Publications

detection of resistance mutations to antivirals oseltamivir and zanamivir in avian influenza a viruses isolated from wild birds.	the neuraminidase (na) inhibitors oseltamivir and zanamivir are the first-line of defense against potentially fatal variants of influenza a pandemic strains. however, if resistant virus strains start to arise easily or at a high frequency, a new anti-influenza strategy will be necessary. this study aimed to investigate if and to what extent na inhibitor-resistant mutants exist in the wild population of influenza a viruses that inhabit wild birds. na sequences of all na subtypes available from 54 ...	2011	21253602
acute necrotizing encephalopathy of childhood: a fatal complication of swine flu.	acute necrotizing encephalopathy of childhood (anec) is a rare condition characterized by the presence of multifocal symmetrical brain lesions involving mainly thalami, brainstem, cerebellum and white matter. anec is a serious and life threatening complication of simple viral infections. we present a case of a young child who developed this condition with classical clinical and radiological findings consistent with anec, secondary to swine flu (h1n1). he needed ventilatory support and had profou ...	2011	21333249
comparison of two h1n2 swine influenza a viruses from disease outbreaks in pigs in sweden during 2009 and 2010.	the influenza a virus subtypes h1n1, h1n2 and h3n2 are prevalent in pig populations worldwide. in the present study, two relatively uncommon swine influenza virus (siv) h1n2 subtypes, isolated in sweden in 2009 and 2010, were compared regarding their molecular composition and biological characteristics. the differences regarding markers purportedly related to pathogenicity, host adaptation or replication efficiency. they included a truncated pb1-f2 protein in the earlier isolate but a full lengt ...	2011	21253862
pneumonia in patients with novel influenza a (h1n1) virus in southeastern turkey.	the objective of this study was to describe the clinical characteristics and the radiological and laboratory findings of the hospitalised patients who had novel, laboratory-confirmed, swine-origin influenza a virus (s-oiv) infection with pneumonia. between october and december 2009, 56 patients hospitalised for pneumonia who were tested for s-oiv infection were retrospectively evaluated. thirty-three patients had positive s-oiv infections. in addition, 23 of the 56 patients who had negative test ...	2011	21318739
sialic acid recognition of the pandemic influenza 2009 h1n1 virus: binding mechanism between human receptor and influenza hemagglutinin.	quantum mechanical fragment molecular orbital calculations have been performed for receptor binding of the hemagglutinin protein of the recently pandemic influenza 2009 h1n1, a/swine/iowa/1930, and a/puerto rico/8/1934 viruses to a2-6 linked sialyloligosaccharides, as analogs of human receptors. the strongest receptor binding affinity was observed for the 2009/h1n1pdm. the inter-fragment interaction energy analysis revealed that the amino acid mutation of 2009/h1n1pdm, ser145lys, was a major cau ...	2011	21235490
nationwide molecular surveillance of pandemic h1n1 influenza a virus genomes: canada, 2009.	in april 2009, a novel triple-reassortant swine influenza a h1n1 virus ("a/h1n1pdm"; also known as soiv) was detected and spread globally as the first influenza pandemic of the 21(st) century. sequencing has since been conducted at an unprecedented rate globally in order to monitor the diversification of this emergent virus and to track mutations that may affect virus behavior.	2011	21249207
medical faculty and school of health student knowledge of and behavior regarding swine flu and vaccine, in kahramanmaras, turkey.	this study was carried out to determine medical faculty and school of health student knowledge of and behavior regarding swine flu and vaccine. the study was carried out at kahramanmaras sutcuimam university school of health among the medical faculty and students. all 296 students of the kahramanmaras sutcuimam university school of health and 76 students of the faculty of medicine were supposed to participate in the study. ninety-six point one percent of the students in the study know high fever ...	2011	21323179
a reporter system for assaying influenza virus rnp functionality based on secreted gaussia luciferase activity.	influenza a virus can infect a wide variety of animal species including humans, pigs, birds and other species. viral ribonucleoprotein (vrnp) was involved in genome replication, transcription and host adaptation. currently, firefly luciferase (fluc) reporter system was used in vrnp functional assay. however, its limitation for the testing by virus infection resulted in an increased need for rapid, sensitive, and biosafe techniques. here, an influenza a virus utr-driven gene reporter for vrnp ass ...	2011	21251302
analytical and clinical validation of novel real-time reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction assays for the clinical detection of swine-origin h1n1 influenza viruses.	during the early stages of the 2009/2010 swine-origin h1n1 influenza a (s-oiv h1n1 flua) outbreak, the development and validation of sensitive and specific detection methods were a priority for rapid and accurate diagnosis. between may and june 2009, 2 real-time reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (rrt-pcr) assays targeting the hemagglutinin and neuraminidase genes of the s-oiv h1n1 flua virus were developed. these assays are highly specific, showing no cross-reactivity against a pan ...	2011	21251560
development of two types of rapid diagnostic test kits to detect the hemagglutinin or nucleoprotein of the swine-origin pandemic influenza a virus h1n1.	since its emergence in april 2009, pandemic influenza a virus h1n1 (h1n1 pdm), a new type of influenza a virus with a triple-reassortant genome, has spread throughout the world. initial attempts to diagnose the infection in patients using immunochromatography (ic) relied on test kits developed for seasonal influenza a and b viruses, many of which proved significantly less sensitive to h1n1 pdm. here, we prepared monoclonal antibodies that react with h1n1 pdm but not seasonal influenza a (h1n1 an ...	2011	21228147
sudden death of an immunocompetent young adult caused by novel (swine origin) influenza a/h1n1-associated myocarditis.	the main cause of death from novel (swine origin) influenza a/h1n1 infection is acute respiratory distress syndrome. most fatal cases are immunocompromised patients or patients with a severe underlying disease. here, we report a fatal case of acute interstitial myocarditis associated with novel influenza a/h1n1 infection in an immunocompetent young woman. a previously healthy 18-year-old woman experienced malaise, diarrhea, and fever for several days prior to a sudden collapse at home. autopsy r ...	2011	21234762
