release of neutrophil chemotactic factors from rat peritoneal macrophages: role of interleukin-1beta, tumor necrosis factor alpha, and leukotrienes. | clostridium difficile produces a potent enterotoxin and cytotoxin, toxins a and b, respectively, which appear to be responsible for pseudomenbranous colitis and antibiotic-associated diarrhea. in the present study we explored the neutrophil migration evoked by toxin a in the peritoneal cavities and subcutaneous air pouches of rats and examined the role of macrophages and their inflammatory mediators in this process. toxin a causes a significant dose-dependent neutrophil influx into the peritonea ... | 1997 | 9199444 |
| protective immunity against clostridium difficile toxin a induced by oral immunization with a live, attenuated vibrio cholerae vector strain. | clostridium difficile causes pseudomembranous colitis through the action of rho-modifying proteins, toxins a and b. antibodies directed against c. difficile toxin a prevent or limit c. difficile-induced colitis. we engineered plasmid petr14, containing the hlyb and hlyd genes of the escherichia coli hemolysin operon, to express a fusion protein containing 720 amino acid residues from the nontoxic, receptor-binding, carboxy terminus of c. difficile toxin a and the secretion signal of e. coli hemo ... | 1997 | 9199470 |
| can ischemic colitis be differentiated from c difficile colitis in biopsy specimens? | pseudomembranous colitis is often caused by clostridium difficile; however, it may also be due to ischemia. to determine if any histologic features could be used to differentiate c difficile from ischemia, 49 biopsies of pseudomembranous colitis (25 from patients with c difficile colitis and 24 from patients with ischemic colitis) were coded, randomized, and evaluated for the presence of numerous variables, including the amount and distribution of mucosal necrosis, lamina propria hyalinization, ... | 1997 | 9199649 |
| serious clostridium difficile sepsis. | 1997 | 9201543 | |
| rho proteins play a critical role in cell migration during the early phase of mucosal restitution. | in the intestine, several growth factors stimulate migration of epithelial cells, contributing to the maintenance of tissue integrity. the ras-like gtpase rho regulates a signal transduction pathway linking growth factor receptors to the formation of actin stress fibers and focal adhesions, presumed to be important for motility. using an in vitro wound-induced migration assay, we have examined the role of rho gtpases in the migration of iec-6 and caco-2 cells, and provide evidence that the rho g ... | 1997 | 9202074 |
| role of tumor necrosis factor and nitric oxide in the cytotoxic effects of clostridium difficile toxin a and toxin b on macrophages. | clostridium difficile, the bacterium involved in antibiotic-associated colitis, produces two exotoxins, toxin a (txa) and toxin b (txb). although these toxins are well recognized as being cytotoxic to several mammalian cell types, the mechanisms involved are not fully understood. the aim of the present investigation was to examine the cytotoxicity of txa and txb to peritoneal macrophages in culture and to investigate whether tumor necrosis factor-alpha (tnf-alpha) and nitric oxide (no) are invol ... | 1997 | 9203299 |
| [prospective study of pathogenic agents isolated from feces of patients with hiv infections]. | determine the frequency of enteropathogenic agents isolated in diarrheic feces of patients with hiv infection and to compare findings with a control group (hiv + without diarrhea) in order to identify risk factors. | 1997 | 9205468 |
| do patients with clostridium difficile need to be isolated? | 1997 | 9211164 | |
| [epidemic c difficile-associated diarrhea is a reality. fewer prescriptions and more soap]. | 1997 | 9213685 | |
| reactive arthritis to clostridium difficile in a child. | 1997 | 9217461 | |
| saccharomyces boulardii for the treatment of clostridium difficile-associated colitis. | s. boulardii has been investigated in europe and the us, and preliminary reports indicate that it is safe and effective in conjunction with vancomycin or metronidazole for the treatment of cdc, predominantly in patients who develop recurrence. s. boulardii in combination with vancomycin or metronidazole has not been shown to be more effective than either of these agents alone for treatment of a first episode of cdc. in addition, s. boulardii has not been studied in immunocompromised patients who ... | 1997 | 9220059 |
| the involvement of macrophage-derived tumour necrosis factor and lipoxygenase products on the neutrophil recruitment induced by clostridium difficile toxin b. | clostridium difficile (cd) toxins appear to mediate the inflammatory response in pseudomembranous colitis and/or colitis associated with the use of antibiotics. in contrast to cd toxin a (txa), cd toxin b (txb) has been reported not to promote fluid secretion or morphological damage in rabbits and hamsters and also does not induce neutrophil chemotaxis in vitro. however, txb is about 1000 times more potent than txa in stimulating the release of tumour necrosis factor-alpha (tnf-alpha) by culture ... | 1997 | 9227329 |
| delineation of the catalytic domain of clostridium difficile toxin b-10463 to an enzymatically active n-terminal 467 amino acid fragment. | in an attempt to directly approach the postulated toxic domain of clostridium difficile's tcdb-10463, eight subclones of different size and locations in the n-terminal third of the toxin were generated. expression of these toxin fragments was checked in western blots and the enzymatic activity of the expressed proteins was analyzed by glucosylating ras related small gtp-binding proteins. two polypeptides of 875 aa (tcdbc1-3) and 557 aa (tcdbc1-h) glucosylated their targets rho, rac and cdc42 wit ... | 1997 | 9228777 |
| escherichia coli cytotoxic necrotizing factor 1 (cnf1), a toxin that activates the rho gtpase. | cytotoxic necrotizing factor 1 (cnf1), a 110-kda protein toxin from pathogenic escherichia coli induces actin reorganization into stress fibers and retraction fibers in human epithelial cultured cells allowing them to spread. cnf1 is acting in the cytosol since microinjection of the toxin into hep-2 cells mimics the effects of the externally applied cnf1. incubation in vitro of cnf1 with recombinant small gtpases induces a modification of rho (but not of rac, cdc42, ras, or rab6) as demonstrated ... | 1997 | 9235957 |
| role of bacterial metabolism and physiology in the pathogenesis of clostridium difficile disease. | 1997 | 9140922 | |
| isolation of various genotypes of clostridium difficile from patients and the environment in an oncology ward. | the epidemiology of clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea (cdad) is not well defined in nonepidemic situations because precise biotyping techniques have only recently become available. arbitrarily primed polymerase chain reaction (ap-pcr) was used to determine strain identity of c. difficile isolates recovered on our oncology ward, at an incidence rate of 0.84%. twenty-one strains of c. difficile, which were grouped into 18 different ap-pcr types, were isolated from patients' specimens. fort ... | 1997 | 9142788 |
| prevalence of and risk factors for clostridium difficile colonization at admission to an infectious diseases ward. | a study of 240 consecutive admissions to a single hospital ward over a 6-month period was conducted to determine the prevalence of and risk factors for clostridium difficile colonization at admission. the prevalence rate of c. difficile colonization at admission was 13.3%. seventy-four percent of the patients admitted to the ward were infected with human immunodeficiency virus (hiv). multivariate analysis identified three risk factors for c. difficile colonization: clindamycin use (adjusted odds ... | 1997 | 9142793 |
| clostridium difficile-related necrotizing pseudomembranous enteritis in association with henoch-schonlein purpura. | 1997 | 9144126 | |
| health care resource utilization and antimicrobial use in elderly patients with community-acquired lower respiratory tract infection who develop clostridium difficile-associated diarrhoea. | we conducted a prospective observational study on the medical management and health service resource utilization associated with the hospital care of patients with community-acquired lower respiratory tract infection. between january 1994 and june 1995, 28 such patients developed clostridium difficile-associated diarrhoea; these 28 patients were matched with 56 age-matched patients, who were used as a control group in a comparative study. progress during the first week after admission was simila ... | 1997 | 9145829 |
| antianaerobic activity of the ketolide ru 64004 compared to activities of four macrolides, five beta-lactams, clindamycin, and metronidazole. | agar dilution methodology (with added oxyrase in the case of the macrolide group to allow incubation without added co2) was used to compare the activity of ru 64004, a new ketolide, with the activities of erythromycin, azithromycin, clarithromycin, roxithromycin, clindamycin, amoxicillin with and without clavulanate, piperacillin with and without tazobactam, metronidazole, and imipenem against 379 anaerobes. overall, ru 64004 yielded an mic at which 50% of the isolates are inhibited (mic50) of 1 ... | 1997 | 9145865 |
| guidelines for the diagnosis and management of clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea and colitis. american college of gastroenterology, practice parameters committee. | guidelines for clinical practice are intended to suggest preferable approaches to particular medical problems as established by interpretation and collation of scientifically valid research, derived from extensive review of published literature. when data are not available that will withstand objective scrutiny, a recommendation may be made based on a consensus of experts. guidelines are intended to apply to the clinical situation for all physicians without regard to specialty. guidelines are in ... | 1997 | 9149180 |
| pseudomembranous colitis with associated fulminant ileitis in the defunctionalized limb of a jejunal-ileal bypass. report of a case. | presented is what is believed to be the first reported case of a defunctionalized limb of small intestine serving as a reservoir for clostridium difficile. because of the altered intestinal continuity, the ensuing enteritis and colitis failed to respond to nonoperative management. current treatment strategies are reviewed. surgical intervention, including restoration of normal gastrointestinal continuity, should be considered early in the hospital course of this patient population. | 1997 | 9152196 |