infective endocarditis mislabelled as "swine influenza".		2011	21300105
pandemic influenza a (h1n1) 2009 in india: duration of virus shedding in patients under antiviral treatment.	national centre for disease control (ncdc), delhi, is a national nodal centre for surveillance of pandemic influenza a (h1n1) in india. the present study was undertaken to see the period of infectivity in positive cases undergoing antiviral therapy.	2011	21304193
the nonadaptive nature of the h1n1 2009 swine flu pandemic contrasts with the adaptive facilitation of transmission to a new host.	the emergence of the 2009 h1n1 influenza pandemic followed a multiple reassortment event from viruses originally circulating in swines and humans, but the adaptive nature of this emergence is poorly understood.	2011	21211019
acceptance of a vaccine against pandemic influenza a (h1n1) virus amongst healthcare workers in beijing, china.	due to the advent of the new influenza a (h1n1) strain in 2009, many countries introduced mass immunization programs. healthcare workers (hcws) were amongst the key groups targeted for the vaccine in these programs. however, experience with the seasonal influenza vaccine has shown that there are multiple barriers related to the attitudes and perceptions of the population which influence uptake. the aim of this study was to determine pandemic influenza a (h1n1) vaccination rate amongst a group of ...	2011	21211593
efficacy of vaccination with different combinations of mf59-adjuvanted and nonadjuvanted seasonal and pandemic influenza vaccines against pandemic h1n1 (2009) influenza virus infection in ferrets.	serum antibodies induced by seasonal influenza or seasonal influenza vaccination exhibit limited or no cross-reactivity against the 2009 pandemic swine-origin influenza virus of the h1n1 subtype (ph1n1). ferrets immunized once or twice with mf59-adjuvanted seasonal influenza vaccine exhibited significantly reduced lung virus titers but no substantial clinical protection against ph1n1-associated disease. however, priming with mf59-adjuvanted seasonal influenza vaccine significantly increased the ...	2011	21209108
infective endocarditis: diagnosis delayed during swine flu pandemic.		2011	21257998
Limited Human-to-Human Transmission of Novel Influenza A (H3N2) Virus - Iowa, November 2011.	On November 20, 2011, CDC confirmed three cases of swine-origin triple reassortant influenza A (H3N2) (S-OtrH3N2) virus infection in children in two counties in Iowa. None of the children were hospitalized, and each has recovered from a mild episode of febrile respiratory illness. All three were in contact with one another, and none had a known recent exposure to swine. No additional human infections with this virus have been detected in Iowa, and no evidence of sustained human-to-human transmis ...	2011	22129996
Emergence of mammalian species-infectious and -pathogenic avian influenza H6N5 virus with no evidence of adaptation.	The migratory waterfowl of the world are considered to be the natural reservoir of influenza A viruses. Of the 16 hemagglutinin subtypes of avian influenza viruses, the H6 subtype is commonly perpetuated in its natural hosts and is of concern due to its potential to be a precursor of highly pathogenic influenza viruses by reassortment. During routine influenza surveillance, we isolated an unconventional H6N5 subtype of avian influenza virus. Experimental infection of mice revealed that this isol ...	2011	21994462
critically ill patients with h1n1 influenza a undergoing extracorporeal membrane oxygenation.	the most common cause of death due to the h1n1 subtype of influenza a virus (swine flu) in the 2009 to 2010 epidemic was severe acute respiratory failure that persisted despite advanced mechanical ventilation strategies. extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ecmo) was used as a salvage therapy for patients refractory to traditional treatment. at legacy emanuel hospital, portland, oregon, the epidemic resulted in a critical care staffing crisis. among the 15 patients with h1n1 influenza a treated ...	2011	21965390
clinical presentations of pandemic 2009 influenza a (h1n1) virus infection in hospitalized thai children.	a novel influenza a (h1n1) virus of swine origin caused human infection and acute respiratory illness in mexico during the spring of 2009. after that, the virus spread globally, resulting in the influenza pandemic.	2011	22043762
novel anti-viral characteristics of nanosized copper(i) iodide particles showing inactivation activity against 2009 pandemic h1n1 influenza virus.	we investigated the anti-viral activity of nanosized copper(i) iodide (cui) particles having an average size of 160 nm. cui particles showed aqueous stability and generated hydroxyl radicals, which were probably derived from monovalent copper (cu(+)). we confirmed that cui particles showed anti-viral activity against an influenza virus a of swine origin (pandemic (h1n1) 2009) on plaque titration assay. virus titer decreased in a dose-dependent manner upon incubation with cui particles, with the ...	2011	22156433
reassortant h9n2 influenza viruses containing h5n1-like pb1 genes isolated from black-billed magpies in southern china.	h9n2 influenza a viruses have become endemic in different types of terrestrial poultry and wild birds in asia, and are occasionally transmitted to humans and pigs. to evaluate the role of black-billed magpies (pica pica) in the evolution of influenza a virus, we conducted two epidemic surveys on avian influenza viruses in wild black-billed magpies in guangxi, china in 2005 and characterized three isolated black-billed magpie h9n2 viruses (bbm viruses). phylogenetic analysis indicated that three ...	2011	21980538
swine-origin influenza a (h3n2) virus infection in two children--indiana and pennsylvania, july-august 2011.	influenza a viruses are endemic in many animal species, including humans, swine, and wild birds, and sporadic cases of transmission of influenza a viruses between humans and animals do occur, including human infections with avian-origin influenza a viruses (i.e., h5n1 and h7n7) and swine-origin influenza a viruses (i.e., h1n1, h1n2, and h3n2). genetic analysis can distinguish animal origin influenza viruses from the seasonal human influenza viruses that circulate widely and cause annual epidemic ...	2011	21900876
[the proliferation of h1n1 subtype influenza viruses in a549 and beas-2b cells].	analyze the proliferation of different host h1n1 subtype influenza viruses in a549 and beas-2b cells.	2011	21977593