| myasthenic crisis: clinical features, mortality, complications, and risk factors for prolonged intubation. | we retrospectively reviewed the hospital records of 53 patients admitted for 73 episodes of myasthenic crisis at columbia-presbyterian medical center over a period of 12 years, from 1983 to 1994. median age at the onset of first crisis was 55 (range, 20 to 82), the ratio of women to men was 2:1, and the median interval from onset of symptoms to first crisis was 8 months. infection (usually pneumonia or upper respiratory infection) was the most common precipitating factor (38%), followed by no ob ... | 1997 | 9153452 |
| vancomycin-resistant enterococci in stool specimens submitted for clostridium difficile cytotoxin assay. | the prevalence of, and clinical risk factors associated with, vancomycin-resistant enterococcal colonization were investigated in patients suspected of having clostridium difficile infection. stools submitted for c difficile cytotoxin testing were screened for vancomycin-resistant enterococci (vre). isolates were speciated and characterized further by antibiotic susceptibility testing, dna fingerprinting, and dna:dna hybridization for detection of specific vancomycin resistance genes. of the 79 ... | 1997 | 9154478 |
| banana flakes control diarrhea in enterally fed patients. | diarrhea occurs frequently in the critically ill tube-fed population and may result from a multitude of causes. despite the availability of antidiarrheal medications, diarrhea associated with enteral feedings remains a problem for clinicians and for the patients affected by it. we tested the hypothesis that administration of banana flakes would control diarrhea in critically ill patients receiving enteral feedings. thirty-one patients with diarrhea and receiving enteral feedings were randomized ... | 1997 | 9155405 |
| risk of diarrhoea, clostridium difficile and cefotaxime in the elderly. | clostridium difficile diarrhoea is an increasingly important nosocomial infection. clostridium difficile infection is associated with antibiotic use. the elderly are at greatest risk. we reported an outbreak associated with the use of cefotaxime, a third-generation cephalosporin. we review the extent of this association, putative causal mechanisms and suggest an integrated approach to the control of c difficile infection which focuses on both limiting environmental contamination and reducing pat ... | 1997 | 9161469 |
| [clostridium difficile]. | 1997 | 9162786 | |
| etiological agents of infectious diarrhea: implications for requests for microbial culture. | gastrointestinal infections remain a frequent disease worldwide. in order to increase our knowledge of the epidemiology for our patient population, we retrospectively analyzed the results obtained for stool samples received at the clinical microbiology laboratory of the university hospital of geneva during a 4-year period. a total of 13,965 specimens from 7,124 patients (1.96 specimens per patient) were cultured, yielding 369 (2.6%) salmonella spp., 408 (2.9%) campylobacter spp., and 79 (0.6%) s ... | 1997 | 9163457 |
| recurrent clostridium difficile diarrhea associated with mitoxantrone and etoposide: a case report and review. | clostridium difficile colitis most commonly occurs in association with antibiotic administration and infrequently with antineoplastic agents. our patient experienced recurrent c. difficile diarrhea associated with mitoxantrone and etoposide. he received antibiotics during the 6 months, but each episode of diarrhea was preceded by at least a 6-week antibiotic-free period. in addition, antineoplastic therapy preceded each episode by 8 or 9 days. clinicians should be aware that antineoplastic drugs ... | 1997 | 9165566 |
| single-step polymerase chain reaction for combined gene detection and epidemiological typing in three bacterial models. | we describe a new polymerase chain reaction (pcr) for combined gene detection and epidemiological typing (cogedet), which allows bacterial typing and gene detection in a one-step assay. this assay, in which target gene-specific primers are used under low-stringency annealing conditions, was evaluated on 32 staphylococcus aureus strains using toxic shock syndrome toxin 1 (tst) primers, 30 clostridium difficile strains using toxin a (toxa) primers, and 30 escherichia coli strains using cytotoxic n ... | 1997 | 9170276 |
| clostridium difficile. | 1997 | 9171711 | |
| early functional effects of clostridium difficile toxin a on human colonocytes. | previous in vitro studies have shown that clostridium difficile toxin a is able to directly affect the intestinal epithelial barrier function. the aim of this study was to examine the early effects of toxin a on mucin exocytosis and determine whether this toxin can induce the production of the chemokine interleukin 8 (il-8) from human colonic epithelial cells. | 1997 | 9178681 |
| bedside prediction of clostridium difficile colitis. | 1997 | 9182463 | |
| clostridium difficile--associated diseases: comparison of symptomatic infection versus carriage on the basis of risk factors, toxin production, and genotyping results. | 1997 | 9243055 | |
| pleural empyema due to clostridium difficile and clostridium cadaveris. | 1997 | 9243057 | |