single-step multiplex reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction assay for detection and differentiation of the 2009 h1n1 influenza a virus pandemic in thai swine populations.	a recently emerged h1n1 influenza a virus (pandemic h1n1 (ph1n1)) with a swine influenza virus (siv) genetic background spread globally from human-to-human causing the first influenza virus pandemic of the 21st century. in a short period, reverse zoonotic cases in pigs followed by a widespread of the virus in the pig population were documented. the implementation of effective control strategies, rapid diagnosis, and differentiation of such virus from endemically circulating siv in the various sw ...	2011	21908367
representations of swine flu: perspectives from a malaysian pig farm.	novel influenza viruses are seen, internationally, as posing considerable health challenges, but public responses to such viruses are often rooted in cultural representations of disease and risk. however, little research has been conducted in locations associated with the origin of a pandemic. we examined representations and risk perceptions associated with swine flu amongst 120 malaysian pig farmers. thirty-seven per cent of respondents felt at particular risk of infection, two-thirds were some ...	2011	21936262
confirmed swine-origin influenza a(h1n1) viral pneumonia: computed tomographic findings in the immunocompetent and the immunocompromised.	this study aimed to retrospectively evaluate the computed ltomographic (ct) appearance of cases of swine-origin influenza a(h1n1) viral infection (s-oiv) in immunocompetent and immunocompromised patients confirmed with reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction and to determine whether the timing of ct relative to the onset of symptoms affected the overall imaging appearance.	2011	21926856
onset of a pandemic: characterizing the initial phase of the swine flu (h1n1) epidemic in israel.	abstract:	2011	21492430
no viremia of pandemic (h1n1) 2009 was demonstrated in blood donors who had donated blood during the probable incubation period.	in the spring of 2009, the novel swine-origin influenza a (pandemic [h1n1] 2009) virus emerged and spread globally. although no established cases of transfusion-transmitted influenza have been reported, the widespread outbreak of pandemic (h1n1) 2009 caused serious concern regarding the safety of blood products. the japanese red cross blood centers have intercepted blood products with accompanying postdonation information indicating possible pandemic (h1n1) 2009 infection. to study the risk of t ...	2011	21414008
isolation and complete genomic characterization of h1n1 subtype swine influenza viruses in southern china through the 2009 pandemic.	the swine influenza (si) is an infectious disease of swine and human. the novel swine-origin influenza a (h1n1) that emerged from april 2009 in mexico spread rapidly and caused a human pandemic globally. to determine whether the tremendous virus had existed in or transmitted to pigs in southern china, eight h1n1 influenza strains were identified from pigs of guangdong province during 2008-2009.	2011	21418598
phylogenetic analysis of h1n1 sequences from pandemic infections during 2009 in india.	since april 2009, a serious pandemic infection has been rapidly spread across the world. these infections are caused due to the novel swine origin influenza a (h1n1) virus and hence these are commonly called as "swine flu". this new virus is the reassortment of avian, human and swine influenza viruses and thus it has a unique genome composition. there are 16 different types of hemagglutinin (ha) and 9 different types of neuraminidase (na) that can be genetically and antigenetically differentiate ...	2011	21423887
[effect of zanamivir substance on infection induced by highly pathogenic avian influenza a/h5n1 in cell cultures].	in vitro experiments revealed that zanamivir substance had high antiviral activity against infection induced by genotypes 2.2 and 2.3.2 of highly virulent influenza a/h5n1 virus in the porcine embryonic renal epithelial (pere) cell cultures. zanamivir at used concentrations (1.0 microg/ml or lower) had no cytotoxic properties and was equally highly effective when used for prevention (1 hour prior to cell inoculation), treatment-and-prevention (at the time of cell inoculation), and treatment (2 h ...	2011	21427950
distribution of sialic acid receptors and influenza a virus of avian and swine origin in experimentally infected pigs.	pigs are considered susceptible to influenza a virus infections from different host origins because earlier studies have shown that they have receptors for both avian (sialic acid-alpha-2,3-terminal saccharides (sa-alpha-2,3)) and swine/human (sa-alpha-2,6) influenza viruses in the upper respiratory tract. furthermore, experimental and natural infections in pigs have been reported with influenza a virus from avian and human sources.	2011	21902821
h5n1 whole-virus vaccine induces neutralizing antibodies in humans which are protective in a mouse passive transfer model.	vero cell culture-derived whole-virus h5n1 vaccines have been extensively tested in clinical trials and consistently demonstrated to be safe and immunogenic; however, clinical efficacy is difficult to evaluate in the absence of wide-spread human disease. a lethal mouse model has been utilized which allows investigation of the protective efficacy of active vaccination or passive transfer of vaccine induced sera following lethal h5n1 challenge.	2011	21876771
Knowledge, attitude and practice regarding the H1N1 pandemic amongst healthcare providers, and preparedness in a multispeciality teaching hospital in north India.	To assess the preparedness of a multispeciality teaching hospital in India in tackling the swine flu pandemic.	2011	22000753
vaccination of influenza a virus decreases transmission rates in pigs.	abstract: limited information is available on the transmission and spread of influenza virus in pig populations with differing immune statuses. in this study we assessed differences in transmission patterns and quantified the spread of a triple reassortant h1n1 influenza virus in naive and vaccinated pig populations by estimating the reproduction ratio (r) of infection (i.e. the number of secondary infections caused by an infectious individual) using a deterministic susceptible-infectious-recove ...	2011	22185601