| surveillance for antimicrobial resistance in enterococci. | to describe antimicrobial resistance patterns of enterococcus species in auckland. | 1997 | 9251710 |
| enhancement of bismuth antibacterial activity with lipophilic thiol chelators. | the antibacterial properties of bismuth are greatly enhanced when bismuth is combined with certain lipophilic thiol compounds. antibacterial activity was enhanced from 25- to 300-fold by the following seven different thiols, in order of decreasing synergy: 1,3-propanedithiol, dimercaprol (bal), dithiothreitol, 3-mercapto-2-butanol, beta-mercaptoethanol, 1-monothioglycerol, and mercaptoethylamine. the dithiols produced the greatest synergy with bismuth at optimum bismuth-thiol molar ratios of fro ... | 1997 | 9257744 |
| immobilization of reducing sugars as toxin binding agents. | a simple and economical procedure for the attachment of reducing sugars to aminated solid supports has been developed. reaction of the amino groups on the solid support with p-nitrophenyl chloroformate, followed by 1,6-hexanediamine, yields a chain-extended amine to which reducing sugars can be attached while remaining accessible to macromolecules. immobilization of the reducing sugars involves a simple incubation followed by trapping of the resulting glycosylamine with acetic anhydride and reco ... | 1997 | 9258442 |
| drug-induced clostridium difficile-associated disease. | clostridium difficile is a spore-forming anaerobe that resides in the colon and is capable of producing gastrointestinal disease in humans. factors such as previous exposure to antibacterials and some antineoplastic agents have been reported to promote the overgrowth of c. difficile, with subsequent liberation of potent exotoxins that induce inflammation in the colonic mucosa. colonisation rates vary, and are higher during infancy and hospitalisation, compared with healthy adults. although many ... | 1997 | 9258629 |
| complications by age in primary pediatric renal transplant recipients. | we asked whether pediatric renal transplant recipients, subgrouped by age, differed in the percentage and number of hospital readmissions and in the incidence of infectious complications post transplant. between 1 august 1985 and 31 october 1993, a total of 164 patients < 18 years of age underwent primary transplants, with cyclosporine-based immunosuppression, at the university of minnesota. the percentage of readmissions (p = ns), the mean number of readmissions (p = ns), and the length of hosp ... | 1997 | 9260233 |
| surveillance of nosocomial infections in geriatric patients. | prospective surveillance of hospital-acquired infections was undertaken in the geriatric ward of the university hospital, utrecht, the netherlands. the medical records of 300 patients were studied for the presence of nosocomial infections using the criteria defined by the centers for disease control (cdc), atlanta, georgia, usa. data were collected from patients with and without infection, which allowed for the analysis of risk factors for nosocomial infection. in 100 out of 300 patients (33.3%) ... | 1997 | 9261757 |
| the effect of enteric bacterial toxins on the catecholamine levels of the rabbit. | the rabbit catecholamine responses to bacterial toxins commonly found in sudden infant death syndrome (sids) victims were studied as part of a proposed animal model for sids. six bacterial toxins commonly isolated from sids baby feces and a comparison endotoxin were injected intravenously (i.v.) and intraluminarily (i.l.) to determine their effects on catecholamine levels. i.v. injected toxins clearly altered catecholamine levels causing sharp rises in adrenaline and noradrenaline levels and at ... | 1997 | 9271018 |
| involvement of rho family proteins in prostaglandin f2 alpha-induced phospholipase d activation in the osteoblast-like cell line mc3t3-e1. | to examine the role of rho family proteins in prostaglandin f2 alpha (pgf2 alpha)-mediated phospholipase d (pld) activation of osteoblast-like cell line mc3t3-e1 cells, we used toxin-b from clostridium difficile, which inhibits rho family proteins by monoglucosylation. pretreatment of [3h]myristic acid-labeled mc3t3-e1 cells with toxin b induced rounding-up of the cells and inhibited the pgf2 alpha-induced pld activation by 60%, but not the phospholipase c (plc) activation. cytochalasin d also i ... | 1997 | 9271785 |
| hemolytic-uremic syndrome associated with pseudomembranous colitis caused by clostridium difficile. | 1997 | 9274852 | |
| il-11 inhibits clostridium difficile toxin a enterotoxicity in rat ileum. | interleukin-11 (il-11) is a stromal cell-derived cytokine with several biological activities against hematopoietic cells. recent results indicated that il-11 reduced mucosal damage in animal models of colitis. this study aimed to explore the action of recombinant human il-11 (rhil-11) on the intestinal effects of clostridium difficile toxin a, an inflammatory enterotoxin, and cholera toxin, a noninflammatory enterotoxin in rat ileum. we administered rhil-11 subcutaneously to rats before injectio ... | 1997 | 9277411 |