avian-type receptor-binding ability can increase influenza virus pathogenicity in macaques.	the first influenza pandemic of the 21st century was caused by novel h1n1 viruses that emerged in early 2009. an asp-to-gly change at position 222 of the receptor-binding protein hemagglutinin (ha) correlates with more-severe infections in humans. the amino acid at position 222 of ha contributes to receptor-binding specificity with asp (typically found in human influenza viruses) and gly (typically found in avian and classic h1n1 swine influenza viruses), conferring binding to human- and avian-t ...	2011	21937653
coupling sensitive in vitro and in silico techniques to assess cross-reactive cd4(+) t cells against the swine-origin h1n1 influenza virus.	the outbreak of the novel swine-origin h1n1 influenza in the spring of 2009 took epidemiologists, immunologists, and vaccinologists by surprise and galvanized a massive worldwide effort to produce millions of vaccine doses to protect against this single virus strain. of particular concern was the apparent lack of pre-existing antibody capable of eliciting cross-protective immunity against this novel virus, which fueled fears this strain would trigger a particularly far-reaching and lethal pandem ...	2011	21349362
programming the magnitude and persistence of antibody responses with innate immunity.	many successful vaccines induce persistent antibody responses that can last a lifetime. the mechanisms by which they do so remain unclear, but emerging evidence indicates that they activate dendritic cells via toll-like receptors (tlrs). for example, the yellow fever vaccine yf-17d, one of the most successful empiric vaccines ever developed, activates dendritic cells via multiple tlrs to stimulate proinflammatory cytokines. triggering specific combinations of tlrs in dendritic cells can induce s ...	2011	21350488
atypical characteristics of nucleoprotein of pandemic influenza virus h1n1 and their roles in reassortment restriction.	sequence analysis of the nucleoprotein (np) of swine-origin influenza virus h1n1 (s-oiv) reveals a number of atypical characteristics including an early start codon and a highly conserved, non-aromatic residue at position 313. using an in vitro viral polymerase reconstitution assay, we found that the polymerase complex containing the np of s-oiv (np(s-oiv)) yielded substantially lower activity than those assayed with np derived from other influenza virus strains. moreover, alteration of the earl ...	2011	21340741
perspective: swine-origin influenza: 1976 and 2009.	i am in a unique situation, having been involved in 2 major us public health events resulting from novel swine-origin influenza viruses. in 1976, i was director of the center for disease control (cdc, the name of the agency at the time) when a new influenza virus, characterized as an influenza a(h1n1) swine virus, was isolated from military recruits at fort dix, new jersey. subsequently, i led the cdc through the us response to this outbreak, which culminated in the decision to implement the swi ...	2011	21342898
emergence of novel reassortant h3n2 influenza viruses among ducks in china.	during 2006-2009 influenza virus surveillance, three h3n2 viruses were isolated from ducks in central china. sequence and phylogenetic analyses revealed that most segments of these three isolates had high identity with h3n2 swine isolates in south china. however, for m, the three viruses, along with h1n1 swine isolates of north america, formed a cluster; for pb2, two of these isolates fell into the cluster of the h5n1 duck isolates, indicating a reassortment among h3n2, h1n1 swine viruses and h5 ...	2011	21318308
vaccination with a soluble recombinant hemagglutinin trimer protects pigs against a challenge with pandemic (h1n1) 2009 influenza virus.	in 2009 a new influenza a/h1n1 virus strain ("pandemic (h1n1) 2009", h1n1v) emerged that rapidly spread around the world. the virus is suspected to have originated in swine through reassortment and to have subsequently crossed the species-barrier towards humans. several cases of reintroduction into pigs have since been reported, which could possibly create a reservoir for human exposure or ultimately become endemic in the pig population with similar clinical disease problems as current swine inf ...	2011	21219983
pathogenicity and transmissibility of the pandemic h1n1 2009-related influenza viruses in mice, ferrets, and pigs.		2011	21751463
the role of animal surveillance in influenza preparedness: the consequence of inapparent infection in ducks and pigs.		2011	21751455
cardiac conduction system affection in a case of swine flu.	we present a case of swine flu presenting as bilateral pneumonia with involvement of cardiac conduction system in the form of increased pr interval and sinus bradycardia during the initial course of disease process. to the best of our knowledge, affection of conducting system in a case of swine flu has not been reported in the literature so far.	2011	21751667
case series study of the clinical profile of h1n1 swine flu influenza.	to study the clinical profile of the h1n1 influenza cases attending government hospitals in south india and to study the impact of h1n1 infection on pregnancy outcome.	2011	21751659
swine influenza virus a (h3n2) infection in human, kansas, usa, 2009.	to the editor: triple-reassortant swine influenza viruses (sivs), which contain genes from human, swine, and avian influenza a viruses, have been enzootic among swine herds in the united states since the late 1990s (1). although uncommon, occasional transmission of triple-reassortant sivs from swine to humans has occurred (2-4). before april 2009, only limited, nonsustained human-to-human transmission of sivs had been reported (5-7). although an animal source for pandemic (h1n1) 2009 virus has y ...	2011	21749798
reassortant pandemic (h1n1) 2009 virus in pigs, united kingdom.	surveillance for influenza virus in pigs in the united kingdom during spring 2010 detected a novel reassortant influenza virus. this virus had genes encoding internal proteins from pandemic (h1n1) 2009 virus and hemagglutinin and neuraminidase genes from swine influenza virus (h1n2). our results demonstrate processes contributing to influenza virus heterogeneity.	2011	21749767
post-pandemic seroprevalence of pandemic influenza a (h1n1) 2009 infection (swine flu) among children <18 years in germany.	we determined antibodies to the pandemic influenza a (h1n1) 2009 virus in children to assess: the incidence of (h1n1) 2009 infections in the 2009/2010 season in germany, the proportion of subclinical infections and to compare titers in vaccinated and infected children.	2011	21915270
influenza a viruses: new research developments.	influenza a viruses are zoonotic pathogens that continuously circulate and change in several animal hosts, including birds, pigs, horses and humans. the emergence of novel virus strains that are capable of causing human epidemics or pandemics is a serious possibility. here, we discuss the value of surveillance and characterization of naturally occurring influenza viruses, and review the impact that new developments in the laboratory have had on our understanding of the host tropism and virulence ...	2011	21747392
central nervous system pathology in fatal swine-origin influenza a h1n1 virus infection in patients with and without neurological symptoms: an autopsy study of 15 cases.		2011	21744080
isolation and phylogenetic analysis of pandemic h1n1/09 influenza virus from swine in jiangsu province of china.	to investigate whether the 2009 pandemic h1n1 influenza a virus was still being transmitted in swine, a total of 1029 nasal swab samples from healthy swine were collected from january to may 2010 in jiangsu province of china. eight h1n1 influenza viruses were isolated and identified, and their full length genomes were sequenced. we found that all eight of the h1n1 viruses shared higher than 98.0% sequence identity with the 2009 pandemic virus a/jiangsu/1/2009 (js1). in addition, some of these vi ...	2011	21723574
swine flu (h1n1) infection among patients with neurologic disorders. a review of published evidence.	although the 2009 swine flu (h1n1) pandemic has apparently been abolished, there are still lessons to be learnt. we reviewed the clinical and pathological manifestations of cns involvement of influenza a virus infection. neurologic disorders were most commonly seen as underlying medical conditions in swine flu, and neurological complications of the h1n1 vaccination. the major point with regard to the h1n1 pandemic is a mild disease with high contagiosity, which can have severe outcomes in those ...	2011	21677609
compatibility of h9n2 avian influenza surface genes and 2009 pandemic h1n1 internal genes for transmission in the ferret model.	in 2009, a novel h1n1 influenza (ph1n1) virus caused the first influenza pandemic in 40 y. the virus was identified as a triple reassortant between avian, swine, and human influenza viruses, highlighting the importance of reassortment in the generation of viruses with pandemic potential. previously, we showed that a reassortant virus composed of wild-type avian h9n2 surface genes in a seasonal human h3n2 backbone could gain efficient respiratory droplet transmission in the ferret model. here we ...	2011	21730147
detecting transmission and reassortment events for influenza a viruses with genotype profile method.	abstract: evolutionary events of transmission and reassortment for influenza a viruses were traditionally detected by phylogenetic analysis for influenza viruses' eight gene segments. because the phylogenetic analysis can be complex, we developed genotype profile method which packaged the phylogenetic algorithms to analyze combination patterns of gene segments and integrated epidemiology knowledge. with the method, the analysis of reassortment and transmission becomes a simple and reliable proce ...	2011	21824442
hemagglutinin-neuraminidase balance confers respiratory-droplet transmissibility of the pandemic h1n1 influenza virus in ferrets.	a novel reassortant derived from north american triple-reassortant (trsw) and eurasian swine (easw) influenza viruses acquired sustained human-to-human transmissibility and caused the 2009 influenza pandemic. to identify molecular determinants that allowed efficient transmission of the pandemic h1n1 virus among humans, we evaluated the direct-contact and respiratory-droplet transmissibility in ferrets of representative swine influenza viruses of different lineages obtained through a 13-y surveil ...	2011	21825167
a-ágel-capture assay for characterizing the sialyl-glycan selectivity of influenza viruses.	sialic acids (sa) usually linked to galactose (gal) in an +¦2,6- or +¦2,3-configuration are considered the main cell receptors for influenza viruses, in particular for their hemagglutinins (ha). the typing of influenza virus ha receptor selectivity is relevant for understanding the transmissibility of avian and swine viruses to the human population. in this study we developed a simple and inexpensive gel-capture assay (gca) of the influenza virus ha receptor-binding selectivity. its principle is ...	2011	21692561
cerebral edema and a transtentorial brain herniation syndrome associated with pandemic swine influenza a (h1n1) virus infection.	acute encephalitis, encephalopathy, and seizures are known rare neurologic sequelae of respiratory tract infection with seasonal influenza a and b virus, but the neurological complications of the pandemic 2009 swine influenza a (h1n1) virus, particularly in adults, are ill-defined. we document two young adults suffering from h1n1-associated acute respiratory distress syndrome and renal failure who developed cerebral edema. the patients acutely developed a transtentorial brain herniation syndrome ...	2011	21742505
the 2009 pandemic a/wenshan/01/2009 h1n1 induces apoptotic cell death in human airway epithelial cells.	in 2009, a novel swine-origin h1n1 influenza virus emerged in mexico and quickly spread to other countries, including china. this 2009 pandemic h1n1 can cause human respiratory disease, but its pathogenesis remains poorly understood. here, we studied the infection and pathogenesis of a new 2009 pandemic strain, a/wenshan/01/2009 h1n1, in china in human airway epithelial cell lines compared with contemporary seasonal h1n1 influenza virus. our results showed that viral infection by the a/wenshan h ...	2011	21816972
expression of myeloperoxidase in swine influenza virus (siv)-infected neutrophils in lungs from pigs experimentally infected with siv subtype h1n2.	the expression of myeloperoxidase (mpo) was examined in the swine influenza virus (siv)-infected neutrophils in the lungs of pigs experimentally infected with swine influenza virus (siv) subtype h1n2 by immunohistochemistry. five pigs each from the infected and non-infected group were euthanized 1, 3, 5, 7, and 10-ádays post-inoculation (dpi). immunohistochemical reactivity was mainly seen in neutrophils. the score for pulmonary histopathological lesions correlated with the score for mpo immunoh ...	2011	21688042
neuraminidase inhibitor susceptibility of swine influenza a viruses isolated in germany between 1981 and 2008.	european swine influenza a viruses donated the matrix protein 2 as well as the neuraminidase (na) gene to pandemic influenza a (h1n1) viruses that emerged in 2009. as a result, the latter became amantadine resistant and neuraminidase inhibitor (nai) susceptible. these recent developments reflecting the close connection between influenza a virus infection chains in humans and pigs urge an antiviral surveillance within swine influenza a viruses. here, nai susceptibility of 204 serologically typed ...	2011	21688167