| exosporial membrane plasticity of clostridium sporogenes and clostridium difficile. | this investigation examines the morphological alterations of the exosporial membranes of clostridium sporogenes atcc 3584 and clostridium difficile atcc 43594 and 9689 endospores in relation to their possible function during germination in the attachment/colonization process of these pathogenic bacteria. there is no reported function for the exosporial membrane, nor exosporial appendages, of clostridial endospores. advances in high resolution, scanning electron microscopy (sem) permit the examin ... | 1997 | 9281845 |
| [clostridium difficile associated diarrhea in cephalosporin administration: experiences of the swiss adverse drug reaction reporting system 1981-1995]. | 20-25% of antibiotics-associated diarrhea cases are caused by infection with toxin-producing clostridium difficile. since the advent of broad-spectrum antibiotics clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea has been observed both in ambulatory practice and as a nosocomial infection in medical and nursing institutions. clindamycin, aminopenicillins, and cephalosporines are by far the most common triggers for this infection. we reviewed all cases of clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea due to c ... | 1997 | 9289841 |
| recurrent clostridium difficile disease following ciprofloxacin use. | 1997 | 9296254 | |
| comparative antianaerobic activities of the ketolides hmr 3647 (ru 66647) and hmr 3004 (ru 64004). | hmr 3647 (ru 66647) and hmr 3004 (ru 64004), two ketolides, had mics at which 50% of the strains are inhibited (mic50s) of 0.06 to 0.125 microg/ml and mic90s of 16.0 microg/ml against 352 anaerobes. mic50s and mic90s of erythromycin, azithromycin, clarithromycin, and roxithromycin were 0.5 to 2.0 microg/ml and 32.0 to >64.0 microg/ml, respectively. hmr 3647 and hmr 3004 were more active against non-bacteroides fragilis-group anaerobes (other than fusobacterium mortiferum, fusobacterium varium, a ... | 1997 | 9303406 |
| clostridium difficile infection in obstetric and gynecologic patients. | we reviewed hospital records of women on the obstetrics and gynecologic services with a diagnosis of antibiotic-associated diarrhea, pseudomembranous colitis, or clostridium difficile infection to better characterize the incidence and course of women with c difficile infection. cases were included if there was identification of c difficile by culture or toxin or endoscopic verification of pseudomembranous colitis. between january 1985 and june 1995, there were 74,120 admissions to the obstetrics ... | 1997 | 9305296 |
| clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea: epidemiology, risk factors, and infection control. | to evaluate the effectiveness of specific infection control measures on the incidence of clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea (cdad) and to identify risk factors for its development. | 1997 | 9309434 |
| antibody responses to clostridial infection in humans. | serum antibody responses to the major toxins produced by clostridium difficile, clostridium perfringens, clostridium septicum, clostridium tetani, and clostridium botulinum have been documented following infection. effective toxoid vaccines for tetanus and enteritis necroticans due to c. perfringens type c demonstrate the potential of antitoxin responses. although individual serum and mucosal antibody responses to c. difficile enterotoxin (toxin a) vary, one-third of patients with c. difficile d ... | 1997 | 9310668 |
| colonization of infants and hospitalized patients with clostridium difficile and lactobacilli. | 1997 | 9310674 | |
| preliminary findings of the international typing study on clostridium difficile. international clostridium difficile study group. | preliminary results of the international typing study on clostridium difficile indicate that there is excellent correlation between the phenotypic methods reliant on cell surface antigens for typing strains and that a larger number of phenotypes and genotypes of c. difficile exists than was previously appreciated by each group of investigators acting independently. evidence has also emerged that some of the types described by each method are common to all typing methods, indicating that strains ... | 1997 | 9310677 |
| typing of environmental clostridium difficile strains. | 1997 | 9310678 | |
| nosocomial clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea in patients with aids: a three-year survey and review. | 1997 | 9310679 | |
| is there a relationship between vancomycin-resistant enterococcal infection and clostridium difficile infection? | the relationship between vancomycin or metronidazole treatment of clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea (cdad) and the occurrence of vancomycin-resistant enterococcus (vre) infection was investigated by review of 18 case-control studies. fifteen (83%) of 18 studies found vancomycin use, days of use, or grams used to be significantly associated with vre infection or colonization. intravenous vancomycin use was a significant risk in nine of 10 studies, and oral vancomycin use was a significant ... | 1997 | 9310680 |
| update on pan-american research on anaerobes: the situation in argentina. | the study of anaerobic bacteria became important in argentina when the first outbreak of botulism was reported in mendoza in 1922. in the 1970s, the emphasis was on the development of methods to obtain suitable samples for isolation and identification of anaerobic bacteria. in 1985, a working group belonging to the argentine association of microbiology was organized to study anaerobic bacteria and infections. last year, i became involved with the immunologic, microbiological, and epidemiological ... | 1997 | 9310693 |