interaction of porcine conventional dendritic cells with swine influenza virus.	swine influenza virus (swiv) causes sub-acute or acute respiratory infections on swine farms and pigs can act as "mixing vessels" for new influenza strains. knowledge of the immune response of swiv in its natural host, pigs, is very limited. dendritic cells (dcs) mediate the induction of immunity to pathogens, but their interaction with swiv has not been fully characterized. thus, porcine bone marrow derived dcs (pobmdcs) were exposed to a circulating strain of h3n2 swiv in vitro. infection of p ...	2011	21962444
characterization of influenza a outbreaks in minnesota swine herds and measures taken to reduce the risk of zoonotic transmission.	influenza a virus infections commonly cause respiratory disease in swine and can be transmitted between people and pigs, with potentially novel strains introduced into herds and spilling back into the human population. the goals of this study were to characterize influenza infections in minnesota pigs and assess biosecurity measures used by swine workers. veterinarians submitting influenza-positive swine samples to the university of minnesota veterinary diagnostic laboratory between october 2007 ...	2011	21824375
cross-neutralizing antibodies to pandemic 2009 h1n1 and recent seasonal h1n1 influenza a strains influenced by a mutation in hemagglutinin subunit 2.	pandemic 2009 h1n1 influenza a virus (2009 h1n1) differs from h1n1 strains that circulated in the past 50 years, but resembles the a/new jersey/1976 h1n1 strain used in the 1976 swine influenza vaccine. we investigated whether sera from persons immunized with the 1976 swine influenza or recent seasonal influenza vaccines, or both, neutralize 2009 h1n1. using retroviral pseudovirions bearing hemagglutinins on their surface (ha-pseudotypes), we found that 77% of the sera collected in 1976 after im ...	2011	21695241
swine to human transmission of reassortants of pandemic (h1n1) 2009 and endemic swine influenza viruses: abstract.	to gain insight into the possible origin of a new reassortant influenza a virus between pandemic (h1n1) 2009 and endemic swine viruses that has jumped the species barrier and caused a few infections among humans in indiana and pennsylvania recently, we analyzed all full genome sequences related to this virus and report its evolutionary history, but failed to determine how the virus had emerged simultaneously in two geographically distinct areas.	2011	22158699
a/h1n1/pdm09 virus: dynamics of infection in pigs and people.		2011	21821686
Study of influenza A virus in wild boars living in a major duck wintering site.	Wild birds, which are reservoirs of influenza viruses, are believed to be the original source of new influenza viruses-including highly pathogenic ones-that can be transmitted to domestic animals as well as humans and represent a potential epizootic and/or pandemic threat. Despite increasing knowledge on influenza A virus dynamics in wild birds, the viral circulation in wild boars remains largely unknown. This is of particular interest since pigs can be infected with both human and avian viruses ...	2011	22197763
Use of plethysmography in assessing the efficacy of antivirals in a mouse model of pandemic influenza A virus.	The recently emerged swine-origin H1N1 influenza A virus (IAV) caused a pandemic outbreak in 2009 with higher risk of severe disease among children and pregnant women in their third trimester (Van Kerkhove et al., 2011), and is continuing to be important seasonal IAV strain. Mice are commonly used in antiviral studies as models of influenza disease, which utilize morbidity and mortality to assess the efficacy of a test compound. Here, we investigated the utility of unrestrained plethysomography ...	2011	21867731
Transcription analysis on response of swine lung to H1N1 swine influenza virus.	ABSTRACT:	2011	21819625
Chest radiograph findings in children with laboratory confirmed pandemic H1N1 virus infection.	Since its onset in the spring of 2009, the H1N1 pandemic has kept health-care professionals busy worldwide. Even though it often causes respiratory tract illness, reports describing the radiological manifestations in infected children are few. The purpose of this study was twofold: to review the chest radiograph findings in children with laboratory-confirmed pandemic (H1N1) 2009 influenza virus and compare them with the chest radiographic findings in children with the same symptoms but laborator ...	2011	21696560
antiviral activity of the mek-inhibitor u0126 against pandemic h1n1v and highly pathogenic avian influenza virus in vitro and in vivo.	the emergence of the 2009 h1n1 pandemic swine influenza a virus is a good example of how this viral infection can impact health systems around the world in a very short time. the continuous zoonotic circulation and reassortment potential of influenza a viruses (iav) in nature represents an enormous public health threat to humans. beside vaccination antivirals are needed to efficiently control spreading of the disease. in the present work we investigated whether the mek inhibitor u0126, targeting ...	2011	21854809
pandemic influenza a (h1n1): knowledge among senior health workers at a secondary health care institution in southwest, nigeria.	this study was conducted to assess the level of knowledge of influenza a (h1n1) infection among health care workers in a secondary health care facility in osogbo, southwest nigeria.	2011	21857846
Severe influenza A (H1N1): the course of imaging findings.	An outbreak of respiratory illness caused by a novel swine-origin influenza virus (influenza A/H1N1 2009) that began in Mexico was declared a global pandemic by the World Health Organization in June 2009. The pandemic affected many countries, including Israel.	2011	22097226
novel reassortment of eurasian avian-like and pandemic/2009 influenza viruses in swine: infectious potential for humans.	pigs are considered to be intermediate hosts and "mixing vessels," facilitating the genesis of pandemic influenza viruses, as demonstrated by the emergence of the 2009 h1n1 pandemic (pdm/09) virus. the prevalence and repeated introduction of the pdm/09 virus into pigs raises the possibility of generating novel swine influenza viruses with the potential to infect humans. to address this, an active influenza surveillance program was conducted with slaughtered pigs in abattoirs in southern china. o ...	2011	21849442