| clostridium difficile down under. | 1997 | 9310695 | |
| antimicrobial susceptibilities of equine isolates of clostridium difficile and molecular characterization of metronidazole-resistant strains. | 1997 | 9310701 | |
| effect of arginine on toxin production by clostridium difficile in defined medium. | twenty strains of clostridium difficile were examined for the effect of arginine on toxin production in a defined medium. in three strains, the production of toxins a and b was greatly enhanced in the absence of arginine. these strains showed distinctively poorer growth in the absence of arginine in comparison with the remaining 17 strains, indicating that the presence of arginine is required for good growth among the three strains. from the present results, test strains were divided into two gr ... | 1997 | 9310936 |
| toxins a and b from clostridium difficile differ with respect to enzymatic potencies, cellular substrate specificities, and surface binding to cultured cells. | clostridium difficile toxins a and b together are responsible for the symptoms of pseudomembranous colitis. both toxins intoxicate cultured cells by the same mechanism but they differ in cytotoxic potency, toxin b being generally 1,000 times more potent than toxin a. don and t84 cells were used to determine differences in the intoxication process exerted by both toxins. three main differences were identified: (a) the specific binding of radiolabeled toxins to the cell surfaces correlated with th ... | 1997 | 9312171 |
| clostridium difficile diarrhoea associated with chemotherapy for ovarian cancer. | 1997 | 9325524 | |
| bacterial toxins block endothelial wound repair. evidence that rho gtpases control cytoskeletal rearrangements in migrating endothelial cells. | we investigated the effect of bacterial toxins that modify and inactivate rho gtp-binding proteins on the migratory response of endothelial cells to wounding. c3-transferase from clostridium botulinum, edin from staphylococcus aureus, and toxin a from clostridium difficile blocked migration of human umbilical vein endothelial cells (huvecs) in an in vitro wound repair assay. migrating huvecs expressed actin microspikes (maximum at 10 minutes after wounding), ruffles (maximum at 12 hours), and fi ... | 1997 | 9327754 |
| in vitro evaluation of bo-3482, a novel dithiocarbamate carbapenem with activity against methicillin-resistant staphylococci. | bo-3482, a dithiocarbamate carbapenem, inhibited clinical isolates of methicillin-resistant staphylococci (mrs) at 6.25 microg/ml (mic at which 90% of isolates tested are inhibited [mic90]), while the mic90 of imipenem was > 100 microg/ml. bo-3482 was generally less active than imipenem against methicillin-susceptible staphylococcus aureus, streptococci, enterococci, and gram-negative bacteria, although bo-3482 showed better activity (mic90) than imipenem against enterococcus faecium, haemophilu ... | 1997 | 9333063 |
| rapid and effective method for preparation of fecal specimens for pcr assays. | we have developed a novel method for the preparation of fecal specimens for pcr assays. approximately 100 mg of solid stool or 200 microliters of liquid fecal sample was thoroughly suspended in 1 ml of water. fecal debris was removed by low-speed centrifugation (2,800 x g for 2 min). the supernatant was then boiled for 10 min in a water bath and further clarified by high-speed centrifugation (12,000 x g for 5 min). fifty microliters of the clarified supernatant was then purified by sepharose cl- ... | 1997 | 8968926 |
| a prospective randomized controlled trial of oral ciprofloxacin in acute ulcerative colitis. | the aim of this prospective, randomized, controlled trial was to evaluate the role of ciprofloxacin as an adjunct to corticosteroids in acute ulcerative colitis. | 1997 | 9068468 |
| transcriptional analysis of the toxigenic element of clostridium difficile. | a transcriptional analysis was undertaken for the toxigenic element of clostridium difficile in five strains which differ greatly in toxigenicity. the toxigenic element has recently been described in c. difficile strain vpi 10463 and consists of three small open reading frames in addition to the toxin a and b genes. a large, polycistronic transcript (17.5 kb) was detected, in addition to processing intermediates, and individual transcripts for toxin a, toxin b, and two of the three small open re ... | 1997 | 9075217 |
| [infections in pediatrics]. | probability-based antibiotic therapy: in children, the risk of an unfavorable course of bacterial infections requires careful selection of the initial antibiotic prescription based on the disease state, bacterial epidemiology and the child's age. acute community acquired pneumonia: before the age of 5 years, antibiotics active against haemophilus influenzae such as amoxicillin or clavulanic acid can be given orally. in children over 5, amoxicillin or a macrolide are effective. severe ear, nose a ... | 1997 | 9082404 |
| characterization of polymorphisms in the toxin a and b genes of clostridium difficile. | we have used six independent polymerase chain reactions (a1-a3 and b1-b3) for amplification of the entire sequence of the two toxin genes tcda and tcdb of several clostridium difficile strains. with this approach we have detected (1) restriction site polymorphisms which are distributed all over the genes, and (2) deletions that could be found only in tcda. characteristic differences between strains were mainly focused to the 5' third of tcdb (b1 fragment) and/or the 3' third of tcda (a3 fragment ... | 1997 | 9084148 |
| effects of clostridium difficile toxin b on activation of rat peritoneal mast cells. | clostridium difficile toxin b that inactivates rho subfamily proteins by glucosylation, inhibited dinitrophenyl-conjugated bovine serum albumin (dnp-bsa) and phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (pma)-induced mast cell activation by 80 to 90% in a concentration- and time dependent manner with a delay of about 30 min. activation of mast cells by compound 48/80 and calcium ionophore a23187 was maximally inhibited by about 50%. inhibition by toxin b was observed with suspended, attached and permeabilise ... | 1997 | 9089662 |
| hepatobiliary transport of iga in the golden syrian hamster (mesocricetus auratus). | do hamsters, like rats, rabbits and mice, possess an hepatocyte 'iga pump' whereby circulating plasma polymeric iga (piga) is actively transported into bile, against a concentration gradient, via the polymeric ig receptor or secretory component (sc)? precipitating antisera, raised against rat igs and serum proteins, and crossreacting with their hamster homologues, detected hamster sc by immunoelectrophoresis in bile, but not serum. gel filtration of hamster bile indicated that free sc eluted bet ... | 1997 | 9093877 |
| effects of epidermal growth factor and clostridium difficile toxin b in a model of mucosal injury. | numerous factors have been advocated as being paramount to the development of necrotizing enterocolitis (nec) including hypoxia, abnormal bacterial flora, and by products of enteral feedings. in an effort to better understand mechanisms involved at the level of the intestinal mucosal barrier the authors have chosen the caco-2 cell line to model the neonatal intestinal epithelium. by growing caco-2 cells in transwell inserts, the authors have investigated the ability of clostridium difficile toxi ... | 1997 | 9094010 |
| activity of nisin against clostridium difficile. | 1997 | 9100650 | |
| transcription analysis of the genes tcda-e of the pathogenicity locus of clostridium difficile. | to analyse the transcription pattern of the five tcda-e genes of the pathogenicity locus (paloc) of clostridium difficile a protocol was established to purify rna from strain vpi10463. transcription analysis of the five tcda-e genes showed that they were all transcribed. in the early exponential phase, a high level of tcdc and low levels of tcda,b,d,e transcripts were detectable; this was inverted in the stationary phase, suggesting that tcdc might have a negative influence on transcription of t ... | 1997 | 9108241 |
| localization of the glucosyltransferase activity of clostridium difficile toxin b to the n-terminal part of the holotoxin. | clostridium difficile toxin b that is one of the largest cytotoxins (270 kda) known acts on rho subfamily proteins by monoglucosylation (just, i., selzer, j., wilm, m., von eichel-streiber, c., mann, m., and aktories, k. (1995) nature 375, 500-503). by deletion analysis we identified the enzyme and cytotoxic activity of the toxin to be located at the n terminus of the holotoxin. a 63-kda fragment of toxin b covering the first 546 amino acid residues glucosylated rho, rac, and cdc42, but not ras, ... | 1997 | 9111001 |
| hospital-acquired clostridium difficile diarrhoea. | 1997 | 9113038 | |
| increased substance p responses in dorsal root ganglia and intestinal macrophages during clostridium difficile toxin a enteritis in rats. | previously we reported that pretreatment of rats with the substance p (sp) antagonist cp-96,345 inhibits the enterotoxic responses following administration of toxin a from clostridium difficile into ileal loops, indicating that sp participates in the intestinal responses to this toxin. we now report that injection of toxin a into rat ileum causes a rapid increase in sp content in lumbar dorsal root ganglia (drg) and mucosal scrapings 30-60 min after toxin a administration. toxin a-mediated fluid ... | 1997 | 9114070 |
| recurrent clostridium difficile diarrhea: characteristics of and risk factors for patients enrolled in a prospective, randomized, double-blinded trial. | recurrent clostridium difficile diarrhea (rcdd) occurs in 20% of patients after they have received standard antibiotic treatment with vancomycin or metronidazole, but the reasons for the recurrences are largely unknown. patients receiving vancomycin or metronidazole for active c. difficile diarrhea (cdd) were referred to our study centers for treatment and a 2-month follow-up as part of a randomized placebo-controlled trial. sixty patients had rcdd (median number of episodes, 3.0; range, 2-9 epi ... | 1997 | 9114180 |
| use of cycloserine-cefoxitin-fructose agar and l-proline-aminopeptidase (pro discs) in the rapid identification of clostridium difficile. | the pro disc (carr-scarborough microbiologicals, inc., decatur, ga.) can be used to screen for l-proline-aminopeptidase produced by clostridium difficile grown on cycloserine-cefoxitin-fructose agar (ccfa). fifty stored isolates of c. difficile (48 toxin-positive and 2 toxin-negative isolates) and 47 fresh c. difficile isolates (39 toxin-positive and 8 toxin-negative isolates) were all pro disc positive. other clostridium species that were pro disc positive could be differentiated from c. diffic ... | 1997 | 9114419 |