improved method for the isolation and sub-typing of avian influenza viruses from oropharyngeal samples of ducks.	waterfowl are the natural reservoirs of avian influenza viruses (aivs), from which the virus can spread to other species including humans, poultry, and swine. for the surveillance of aiv in their natural reservoir, most laboratories initially screen the samples using real-time reverse-transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction because of its high speed and sensitivity. thereafter, virus isolation is used to isolate viruses from positive samples. although many studies point to the need of testing bo ...	2011	22017043
efficient surveillance of pig populations using oral fluids.	currently virus surveillance in swine herds is constrained by the cost-effectiveness and efficiency of sampling methods. the objective of this study was to assess the value of using oral fluids collected by barn personnel as a method of surveillance based on pcr testing. approximately 12,150 pigs in 10 wean-to-finish barns on 10 farms were monitored for the presence of porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv2), porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (prrsv), influenza a virus (iav), and torq ...	2011	22154249
development of diva (differentiation of infected from vaccinated animals) vaccines utilizing heterologous na and ns1 protein strategies for the control of triple reassortant h3n2 influenza in turkeys.	since 2003, triple reassortant (tr) swine h3n2 influenza viruses containing gene segments from human, avian, and swine origins have been detected in the u.s. turkey populations. the initial outbreak that occurred involved birds that were vaccinated with the currently available h3 swine- and avian-origin influenza vaccines. antigenically, all turkey swine-lineage tr h3n2 isolates are closely related to each other but show little or no antigenic cross-reactivity with the avian origin or swine orig ...	2011	21907751
the first identified case of pandemic h1n1 influenza in pigs in australia.	a 300-sow farrow-to-finish herd in new south wales was infected with influenza pandemic (h1n1) 2009 (h1n1/09) virus in july 2009 and became the first recorded case of influenza in pigs in australia. the outbreak resulted from human-to-pig transmission. clinical signs in affected pigs were mild compared with overseas reports of 'classical' swine influenza virus and included coughing and decreased appetite in a small proportion of non-lactating breeding stock, weaners, growers and finishers. a dia ...	2011	22008120
Crystal structure of swine major histocompatibility complex class I SLA-1 0401 and identification of 2009 pandemic swine-origin influenza A H1N1 virus cytotoxic T lymphocyte epitope peptides.	The presentation of viral epitopes to cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) by swine leukocyte antigen class I (SLA I) is crucial for swine immunity. To illustrate the structural basis of swine CTL epitope presentation, the first SLA crystal structures, SLA-1 0401, complexed with peptides derived from either 2009 pandemic H1N1 (pH1N1) swine-origin influenza A virus (S-OIV(NW9); NSDTVGWSW) or Ebola virus (Ebola(AY9); ATAAATEAY) were determined in this study. The overall peptide-SLA-1 0401 structures res ...	2011	21900158
Referral to an extracorporeal membrane oxygenation center and mortality among patients with severe 2009 influenza A(H1N1).	Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) can support gas exchange in patients with severe acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), but its role has remained controversial. ECMO was used to treat patients with ARDS during the 2009 influenza A(H1N1) pandemic.	2011	21976615
Molecular characterization and pathogenicity of swine influenza H9N2 subtype virus A/swine/HeBei/012/2008/(H9N2).	The H9N2 subtype influenza virus (IV) is a remarkable member of the influenza A viruses because it can infect not only chickens, ducks and pigs, but also humans. Pigs are susceptible to both human and avian influenza viruses and have been proposed to be intermediate hosts for the generation of pandemic influenza viruses through reassortment or adaptation to the mammalian host. To further understand the genetic characteristics and evolution, we investigated the source and molecular characteristic ...	2011	21978155
necrotizing bronchiolitis in influenza a of swine origin (h1n1).		2011	22045749
genetic characterization of h1n2 influenza a virus isolated from sick pigs in southern china in 2010.	in china h3n2 and h1n1 swine influenza viruses have been circulating for many years. in january 2010, before swine were infected with foot and mouth disease in guangdong, some pigs have shown flu-like symptoms: cough, sneeze, runny nose and fever. we collected the nasopharyngeal swab of all sick pigs as much as possible. one subtype h1n2 influenza viruses were isolated from the pig population. the complete genome of one isolate, designated a/swine/guangdong/1/2010(h1n2), was sequenced and compar ...	2011	21995516
Phylodynamics and molecular evolution of influenza A virus nucleoprotein genes in Taiwan between 1979 and 2009.	Many studies concentrate on variation in the hemagglutinin glycoprotein (HA) because of its significance in host immune response, the evolution of this virus is even more complex when other genome segments are considered. Recently, it was found that cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) play an important role in immunity against influenza and most CTL epitopes of human influenza viruses were remarkably conserved. The NP gene has evolved independently in human and avian hosts after 1918 flu pandemic and ...	2011	21858124
guillain-barré syndrome and h1n1 (2009) pandemic influenza vaccination using an as03 adjuvanted vaccine in the united kingdom: self-controlled case series.	in 1976 a swine influenza vaccine was associated with an increased risk of guillain-barré syndrome (gbs). although subsequent studies did not find an increased risk of gbs following seasonal influenza vaccine, there was concern that the monovalent h1n1 vaccines developed against the swine influenza pandemic of 2009 might increase the risk of gbs. in the uk a split-virion as03 oil-in-water adjuvanted vaccine (pandemrix™) was predominantly used. to determine whether the risk of gbs increased after ...	2011	21875631
[NP gene of pandemic H1N1 virus attenuates virulence of mouse-adapted human influenza virus].	The authors studied a possible role of the caspase cleavage motif located in the nucleoprotein (NP) of pandemic influenza virus H1N1 in the regulation of viral virulence properties. A reverse genetics method was used to obtain chimeric seasonal-like mouse-adapted influenza virus hvA/PE/8/34 (H1N10) carrying either the NP gene of wild type pandemic virus with incomplete caspase motif ETGC or mutated pandemic NP with natural caspase cleavage site of human type ETDG. The wild-type NP gene of the pa ...	2011	21899063