| reactive arthritis in a patient with simultaneous parvovirus b19 infection and clostridium difficile diarrhoea. | 1997 | 9117160 | |
| production of a complete binary toxin (actin-specific adp-ribosyltransferase) by clostridium difficile cd196. | a clostridium difficile isolate was found to produce an actin-specific adp-ribosyltransferase (cdt) homologous to the enzymatic components of clostridium perfringens iota toxin and clostridium spiroforme toxin (m. r. popoff, e. j. rubin, d. m. gill, and p. boquet, infect. immun. 56:2299-2306, 1988). the cdt locus from c. difficile cd196 was cloned and sequenced. it contained two genes (cdta and cdtb) which display organizations and sequences similar to those of the iota toxin gene. the deduced e ... | 1997 | 9119480 |
| the stethoscope. a potential source of nosocomial infection? | stethoscope diaphragms have been shown to harbor potentially pathogenic bacteria. | 1997 | 9125011 |
| [a case of pseudomembranous enterocolitis which diagnosis was delayed in the outpatient clinic]. | a 71-year-old male visited our hospital because of diarrhea. at first we suspected infectious colitis and levofloxacin (300 mg/day) was administered for four days. but the diarrhea continued, so performed a barium enema after about 3 weeks from onset. round polyposis from the rectum to the sigmoid colon were found. colonoscopy was suggested to the patient, but was rejected. however diarrhea continued and fever appeared. ceftriaxone (1 g/day) and sparfloxacin (200 mg/day) were administered, but t ... | 1997 | 9132433 |
| in vitro activity of bay 12-8039, a new fluoroquinolone. | the in vitro activity of bay 12-8039, a new fluoroquinolone, was studied in comparison with those of ciprofloxacin, trovafloxacin (cp 99,219), cefpodoxime, and amoxicillin-clavulanate against gram-negative, gram-positive, and anaerobic bacteria. its activity against mycobacteria and chlamydia was also investigated. bay 12-8039 was active against members of the family enterobacteriaceae (mic at which 90% of strains tested were inhibited [mic90s] < or = 1 microgram/ml, except for serratia spp. mic ... | 1997 | 8980763 |
| effect of lactulose on short-chain fatty acids and lactate production and on the growth of faecal flora, with special reference to clostridium difficile. | lactulose exerts a beneficial effect on hepatic encephalopathy by decreasing toxic short-chain (ic4-nc6) fatty acid (isobutyrate, butyrate, isovalerate, valerate, isocaproate and caproate) production. however, the precise mechanism by which lactulose exerts this effect remains uncertain. this study investigated the effect of lactulose on faecal flora, particularly clostridium difficile, which produces mostly ic4-nc6 fatty acids. an in-vitro faecal incubation system was used to estimate how lactu ... | 1997 | 9003750 |
| clostridium difficile infection: pathophysiology and diagnosis. | clostridium difficile is a relatively common enteric pathogen encountered most frequently in association with antibiotic use and as a nosocomial pathogen. four factors dictate clinical expression: (1) acquisition of the organism from environmental sources or previous colonization; (2) distortion of the competing colonic flora by antibiotics; (3) toxin production; and (4) age-related susceptibility. characteristics of clinical features include inflammatory diarrhea (cramps, fecal leukocytes, syst ... | 1997 | 9000498 |
| antimicrobial resistance in organisms causing diarrheal disease. | antimicrobial resistance is becoming increasingly important in the treatment of enteric infections, particularly those due to shigella, vibrio cholerae, enterotoxigenic escherichia coli (associated with traveler's diarrhea), and salmonella typhi. the rate of antimicrobial resistance is highest in the developing world, where the use of antimicrobial drugs is relatively unrestricted. of greatest immediate concern is the need for an effective, inexpensive antimicrobial that can be used safely as tr ... | 1997 | 8994788 |
| reactive arthritis following clostridium difficile colitis in a 3-year-old patient. | reactive arthritis following antibiotic-associated clostridium difficile (cd) colitis is becoming increasingly recognized in adults; 20 cases have been reported in the medical literature. we describe a 3-year-old patient with reactive arthritis following cd colitis, the first such reported case in a pediatric patient. the clinical features of reactive arthritis following cd colitis appear similar to those of more frequently described pathogens. the arthritis usually occurs 1-2 weeks after the on ... | 1997 | 19078131 |
| case-controlled review of clostridium difficile-associated diarrhoea in southern tasmania. | while the incidence of clostridium difficile-associated diarrhoea (cdad) has increased sharply over the last 15 years, its risk factors are still not well defined. the aim of this study was to review cases of cdad at the major teaching hospital in tasmania, australia, to identify risk factors for cdad and their association with prognosis. | 1997 | 19160724 |