[Genetical features of influenza virus A (H1N1) strain that caused the 2009 pandemic].	Genetical features of the A(H1N1) influenza virus strain that caused the 2009 pandemic are analyzed in the review. Mutations typical for this strain, unique and similar to influenza viruses of swine, avian and seasonal types, and phenotypic (pathologic) features associated with them, that are experimentally confirmed, are described. A possibility of reassortation of avian and swine influenza viruses and possible epidemiologic consequences are discussed.	2011	22145362
2009 pandemic h1n1 influenza virus causes disease and upregulation of genes related to inflammatory and immune responses, cell death, and lipid metabolism in pigs.	there exists limited information about whether adaptation is needed for cross-species transmission of the 2009 pandemic h1n1 influenza virus (ph1n1). here, we compare the pathogenesis of two ph1n1 viruses, one derived from a human patient (a/ca/04/09 [ca09]) and the other from swine (a/swine/alberta/25/2009 [alb09]), with that of the 1918-like classical swine influenza virus (a/swine/iowa/1930 [ia30]) in the pig model. both ph1n1 isolates induced clinical symptoms such as coughing, sneezing, dec ...	2011	21900171
A scoring system for predicting results of influenza rapid test in children: A possible model facing overwhelming pandemic infection.	BACKGROUND: The pandemic novel influenza H1N1 (swine) influenza A virus (H1N1v) infection has caused large-scale community infection in Taiwan. Anxiety developed in the general public and physicians faced a huge challenge in many aspects. We conducted this prospective study to develop a scoring system based on the clinical manifestations for predicting the results of influenza rapid testing, as a surrogate of influenza rapid testing, to lower the anxiety and decrease the burden for the test. MET ...	2011	22177368
a pre-pandemic outbreak of triple-reassortant swine influenza virus infection among university students, south dakota, 2008.	after identifying a student with triple-reassortant swine influenza virus (siv) infection and pig exposure at a livestock event, we investigated whether others were infected and if human-to-human transmission occurred.	2011	21917888
pandemic novel 2009 h1n1 influenza: what have we learned?	in march 2009, cases of influenza-like illness in mexico caused by a novel h1n1 virus containing genes from swine, avian, and human influenza strains were reported. within several weeks, 2009 h1n1 disseminated rapidly and was the predominant influenza strain globally. on june 11, 2009, the world health organization declared that criteria for an influenza pandemic had been met. concern that this pandemic would rival the 1918 pandemic was high. fortunately, that was not the case. influenza-related ...	2011	21858744
emergence of a new swine h3n2 and pandemic (h1n1) 2009 influenza a virus reassortant in two canadian animal populations, mink and swine.	a swine h3n2 (swh3n2) and pandemic (h1n1) 2009 (ph1n1) influenza a virus reassortant (swh3n2/ph1n1) was detected in canadian swine at the end of 2010. simultaneously, a similar virus was also detected in canadian mink based on partial viral genome sequencing. the origin of the new swh3n2/ph1n1 viral genes was related to the north american swh3n2 triple-reassortant cluster iv (for hemagglutinin [ha] and neuraminidase [na] genes) and to ph1n1 for all the other genes (m, np, ns, pb1, pb2, and pa). ...	2011	22012020
[High-yield reassortant virus containing hemagglutinin and neuraminidase genes of pandemic influenza A/Moscowl/01/2009 (H1N1) virus].	The crossing of influenza A/Moscow/01/2009 (H1N1) virus and reassortant strain X31 (H3N2) containing the genes of internal and non-structural proteins of A/Puerto Rico/8/34 (H1N1) strain gave rise to reassortant virus ReM8. The reassortant contained hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA) genes of pandemic 2009 influenza virus and 6 genes of high-yield A/Puerto Rico/8/34 (H1N1) strain. The reassortant ReM8 produced higher yields in the embryonated chicken eggs than the parent pandemic virus, a ...	2011	21899062
the 2009 influenza pandemic: promising lessons for antiviral therapy for future outbreaks.	the influenza a virus is the main circulating influenza virus in the human population. it can cause disease also in birds and other mammals and is responsible for annual epidemics and occasional pandemics. the most known and deadly pandemic was the "spanish flu" (influenza type a/h1n1), which struck the human population between 1918 and 1919, with probably the heaviest toll ever recorded in terms of human lives. the most recent flu pandemic, caused in 2009 by the swine-origin reassortant virus ( ...	2011	22087838
the dba.2 mouse is susceptible to disease following infection with a broad, but limited, range of influenza a and b viruses.	we assessed the relative susceptibilities to disease of the dba.2 and c57bl/6 mouse models upon infection with a range of influenza a and b viruses. dba.2 mice were more susceptible to disease upon inoculation with human h1n1 influenza a virus strains, several swine influenza viruses, and influenza b viruses but were not overtly susceptible to infection with human seasonal h3n2 strains. hemagglutination inhibition and immunoglobulin isotype profiling indicated that dba.2 and c57bl/6 mice generat ...	2011	21917963
Outbreak of swine influenza in Argentina reveals a non-contemporary human H3N2 virus highly transmissible among pigs.	Sporadic outbreaks of human H3N2 influenza A virus (IAV) infections in swine populations have been reported in Asia, Europe and North America since 1970. In South America, serological surveys in pigs indicate that IAVs of the H3 and H1 subtypes are currently in circulation; however, neither virus isolation nor characterization has been reported. In November 2008, an outbreak of respiratory disease in pigs consistent with swine influenza virus (SIV) infection was detected in Argentina. The curren ...	2011	21849519
poct test for swine flu.		2011	22000851
[analysis of clinical manifestations of hospitalized children infected with seasonal influenza a virus and 2009 novel influenza a (h1n1) virus in beijing].	the novel influenza a (h1n1) virus firstly detected in april 2009 in mexico rapidly spread to many countries including the united states and canada where humans were infected with the h1n1 virus and deaths were reported. the pandemic virus strain had never been detected in specimen of human beings and swine. it was so highly contagious and widely spread that threatened life of humans globally. this study aimed to analyze clinical data of hospitalized children patients with 2009 novel h1n1 influe ...	2011	22088186